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De Handels- en samenwerkingsovereenkomst tussen de Europese Unie (EU) en het Verenigd ­Koninkrijk (VK) (de HSO) is ondertekend op 30 december 2020 en op 1 mei 2021 formeel in werking getreden. Terwijl het Terugtrekkingsakkoord (TA) tussen de EU en het VK kan worden gezien als de ‘echtscheidingsovereenkomst’, die voornamelijk alle kwesties behandelt die verband houden met een ordelijke uittreding van het VK, legt de HSO de basis voor een nieuwe relatie tussen de twee partijen. Deze relatie is niet langer gebaseerd op een lidmaatschap dat wordt bepaald door de supranationale rechtsorde van de EU, maar op een pragmatisch partnerschap op basis van internationaal publiekrecht, of, zoals sommige Britse vertegenwoordigers blijven benadrukken, een relatie tussen ‘soevereine gelijken’. Deze bijdrage heeft tot doel de nieuwe samenwerking nader te duiden op basis van een overzicht van de HSO en door deze te situeren binnen het bredere, nieuwe rechtsgebied dat de betrekkingen tussen de EU en het VK na Brexit regelt. Wij stellen voor dit nieuwe gebied de naam ‘post-Brexitrecht’ te geven. Dit artikel analyseert achtereenvolgens de juridische aard, de status en de materiële inhoud van de HSO. Dit wordt gevolgd door een analyse en duiding van de governance-bepalingen, met inbegrip van geschillenbeslechting.

This report provides insights into the current trade relations between the EU and Mercosur and assesses impacts of a comprehensive trade agreement between the two blocs on the Dutch agrifood sector. Trade opportunities of Dutch fruit & vegetables and dairy products would expand if an agreement would reduce the currently high trade costs related to divergent non-tariff measures, such as pest risk analysis procedures and labelling requirements. Beef and poultry supply from Mercosur is very competitive and is expected to gain from any improved access to EU markets, resulting in more competitive pressure for the Dutch industry on its main markets.

This report provides insights into the current trade relations between the EU and Mercosur and assesses impacts of a comprehensive trade agreement between the two blocs on the Dutch agrifood sector. Trade opportunities of Dutch fruit & vegetables and dairy products would expand if an agreement would reduce the currently high trade costs related to divergent non-tariff measures, such as pest risk analysis procedures and labelling requirements. Beef and poultry supply from Mercosur is very competitive and is expected to gain from any improved access to EU markets, resulting in more competitive pressure for the Dutch industry on its main markets.

Reactie met kanttekeningen op een eerder artikel in Spil 205/206 (2004, 4) van Van Kasteren: 'Afspraken over handel in agrarische producten zijn nodig', betreffende het instellen van goederenovereenkomsten

This study investigates the effects of the 2012 amendment of the Protocol on EU imports of horticultural products from Morocco. Currently, Morocco’s exports of tomato, oranges and clementines outcompete EU’s main producers of these products in months during which Morocco’s supply is on the market. Expanded tariff free import quotas (TRQs) for tomatoes and clementines, and complete elimination of the TRQ for sweet oranges will not result in an immediate expansion of Morocco’s exports to the EU, but depend on Morocco’s ability to expand its production capacity for these products. Next to institutional reform, infrastructural investments and extension, improving water productivity is key in this respect.

This study investigates the effects of the 2012 amendment of the Protocol on EU imports of horticultural products from Morocco. Currently, Morocco’s exports of tomato, oranges and clementines outcompete EU’s main producers of these products in months during which Morocco’s supply is on the market. Expanded tariff free import quotas (TRQs) for tomatoes and clementines, and complete elimination of the TRQ for sweet oranges will not result in an immediate expansion of Morocco’s exports to the EU, but depend on Morocco’s ability to expand its production capacity for these products. Next to institutional reform, infrastructural investments and extension, improving water productivity is key in this respect.

Standards for food safety, animal and plant health in Brazil, New Zealand and the USA are similar to those in the EU. Ukraine is in transition towards comparable standards. These topics are already incorporated in the framework of trade agreements. Standards for the environment, animal welfare and labour conditions are lower than in the EU or lacking in these countries. These topics are not or only marginally incorporated in the framework of trade agreements

Standards for food safety, animal and plant health in Brazil, New Zealand and the USA are similar to those in the EU. Ukraine is in transition towards comparable standards. These topics are already incorporated in the framework of trade agreements. Standards for the environment, animal welfare and labour conditions are lower than in the EU or lacking in these countries. These topics are not or only marginally incorporated in the framework of trade agreements

The Negociatrix Policy Game is a tool for training in multilateral negotiation, which has been developed through a partnership between FAO and the University of Wageningen in the Netherlands. This tool is a software based on a quantitative model and a simulation that consents to underline the importance of analytical capacities in negotiations and to demonstrate the importance of consistency of the strategies of negotiation. This software is applied to the multilateral trade negotiations for agriculture. It is inspired by the simulation called Negociatrix (www.fao.org/tc/tca/negotiation) that FAO developed at an earlier stage (2005) and that has been presented at the Harvard PON/IRENE conference in November 2005 in Paris. The software allows simulating several successive rounds of negotiation and notably revealing after each round the impact of the agreement concluded to the previous round. In that sense, the strategy of negotiation adopted can be more directly evaluated. The software is conceived like a tool to support the preparation of decisions and negotiations. This article presents the structure of the software, explains how it works, comments the first application modalities and proposes the conditions of use.

The Negociatrix Policy Game is a tool for training in multilateral negotiation, which has been developed through a partnership between FAO and the University of Wageningen in the Netherlands. This tool is a software based on a quantitative model and a simulation that consents to underline the importance of analytical capacities in negotiations and to demonstrate the importance of consistency of the strategies of negotiation. This software is applied to the multilateral trade negotiations for agriculture. It is inspired by the simulation called Negociatrix (www.fao.org/tc/tca/negotiation) that FAO developed at an earlier stage (2005) and that has been presented at the Harvard PON/IRENE conference in November 2005 in Paris. The software allows simulating several successive rounds of negotiation and notably revealing after each round the impact of the agreement concluded to the previous round. In that sense, the strategy of negotiation adopted can be more directly evaluated. The software is conceived like a tool to support the preparation of decisions and negotiations. This article presents the structure of the software, explains how it works, comments the first application modalities and proposes the conditions of use.

This thesis explores and analyses recent changes and challenges faced by the apparel industry of Bangladesh and the consequences of those for the Bangladesh economy. More specifically, it explores and analyses the importance of the apparel industry in the Bangladesh economy, the challenges faced by this industry, impacts of implementation of various international trade rules on the apparel industry, consequences of Bangladesh's attempts to enter in bilateral and regional free trade agreements with its neighbouring countries, status of workers' rights in the apparel industry of Bangladesh and how globalisation is affecting the level of addressing these workers' rights and also impacts of increases in workers' productivity and wage on the apparel industry and on the Bangladesh economy.

This thesis explores and analyses recent changes and challenges faced by the apparel industry of Bangladesh and the consequences of those for the Bangladesh economy. More specifically, it explores and analyses the importance of the apparel industry in the Bangladesh economy, the challenges faced by this industry, impacts of implementation of various international trade rules on the apparel industry, consequences of Bangladesh's attempts to enter in bilateral and regional free trade agreements with its neighbouring countries, status of workers' rights in the apparel industry of Bangladesh and how globalisation is affecting the level of addressing these workers' rights and also impacts of increases in workers' productivity and wage on the apparel industry and on the Bangladesh economy.

This report analyses the impacts of the Commission's July 2004 proposal for sugar policy reforms on developing countries. The study uses three approaches that complement each other: model simulations, literature review and country case studies. Model simulations indicate that the consequences of the EU policy reform on EU imports are rather modest: imports from LDCs increase but to a lesser extent than the Commission and other studies indicate. Important trigger points in the evaluation of the impact on trade flows are the degree of substitutability between domestic EU sugar and imported sugar, and potential 'swap' or trade diversion effects. Welfare effects are minor to ACP countries as a group, but country effects may differ strongly. The study includes three case studies - Ethiopia, Mauritius and Brazil, representing an EBA, an ACP and a net exporting country with no preferences to the EU market - to show how EU policy changes may affect the sugar industry in each of these countries.

Dit rapport analyseert de gevolgen van het landbouwhandelsakkoord van de Uruguayronde voor de internationale handelspositie van de Europese Unie. Het aandeel van de EU in de totale agrarische wereldhandel is gelijk gebleven in de periode 1993-2003. Wel heeft de Unie aandeel verloren op de markten voor granen, suiker, zuivel- en vleesproducten. Bij dit verlies hebben WTO-verplichtingen ten aanzien van de afbouw van exportrestituties een rol gespeeld. Voor een aantal producten hebben ontwikkelingen in de vraag evenwel een grotere invloed op de internationale marktpositie van de Unie gehad dan de veranderingen in het handelsbeleid die voortvloeiden uit de afspraken in het kader van de Uruguay-ronde. This report evaluates the effects of the Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture on EU's international agricultural trade position. EU's share in trade of total agricultural products has not changed over the period 1993-2003. Yet, the EU lost market shares in trade on cereals, sugar, and dairy and meat products. WTO commitments to reduce export support have contributed to these decreasing market shares. However, for some products demand developments have had greater impact on EU's market position than changes in trade policies due to the Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture.

Dit rapport analyseert de gevolgen van het landbouwhandelsakkoord van de Uruguayronde voor de internationale handelspositie van de Europese Unie. Het aandeel van de EU in de totale agrarische wereldhandel is gelijk gebleven in de periode 1993-2003. Wel heeft de Unie aandeel verloren op de markten voor granen, suiker, zuivel- en vleesproducten. Bij dit verlies hebben WTO-verplichtingen ten aanzien van de afbouw van exportrestituties een rol gespeeld. Voor een aantal producten hebben ontwikkelingen in de vraag evenwel een grotere invloed op de internationale marktpositie van de Unie gehad dan de veranderingen in het handelsbeleid die voortvloeiden uit de afspraken in het kader van de Uruguay-ronde. This report evaluates the effects of the Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture on EU's international agricultural trade position. EU's share in trade of total agricultural products has not changed over the period 1993-2003. Yet, the EU lost market shares in trade on cereals, sugar, and dairy and meat products. WTO commitments to reduce export support have contributed to these decreasing market shares. However, for some products demand developments have had greater impact on EU's market position than changes in trade policies due to the Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture.

Reactie met kanttekeningen op een eerder artikel in Spil 205/206 (2004, 4) van Van Kasteren: 'Afspraken over handel in agrarische producten zijn nodig', betreffende het instellen van goederenovereenkomsten

This report analyses the impacts of the Commission's July 2004 proposal for sugar policy reforms on developing countries. The study uses three approaches that complement each other: model simulations, literature review and country case studies. Model simulations indicate that the consequences of the EU policy reform on EU imports are rather modest: imports from LDCs increase but to a lesser extent than the Commission and other studies indicate. Important trigger points in the evaluation of the impact on trade flows are the degree of substitutability between domestic EU sugar and imported sugar, and potential 'swap' or trade diversion effects. Welfare effects are minor to ACP countries as a group, but country effects may differ strongly. The study includes three case studies - Ethiopia, Mauritius and Brazil, representing an EBA, an ACP and a net exporting country with no preferences to the EU market - to show how EU policy changes may affect the sugar industry in each of these countries.

This study draws on a body of existing literature to take stock of the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership (EMP), which focuses on establishing a Mediterranean Free Trade Area. Despite considerable scope for reducing barriers on Mediterranean trade, current agreements are limited to a quasi-unilateral reduction of trade barriers for manufactured products by the Mediterranean Partner Countries. Next to the limited scope of the current liberalisation achieved by the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership, structural features of the MPCs limit the impact of the trade liberalisation on their economic growth. To promote stability and economic growth at the Southern borders of the EU, coherence of EU trade and foreign policy is called for.

This study draws on a body of existing literature to take stock of the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership (EMP), which focuses on establishing a Mediterranean Free Trade Area. Despite considerable scope for reducing barriers on Mediterranean trade, current agreements are limited to a quasi-unilateral reduction of trade barriers for manufactured products by the Mediterranean Partner Countries. Next to the limited scope of the current liberalisation achieved by the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership, structural features of the MPCs limit the impact of the trade liberalisation on their economic growth. To promote stability and economic growth at the Southern borders of the EU, coherence of EU trade and foreign policy is called for.