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The production of alumina from bauxite ore results in a byproduct of red mud with an alkaline characteristic and high salinity. Red mud has limited applications due to issues of permits for its mobilization. This lack of utilization of red mud has increased the burden on red mud disposal facilities at alumina plants. This review provides an up-to-date overview of bauxite processing, red mud characteristics, and management in Indonesia using both scientific articles and data from a representative alumina industry in Indonesia. The various methods for red mud neutralization and dealkalization that have been investigated in previous research are also presented to assess potential future research directions. Of the many red mud neutralization and dealkalization processes reported, the combination of calcification and carbonation is considered to have potential for development. In addition to reducing alkali contents and avoiding pH rebound, carbonation processes can reduce carbon dioxide emissions. The use of calcium-rich waste for red mud calcification is also provides interesting opportunities for future work, although further consideration is needed regarding the effect of impurities and the mineralogy of calcium-rich waste on the red mud dealkalization process. Finally, an overview of the civil engineering and construction use of red mud after calcification and carbonation is described, proposing ways in which large quantities of red mud from alumina plants can be utilized to reduce the burden on red mud disposal facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jarosite residues are typical hazardous waste byproducts generated during the iron removal process in hydrometallurgical solutions. The jarosite process is widely used for iron removal in zinc hydrometallurgy; jarosite disposal has become a significant barrier to sustainable development in the industry. During this process, jarosite residues entrain and co-precipitate with heavy metals, which are hazardous but valuable. To better understand jarosite residue pollution control and circular recycling, we reviewed related research conducted over the past two decades, analyzed their characteristics, discussed state-of-the-art technologies for jarosite residue detoxification and reutilization, and proposed feasible suggestions for jarosite circular reutilization. We hope that this review helps solve the problem of jarosite residues and promote the sustainable development of the zinc hydrometallurgical industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We consider the cost sharing issue resulting from the maintenance of a hazardous waste transportation network represented by a sink tree. The participating agents are located on the nodes of the network and must transport their waste to the sink through costly network portions. We introduce the Liability rule, which is inspired by the principles applied by the courts to settle cost-allocation disputes in the context of hazardous waste. We provide an axiomatic characterization of this rule. Furthermore, we show that the Liability rule coincides with the Priority Shapley value, a new value on an appropriate domain of multi-choice games arising from hazardous waste transportation problems. Finally, we also axiomatize the Priority Shapley value on the full domain of multi-choice games. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ineffective healthcare waste (HCW) management poses significant risks to the environment, human health, and socio-economic sustainability due to the infectious and hazardous nature of HCW. This research aims to provide a comprehensive overview of HCW management by mapping the scientific development of HCW research, identifying prominent research themes and trends, and establishing a research agenda for transitioning towards a circular economy (CE) and achieving a sustainable environment. The analysis revealed several key HCW research themes, such as the minimization of HCW, sustainable management practices, and policy-making. Additionally, it highlighted the environmental impacts of HCW incineration, which include air pollution and toxic residue. The study also examined the management of hazardous HCW, emphasizing the need for effective segregation, treatment, and disposal methods. Furthermore, the importance of proper HCW handling and occupational safety and training for healthcare workers was underscored to prevent exposure to harmful substances and reduce health risks. Despite the healthcare industry's potential to contribute to the circular economy (CE) transition, it has been largely overlooked in CE discourse due to the prevalent single-use mindset driven by the infectious, toxic, and hazardous nature of HCW streams. This study illuminates the healthcare waste (HCW) management domain by uncovering the current status of HCW research, highlighting existing gaps and challenges, and proposing potential avenues for further research. The findings suggest that future efforts should focus on developing innovative technologies and processes for HCW treatment, enhancing regulatory frameworks, and promoting awareness and education among stakeholders to facilitate a CE transition in healthcare industry HCW management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The establishment of international conventions in the domain of hazardous waste management is undoubtedly a valuable contribution, as it facilitates the formation of international standards in this field. The ratification of the Basel Convention by the majority of states is indicative of their interest in the unification of legislation in this area. However, in addition to the adoption of international conventions, their effective implementation is also a crucial aspect. The objective of this article is to conduct a comprehensive examination of the current status of the Basel Convention implementation in Ukraine, to identify the existing challenges, and to propose potential solutions. The statistical data on the management of hazardous waste were subjected to analysis. To gain a deeper insight into the situation, an analysis was conducted on the movement of hazardous waste between Ukraine and Slovakia. This revealed the extent of the issues that require attention in this area. Methodology. General theoretical methods were mainly used in writing the article. Analysis and synthesis, theoretical generalisation and systematic interpretation helped to assess the state of implementation of the Basel Convention in Ukraine. Results. The article considered both the content of the Basel Convention and the practice of its implementation in Ukraine. Practical implications. In light of doctrinal provisions and the norms of both international and national Ukrainian law, the authors have identified the principal range of issues pertaining to the implementation of the Basel Convention in Ukraine and have put forth potential solutions to these challenges. Value / Originality. It is determined that an important step to improve the implementation of the Basel Convention in Ukraine is to strengthen the cooperation of the responsible bodies in the field of hazardous waste management, to strengthen the responsibility of the institutions responsible for controlling the movement of hazardous waste, to improve the equipment for waste identification, to eliminate the monopolisation of the entities authorised to carry out activities involving hazardous waste.

Abstract Global economic growth and population expansion contribute to heightened solid waste production, creating environmental challenges. Sustainable waste management, notably incineration, is crucial for volume reduction, energy recovery, and resource utilization. The escalating reliance on waste incineration underlines the critical necessity for detailed waste characterization. Our study focuses on industrial and hazardous incineration residues (IHWA) and provides essential insights into their mineral and chemical composition employing various analytical techniques, including sieve analyses, laser diffraction, X-ray powder diffraction, FT-IR spectroscopy, SEM-EDS, and leaching behavior, thus contributing to filling a gap in the current knowledge. The majority of IHWA particles (41%) were smaller than 500 μm, with a significant portion (34%) in the 200–400 μm range, which increases their leaching potential. Toxic elements, including Cr, Cu, and Zn, were detected at elevated levels, with Zn concentrations exceeding EU soil limits by over 250 times, what underscore environmental risks and demand proper waste treatment. The complexity of mineral composition and bonds within the sample indicates the necessity for a thorough environmental assessment to understand the potential impacts on the ecosystem. Sequential extraction revealed that Zn (90.32%), Cd (64.22%), and Hg were predominantly found in the mobile fractions, indicating a high potential for leaching and environmental hazards. In contrast, elements like Cu, Cr, and Pb were primarily associated with immobile fractions. Mineral phases such as calcite and halite dissolved during the first extraction step, while other crystalline phases, including quartz and magnetite, remained stable throughout the process. The stability of other mineral phases in all results and the low leaching potential of elements in IHWA indicate that some mineral phases could suppress the leaching efficiency of elements.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are hazardous pollutants that leak into the environment from various sources, including cigarette butts. In this study, the consequence of the littered cigarette butts on the leakage of 16 typical PAHs into the urban environment was investigated. The results showed that the density of littered cigarette butts in the studied locations was 0.174/m2. The cigarette butt pollution index was in the range of 0.119 to 24.3. 60% of the studied locations were in sever pollution and high pollution status. The total PAHs leakage from littered cigarette butts affected by climatic conditions was estimated to be 2.05 to 4.02 micrograms per square metre. Naphthalene had the largest share among the PAHs types (more than 66%). littered cigarette butts are an important source of PAHs in urban environments, which can be a compelling reason to develop more efficient methods of managing this hazardous waste. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For resource utilization of hazardous waste, plasma gasification is considered as a promising technology for sustainable utilization of hazardous waste (HW). In this work, the inlet temperature is set at 400K and the inlet velocity is set at 15 m/s.The Eulerian model is used to numerically simulate the temperature and velocity fields, as well as the distribution of product components (CO, CO2, H2O, H2) in the plasma gassistor under specific conditions. Ansys Fluent software was used to carry out three-dimensional simulation of different material entrances and plasma flares with different injection directions, and to carry out the optimization design of plasma gasification furnace structure. The best structure form was selected by comparing and analyzing the optimized working conditions. The results show that the internal combustion condition is the best when the material inlet is in the side tangential direction and the plasma flare is in the horizontal Angle of 23°. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the current state of legal regulation of waste management in Ukraine in comparison with the legislation of the European Union. It is also noted that only through cooperation between states can the problems associated with the accumulation of waste be solved, since if measures are not implemented to combat this phenomenon, a significant deterioration in the quality of the environment and a threat to the life and health of the population should be expected. The work deeply analyzes the concept of «waste» both at the scientific-theoretical and legislative levels. A thorough comparison of the definitions of this term contained in various normative legal acts of Ukraine is carried out. Based on the generalization of scientific approaches, the authors propose his own, more comprehensive interpretation of the concept of «waste». The central place in the study is occupied by a detailed comparative analysis of the legislation of Ukraine and the EU in the field of waste management. In particular, the approaches to regulating the status of by-products, the introduction of extended producer responsibility, the management of hazardous waste, as well as the principle of the waste management hierarchy are analyzed. Both common features and significant differences in the legal regulation of these key aspects are revealed. In addition, the study also analyzes the issues of waste management planning, in particular approaches to territorial planning and the establishment of terms and procedures for reviewing pla ns. The articles propose a number of practical recommendations for ways to improve the legal regulation of waste management in Ukraine. Among them are conducting active educational work among the population, expanding the infrastructure for waste management, wider application of the first four elements of the waste management hierarchy, involvement of local governments in the development of local strategies, implementation of best practices of EU countries, as well as creating favorable conditions for investments in environmental technologies. The authors conclude that despite the significant convergence of Ukrainian legislation with European standards, it still has certain national features and problematic aspects that require further resolutio n. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The study focuses on the legal regulation of hazardous waste management as a special category of waste. The author examines the state of legal regulation of hazardous waste management in Ukraine from a historical perspective, focusing on the achievements and problems of the current legislation on hazardous waste management related to new challenges, primarily the Russian military aggression against Ukraine and the emergence of a large amount of hazardous waste of a new quality. The study examines in detail the evolution of national legislation in the field of waste management, starting with the adoption of the Law of Ukraine "On Waste" in 1998 and ending with the enactment of the new Law of Ukraine "On Waste Management" in 2022. The author notes the positive aspects of the 1998 Law, which for the first time established the basic principles and mechanisms of waste management, defined key terms, regulated the activities of waste collection, transportation, treatment and disposal, and the division of powers between executive authorities and local self-government bodies. However, over time, this law proved to be ineffective due to outdated approaches, lack of integration with European standards, insufficient regulation of hazardous waste and lack of incentives for recycling and reuse. The new legislation, adopted in 2022, introduces a number of innovative approaches, including a waste management hierarchy based on the principles of preventing waste generation, promoting its reuse, recovery or disposal. An important change is the introduction of Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR), which obliges manufacturers to take responsibility for the entire life cycle of their products, including waste management. The new law also stimulates the creation of a modern waste management infrastructure, including the development of recycling facilities and waste collection systems, and introduces an integrated information system for accounting and reporting in this area. Based on the analysis, the author concludes that it is necessary to improve the current legislation on hazardous waste management, taking into account the current problems associated with the new conditions of its management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global economic growth and population expansion contribute to heightened solid waste production, creating environmental challenges. Sustainable waste management, notably incineration, is crucial for volume reduction, energy recovery, and resource utilization. The escalating reliance on waste incineration underlines the critical necessity for detailed waste characterization. Our study focuses on industrial and hazardous incineration residues (IHWA) and provides essential insights into their mineral and chemical composition employing various analytical techniques, including sieve analyses, laser diffraction, X-ray powder diffraction, FT-IR spectroscopy, SEM-EDS, and leaching behavior, thus contributing to filling a gap in the current knowledge. The majority of IHWA particles (41%) were smaller than 500 μm, with a significant portion (34%) in the 200–400 μm range, which increases their leaching potential. Toxic elements, including Cr, Cu, and Zn, were detected at elevated levels, with Zn concentrations exceeding EU soil limits by over 250 times, what underscore environmental risks and demand proper waste treatment. The complexity of mineral composition and bonds within the sample indicates the necessity for a thorough environmental assessment to understand the potential impacts on the ecosystem. Sequential extraction revealed that Zn (90.32%), Cd (64.22%), and Hg were predominantly found in the mobile fractions, indicating a high potential for leaching and environmental hazards. In contrast, elements like Cu, Cr, and Pb were primarily associated with immobile fractions. Mineral phases such as calcite and halite dissolved during the first extraction step, while other crystalline phases, including quartz and magnetite, remained stable throughout the process. The stability of other mineral phases in all results and the low leaching potential of elements in IHWA indicate that some mineral phases could suppress the leaching efficiency of elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Selective extraction and separation of Ni2+ from Mn2+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ were found to be a bottleneck in the resource utilisation of hazardous wastes containing valuable metals. The extraction, washing, and stripping equilibrium pH isotherms of a synergistic extraction system consisting of Mextral 984H/Isononanoic acid were investigated using Aliquat 336 as a modifier. The results shows that at the temperature of 25 °C, with a volume fraction of Aliquat 336 was 1% and the extraction equilibrium pH of 5. 0, the extraction rate of Ni2+ was 96. 3%. Under the condition of stripping equilibrium pH of 1. 0 > the stripping rate of Ni2+ reaches 97. 5%. The modifier Aliquat 336 significantly improve the stripping kinetics of the Hydroxamic acid/carboxylic acid synergistic system for Ni2+. The nickel-loaded organic phase obtained by three-stage counter cur rent extraction and two-stage scrubbing process was subjected to three-stage stripping with 150 g/L H2SO4 at O/A=10, and the Ni2+ content in the nickel-rich stripping solution is about 30 g/L. The mechanism of Ni2+ extraction with Mextral 984H/Isononanoic acid synergistic extraction system is a ion-exchange reaction, and the structure of the Ni-complex is probably the NiA2 (HL)2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim pursued in this paper is to estimate the impact produced on the surrounding environment by a furnace for the incineration of hazardous waste. For this purpose, the analysis bulletins of the main pollutants responsible for this were studied, the methods by which they are neutralized before being eliminated in the environment. The parameters considered the most dangerous for human health and the environment were analyzed: total dust, total organic compounds (TOC), sulfur oxides (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx), dioxins and furans, as well as heavy metals. Although we were able to ascertain that there was exceeding of the daily average, depending on the origin of the incinerated waste, during the 24 hours the average value allowed by the legislation in force was not exceeded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gold mining, even under strict environmental regulations, inevitably causes environmental impacts and liabilities. To address this, the study proposes a framework for environmental zoning around gold mines based on the distribution of potentially toxic elements (PTEs), pollution indices, and bioindicators. Soil samples were collected from municipalities affected by gold mining projects, and concentrations of As, Cd, Pb, and Cr were measured. Then, the Pollution Load Index (PLI) was calculated. A plant model was used for the biomonitoring of PTEs, and the Plant Vigor Index (PVI) was determined. Finally, environmental zoning was proposed through geospatial analysis combining PTEs, PLI, and PVI values. The concentrations of PTEs were as follows: As ranged from 1.7 to 892, Cd from 0.1 to 65.2, Pb from 18.5 to 2345, and Cr from 5.4 to 118.4. Spearman's rank correlation showed significant relations (ρ > 0.76) between bioindicators and PTE concentrations and PLI. The PVI correlated significantly with PTE concentrations (ρ − 0.41 to − 0.67) and PLI (ρ − 0.65). The municipalities were categorized into three zones: highly contaminated, moderately contaminated, and minimally contaminated. Overall, the environmental zoning maps serve as a management tool for environmental monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRAK Energi, terutama dalam bentuk listrik merupakan salah satu kebutuhan esensial bagi manusia. Untuk memproduksi listrik dibutuhkan berbagai macam proses, termasuk melalui kombinasi pembangkitan tenaga gas dan uap. Dalam proses produksi, suatu Pembangkit Listik Tenaga Gas dan Uap (PLTGU) menghasilkan berbagai macam jenis limbah, diantaranya yang terkategori sebagai limbah Bahan Berbahaya dan Beracun (B3). Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi sumber timbulan dan mengevaluasi pengelolaan limbah B3 di suatu PLTGU di Kota Palembang, Sumatera Selatan. Metode yang digunakan berupa observasi detail dan analisis kepatuhan pengelolaan limbah B3 berdasarkan peraturan perundangan yang berlaku. Selama masa observasi, limbah B3 yang dihasilkan berupa minyak pelumas bekas atau oli bekas, sludge oil, kain majun bekas, kemasan bekas B3, filter bekas dari fasilitas pengendalian pencemaran udara, limbah terkontaminasi, sludge IPAL, dan limbah kimia hasil analisis laboratorium. Secara umum, PLTGU tersebut telah melakukan pengelolaan limbah B3 dengan memadai, terutama di tahapan pelabelan, pengemasan, dan penyimpanan. Pengangkutan dan pengolahan limbah B3 dikerjasamakan dengan pihak ketiga yang telah memiliki izin terkait. Pengelolaan limbah B3 di suatu industri menjadi penting agar tidak menimbulkan dampak negatif ke lingkungan dan kesehatan manusia. Kata kunci: evaluasi, limbah B3, pengelolaan, PLTGU ABSTRACT Energy especially in form of electricity is one of essential needs for human. To produce electricity, various processes are needed, including a combination of gas and steam power generation. In the production process, a Combined Cycle Gas-Fired Power Plant (CCGP) generates various type of wastes, including those categorized as Hazardous and Toxic Waste. The study aims to identify sources and to evaluate the hazardous waste management at a gas and steam power plant located in Palembang City, South Sumatra. The method used was detailed observation and analysis of hazardous and toxic waste management compliance based on applicable laws and regulations. During observation period, hazardous and toxic waste generated including used lubricating oil or used oil, sludge oil, used cloth, used hazardous and toxic packaging, used filters from air pollution control facilities, contaminated waste, sludge WWTP, and chemical waste resulting from laboratory analysis. In general, the gas and steam power plant has managed hazardous and toxic waste adequately, especially in the labeling, packaging and storage stages. Transporting and processing of hazardous and toxic waste was carried out in collaboration with third parties who have the relevant permits. Hazardous and toxic waste management in an industry is important so that it does not cause negative impacts to the environment and human health. Keywords: evaluation, CCGP, hazardous waste, management