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ObjectivePrevious studies have shown that treatment of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) with positive airway pressure (PAP) therapy in patients with depression may improve depression symptoms and response to antidepressant therapy. We investigated the association between PAP therapy adherence, self-harm events, healthcare resource utilization (HCRU), and costs over 2 years in a national sample of patients with pre-existing depression and newly diagnosed comorbid OSA.MethodsAdministrative claims data were linked to objective PAP therapy usage. Inverse probability treatment weighting was used to compare outcomes over 2 years across PAP adherence levels. The predicted numbers of emergency room (ER) visits and hospitalizations by adherence level were assessed using risk-adjusted generalized linear models.Results37,459 patients were included. Relative to non-adherent patients, consistently adherent patients had fewer self-harm events (0.04 vs 0.05, p

Despite being the most cost-effective tobacco control policy, tobacco taxation is the least implemented component of the World Health Organization MPOWER package to reduce smoking worldwide. In Mexico, both smoking prevalence and taxation have remained stable for more than a decade. This study aims to provide evidence about the potential effects of taxation to reduce the burden of tobacco-related diseases and the main attributable social costs in Mexico, including informal (unpaid) care costs, which are frequently ignored. We employ a first-order Monte Carlo microsimulation model that follows hypothetical population cohorts considering the risks of an adverse health event and death. First, we estimate tobacco-attributable morbidity and mortality, direct medical costs and indirect costs, such as labour productivity losses and informal care costs. Then, we assess the potential effects of a 50% cigarette price increase through taxation and two alternative scenarios of 25% and 75%. The inputs come from several sources, including national surveys and vital statistics. Each year, 63 000 premature deaths and 427 000 disease events are attributable to tobacco in Mexico, while social costs amount to MX$194.6 billion (US$8.5)—MX$116.2 (US$5.1) direct medical costs and MX$78.5 (US$3.4) indirect costs—representing 0.8% of gross domestic product. Current tobacco tax revenue barely covers 23.3% of these costs. Increasing cigarette prices through taxation by 50% could reduce premature deaths by 49 000 over the next decade, while direct and indirect costs averted would amount to MX$87.9 billion (US$3.8) and MX$67.6 billion (US$2.9), respectively. The benefits would far outweigh any potential loss even in a pessimistic scenario of increased illicit trade. Tobacco use imposes high social costs on the Mexican population, but tobacco taxation is a win-win policy for both gaining population health and reducing tobacco societal costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the aging population, the financial burdens associated with chronic diseases continue to escalate. Among various management strategies, family physician contracting stands out as a significant initiative aimed at addressing this challenge, officially introduced in China in 2016. However, current research has given relatively little attention to the economic benefits of family physician contracting in developing countries. This paper evaluates the economic effect of family physician contracting by employing microdata of patients with chronic diseases at the Yuyuantan Community Health Service Center, Haidian District, Beijing, from January 2019 to May 2021. This research contributes to the theoretical discourse in healthcare services by introducing a modified Anderson model. The empirical findings demonstrated that family physician contracting effectively reduced healthcare costs for patients with chronic diseases. Notably, the effect of family physician contracting on healthcare costs was more pronounced among patients with chronic diseases aged less than 65 years. At the same time, it is inferred that expediting the reform of the health insurance payment system, coupled with the promotion of family physician contracting services, would enhance the wellbeing of patients with chronic diseases. This research offers valuable insights into the ongoing and future development of family physician contracting in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: High-cost users (HCU) represent important targets for health policy interventions. Sepsis is a life-threatening syndrome that is associated with high morbidity, mortality, and economic costs to the healthcare system. We sought to estimate the effect of sepsis on being a subsequent HCU. Methods: Using linked health-administrative databases, we conducted a population-based, propensity score-weighted cohort study of adults who survived a hospitalization in Ontario, Canada between January 2016 and December 2017. Sepsis was identified using a validated algorithm. The primary outcome was being a persistent HCU after hospital discharge (in the top 5% or 1% of total health care spending for 90 consecutive days), and the proportion of follow-up time since discharge as a HCU. Results: We identified 927,057 hospitalized individuals, of whom 79,065 had sepsis. Individuals who had sepsis were more likely to be a top 5% HCU for 90 consecutive days at any time after discharge compared to those without sepsis (OR 2.24; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.04–2.46) and spent on average 42.3% of their follow up time as a top 5% HCU compared to 28.9% of time among those without sepsis (RR 1.46; 95% CI 1.45–1.48). Individuals with sepsis were more likely to be a top 1% HCU for 90 consecutive days compared to those without sepsis (10% versus 5.1%, OR 2.05 [95% CI 1.99–2.11]), and spent more time as a top 1% HCU (18.5% of time versus 10.8% of time, RR 1.68 [95% CI 1.65–1.70]). Conclusions: The sequelae of sepsis result in higher healthcare costs with important economic implications. After discharge, individuals who experienced sepsis are more likely to be a HCU and spend more time as a HCU compared to individuals who did not experience sepsis during hospitalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Background Methods Results Discussion Community doulas are perinatal health workers who provide peer education, resource navigation, and support during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period. Evidence suggests that doulas improve the experience of care, reduce cesarean birth, and improve breastfeeding outcomes. However, people with low incomes cannot access affordable community doula support in most states due to lack of insurance reimbursement. To determine the affordability of Medicaid reimbursement for doula services, there is a need to fill a gap in research that employs real‐world data and a return‐on‐investment (ROI) analysis approach.We conducted a ROI analysis from the healthcare perspective of an enhanced community doula intervention, Best Beginnings for Babies (BBB). Healthcare and program cost data were collected alongside clinical outcomes from a randomized controlled trial of routine maternity care at Boston Medical Center with and without BBB. ROI was calculated as the net healthcare savings divided by the investment costs. Post‐COVID‐19 program costing estimates were also performed.Average healthcare costs per patient were $18,969 for the BBB group compared with $20,121 for routine care, a savings of $1,152. BBB program costs were an average of $971 per person. There was an 18% ROI. Lower costs for the birth hospitalization and NICU stays accounted for the largest areas of savings. Per‐person program costs using proposed MassHealth fees produced a positive return on investment, although 2023 hospital doula program wages and salaries did not.The BBB‐enhanced community doula program was cost‐saving to payers and increased access to doula support for low‐income people. Even with post‐COVID‐19 increases in program costs, analysis demonstrated doula support was still financially feasible. This study should reassure budget‐conscious Medicaid payers that doula services are affordable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Falls among older adults are a major public health concern: They result in $30 billion in direct US healthcare costs annually and take an immense psychological and physical toll on older adults. Particularly concerning are falls in nursing home settings, which account for three times as many falls in adults over 65 than in any other setting. Objectives: We hypothesized that tailoring falls prevention and response plans to nursing home profit model (for- or nonprofit) and ownership type (public, private, franchise) would greatly improve effectiveness of general plans. Methods: To this end, we extracted data from existing government databases, collected qualitative data through structured interviews with home employees, and collected novel quantitative data through web surveys from a representative sample of 40 Pennsylvania nursing homes about prevention and mitigation protocols, population, and facility characteristics, and falls outcome metrics. We analyzed fall-related risk factors that we scored and used to build multivariate logistic regression models to predict falls rates, and subsequently used to build multilevel logistic regression multivariate models to pinpoint the influence of facility type. Results: We found a significant correlation between facility ownership and profit type and falls rates and outcomes. Conclusions: Armed with these analytical insights, we formulated improved falls prevention plans targeted to home types to achieve better falls outcomes as predicted by the models. Finally, we quantify the predicted impact of implementing these targeted plans on fall rates and outcomes in the homes in our study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Open offers (OOs) in liver transplantation (LT) result from bypassing the traditional allocation system. Little is known about the trends of OOs or the differences in donor/recipient characteristics compared to traditionally placed organs. We aim to quantify modern practices regarding OOs and understand NMP's impact, focusing on social determinants of health (SDH), cost, and graft‐associated risk. Methods: LTs from 1/1/2018 to 12/31/2023 at a single center were included. NMP was implemented on 10/1/2022. The CDC (centers for disease control)‐validated social vulnerability index (SVI) and donor risk index (DRI) were calculated. Comprehensive complications index (CCI), Clavien‐Dindo grades, patient and graft survival, and costs of transplantation were included. Results: 1162 LTs were performed; 193 (16.8%) from OOs. OOs were more common in the post‐NMP era (26.5% vs. 13.3%, p < 0.001). Pre‐NMP, patients receiving OOs had longer waitlist times (118 vs. 69 days, p < 0.001), lower MELDs (17 vs. 25 points, p < 0.001), and riskier grafts (DRI = 1.8 vs. 1.6, p = 0.004) compared to standard offers. Post‐NMP, recipients receiving OOs demonstrated no difference in waitlist time (27 vs. 20 days, p = 0.21) or graft risk (DRI = 2.03 vs. 2.23, p = 0.17). OO recipient MELD remained lower (16 vs. 22, p < 0.001). OO recipients were more socially vulnerable (SVI), pre‐NMP (0.41 vs. 0.36, p = 0.004), but less vulnerable after NMP (0.23 vs. 0.36, p = 0.019). Despite increased graft risk, pre‐NMP OO‐LTs were less expensive in the 90‐day global period ($154 939 vs. $178 970, p = 0.002) and the 180‐days pre‐/post‐LT ($208 807 vs. $228 091, p = 0.021). Cost trends remained similar with NMP. Conclusion: OOs are increasingly utilized and may be appealing due to demonstrated cost reductions even with NMP. Although most OO‐related metrics in our center remain similar before and after machine perfusion, programs should take caution that increasing use does not worsen organ access for socially vulnerable populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aimed to examine the national variation in government-subsidised healthcare costs of residents in long-term care facilities (LTCFs) and costs differences by resident and facility characteristics. Methods: A retrospective population-based cohort study was conducted using linked national aged and healthcare data of older people (≥65 years) living in 2112 LTCFs in Australia. Individuals' pharmaceutical, out-of-hospital, hospitalisation and emergency presentations direct costs were aggregated from the linked healthcare data. Average annual healthcare costs per resident were estimated using generalised linear models, adjusting for covariates. Cost estimates were compared by resident dementia status and facility characteristics (location, ownership type and size). Results: Of the 75,142 residents examined, 70% (N = 52,142) were women and 53.4% (N = 40,137) were living with dementia. The average annual healthcare cost (all costs in $A) was $9233 (95% CI $9150–$9295) per resident, with hospitalisation accounting for 47.2% of the healthcare costs. Residents without dementia had higher healthcare costs ($11,097, 95% CI $10,995–$11,200) compared to those with dementia ($7561, 95% CI $7502–$7620). Residents living in for-profit LTCFs had higher adjusted average overall annual healthcare costs ($11,324, 95% CI $11,185–$11,463) compared to those living in not-for-profit ($11,017, 95% CI $10,895–$11,139) and government ($9731, 95% CI $9365–$10,099) facilities. Conclusions: The healthcare costs incurred by residents of LTCFs varied by presence of dementia and facility ownership. The variation in costs may be associated with residents' care needs, care models and difference in quality of care across LTCFs. As hospitalisation is the biggest driver of the healthcare costs, strategies to reduce preventable hospitalisations may reduce downstream cost burden to the health system. What is known about the topic? Residents living in long-term care facilities have high health and care needs, but little research exists on how downstream healthcare costs vary based on facility and individual characteristics. What does this paper add? Using linked national aged care and healthcare data, this study determined that the average annual healthcare cost per resident was $9233 (95% CI $9150–$9295), with hospitalisation accounting for nearly half of these costs. Furthermore, healthcare costs varied based on facility ownership and size, as well as whether individuals had dementia. What are the implications for practitioners? Understanding sectoral variation and learning from long-term care facilities with lower hospitalisation rates could be a strategic approach to reducing healthcare costs for long-term care residents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose Neuromuscular blocking agents (NMBAs) are commonly used during surgery, and restoring neuromuscular function at the end of surgery is vital in preventing complications of residual paralysis. Recent guidelines from the American Society of Anesthesiology recommend using sugammadex over neostigmine; however, sugammadex is significantly more expensive than neostigmine and may increase drug expenditure for pharmacy departments. This review summarizes evidence evaluating sugammadex dose adjustments and the potential of these dose adjustments to lead to cost savings for pharmacy departments. Summary We found evidence suggesting that the manufacturer-recommended sugammadex dose may not be needed in many patients and that dosing based on an adjusted body weight or based on depth of neuromuscular blockade may lead to lower sugammadex usage. Combining sugammadex with neostigmine could also decrease the dose of sugammadex required. We have highlighted the importance of objective neuromuscular monitoring to guide sugammadex dosing and evaluation for residual neuromuscular blockade. Cost savings for pharmacy departments may be realized by these alternative dosing strategies and/or vial-splitting practices. Conclusion Implementing practices related to sugammadex vial splitting and dose adjustment based on body weight and depth of neuromuscular blockade shows potential benefits in terms of sugammadex cost savings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to quantify the health and economic impacts of alcohol consumption in Brazil for 2019. Ecological study using secondary data sources. We calculated the disease burden using estimates from the Global Burden of Disease study, which incorporated data from health surveys and hospital records. Costs were estimated based on direct expenses recorded in the Hospital and Outpatient Information System of the Unified Health System, with data by sex, age group, cause, and Federative Units. Alcohol consumption was a necessary cause for 30,355 deaths and approximately 1.69 million disability-adjusted life years in Brazil, representing 2.2% and 2.6% of the national totals, respectively. The impact was more pronounced among men, in the Northeast region and within the 40- to 64-year-old age group. The total costs attributed to these outcomes reached approximately Int$43.1 million, with hospital admissions accounting for 94.16% of these expenses. In 2019, alcohol consumption had a significant impact on both the health of Brazilians and the expenses of the health system. As a preventable risk factor, alcohol consumption necessitates effective intersectoral strategies to mitigate its burden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate potential predictors of no-shows and late cancellations in an outpatient clinic within a large healthcare system serving vulnerable communities. Methods: Demographic data and appointment status were recorded for 537 consecutive patients scheduled for neuropsychological evaluation in an outpatient psychiatry clinic. Patients include 220 males and 317 females with an average formal education of 11.01 years (SD = 3.87) and age of 55.64 years (SD = 16.20). Results: The overall rate of no-shows or late cancellations was 20%. Of the 106 patients who no-showed/late cancelled, 41% rescheduled, and of those, 23% missed or late cancelled their second appointment. No-shows and late cancellations were associated with historical/prior no-show rate, while race/ethnicity and activation of MyChart had slight impacts. Conclusions: These data suggest that prior no-show rates and MyChart access may be targets for interventions to improve show rates. This is important for the patients' gaining access to care as well as minimizing financial strains for the system and increasing wait times/delays to care for other patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Routine histopathologic examination of orthopaedic surgical specimens is a standard practice at many institutions. Previous studies have demonstrated that this practice seldom altered patient management for several orthopaedic procedures. As a result, the value of such practices has come into question. The purpose of this study is to determine the cost-effectiveness of routine histopathologic analysis of specimens obtained during total ankle arthroplasty (TAA). Methods: A retrospective analysis was performed of patients who underwent uncomplicated primary TAA at a large, academic, health system between January 2015 and December 2021. The postoperative histopathologic diagnoses were compared with the respective patient's preoperative clinical and intraoperative diagnoses. The prevalence of concordant, discrepant, and discordant diagnoses was determined. Cost-effectiveness analysis was conducted to assess the financial implications of obtaining routine specimens for histopathologic examination for TAA. Results: A total of 85 TAAs were identified in 85 individual patients and were included in the present study. A total of 172 specimens were sent for routine histopathologic review. On histopathologic analysis, a final diagnosis was confirmed in 82 (96.5%) of the total specimens reviewed. A discrepant diagnosis was discovered in 3 (3.5%; 2 cases of gout/pseudogout and 1 case of osteonecrosis) cases and 0 (0%) discordant diagnoses were discovered, corresponding to positive and negative predictive values of 97% and 100%, respectively The total estimate of costs incurred for the routine analysis of all specimens included in the study was between $12 299.20 and 17 846.00. The estimated cost to establish each discrepant diagnosis ranged between $4099.73 and $5948.67, and the cost for a discordant diagnosis was unable to be established. Conclusion: Routine histopathologic analysis of specimens obtained during TAA rarely revealed a discordant diagnosis and resulted in no alterations to patients' plan of care. Furthermore, the additional costs of routine histopathologic examination are significant. As such, it is recommended that such interventions in TAA should be performed on a per-case basis at the operating surgeon's discretion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cefazolin is the most common antibiotic used for prophylaxis in obstetrics and gynecology. Among those with a penicillin allergy, alternative antibiotics are often chosen for prophylaxis, given fears of cross-reactivity between penicillin and cefazolin. Alternative antibiotics in this setting are associated with adverse sequelae, including surgical site infection, induction of bacterial resistance, higher costs to the healthcare system, and possible Clostridium difficile infection. Given the difference in R1 side chains between penicillin and cefazolin, cefazolin use is safe and should be recommended for patients with a penicillin allergy, including those who experience Immunoglobulin E-mediated reactions such as anaphylaxis. Cefazolin should only be avoided in those who experience a history of a severe, life-threatening delayed hypersensitivity reaction manifested as severe cutaneous adverse reactions (Steven-Johnson Syndrome), hepatitis, nephritis, serum sickness, and hemolytic anemia in response to penicillin administration. In addition, >90% of those with a documented penicillin allergy do not have true allergies on skin testing. Increased referral for penicillin allergy testing should be incorporated into routine obstetric care and preoperative assessment to reduce suboptimal antibiotic prophylaxis use. More education is needed among providers surrounding penicillin allergy assessment and cross-reactivity among penicillins and cephalosporins to optimize antibiotic prophylaxis in obstetrics and gynecology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Clinical and direct medical cost data on RSV-related hospitalizations are relevant for public health decision-making. We analyzed nationwide data on RSV-coded hospitalizations from Germany in different age and risk groups. Methods: Assessment of RSV-coded hospitalizations (ICD-10-GM RSV-code J12.1/J20.5/J21.0 as primary discharge diagnosis) from 01/2010 to 12/2019, using remote data retrieval from the Hospital Statistics Database of the German Federal Statistical Office. Results: Overall, 205,352 RSV-coded hospitalizations (198,139 children < 18 years, 1,313 adults, 5,900 seniors > 59 years) were reported (median age < 1 year, IQR 0; 1; 56% males, 32% with RSV pneumonia). Annual median RSV-coded hospitalization incidence was 24.8/100,000 persons (IQR 21.3; 27.5); children reported a median incidence of 145.8 (IQR 130.9; 168.3). Between 2010 and 2019, hospitalization incidence increased 1.7-fold/15.1-fold/103-fold in children/adults/seniors. Adults and seniors reported higher rates of underlying chronic conditions, complications, and intensive care treatment than children; of 612 in-hospital fatalities, 103/51/458 occurred in children/adults/seniors. Per-patient mean costs varied between 3286€ ± 4594 in 1–4-year-olds and 7215€ ± 13,564 among adults. Increased costs were associated with immune disorders (2.55-fold increase compared to those without), nervous system disorders (2.66-fold), sepsis (7.27-fold), ARDS (12.85-fold), intensive care (4.60-fold) and ECMO treatment (16.88-fold). Conclusion: The economic burden of RSV-related hospitalizations in Germany is substantial, even when only considering cases with RSV-coded as the primary discharge diagnosis. Children represented the vast majority of RSV-coded hospitalizations. However, adults and seniors hospitalized for RSV were at a higher risk of severe complications, required more costly treatments, and had higher fatality rates; although their RSV-coded hospitalization incidence showed a clear upward trend since 2017, their true hospitalization incidence is still likely to be underestimated due to lack of routine RSV testing in these age groups. Hence, new treatments and vaccines for RSV ideally should also target adults and seniors in addition to children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Compare healthcare costs for patients with epidermal growth factor receptor mutated (EGFRm) metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (mNSCLC) with and without progression and estimate costs of progression. Materials & methods: Retrospective claims analysis (2015–2020) from adults with EGFRm mNSCLC initiating EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Adjusted costs for 12 months were compared (with vs without progression) and cumulative costs for early versus late progression were predicted over 36 months. Results: A total of 228 patients with EGFRm mNSCLC were included. Patients with progression within 12 months incurred significantly higher total costs despite lower treatment costs (vs without progression). Medical costs were significantly higher among early versus late progressors. Conclusion: These data may aid providers aiming to administer quality care in a cost-efficient way. Plain Language Summary Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer death among both men and women in the US. Among US patients with adenocarcinoma histology, approximately 17% have epidermal growth factor activating mutations (EGFRm) that include exon 19 deletions or L858R mutations. These common mutations make up approximately 85% of all EGFR mutations. The aim of this study was to compare healthcare resource utilization and costs for patients with EGFRm metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer with and without disease progression within the first 12 months following first-line treatment initiation using data from insurance claims. The results suggest that patients with EGFRm metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer with disease progression in the first 12 months (after treatment initiation) have significantly higher costs compared with patients without disease progression in the first 12 months (and highest in the first 6 months). These data may help inform oncology providers aiming to administer high quality cancer care in a cost-efficient way. Article highlights Patients with non-small-cell lung cancer face a high burden of healthcare costs, especially when the disease progresses. This was a retrospective study using administrative claims data of 228 adult patients with epidermal growth factor receptor mutated (EGFRm) metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (mNSCLC) that initiated a first-line EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) between 2015 and 2020. Healthcare costs were captured during the first 12 months after treatment initiation in patients with and without disease progression, and cumulative costs were predicted over 36 months for patients with early (post initiation months 0–6) versus late (post initiation months 7–12) disease progression. There were 152 (66.7%) patients whose disease progressed at any time during the 12 months after treatment initiation; 101 (66.4%) patients had early progression and 51 (34.2%) had late progression. Patients with any disease progression had greater healthcare resource utilization compared with patients whose disease did not progress during follow-up. Adjusted mean total healthcare costs were statistically significantly higher for patients with any progression compared with those without progression, mainly driven by inpatient costs. Adjusted monthly predicted cumulative costs were significantly higher among patients who progressed early compared with those that progressed late. Study limitations include lack of biomarker and histology data from claims data, misclassification of metastatic disease status and specific EGFR mutations based on coding errors and limited generalizability. This studies provides real-world costs of patients with EGFRm mNSCLC that initiate a TKI whose disease progresses in a 12-month time period; the cost burden was highest among patients with disease progression in the first 6 months after treatment initiation. This study highlights the importance of delaying EGFRm mNSCLC disease progression in a timely manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Anemia is a common comorbidity of chronic kidney disease (CKD) that has been associated with increased risk of complications, healthcare expenditure, and reduced quality of life. In China, the treatment of anemia of CKD has been reported to be suboptimal in part because of a lack of awareness of the condition and its management. It is therefore important to raise awareness of the condition by estimating the future health and economic burden of anemia of CKD and also to understand how it may be addressed through proactive policies. This study aims to project the health and economic burden of anemia of CKD, in China, from 2023 to 2027 and to estimate the impact of a hypothetical intervention on related clinical and cost outcomes. Methods: A virtual Chinese population was simulated using demographic, clinical, and economic statistics within a validated CKD microsimulation model. Each individual was assigned a CKD stage, anemia stage, comorbidity status (type 2 diabetes, hypertension), complication status (stroke, heart failure, and/or myocardial infarction), and a probability of receiving treatments and therapies. Annual direct healthcare costs were assigned and based on these factors. The hypothetical intervention reduced the prevalence of moderate and severe anemia by 5% annually. This hypothetical scenario was chosen to highlight the impact of implementing policies that could reduce anemia of CKD, and is aligned with the Healthy China 2030 policy, which aims to reduce mortality from noncommunicable diseases by 30%. Interventions could consist of early screening and intervention to reduce the escalation of anemia from mild to moderate or severe. Results were compared with a baseline "no change" scenario which reflects current trends. Results: The number of patients with moderate/severe anemia of CKD was projected to increase from 3.0 to 3.2 million patients, with associated costs increasing from ¥22.0 billion (B) to ¥24.4B between 2023 and 2027, respectively. Compared with the no change scenario, the hypothetical intervention reduced the prevalence of moderate and severe anemia of CKD, saving ¥3.9B in healthcare costs in 2027 (¥24.4B vs ¥20.6B, respectively). Conclusions: Consistent with trends in CKD burden in China, the prevalence of anemia of CKD is projected to increase, leading to greater related healthcare costs. The introduction of healthcare interventions designed to screen for and treat anemia more effectively could therefore reduce its future burden and related costs. Plain Language Summary: Anemia, a common issue in chronic kidney disease, can lead to complications and increased healthcare costs. In China, anemia treatment for chronic kidney disease is often suboptimal because of a lack of awareness. This study aimed to estimate the future health and economic impact of anemia in chronic kidney disease in China from 2023 to 2027 and assess the effects of a hypothetical intervention. The research used a computer model to simulate a virtual Chinese population based on demographics, clinical data, and economic statistics. In the "no change" scenario, the prevalence of moderate/severe anemia in chronic kidney disease was projected to increase, with associated healthcare costs rising from ¥22.0B to ¥24.4B. A hypothetical intervention, reducing anemia prevalence by 5% annually, resulted in cost savings, lowering healthcare costs to ¥20.58B in 2027. In conclusion, anemia in chronic kidney disease is expected to increase in China, raising healthcare costs. Implementing interventions, such as early screening and treatment, could significantly reduce future burdens and related costs, emphasizing the need for proactive healthcare policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To examine racial and ethnic differences in costs of informal caregiving among older adults with dementia in the United States. Methods: We used data from the 2002 to 2018 Health and Retirement Survey to estimate annual informal care hours for adults with dementia (n = 10,015). We used regression models to examine racial and ethnic differences in hours of informal care for activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental ADL, controlling for demographic characteristics, education, and level of disability. Results: Our sample was 70% non-Hispanic White, 19% non-Hispanic Black, and 11% Hispanic. Hispanics received, on average, 35.8 hours of informal care each week, compared to 30.1 for Blacks and 20.1 for Whites. Racial and ethnic differences persisted when controlling for covariates. Discussion: Informal care is a greater cost to racial and ethnic minoritized families. Informal care was valued at a replacement cost of $44,656 for Hispanics, $37,508 for Blacks, and $25,121 for Whites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractObjectiveMethodsResultsConclusionsLong-chain fatty acid oxidation disorders (LC-FAOD) are a group of rare genetic inborn errors of metabolism. Clinical manifestations may result in frequent healthcare visits, hospitalizations, and early death. This retrospective cohort study assessed manifestations, healthcare resource use (HRU), direct medical costs, and the impact of COVID-19 on HRU among patients with LC-FAOD.The IQVIA PharMetrics Plus database was searched for pediatric (0–17 years) and adult (≥18 years) patients with confirmed LC-FAOD (ICD-10-CM Diagnosis Code E71.310) and ≥12 months continuous enrollment (CE) between January 2016-February 2020. A non–LC-FAOD general population cohort was randomly selected and matched using 1:20 exact matching on age, gender, payer type, and CE start year. Manifestations were identified via ICD-10 diagnosis codes (any billing position). Overall HRU and attributable costs were stratified by care setting. Pre-COVID-19 (March 2019–February 2020) and during COVID-19 (March 2020-February 2021) HRU was assessed among a subgroup of patients and the general population. Outcomes were evaluated among children and adults, respectively.423 patients with LC-FAOD (47% female; 79.7% children) were included. The mean enrollment duration was 2.6 ± 1.2 years. 22.6% of children with LC-FAOD had at least one major clinical event (MCE), consisting of rhabdomyolysis (10.1%), hypoglycemia (9.8%), or cardiomyopathy (8.6%) versus 1.5% overall occurrence in the general population. Adults with LC-FAOD had a higher incidence of MCEs (37.2%) than children with LC-FAOD. Annualized all-cause HRU in all care settings and mean total annualized medical costs (children: $17,082 vs $4144; adults: $43,602 vs $3949) were higher in patients with LC-FAOD versus the general population. Patients with LC-FAOD had substantially fewer healthcare visits during COVID-19 across care settings than during the pre-COVID-19 period.LC-FAOD impart a high burden on patients. Extended hospital stays and increased outpatient management were especially pronounced for adults and for patients with ≥1 MCE, resulting in substantially higher medical costs than the general population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Methods Results Conclusions Functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) is one of the most commonly performed otolaryngologic procedures and is associated with significant cost variability.We performed a retrospective analysis of all inflammatory sinus surgeries at a single tertiary care medical center from July 2021 to July 2023. The electronic medical record was reviewed for patient factors and cost variables for each procedure, and multivariable analysis was performed.A total of 221 patients were included in analysis with a mean age of 48.2 years. There was a 44.8% incidence (n = 99) of nasal polyps and 31.2% (n = 69) of cases were revision surgeries. The average total cost for the surgical encounter was $8960.31 (standard deviation $1967.97). Operating room time represented $4912.46 (54.8% of all costs), while average operating room supply costs were $1296.06 (14.5%) and recovery room costs were $919.48 (10.3%). Total costs were significantly associated with length of surgery ($7.83/min, p = 0.04), in addition to presence of nasal polyps ($531.96, p = 0.04). There was no significant association between total costs and the remaining clinical and demographic factors.Costs associated with ambulatory FESS for inflammatory sinus disease vary across patients and this cost variability is predominantly driven by time efficiency within the operating room, as well as supply utilization and nasal polyposis to a lesser degree. As a result, operating room efficiency represents a primary target for cost‐related interventions. Additionally, our data provide a framework for surgeons and hospitals to make evidence‐based decisions on intraoperative equipment in a tradeoff between efficiency and supply costs. Our findings indicate that an approach focused on streamlining efficiency across the entire ambulatory surgery encounter will have the greatest impact on reducing healthcare expenses for both the patient and the health system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Evidence is limited about healthcare cost disparities associated with homelessness, particularly in recent years after major policy and resource changes affecting people experiencing homelessness occurred after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. We estimated 1-year healthcare expenditures, overall and by type of service, among a representative sample of people experiencing homelessness in Toronto, Canada, in 2021 and 2022, and compared these to costs among matched housed and low-income housed individuals. Methods: Data from individuals experiencing homelessness participating in the Ku-gaa-gii pimitizi-win cohort study were linked with Ontario health administrative databases. Participants (n = 640) were matched 1:5 by age, sex-assigned-at-birth and index month to presumed housed individuals (n = 3,200) and to low-income presumed housed individuals (n = 3,200). Groups were followed over 1 year to ascertain healthcare expenditures, overall and by healthcare type. Generalized linear models were used to assess unadjusted and adjusted mean cost ratios between groups. Results: Average 1-year costs were $12,209 (95% CI $9,762-$14,656) among participants experiencing homelessness compared to $1,769 ($1,453-$2,085) and $1,912 ($1,510-$2,314) among housed and low-income housed individuals. Participants experiencing homelessness had nearly seven times (6.90 [95% confidence interval [CI] 5.98–7.97]) the unadjusted mean ratio (MR) of costs as compared to housed persons. After adjustment for number of comorbidities and history of healthcare for mental health and substance use disorders, participants experiencing homelessness had nearly six times (adjusted MR 5.79 [95% CI 4.13–8.12]) the expected healthcare costs of housed individuals. The two housed groups had similar costs. Conclusions: Homelessness is associated with substantial excess healthcare costs. Programs to quickly resolve and prevent cases of homelessness are likely to better meet the health and healthcare needs of this population while being a more efficient use of public resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study aims to assess the economic burden of prostate cancer in Iran by analyzing direct medical costs, direct non-medical costs, and indirect costs. We conducted a cross-sectional cost-of-illness study in Khorramabad, located in western Iran, during 2023, using a prevalence-based, bottom-up approach. Data were collected from 285 prostate cancer patients using questionnaires, interviews, and patient records. Results: Our study estimated the economic burden of prostate cancer at $744,990. Direct medical costs accounted for 63.50% of this, totaling $153,330, with therapy being the largest component. Direct non-medical costs were $62,130, and indirect costs from productivity losses were $209,760. The calculated overall cost per patient was $2,614.88. Extrapolating from the 2021 Global Burden of Disease data, which reported approximately 83,000 prostate cancer patients in Iran, the national economic burden is estimated at $217,034,040. This substantial burden highlights the need for improved insurance coverage and early detection. The findings suggest that policymakers and healthcare providers in Iran should develop standardized cost analysis methods and enhance financial protection to alleviate economic strain and improve healthcare outcomes and sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Hospitalizations for exacerbations of congestive heart failure (CHF), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) are costly in the United States. The purpose of this study was to predict in-hospital charges for each condition using machine learning (ML) models. Results: We conducted a retrospective cohort study on national discharge records of hospitalized adult patients from January 1st, 2016, to December 31st, 2019. We constructed six ML models (linear regression, ridge regression, support vector machine, random forest, gradient boosting and extreme gradient boosting) to predict total in-hospital cost for admission for each condition. Our models had good predictive performance, with testing R-squared values of 0.701-0.750 (mean of 0.713) for CHF; 0.694-0.724 (mean 0.709) for COPD; and 0.615-0.729 (mean 0.694) for DKA. We identified important key features driving costs, including patient age, length of stay, number of procedures, and elective/nonelective admission. Conclusions: ML methods may be used to accurately predict costs and identify drivers of high cost for COPD exacerbations, CHF exacerbations and DKA. Overall, our findings may inform future studies that seek to decrease the underlying high patient costs for these conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Some patients with back pain contribute disproportionately to high healthcare costs; however, characteristics of high-cost users with back pain are not well defined. We described high-cost healthcare users based on total costs among a population-based cohort of adults with back pain within the Ontario government's single-payer health system across sociodemographic, health, and behavioural characteristics. We conducted a population-based cohort study of Ontario adult (aged 18 years or older) respondents of the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) with back pain (2003-2012), linked to administrative data (n = 36,605; weighted n 5 2,076,937, representative of Ontario). Respondents were ranked based on gradients of total healthcare costs (top 1%, top 2%-5%, top 6%-50%, and bottom 50%) for 1 year following the CCHS survey, with high-cost users as top 5%. We used multinomial logistic regression to investigate characteristics associated with the 4 cost groups. Top 5% of cost users accounted for 49% ($4 billion CAD) of total healthcare spending, with inpatient hospital care as the largest contributing service type (approximately 40% of costs). Top 5% high-cost users were more likely aged 65 years or older (ORtop 1% = 16.6; ORtop 2-5% = 44.2), with lower income (ORtop 1% 5 3.6; ORtop 2-5%= 1.8), chronic disease(s) (ORtop 1% = 3.8; ORtop 2-5% = 1.6), Aggregated Diagnosis Groups measuring comorbidities (ORtop 1% 5 25.4; ORtop 2-5% 5 13.9), and fair/poor self-rated general health (ORtop 1% 5 6.7; ORtop 2-5% 5 4.6) compared with bottom 50% users. High-cost users tended to be current/former smokers, obese, and report fair/poor mental health. High-cost users (based on total costs) among adults with back pain account for nearly half of all healthcare spending over a 1-year period and are associated with older age, lower income, comorbidities, and fair/poor general health. Findings identify characteristics associated with a high-risk group for back pain to inform healthcare and public health strategies that target upstream determinants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus and overweight/obesity increase healthcare costs. Both are also associated with accelerated aging. However, the contributions of this accelerated aging to increased healthcare costs are unknown. Methods: We use data from a 8‐year longitudinal cohort followed at 16 U.S. clinical research sites. Participants were adults aged 45–76 years with established type 2 diabetes and overweight or obesity who had enrolled in the Action for Health in Diabetes clinical trial. They were randomly (1:1) assigned to either an intensive lifestyle intervention focused on weight loss versus a comparator of diabetes support and education. A validated deficit accumulation frailty index (FI) was used to characterize biological aging. Discounted annual healthcare costs were estimated using national databases in 2012 dollars. Descriptive characteristics were collected by trained and certified staff. Results: Compared with participants in the lowest tertile (least frail) of baseline FI, those in the highest tertile (most frail) at Year 1 averaged $714 (42%) higher medication costs, $244 (22%) higher outpatient costs, and $800 (134%) higher hospitalization costs (p < 0.001). At Years 4 and 8, relatively greater increases in FI (third vs. first tertile) were associated with an approximate doubling of total healthcare costs (p < 0.001). Mean (95% confidence interval) relative annual savings in healthcare costs associated with randomization to the intensive lifestyle intervention were $437 ($195, $579) per year during Years 1–4 and $461 ($232, $690) per year during Years 1–8. These were attenuated and the 95% confidence interval no longer excluded $0 after adjustment for the annual FI differences from baseline. Conclusions: Deficit accumulation frailty tracks well with healthcare costs among adults with type 2 diabetes and overweight or obesity. It may serve as a useful marker to project healthcare needs and as an intermediate outcome in clinical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) represents a significant global epidemiological challenge, demanding considerable financial resources for treatment. Renal transplantation is the optimal approach for end-stage renal failure, being the most cost-effective option among renal replacement therapies. This narrative review aims to explore clinical conditions associated with excessive healthcare costs among renal transplant recipients, particularly focusing on high-resource users (HRU). We reviewed literature examining conditions generating high costs in kidney transplant patients, including infections, sepsis, pneumonia, antibody-mediated rejection (AMR), graft failure, advanced recipient age, heart failure, and fractures. Immunosuppressive therapies heighten the risk of infections, with sepsis and pneumonia posing significant costs. AMR is a major contributor to healthcare costs, but effective treatment of AMR can extend graft longevity and improve patient outcomes. Graft failure significantly increases medical expenses and adversely affects patient outcomes. Older recipients face higher post-transplant morbidity and mortality rates, though transplantation still offers better long-term survival compared to dialysis. Heart failure and fractures further elevate post-transplant costs and underscore the necessity of targeted interventions to mitigate associated risks. Ensuring kidney transplant care is sustainable and accessible requires a comprehensive strategy. This approach aims to improve patient outcomes while keeping costs reasonable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We experiment with recent ensemble machine learning methods in estimating healthcare costs, utilizing Finnish data containing rich individual-level information on healthcare costs, socioeconomic status and diagnostic data from multiple registries. Our data are a random 10% sample (553,675 observations) from the Finnish population in 2017. Using annual healthcare cost in 2017 as a response variable, we compare the performance of Random forest, Gradient Boosting Machine (GBM) and eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) to linear regression. As machine learning methods are often seen as unsuitable in risk adjustment applications because of their relative opaqueness, we also introduce visualizations from the machine learning literature to help interpret the contribution of individual variables to the prediction. Our results show that ensemble machine learning methods can improve predictive performance, with all of them significantly outperforming linear regression, and that a certain level of interpretation can be provided for them. We also find individual-level socioeconomic variables to improve prediction accuracy and that their effect is larger for machine learning methods. However, we find that the predictions used for funding allocations are sensitive to model selection, highlighting the need for comprehensive robustness testing when estimating risk adjustment models used in applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alopecia areata (AA) is an autoimmune disorder that manifests as nonscarring hair loss and imposes a substantial disease burden. The current study, using an e‐claims database, assesses the disease burden, comorbidities, treatment patterns, specialties involved in the diagnosis of AA, healthcare resource utilization (HCRU), and associated costs in privately insured patients with AA in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. The retrospective longitudinal secondary study was conducted using Dubai Real‐World Database e‐claims data during 01 January 2014 to 30 June 2022. Patients with at least one diagnosis claim of AA during the index period (01 January 2015–30 June 2021) with continuous enrollment (one or more AA/non‐AA claim in the post‐index period) were included in the analysis. The patients were stratified into subcohorts based on diagnosis code and treatment patterns, as mild, moderate‐to‐severe, and others. Demographics, comorbidities, treatment patterns, specialists visited, and HCRU were assessed. The study included 11 851 patients with AA (mean age: mild: 37 years; moderate‐to‐severe: 36 years), with a male predominance (mild: 77.6%; moderate‐to‐severe: 60.8%). The most prevalent comorbidities in the moderate‐to‐severe AA subcohort were autoimmune and T‐helper 2–mediated immune disorders, including contact dermatitis and eczema (62.1%), atopic dermatitis (36.1%), and asthma (36.1%). Most patients consulted dermatologists for treatment advice (mild AA: 87.4%; moderate‐to‐severe AA: 47.7%) and, notably, within 1 day of AA diagnosis. Topical steroids were frequently prescribed across cohorts, regardless of disease severity. Analysis of comorbidities among patients with AA indicated an additional HCRU burden among these subsets of patients. The median disease‐specific HCRU cost was higher for psychological comorbidities versus autoimmune and T‐helper 2–mediated immune disorders (US $224.99 vs US $103.70). There is a substantial disease and economic burden in patients with AA and associated comorbid conditions; therefore, investing in novel therapies that target the underlying autoimmune pathway may address the gap in effective management of AA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acute pancreatitis is a common disease that is usually mild and self-limiting. Early discharge of patients with mild acute pancreatitis, with the use of supporting outpatient services including remote monitoring or smartphone applications, might be safe and could reduce the healthcare demand. The objective of this review was to provide a comprehensive overview of existing strategies aimed at facilitating early discharge of patients diagnosed with mild acute pancreatitis and to assess clinical outcomes, feasibility and costs associated with these strategies. PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, and Web of Science were systematically searched, to identify studies that evaluated strategies to reduce the length of hospital stay in patients with mild acute pancreatitis. Five studies, including 84 to 419 patients each, were identified and described three different early discharge protocols. The early discharge strategies resulted in a median length of hospital stay of a minimum of 6 to a maximum of 23 h in these studies. Early discharge compared to usual care did not result in increased 30-day readmissions. Additionally, no occurrences of complications or mortality were observed in either group. A significant reduction in overall costs was reported ranging from 43.1 % to 85.4 %. Early discharge of patients with mild acute pancreatitis seems both feasible and safe. Further studies are warranted, since focus on safe early discharge could significantly reduce inpatient healthcare utilization and associated costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Treatment of multiple myeloma (MM) has been transformed by novel therapies, including CD38 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs), and proteasome inhibitors (PIs), resulting in increasing numbers of patients who are triple-class exposed (TCE; exposed to ≥ 1 drug in each class). Many patients are penta-exposed (PE; ≥ 2 IMiDs, ≥ 2 PIs, and a CD38 mAb), some are triple-class refractory (TCR), and some are PE and TCR (PE-TCR). Data on real-world outcomes in elderly patients with MM across this spectrum of exposure are limited. Methods: Data from the Medicare Chronic Conditions Warehouse Database from November 2006–December 2020 were used to examine cohorts of TCE, TCR, PE, and PE-TCR patients. Outcomes were assessed from the start of the index line of therapy (LOT), defined as the first LOT after becoming TCE or PE. Results: A total of 2830 TCE, 1371 TCR, 1121 PE, and 774 PE-TCR patients were identified. Pomalidomide was the most frequently used medication for the index LOT in all cohorts (32.6% [PE-TCR] to 43.3% [TCR]). The most frequently used regimens for the index LOT were pomalidomide plus daratumumab for TCE (17.2%) and PE (7.0%), pomalidomide plus carfilzomib for TCR (10.3%), and pomalidomide plus elotuzumab for PE-TCR (7.4%). Median time to discontinuation (TTD) ranged from 4.2 (PE-TCR) to 6.9 (TCE) months, and overall survival (OS) ranged from 13.0 (TCR) to 15.9 (PE) months. Healthcare resource utilization (HRU) was lowest for TCE and highest for PE-TCR patients. Mean monthly healthcare costs (HCC) ranged from $23,091 (TCE) to $24,412 (PE-TCR). MM medications represented 66.2% (PE-TCR) to 72.8% (TCE) of costs. Conclusions: In this study across a spectrum of Medicare TCE patients, there was heterogeneity in treatment regimens, suggesting no standard of care. TTD and OS were short, and HRU and HCC were high. These results underscore the potential for new therapies in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Chronic diseases, such as heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), remain significant factors in the healthcare burden in Iran. Healthcare systems must have comprehensive data on the current usage, costs, and quality of care to tackle these challenges and formulate strategic plans effectively. Methods The study included 209 patients with a mean age of 58 years (SD = 16.5) who met the inclusion criteria of having an ejection fraction of less than 40% and a confirmed diagnosis of HFrEF. This study used nationally representative data to assess the healthcare usage, costs, and quality of HFrEF management in Iran. Results The most used services were medication dispensing (76%) and outpatient visits (53%), while rehabilitation (3%) and homecare (2%) were used less frequently. The annual per-patient direct medical cost was $1,464, with $308 (21%) paid out-of-pocket (OOP). Hospitalization accounted for most of the total cost (68%), and pharmacy expenses comprised the largest portion of OOP payments (46%). Echocardiography was performed for 91.1% of patients upon admission. Only 71.6% of patients had arrangements for a cardiology visit within seven days following hospital discharge. Additionally, only 67.5% of patients received prescriptions for angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers, and 85% were prescribed beta-blockers. Conclusion Patients with heart failure in Iran face challenges in accessing adequate cardiac care, including a lack of care continuity and advanced cardiac services. The study provided an essential benchmark for future healthcare reform.

Enrico Torre,1 Sergio Di Matteo,2 Chiara Martinotti,2 Giacomo Matteo Bruno,3 Umberto Goglia,4 Gianni Testino,5 Alberto Rebora,1 Luigi Carlo Bottaro,6 Giorgio Lorenzo Colombo3 1Diabetology and Metabolic Diseases Unit - ASL3, Genoa, Italy; 2Center of Research, SAVE Studi - Health Economics and Outcomes Research, Milan, Italy; 3Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; 4Territorial Diabetology Unit, ASLCN1, Cuneo, Italy; 5Units of Addiction and Hepatology, ASL3, Genoa, Italy; 6General Direction, ASL3, Genoa, ItalyCorrespondence: Giorgio Lorenzo Colombo, Email giorgio.colombo@unipv.itBackground: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) is a multisystem condition destined to become pandemic in the coming decades. This study aimed at evaluating the economic impact of MASLD in the Italian population from the Italian National Healthcare Service (NHS) perspective.Methods: The economic impact of the MASLD was assessed by developing a calculation model in Microsoft Excel® from the Italian NHS perspective, considering healthcare resources and direct costs. The target population was based on the prevalence data. Through a literature search, complications of MASLD were identified, including MASH, with relative risk of evolution into CC, DCC, HCC, T2DM, cardiovascular diseases, in particular AMI and stroke, CKD, and CRC. The differential impact between complication development in the population with MASLD and the same sample size population without-MASLD was evaluated. Differential risk data, mortality rates, and event unit costs were drawn from the published international literature. Frequency and cost data were applied to the total target population, the total annual costs and mortality data, referring to the two arms, were then calculated, and the differential value was obtained.Results: Based on an estimated 11,546,370 MASLD target population, an annual illness impact of € 12,251,631,822 was calculated, corresponding to a difference of € 7,731,674,054 compared with the same sample size without MASLD. Moreover, the MASLD population is expected to experience 13,438 additional deaths annually.Conclusion: The growing epidemiological impact of MASLD and its complications represent a huge economic burden for healthcare services worldwide. An integrated approach, including changes in lifestyle behaviors, will be the first step. Specific drugs for MASLD are not yet available; however, studies are underway, and combined pharmaceutical therapies may be an inevitable choice to achieve adequate control of MASLD and its complications.Keywords: metabolic associated fatty liver disease MASLD, complications, MASLD burden in Italy, healthcare costs, treatment and perspectives

Eric P Borrelli,1 Peter Saad,2 Nathan E Barnes,2 Heather Nelkin,3 Doina Dumitru,3 Julia D Lucaci4 1Health Economics & Outcomes Research; Becton, Dickinson and Company, San Diego, CA, USA; 2Medical Affairs; Becton, Dickinson and Company, Durham, NC, USA; 3Medical Affairs; Becton, Dickinson and Company, San Diego, CA, USA; 4Health Economics & Outcomes Research; Becton, Dickinson and Company, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USACorrespondence: Eric P Borrelli, Becton, Dickinson and Company, 3750 Torrey View Ct, San Diego, CA, 92130, USA, Email Eric.Borrelli@bd.comBackground: The opioid epidemic has severely impacted the US over the last 15 years. Buprenorphine is a partial opioid agonist indicated for the treatment of opioid use disorder (OUD) and is recognized as an effective treatment when taken as prescribed. However, adherence rates have been low in real-world settings. Blister-packaging has been shown to promote medication adherence across a variety of disease states, although it has never been studied in OUD.Methods: An economic analysis was conducted to assess the impact of increased adherence of blister-packaged buprenorphine on health care resource utilization (HCRU) and health care costs for 10,000 patients initiating therapy for OUD. The model analyzed a commercially insured population within the US over a one-year time horizon. Medication adherence was defined in the model as proportion of days covered (PDC) of at least 80%. Literature-based references were used to inform both the impact of blister-packaging on the number of patients who became adherent as well as the impact of medication adherence on HCRU and health care costs. Model input uncertainty was assessed in one-way sensitivity analyses.Results: With the implementation of blister-packaging buprenorphine, adherence rates increased from 37.1% of patients in the pre-intervention period to 45.3%, resulting in an additional 818 patients becoming adherent post-intervention. The increase in adherence led to a reduction of medical costs of &dollar;12,138,757 (-&dollar;1,214 per-patient (PP)). Specifically, inpatient costs decreased by &dollar;7,127,073 (-&dollar;713 PP) while outpatient costs decreased by &dollar;5,013,319 (-&dollar;501 PP). Pharmacy costs increased by &dollar;3,432,705 (&dollar;343 PP). Despite the increase in pharmacy costs, total health care costs saw a reduction of &dollar;8,559,684 (-&dollar;856 PP).Conclusion: Blister-packaging buprenorphine for treatment of OUD has potential to improve medication adherence and health outcomes while reducing HCRU and health care costs. Future studies are necessary to assess the real-world application and impact of blister-packaging buprenorphine for OUD across various patient populations and health care settings.Plain Language Summary: The opioid epidemic has taken its toll in the United States for the last several decades. Several medications are available in the treatment of opioid use disorder (OUD), including buprenorphine. Buprenorphine has shown to be an effective treatment when taken as prescribed, however, in real-world settings, the occurrence of patients taking buprenorphine as prescribed is low. Blister-packaging medications has been shown to help promote medication adherence across a variety of disease states, although it has never been studied in OUD. As a result, we attempted to model the potential impact that blister-packaging buprenorphine for 10,000 commercially insured patients initiating treatment for OUD would have on health care resource utilization and health care costs using the best available peer-reviewed literature. This analysis saw adherence rates increased from 37.1% of patients in the pre-blister-packaging period to 45.3% post-blister-packaging period, resulting in an additional 818 patients becoming adherent. The increase in adherence led to reductions of medical costs of &dollar;12,138,757 (-&dollar;1214 per-patient (PP)). Specifically, inpatient costs decreased by &dollar;7,127,073 (-&dollar;713 PP) while outpatient costs decreased by &dollar;5,013,319 (-&dollar;501 PP). Pharmacy costs increased by &dollar;3,432,705 (&dollar;343 PP). Despite the increase in pharmacy costs, total health care costs saw a reduction of &dollar;8,559,684 (-&dollar;856 PP). Future studies are necessary to assess the real-world application and impact of blister-packaging buprenorphine for OUD across various patient populations and health care settings.Keywords: blister-packaging, blister-packing, medication adherence, buprenorphine, health care costs, medication adherence packaging, opioid use disorder

Abstract Background Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of severe respiratory infections in infants worldwide, significantly affecting their health and contributing to the global healthcare burden. We aimed to examine healthcare resource utilisation patterns and costs for infants under one year old with confirmed RSV infection across subgroups of different gestational ages and health conditions and the cost implications of RSV infections over time, thereby demonstrating the economic burden of the disease. Methods This retrospective cohort study utilised nationwide claims data from the Korea Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service for infants under one year of age with confirmed RSV infection in the first year of life from January 2017 to April 2022. The infants were stratified into three subgroups based on their gestational age and health status: unhealthy preterm, healthy preterm, and full-term infants. A descriptive analysis was conducted to estimate healthcare utilization by type of resource and costs related to the treatment of RSV. Results Out of 93,585 RSV infections identified, 31,206 patients met the inclusion criteria; these included 963 unhealthy preterm, 1,768 healthy preterm and 28,475 full-term infants. In our study, 76.3% of the infants with confirmed RSV infection required intensive care, including hospitalisation and more critical interventions such as intensive care unit (ICU) or mechanical ventilation (MV). The total average cost of RSV management was notably higher for unhealthy preterm infants ($ 6,325; 95% confidence interval (CI): $ 5,484-7,165) than for healthy preterm ($ 1,134; 95% CI: $ 1,006 − 1,261) and full-term infants ($ 606; 95% CI: 583–630). Our findings confirmed a significant epidemiological and economic burden, with infants at greater risk–shorter gestational age and poorer health conditions. Furthermore, we observed a marked increase in the total average cost of RSV management during COVID-19, reflecting the complex interplay between RSV and pandemic-related healthcare dynamics. Conclusion Our findings provide evidence for the significant economic burden of RSV infection among infants, with considerable disparities based on gestational age and health status subgroups. However, RSV prevention policies should also recognise that healthy preterm or full-term infants who receive intensive care face a significant disease burden.

Eric P Borrelli,1 Peter Saad,2 Nathan E Barnes,2 Doina Dumitru,3 Julia D Lucaci4 1Health Economics & Outcomes Research (HEOR), Becton, Dickinson and Company, San Diego, CA, USA; 2Medical Affairs, Becton, Dickinson and Company, Durham, NC, USA; 3Medical Affairs, Becton, Dickinson and Company, San Diego, CA, USA; 4Health Economics & Outcomes Research (HEOR), Becton, Dickinson and Company, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USACorrespondence: Eric P Borrelli, Health Economics & Outcomes Research (HEOR), Becton, Dickinson and Company, 3750 Torrey View Ct, San Diego, CA, 92130, USA, Email Eric.Borrelli@bd.comPurpose: To model the potential clinical and economic impact of blister-packaging medications for chronic conditions on medication adherence and healthcare costs in a commercially insured population.Methods: A health economic model was developed to evaluate the potential impact of blister-packaging chronic medications for a commercially insured population. The chronic medication classes assessed were renin-angiotensin-system (RAS) antagonists, statins, non-insulin oral antidiabetics, and direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs). The model was designed to reflect the perspective of a hypothetical commercially insured health plan with 100,000 members, over a one-year time horizon. Literature-based or best available epidemiologic references were used to inform the number of patients utilizing each medication class, the impact of blister-packaging on the number of patients who become adherent, as well as the impact of medication adherence in a commercially insured population on healthcare costs for each medication class assessed. Impact on costs was measured in total net healthcare costs, as well as being stratified by medical costs and medication costs.Results: Following the blister-packaging intervention, there were an additional 591 patients adherent to RAS antagonists, 1196 patients adherent to statins, 169 patients adherent to oral antidiabetics, and 25 patients adherent to DOACs. While pharmacy costs increased, these costs were more than offset by the reduction in medical costs. Overall, the increase in patients adherent to therapy due to blister-packaging led to a reduction in total healthcare costs of &dollar;879,312 for RAS antagonists (-&dollar;0.73 per-member per-month (PMPM)), &dollar;343,322 for statins (-&dollar;0.29 PMPM), &dollar;78,917 for oral antidiabetics (-&dollar;0.07 PMPM), and &dollar;120,793 for DOACs (-&dollar;0.10 PMPM).Conclusion: Blister-packaging chronic medications in a commercially insured population has the potential to reduce healthcare costs. Future research is needed to confirm these findings in real-world settings and to fully understand the clinical and economic implications of blister-packaging chronic medications.Plain Language Summary: Patients not taking their medications as prescribed is common in the United States, leading to disease progression, increased healthcare visits, and increased healthcare costs. Blister-packaging medications is an intervention shown to increase medication adherence, or patients taking their medication as prescribed, and has been around for several decades. While there is research and literature available that shows the impact that blister-packaging medications has on improving adherence, and there is literature available that shows patients taking their medications as prescribed reduces healthcare costs, there is minimal literature available that directly ties these two concepts together. As a result, we modeled from a hypothetical commercial insurance health plan perspective what the impact would be of blister-packaging chronic medications on healthcare costs using the best available peer-reviewed literature and epidemiologic data. This analysis found that for a commercially insured health plan with 100,000 members, 591 additional patients would become adherent to their renin-angiotensin-system (RAS) antagonists blood pressure medications, 1196 additional patients would become adherent to their statins, 169 additional patients would become adherent to their oral antidiabetics, and 25 additional patients would become adherent to their direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs). Additionally, this would lead to a reduction in healthcare costs for the health plan of &dollar;879,312 for RAS antagonists (-&dollar;0.73 per-member per-month (PMPM)), &dollar;343,322 for statins (-&dollar;0.29 PMPM), &dollar;78,917 for oral antidiabetics (-&dollar;0.07 PMPM), and &dollar;120,793 for DOACs (-&dollar;0.10 PMPM).Keywords: medication adherence, medical cost offsets, healthcare costs, total cost of care, medication adherence packaging, blister-packaging, blister-packing, self-insured

Objective: This study presents the results of a surgical instrument tray optimization process implemented across all surgical specialties within the largest university hospital in Denmark. Methods: Data was extracted from a comprehensive instrument optimization process including all Operating Rooms at Aarhus University Hospital. Adopting a holistic perspective, the optimization process, involved aligning instrument trays across various surgical specialties. This included: a) Reduction in number of instruments, b) Consolidation or separation of trays, c) Modularization - introducing modular trays for specific purposes, and d) Standardization - standardizing commonly used instruments across specialties. Instruments per tray, total number of instruments, and changes in the number of trays were compared against existing tray contents to identify discipline-specific changes. Results: Some specialties made substantial alterations to tray structures, while others primarily reduced number of instruments in existing trays. Across all specialties, optimization resulted in 17 % decrease in number of tray types (p = 0.01, 95%CI:1.0–6.8), 1 % increase in total number of trays (p = 0.36, 95%CI:-11.9–4.8), 18 % decrease in number of instruments per tray (p = 0.0002, 95%CI: 3.2–7.6) and 16 % reduction in total number of instruments for all specialties (p

Abstract Objective This study aims to assess the economic burden of prostate cancer in Iran by analyzing direct medical costs, direct non-medical costs, and indirect costs. We conducted a cross-sectional cost-of-illness study in Khorramabad, located in western Iran, during 2023, using a prevalence-based, bottom-up approach. Data were collected from 285 prostate cancer patients using questionnaires, interviews, and patient records. Results Our study estimated the economic burden of prostate cancer at $744,990. Direct medical costs accounted for 63.50% of this, totaling $153,330, with therapy being the largest component. Direct non-medical costs were $62,130, and indirect costs from productivity losses were $209,760. The calculated overall cost per patient was $2,614.88. Extrapolating from the 2021 Global Burden of Disease data, which reported approximately 83,000 prostate cancer patients in Iran, the national economic burden is estimated at $217,034,040. This substantial burden highlights the need for improved insurance coverage and early detection. The findings suggest that policymakers and healthcare providers in Iran should develop standardized cost analysis methods and enhance financial protection to alleviate economic strain and improve healthcare outcomes and sustainability.

Abstract Background Evidence is limited about healthcare cost disparities associated with homelessness, particularly in recent years after major policy and resource changes affecting people experiencing homelessness occurred after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. We estimated 1-year healthcare expenditures, overall and by type of service, among a representative sample of people experiencing homelessness in Toronto, Canada, in 2021 and 2022, and compared these to costs among matched housed and low-income housed individuals. Methods Data from individuals experiencing homelessness participating in the Ku-gaa-gii pimitizi-win cohort study were linked with Ontario health administrative databases. Participants (n = 640) were matched 1:5 by age, sex-assigned-at-birth and index month to presumed housed individuals (n = 3,200) and to low-income presumed housed individuals (n = 3,200). Groups were followed over 1 year to ascertain healthcare expenditures, overall and by healthcare type. Generalized linear models were used to assess unadjusted and adjusted mean cost ratios between groups. Results Average 1-year costs were $12,209 (95% CI $9,762-$14,656) among participants experiencing homelessness compared to $1,769 ($1,453-$2,085) and $1,912 ($1,510-$2,314) among housed and low-income housed individuals. Participants experiencing homelessness had nearly seven times (6.90 [95% confidence interval [CI] 5.98–7.97]) the unadjusted mean ratio (MR) of costs as compared to housed persons. After adjustment for number of comorbidities and history of healthcare for mental health and substance use disorders, participants experiencing homelessness had nearly six times (adjusted MR 5.79 [95% CI 4.13–8.12]) the expected healthcare costs of housed individuals. The two housed groups had similar costs. Conclusions Homelessness is associated with substantial excess healthcare costs. Programs to quickly resolve and prevent cases of homelessness are likely to better meet the health and healthcare needs of this population while being a more efficient use of public resources.

Abstract Background Hospitalizations for exacerbations of congestive heart failure (CHF), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) are costly in the United States. The purpose of this study was to predict in-hospital charges for each condition using machine learning (ML) models. Results We conducted a retrospective cohort study on national discharge records of hospitalized adult patients from January 1st, 2016, to December 31st, 2019. We constructed six ML models (linear regression, ridge regression, support vector machine, random forest, gradient boosting and extreme gradient boosting) to predict total in-hospital cost for admission for each condition. Our models had good predictive performance, with testing R-squared values of 0.701-0.750 (mean of 0.713) for CHF; 0.694-0.724 (mean 0.709) for COPD; and 0.615-0.729 (mean 0.694) for DKA. We identified important key features driving costs, including patient age, length of stay, number of procedures, and elective/nonelective admission. Conclusions ML methods may be used to accurately predict costs and identify drivers of high cost for COPD exacerbations, CHF exacerbations and DKA. Overall, our findings may inform future studies that seek to decrease the underlying high patient costs for these conditions.

Nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease (NTM-PD) prevalence is a rising public health concern. We assessed the long-term healthcare systems perspective of costs incurred by 147 NTM-PD patients at a tertiary hospital in South Korea. Median cumulative total medical cost in managing NTM-PD patients was US $5,044 (interquartile range US $3,586–$9,680) over 49.7 months (interquartile range 33.0–68.2 months) of follow-up. The major cost drivers were diagnostic testing and medication, accounting for 59.6% of total costs. Higher costs were associated with hospitalization for Mycobacterium abscessus infection and pulmonary comorbidities. Of the total medical care costs, 50.2% were patient co-payments resulting from limited national health insurance coverage. As South Korea faces significant problems of poverty during old age and increasing NTM-PD prevalence, the financial and socio-economic burden of NTM-PD may become a major public health concern that should be considered with regard to adequate strategies for NTM-PD patients.

We examine how hospital cost efficiency can improve because of knowledge spillover effects, arising from the experiences of members of a healthcare system. We identify two types of functional technology networks—that we term repository-type and workflow-type networks—which are defined by the adoption patterns of different types of electronic health record (EHR) systems application functions by hospitals in a health system. Additionally, we examine how structural features of these two network types—namely, network centrality and interconnectedness—impact such knowledge spillover effects. By analyzing seven years of panel data for 1,420 U.S. hospitals across 216 health systems, and data obtained from surveys of healthcare experts, we found that greater centrality of nodes in repository-type networks enhances the influence of partners' experiences on cost efficiency but has the opposite effect in workflow-type networks, while greater interconnectedness of workflow-type networks enhances the influence of partners' experiences on cost efficiency. Interestingly, we found the opposite effect in repository-type networks, where greater interconnectedness diminishes the influence of partners' experiences on cost efficiency. We discuss reasons for this surprising and counterintuitive finding. Overall, our results demonstrate that at least in healthcare settings where information technologies enable knowledge-sharing networks to be formed, benefits can accrue through knowledge spillover effects; moreover, variations across functional categories of technologies adopted in a network context can result in different technology-network structures with differential impacts on hospital cost efficiency because of their influence on knowledge spillover at both the hospital and system levels. Not only can these results explain mixed findings in the literature that has been dominated by a focus on cost efficiency outcomes dependent solely on the EHR adoption choices of individual hospitals, but they also provide the basis for guidelines for a network-based perspective of technology adoption. We discuss other possible settings to which our empirical findings can be reasonably generalized, including supply chain technologies and the Internet of Things. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Family caregivers (FCGs) play a crucial role in care for people with serious illness, yet unpaid care is often overlooked in estimates of care recipient (CR) care costs. This study quantifies the economic value of unpaid caregiving by FCGs between hospital discharge and end of life. Trial participants were rural FCGs of CRs receiving palliative care during hospitalization. Caregiving hours were self-reported by FCGs over six months following hospital discharge. Economic value was assigned to hours based on wage data from the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics. Time was valued using 1) home health aide wages (proxy cost), 2) median national wage by FCG sex and education level (opportunity cost), 3) opportunity cost if employed and proxy cost otherwise (combination cost). Of 282 FCGs, 94% were non-Hispanic White, 71% were female, 71% had a college degree, and 51% were in the workforce. FCGs of decedents (58%) compared to survivors reported significantly more caregiving hours per person-month (392 vs. 272), resulting in higher estimated economic value per person-month using opportunity ($12,653 vs. $8843), proxy ($5689 vs. $3955), and combined costing methods ($9490 vs. $6443) This study informs more complete economic evaluations of palliative care by estimating the economic value of unpaid caregiving. The high intensity of unpaid caregiving for people with serious illness, especially toward the end of life, should be considered when designing policies and interventions to support FCGs. Better methods for approximating economic value are needed to address potential inequities in current valuation approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Determining the cost of laboratory tests is a significant factor in the context of economic analysis and management of clinical diagnostic laboratories. Information about costs allows medical organizations to plan operational activities more efficiently, optimize resource utilization, and exercise control over expenditures. These measures are aimed at improving the financial position and enhancing the operational efficiency of the laboratories.Objective: to review various methods for calculating the cost of laboratory tests.Material and methods. The study included the collection and analysis of publications on calculating cost of laboratory tests, determining their prime cost in PubMed/MEDLINE and Google Scholar databases, as well as in Google and Yandex search engines for similar “cost laboratory test” query. The regulatory documents of the Russian Federation in this area were considered.Results. For calculating the prime cost of laboratory tests such methods as direct costing, regulatory prime costing, total prime costing, activity-based costing (ABC), standard costing, costing for base service, department costing, cost-volume analysis are used. The ABC and standard cost methods provide the most accurate assessment of the impact of various factors.Conclusion. The approaches established by regulatory documents do not contradict each other and represent the implementation of total costing method. At the same time, a medical organization may use other methods for calculating the cost of laboratory tests, depending on the objectives of the analysis, the specifics of the laboratory and the cost accounting method adopted in accounting policy, the management accounting system.

Abstract Introduction Treatment of multiple myeloma (MM) has been transformed by novel therapies, including CD38 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs), and proteasome inhibitors (PIs), resulting in increasing numbers of patients who are triple-class exposed (TCE; exposed to ≥ 1 drug in each class). Many patients are penta-exposed (PE; ≥ 2 IMiDs, ≥ 2 PIs, and a CD38 mAb), some are triple-class refractory (TCR), and some are PE and TCR (PE-TCR). Data on real-world outcomes in elderly patients with MM across this spectrum of exposure are limited. Methods Data from the Medicare Chronic Conditions Warehouse Database from November 2006–December 2020 were used to examine cohorts of TCE, TCR, PE, and PE-TCR patients. Outcomes were assessed from the start of the index line of therapy (LOT), defined as the first LOT after becoming TCE or PE. Results A total of 2830 TCE, 1371 TCR, 1121 PE, and 774 PE-TCR patients were identified. Pomalidomide was the most frequently used medication for the index LOT in all cohorts (32.6% [PE-TCR] to 43.3% [TCR]). The most frequently used regimens for the index LOT were pomalidomide plus daratumumab for TCE (17.2%) and PE (7.0%), pomalidomide plus carfilzomib for TCR (10.3%), and pomalidomide plus elotuzumab for PE-TCR (7.4%). Median time to discontinuation (TTD) ranged from 4.2 (PE-TCR) to 6.9 (TCE) months, and overall survival (OS) ranged from 13.0 (TCR) to 15.9 (PE) months. Healthcare resource utilization (HRU) was lowest for TCE and highest for PE-TCR patients. Mean monthly healthcare costs (HCC) ranged from $23,091 (TCE) to $24,412 (PE-TCR). MM medications represented 66.2% (PE-TCR) to 72.8% (TCE) of costs. Conclusions In this study across a spectrum of Medicare TCE patients, there was heterogeneity in treatment regimens, suggesting no standard of care. TTD and OS were short, and HRU and HCC were high. These results underscore the potential for new therapies in this population.

Jennifer H Lofland,1 Samyuktha Darbha,2 Ahmad B Naim,1 David Rosmarin3 1US Medical Affairs, Incyte Corporation, Wilmington, DE, USA; 2Health Economics and Outcomes Research, Datawave Solutions Corp, Cranbury, NJ, USA; 3Department of Dermatology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USACorrespondence: Jennifer H Lofland, US Medical Affairs, Incyte Corporation, 1801 Augustine Cut-Off, Wilmington, DE, 19803, USA, Tel +1 302 498 5861, Email jlofland@incyte.comPurpose: This study aimed to describe healthcare resource utilization and costs among individuals with vitiligo who were diagnosed with ≥ 1 psychosocial comorbidity, using data from US claims databases.Patients and Methods: A retrospective, observational cohort analysis of the IBM MarketScan Commercial and Medicare supplemental claims databases for US individuals with vitiligo aged ≥ 12 years and a first vitiligo claim between January 1 and December 31, 2018, was undertaken to assess psychosocial burden, including mental and behavioral health comorbidities.Results: Of the 12,427 individuals included in the analysis, nearly 1 in 4 (23.5%) who had vitiligo were also diagnosed with ≥ 1 psychosocial comorbidity. A greater percentage of these individuals versus those who were not diagnosed with a psychosocial comorbidity had a vitiligo-related prescription claim (50.2% vs 45.4%; P< 0.0001), especially for oral corticosteroids (25.4% vs 16.6%; P< 0.0001) and low-potency topical corticosteroids (9.0% vs 7.6%; P< 0.05). Total vitiligo-related healthcare resource utilization and costs were consistent among individuals with and without psychosocial comorbidity despite significantly (P< 0.05) higher vitiligo-related ER visit utilization and expenditure among those with psychosocial comorbidity. Furthermore, individuals diagnosed with vitiligo and ≥ 1 psychosocial comorbidity had significantly (P< 0.0001) greater utilization of all-cause mean prescription claims (25.0 vs 12.8), outpatient services (other than physician and ER visits: 19.5 vs 11.3), outpatient physician visits (10.1 vs 6.4), inpatient stays (0.6 vs 0.1), and ER visits (0.4 vs 0.2) and incurred significantly higher mean (SD) direct medical expenditures (&dollar;18,804 [&dollar;46,621] vs &dollar;9833 [&dollar;29,094] per patient per year; P< 0.0001).Conclusion: Individuals with vitiligo who were diagnosed with ≥ 1 psychosocial comorbidity incurred greater total all-cause but not vitiligo-related healthcare resource utilization and expenditures than those without diagnosis of psychosocial comorbidities. Identification of psychosocial comorbidities in individuals with vitiligo may be important for multidisciplinary management of vitiligo to reduce overall burden for individuals with vitiligo.Keywords: vitiligo, mental health, behavioral health, healthcare resource utilization, HCRU, healthcare costs

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) represents a significant global epidemiological challenge, demanding considerable financial resources for treatment. Renal transplantation is the optimal approach for end-stage renal failure, being the most cost-effective option among renal replacement therapies. This narrative review aims to explore clinical conditions associated with excessive healthcare costs among renal transplant recipients, particularly focusing on high-resource users (HRU). We reviewed literature examining conditions generating high costs in kidney transplant patients, including infections, sepsis, pneumonia, antibody-mediated rejection (AMR), graft failure, advanced recipient age, heart failure, and fractures. Immunosuppressive therapies heighten the risk of infections, with sepsis and pneumonia posing significant costs. AMR is a major contributor to healthcare costs, but effective treatment of AMR can extend graft longevity and improve patient outcomes. Graft failure significantly increases medical expenses and adversely affects patient outcomes. Older recipients face higher post-transplant morbidity and mortality rates, though transplantation still offers better long-term survival compared to dialysis. Heart failure and fractures further elevate post-transplant costs and underscore the necessity of targeted interventions to mitigate associated risks. Ensuring kidney transplant care is sustainable and accessible requires a comprehensive strategy. This approach aims to improve patient outcomes while keeping costs reasonable.

Abstract Background India grapples with an alarming burden of tuberculosis (TB), reporting 2.6 million incident cases in 2023, necessitating intensified efforts toward TB elimination. The prevalence of catastrophic costs, defined as expenses exceeding 20% of annual household income, varies widely. Our objective was to determine the association between catastrophic costs from TB-HIV and TB-diabetes care and unfavorable TB treatment outcomes. Methods We conducted a cohort study in Bhavnagar, India, from July 2019 to January 2021, involving 234 TB-HIV and 304 TB-diabetes patients. Catastrophic costs were assessed using the World Health Organization’s tool. Unfavorable TB treatment outcomes included positive results from sputum smear, nucleic acid amplification, or culture tests at treatment completion, death during treatment, or treatment cessation for a month (for drug-sensitive TB) or two months (for drug-resistant TB). Firth regression was employed to address quasi-separation issues and identify predictors. Results Among TB-HIV patients, 12% faced catastrophic costs, with 20% experiencing unfavorable TB outcomes. In this group, significant predictors included weight (OR: 0.93, 95% CI: 0.89–0.98), family type (OR: 2.5, 95% CI: 1.2–5.5), and initial hospitalization (OR: 2.6, 95% CI: 1.1–6.3). For TB-diabetes patients, 5% faced catastrophic costs, and 14% had unfavorable outcomes, with significant predictors being below the poverty line (BPL) (OR: 2.9, 95% CI: 1.5–5.9) and initial hospitalization (OR: 3.4, 95% CI: 1.1–11.1). Catastrophic cost incidence was higher in TB-HIV (12% vs. 4% in TB only) and TB-diabetes (5% vs. 4% in TB only) patients. However, catastrophic costs did not show a direct association with unfavorable outcomes in either group. Conclusions Our study found no direct association between catastrophic costs and unfavorable TB outcomes among TB-HIV/TB-diabetes patients. Instead, factors such as weight, family type, BPL status, and initial hospitalization were significant predictors. These findings underscore the importance of socio-economic conditions and initial hospitalization, advocate for enhanced support mechanisms including nutritional and financial aid, especially for BPL families.

Abstract Background The aim is to estimate age- and sex-specific direct medical costs related to diagnosed type 1 and type 2 diabetes in Germany between 2010 and 2040. Methods Based on nationwide representative epidemiological routine data from 2010 from the statutory health insurance in Germany (almost 80% of the population’s insurance) we projected age- and sex-specific healthcare expenses for type 1 and 2 diabetes considering future demographic, disease-specific and cost trends. We combine per capita healthcare cost data (obtained from aggregated claims data from an almost 7% random sample of all German people with statutory health insurance) together with the demographic structure of the German population (obtained from the Federal Statictical Office), diabetes prevalence, incidence and mortality. Direct per capita costs, total annual costs, cost ratios for people with versus without diabetes and attributable costs were estimated. The source code for running the analysis is publicly available in the open-access repository Zenodo. Results In 2010, total healthcare costs amounted to more than €1 billion for type 1 and €28 billion for type 2 diabetes. Depending on the scenario, total annual expenses were projected to rise remarkably until 2040 compared to 2010, by 1–281% for type 1 (€1 to €4 billion) and by 8–364% for type 2 diabetes (€30 to €131 billion). In a relatively probable scenario total costs amount to about €2 and €79 billion for type 1 and type 2 diabetes in 2040, respectively. Depending on annual cost growth (1% p.a. as realistic scenario vs. 5% p.a. as very extreme setting), we estimated annual per capita costs of €6,581 to €12,057 for type 1 and €5,245 to €8,999 for type 2 diabetes in 2040. Conclusions Diabetes imposes a large economic burden on Germany which is projected to increase substantially until 2040. Temporal trends in the incidence and cost growth are main drivers of this increase. This highlight the need for urgent action to prepare for the potential development and mitigate its consequences.

Janosch A Priebe,1 Linda Kerkemeyer,2 Katharina K Haas,1 Katharina Achtert,2 Leida F Moreno Sanchez,1,3 Paul Stockert,1 Maximilian Spannagl,1 Julia Wendlinger,1 Reinhard Thoma,4 Siegfried Ulrich Jedamzik,3 Jan Reichmann,5 Sebastian Franke,6 Leonie Sundmacher,6 Volker E Amelung,2 Thomas R Toelle1 1Center of Interdisciplinary Pain Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, Germany; 2Institute for Applied Health Services Research, Inav GmbH, Berlin, Germany; 3Bayerische TelemedAllianz, Ingolstadt, Baar-Ebenhausen, Germany; 4Pain Clinic, Algesiologikum Pain Center, Munich, Germany; 5StatConsult GmbH Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany; 6Department of Health Economics, Faculty of Sports and Health Sciences, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Munich, GermanyCorrespondence: Thomas R Toelle, Center of Interdisciplinary Pain Medicine, Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Ismaninger Str. 22, Munich, 81675, Germany, Tel +49-89-4140-4613, Email thomas.toelle@tum.dePurpose: Non-specific low back pain (NLBP) exerts a profound impact on global health and economics. In the era of Web 3.0, digital therapeutics offer the potential to improve NLBP management. The Rise-uP trial introduces a digitally anchored, general practitioner (GP)-focused back pain management approach with the Kaia back pain app as the key intervention. Here, we present the 12-months evaluation of the Rise-uP trial including clinical and economic outcomes, patient satisfaction and behavioral tracking analysis.Methods: The cluster-randomized controlled study (registration number: DRKS00015048) enrolled 1237 patients, with 930 receiving treatment according to the Rise-uP approach and 307 subjected to standard of care treatment. Assessments of pain, psychological state, functional capacity, and well-being (patient-reported outcome measures; PROMs) were collected at baseline, and at 3-, 6-, and 12-months follow-up intervals. Health insurance partners AOK, DAK, and BARMER provided individual healthcare cost data. An artificial intelligence (AI)-driven behavioral tracking analysis identified distinct app usage clusters that presented all with about the same clinical outcome. Patient satisfaction (patient-reported experience measures; PREMs) was captured at the end of the trial.Results: Intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis demonstrated that the Rise-uP group experienced significantly greater pain reduction at 12 months compared to the control group (IG: − 46% vs CG: − 24%; p < 0.001) with only the Rise-uP group achieving a pain reduction that was clinically meaningful. Improvements in all other PROMs were notably superior in patients of the Rise-uP group. The AI analysis of app usage discerned four usage clusters. Short- to long-term usage, all produced about the same level of pain reduction. Cost-effectiveness analysis indicated a substantial economic benefit for Rise-uP.Conclusion: The Rise-uP approach with a medical multimodal back pain app as the central element of digital treatment demonstrates both, clinical and economic superiority compared to standard of care in the management of NLBP.Keywords: digital medicine, medical apps, non-specific low back pain, multimodal pain therapy, healthcare costs, behavioral tracking analysis

Objective Background Methods Results Conclusion To compare healthcare resource utilization and healthcare costs in patients with migraine with or without a history of misdiagnosis.Despite the high prevalence of migraine, migraine is commonly misdiagnosed. The healthcare resource use and cost burden of a misdiagnosis is unknown.This retrospective cohort study identified adults with an incident migraine diagnosis from the Merative™ Marketscan® Commercial and Medicare Supplemental Databases between June 2018 and 2019. Patients with a diagnosis of commonly considered misdiagnoses (headache, sinusitis, or cervical pain) before their migraine diagnosis were classified as the “misdiagnosed cohort.” Patients in the misdiagnosed cohort were potentially misdiagnosed, then eventually received a correct diagnosis. Patients without a history of commonly considered misdiagnoses prior to their migraine diagnosis were classified as the “correctly diagnosed cohort.” Healthcare resource utilization and healthcare costs were assessed in the period before migraine diagnosis and compared between the cohorts. Outcomes were reported as per patient per month and compared with incidence rate ratios.A total of 29,147 patients comprised the correctly diagnosed cohort and 3841 patients comprised the misdiagnosed cohort and met the inclusion criteria. Patients in the misdiagnosed cohort had statistically significantly higher rates of inpatient admissions (0.02 vs. 0.01, incidence rate ratio [IRR] 1.61, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.47–1.74), emergency department visits (0.10 vs. 0.05; IRR 1.89, 95% CI 1.79–1.99), neurologist visits (0.12 vs. 0.02; IRR 5.95, 95% CI 5.40–6.57), non‐neurologist outpatient visits (2.64 vs. 1.58; IRR 1.67, 95% CI 1.62–1.72) and prescription fills (2.82 vs. 1.84; IRR 1.53, 95% CI 1.48–1.58) compared to correctly diagnosed patients. Misdiagnosed patients had statistically significantly higher rates of healthcare cost accrual for inpatient admissions ($1362 vs. $518; IRR 2.62, 95% CI 2.50–2.75), emergency department visits ($222 vs. $98; IRR 2.27, 95% CI 2.18–2.36), neurologist visits ($42 vs. $9; IRR 4.39, 95% CI 4.00–4.79), non‐neurologist outpatient visits ($1327 vs. $641; IRR 2.07, 95% CI 1.91–2.24), and prescription fills ($305 vs. $215; IRR 1.41, 95% CI 1.18–1.70) compared to correctly diagnosed patients.Patients with migraine who have a history of misdiagnoses have higher rates of healthcare resource utilization and cost accrual versus those without such history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim Methods Results Conclusions To explore the utilization of permanent residential aged care (PRAC), healthcare costs, and mortality for frail compared with non‐frail individuals following their first assessment by an aged care assessment team (ACAT) for a government‐funded home care package.The study involved people aged 65 years and over who completed their first ACAT assessment in 2013 and were followed for up to 36 months. Frail and non‐frail study participants were matched through caliper matching without replacement to adjust for potential unobserved confounders. Poisson regression estimated the impact of frailty on PRAC admission and mortality rates. Healthcare costs, encompassing hospital admissions, emergency department presentations, primary care consultations, and pharmaceutical use, from ACAT assessment to end of follow‐up, PRAC entry or death were summarized monthly by frailty status.13 315 non‐frail controls were matched with up to three frail individuals (52 678 total). Frail individuals experienced higher mortality (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 1.76; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.70–1.83) and greater likelihood of entering PRAC (IRR = 1.73; 95% CI 1.67–1.79) compared with non‐frail individuals. Total healthcare costs over the 3‐year post‐assessment period for 39 363 frail individuals were $1 277 659 900, compared with expected costs of $885 322 522 had they not been frail. The primary contributor to the mean monthly excess cost per frail individual (mean = $457, SD = 3192) was hospital admissions ($345; 75%).Frailty is associated with higher rates of mortality and of entering PRAC, and excess costs of frailty are substantial and sustained over time. These findings emphasize the potential economic value of providing home care for older people before they become frail. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2024; ••: ••–••. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]