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This paper is devoted to the investigation of the stability of plane-parallel flow in a vertical fluid layer with uniformly distributed heat sources in modulated gravity field. The layer boundaries are rigid and maintained at equal constant temperatures. Gravity is assumed to be vertical and consisting of both mean and sinusoidal modulation (‘jitter’). Specific feature of this problem is that in the absence of modulation, at zero Prandtl number, the decrements of normal-mode perturbations of the base state are complex-valued and hydrodynamic instability mode is caused by travelling perturbations (travelling vortices at the boundaries of counter flows). With the increase in Prandtl number the instability mode changes from hydrodynamic instability of the counter flows to growing thermal waves. In the presence of gravity modulation, the base flow is the superposition of the same stationary flow as in the absence of modulation and time-periodic flow. The linear stability of this base state is studied by the numerical solution of the linearized equations of small perturbations. Numerical data on temporal evolution of perturbations are used to determine the decrements of perturbations and instability boundaries at different values of the Prandtl number. The calculations confirm that all perturbations are quasi-periodic. Parameter ranges where modulation makes stabilizing or destabilizing effect are defined. Sharp stabilization of the base flow in low-frequency range is discovered and explained by transformation of the neutral curves with the decrease of frequency which incleds formation of a bottleneck, break into two instability regions (the isolated region of hydrodynamic instability at lower Grashof number values and bag-shaped region of thermal wave instability at higher Gr), decrease in the size of the hydrodynamic instability region and shift upward of the thermal wave instability region and vanishing the isolated region of hydrodynamic instability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper establishes a robust stability criterion in the radially symmetric heat equation that admits heat sources belonging to a set of bounded functions. The robust stability criterion is determined by extending a definition of stability under constant-acting perturbations that was originally established for systems of ordinary differential equations. It is assumed that heat sources admit a Fourier series representation whose coefficients are bounded and piecewise continuous functions. The robust stability criterion obtained is useful to conclude that the solution of the heat equation, as well as its first partial derivatives with respect to the radial axis and with respect to time, are bounded by a constant whose value is initially established. The results obtained are illustrated numerically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In the field of electronics thermal management (TM), there has already been a lot of work done to create cooling options that guarantee steady-state performance. However, electronic devices (EDs) are progressively utilized in applications that involve time-varying workloads. Therefore, the TM systems could dissipate the heat generated by EDs; however, there seemed to be a necessity for a design that would contain temperature rise within an acceptable range for limiting hot spots and managing thermal transients induced by higher-frequency operating cycles. Heat dissipation issues become more significant when miniaturization in electronics increases. More effective TM often results in enhanced reliability as well as a longer life expectancy for devices. Hence, this paper explicates the TM of EDs, the comparison of cooling methods, the comparison of convections for TM on EDs, the heat source (HS) mounted on the substrate board, and optimization techniques to optimize the size and position of HSs mounted on the substrate board. This paper also analyzes the TM technologies on different EDs from 2014 to 2023 and the comparison of the thermal conductance of EDs with two types of phase change materials (PCMs) and pin-fin heat pipes (HPs).

“The boundary layer flow past the stretching surface by the velocity slip and the temperature jumping boundary situations is the imperative type of the flow and temperature transports happening in a number of engineering and industrial applications. Keeping in this mind, the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) flow and temperature transport of the Jeffreys nanoliquid past a stretching sheet by the non-uniform temperature source and/or sink is explored in the current investigation. The governing scheme of the partial differential equations represents the prescribed problem and is condensed into the non-linear ordinary differential equations with the help of similarity transformations. The revised non-dimensional equations are solved computationally making use of the Runge-Kutta-Fehlberg 45 order method and the shooting method. The results are comparing by the published work for some limiting cases and they are examined to the outstanding agreements. The impacts of all flow significant parameters are traced in terms of the tables and graphical profiles. This is established that, both initial and second order velocity slip parameters trim downs the thickness of momentum boundary layers and therefore decreases the velocity as a results of these one might found the increases in the thermal boundary layer.” The boundary layer thickness and the fluid velocity increases with increase in Deborah number.

Photothermal applications, such as therapy, imaging, and catalysis, necessitate heat sources capable of generating high temperatures under mid‐infrared (mid‐IR) illumination. However, commonly used metal nanostructures suffer from low efficiency due to their high carrier concentrations, resulting in shallow surface heating and optical range restrictions. To overcome these limitations, this work proposes a novel approach employing materials that support phonon polaritons (PhPs) as a promising paradigm for light‐controllable heat sources. The theoretical demonstration reveals that hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) nanorods can produce up to 46 times more heat compared to plasmonic gold counterparts under resonant monochromatic light. This superior heating capability stems from the unique properties of PhPs, which enable stronger field confinement and deeper penetration within the nanostructure, leading to higher efficiency by circumventing the electrostatic shielding effect associated with plasmonic heating. Furthermore, this work demonstrates that the heating performance of hBN antennas can be optimized by manipulating their size, geometry, and material loss. Notably, the use of isotopically pure hBN can triple the heat power. These findings highlight the tremendous potential of hBN antennas as light‐controllable heat sources, opening up new possibilities for IR photothermal applications by harnessing materials that support PhPs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the field of electronics thermal management (TM), there has already been a lot of work done to create cooling options that guarantee steady-state performance. However, electronic devices (EDs) are progressively utilized in applications that involve time-varying workloads. Therefore, the TM systems could dissipate the heat generated by EDs; however, there seemed to be a necessity for a design that would contain temperature rise within an acceptable range for limiting hot spots and managing thermal transients induced by higher-frequency operating cycles. Heat dissipation issues become more significant when miniaturization in electronics increases. More effective TM often results in enhanced reliability as well as a longer life expectancy for devices. Hence, this paper explicates the TM of EDs, the comparison of cooling methods, the comparison of convections for TM on EDs, the heat source (HS) mounted on the substrate board, and optimization techniques to optimize the size and position of HSs mounted on the substrate board. This paper also analyzes the TM technologies on different EDs from 2014 to 2023 and the comparison of the thermal conductance of EDs with two types of phase change materials (PCMs) and pin-fin heat pipes (HPs). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermoelectric materials convert waste heat into electricity, making sustainable power generation possible when a temperature gradient is applied. Solar radiation is one potential abundant and eco‐friendly heat source for this application, where one side of the thermoelectric device is heated by incident sunlight, while the other side is kept at a cooler temperature. This is known as solar thermoelectric generation. Various thermoelectric materials are used for different solar thermoelectric applications, and different methods are explored to enhance the temperature gradient across the material. Solar optical concentrators, thermal and selective absorbers, and other tools are proposed to improve the performance of solar thermoelectrics. Despite continuous research and development, experimental solar thermoelectric efficiencies remain below 10%, and theoretical efficiencies do not surpass 20%. In this review, the different designs of solar thermoelectric generators are examined within the context of thermoelectric elements, optical concentrators, solar absorbers, and other techniques to enhance their performance. Last, an overview of the current state of solar thermoelectrics is provided, areas for improvement are suggested, and the future of these devices is predicted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intensive care units (ICUs) are the high incidence sites of hospital-acquired infections, where impinging jet ventilation (IJV) shows great potential. Thermal stratification of IJV and its effect on contaminants distribution were systematically investigated in this study. By changing the setting of heat source or the air change rates, the main driving force of supply airflow can be transformed between thermal buoyancy and inertial force, which can be quantitatively described by the dimensionless buoyant jet length scale ( l m ¯ ). For the investigated air change rates, namely 2 ACH to 12 ACH, l m ¯ varies between 0.20 and 2.80. The thermal buoyancy plays a dominant role in the movement of the horizontally exhaled airflow by the infector under low air change rate, where the temperature gradient is up to 2.45 °C/m. The flow center remains close to the breathing zone of the susceptible ahead, resulting into the highest exposure risk (6.6‰ for 10-µm particles). With higher heat flux of four PC monitors (from 0 W to 125.85 W for each monitor), the temperature gradient in ICU rises from 0.22 °C/m to 1.02 °C/m; however, the average normalized concentration of gaseous contaminants in the occupied zone is reduced from 0.81 to 0.37, because their thermal plumes are also able to carry containments around them to the ceiling-level readily. As the air change rate was increased to 8 ACH ( l m ¯ = 1.56 ), high momentum weakened the thermal stratification by reducing the temperature gradient to 0.37 °C/m and exhaled flow readily rose above the breathing zone; the intake fraction of susceptible patient located in front of the infector for 10-µm particles reduces to 0.8‰. This study proved the potential application of IJV in ICUs and provides theoretical guidance for its appropriate design.} [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Relevant problem of the reliability of fuel supply to heat sources operating in district heating systems is considered. A methodical approach is proposed for assessing possible shortages of fuel in the fuel supply system, based on the statistical test or the Monte Carlo method using initial statistical data on fuel demand and supply. An algorithm for assessing the reliability of the fuel supply system is developed, accounting various modeling conditions, in particular, the formation of current fuel reserves and the interchangeability of fuels between heat sources. A number of computational experiments have been carried out, and some of the results obtained are presented. Conclusions and directions for further research are formulated.

By laminating piezoelectric and flexible materials, we can increase their performance. Therefore, the electrical and mechanical properties of layered piezoelectric materials subjected to electromechanical loads and heat sources must be analyzed theoretically and mechanically. Since the problem of infinite wave propagation cannot be addressed using classical thermoelasticity, extended thermoelasticity models have been derived. The thermo-mechanical response of a piezoelectric functionally graded (FG) rod due to a moveable axial heat source is considered in this paper, utilizing the dual-phase-lag (DPL) heat transfer model. It was supposed that the physical characteristics of the FG rod varied exponentially along the axis of the body. Both ends hold the rod, and there is no voltage across them. The Laplace transform and decoupling techniques were used to obtain the physical fields that have been analyzed. A range of heterogeneity, rotation, and heat source velocity measures were used to compare the results presented here and those in the previous literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present manuscript, a model of thermoelasticity with diffusion considering elastic nonlocality is applied to study transient vibrations in a hollow sphere under the action of harmonically varying heat sources. The inner and outer surfaces of the sphere are kept stress free and free from concentration of diffusion. In addition, the outer surface is considered isothermal and the inner surface of the sphere is subjected to a harmonically varying heat source along the radial direction. Analytical results have been verified through computations with MATLAB computer-based tools. The data generated with the help of numerical simulations have been presented graphically for temperature, dilatation, displacement, chemical potential, radial and the de-hoop stresses with nonlocal/local elastic materials. From the behaviour of the field quantities, it clearly indicates that the variations of the above physical quantities for the GL model is larger in contrast to the LS, CTE and E models of thermoelasticity. The present model may be implemented predominantly in cosmetics industry, navigation, bearings and also for the progress of practical applications in geo-magnetics, optics, acoustics etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an unsteady coupled heat transfer model in mine air and surrounding rock mass in the presence of distributed heat sources. The case of distributed heat sources is typical when analyzing the temperature distribution in mine excavations equipped with conveyor systems. For this case, the asymptotic value of the air temperature at the end of the mine excavation is determined not only by the heat exchange between the air and surrounding rock mass but also by the thermal power of distributed heat sources and the total airflow. This conclusion is confirmed by the experimental data presented in the paper for a longwall in a potash mine. We formulate the mathematical model and calculate the distribution of air parameters along the length of an excavation, considering heat release from the conveyor and surrounding rock mass. The results show that a distributed heat release is necessary for correctly calculating the air temperature in working areas. The numerical simulations allow us to recommend a redistribution of air between the haulage and conveyor roadways in the presence of distributed heat sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose applying topological optimization methods based on measuring temperature and heat fluxes to estimate the thermal conductivity of inhomogeneous thermally conductive plates and determine the shape and location of foreign inclusions. Examples of plates subjected to external heat fluxes and heat sources are considered. The solutions are obtained with the help of the finite element method combined with the method of moving asymptotes. The results show that identification accuracy depends on the defined boundary conditions, the source intensity value, heat fluxes, temperature distribution and the shape of the inclusions. For the problem of 18 circular inclusions under different heat fluxes, identification accuracy increases with increasing source intensity values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we numerically examine the unsteady two‐dimensional natural convective heat transfer flow problem in a corrugated enclosure containing an electrically conducting fluid whose top wall is nonuniformly heated. The vertical sidewalls of the corrugated enclosure are kept isothermally cold, while square‐shaped undulations at the bottom wall are discretely heated. Five different cases are considered depending upon the location of the heat sources. A higher‐order compact scheme is used to discretize the governing equations, and an advanced iterative solver, like the hybrid biconjugate gradient stabilized method, is used to solve the system of algebraic equations generated by the numerical discretization. We first validate our results with existing experimental and numerically computed results for the case of a square cavity with and without a heat source. Then, the computed results are analyzed over a range of key parameters, like Rayleigh number (103≤Ra≤106 $1{0}^{3}\le Ra\le 1{0}^{6}$), Hartmann number (10≤Ha≤150 $10\le Ha\le 150$), and Prandtl number (0.015≤Pr≤10 $0.015\le Pr\le 10$), to study the effect of these parameters on the characteristics of heat transfer and the flow field in the corrugated enclosure. Computed results are presented in the form of streamlines, isotherms, local and averaged Nusselt number plots, and so forth. It is found that, with the increase in the heat sources, the convection rate becomes stronger in the core region of the corrugated enclosure at higher Rayleigh numbers. Variations in the Hartmann and Prandtl numbers also have significant effects on the temperature distribution and flow field. Our simulated results show various flow features that have not been studied before. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Latvia, heat supply is provided in three different ways: using district heating (hereinafter – DH), local heating and individual heating systems. Heat energy consumption consists of heat energy consumption for heating, hot water and heat energy technological processes. The structure of DH consumers has not changed in recent years and the largest consumers of heat are households – 70 % of the total energy consumption. The district heating system accounts for approximately 29 % of the total consumption. There is also the so-called tertiary sector, which is made of municipal and state buildings with a minor total heat consumption of about 1 %. It should be noted that 65–70 % of energy is used for heating needs, and 30–35% for hot water preparation. In Latvia, heat of DH consumers is produced both in boiler houses (hereinafter – BHs) and cogeneration plants (hereinafter – CHPs). The latter also produce electricity. Over the past 10 years, the distribution of heat produced in BHs and CHPs has changed significantly. The heat supply of the Latvian energy sector is a system consisting of three main elements – heat source, transmission and distribution networks, and end consumer. Low efficiency of heat supply system elements creates risks to security of heat supply, resource sustainability and competitiveness. Increasing energy efficiency in the system as a whole, or in individual elements of the system, will promote the enhancement of the heat supply sector, while promoting economic growth as well. The research attempts to evaluate the energy efficiency of DH systems in the so-called left bank (hereinafter – LB) DH area (located on the left bank of the Daugava River in Riga). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scrutiny of the consequences of radiation‐absorption, chemical reaction impacts on unsteady magnetohydrodynamics heat and mass transportation laminar flow of a gelatinous, electrical conducting by the heat generation or absorption second grade fluid embedded past a half‐unlimited porous surface within a gyratory structure taking Hall effects into account have been discussed. The plate is assumed to as in the motion by the invariable velocity contained by the direction of fluid movement. A uniform magnetic field performed at perpendicular to the porous plate; this is engrossing the fluid with the suction velocity changing with definite instants of time. The corresponding dimensionless governing equations of current configuration are solved by making use of perturbation technique with reference to harmonic and nonharmonic idioms. The velocity, temperature, and concentration profiles are discussed and examined with references to various governing parameters in detail. The results are verified with the published work. The velocity components are increased with increasing permeability and Hall parameters. It is noticed that practical application of Hall effects is as, washing machine dial to select the type of washing moves very smoothly. This problem has also applications in biomedical and aerospace engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, Cattaneo Christov heat transfer analysis in nanofluid (Ferro Fe3O4 and Aggregation) flow between two parallel rotating disks with different velocities determined. The relaxation time, velocity slip, heat convective boundary condition, and heat generation are also presented. The governing partial differential equation (PDEs) model is converted into a set of nonlinear ordinary differential equations (ODEs) system by similarity variables. The solution is computed of the resulting ODEs system by using the Runge Kutta (Rk) method. Here a decline is noticed in the tangential velocity for nanoparticles (Fe3O4 and Aggregation nanoparticle) for higher values of the porosity parameter (λ1), slip parameter γ1, magnetic parameter (M) and Reynolds number ( R e r ), while tangential velocity arises for higher values of rotation parameters (ß1). This reduces the temperature field for nanoparticles by higher values of Eckert number (Ec), Prandtl number (Pr), Reynolds number ( R e r ), porosity parameter (λ1), while increases for arising the values of thermal relaxation parameter λ 2 , and for both Biot numbers ( B 1 , B 2 ) nanoparticles (Fe 3 O 4 and Aggregation nanoparticle). Further we compute the characteristics of physical quantities, namely skin friction and Nusselt number are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geographic information system (GIS) software has been essential for visualising and determining heating and cooling requirements, sources of industrial excess heat, natural bodies of water, and municipalities. Policymakers highly encourage the use of GIS software at all administrative levels. It is expected that the heating and cooling demand will continue to increase. For a reliable heat and cooling supply, we must identify heat sources that can be used to provide heat or for removing surplus heat. We propose a method for identifying possible heat sources for large heat pumps and chillers that combines geospatial data from administrative units, industrial facilities, and natural bodies of water. Temperatures, capacities, heat source availability, as well as their proximity to areas with high demand density for heating and cooling were considered. This method was used for Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. Excess heat from heat generation plants and industries, sewage water treatment plants, and natural heat sources such as rivers, lakes and seawater were included. The study’s findings provide an overview of possible industrial and natural heat sources, as well as their characteristics. The potential of the heat sources was analysed, quantified, and then compared to the areas of heating and cooling demand.. Geographic information system (GIS) software has been essential for visualising and determining heating and cooling requirements, sources of industrial excess heat, natural bodies of water, and municipalities. Policymakers highly encourage the use of GIS software at all administrative levels. It is expected that the heating and cooling demand will continue to increase. For a reliable heat and cooling supply, we must identify heat sources that can be used to provide heat or for removing surplus heat. We propose a method for identifying possible heat sources for large heat pumps and chillers that combines geospatial data from administrative units, industrial facilities, and natural bodies of water. Temperatures, capacities, heat source availability, as well as their proximity to areas with high demand density for heating and cooling were considered. This method was used for Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. Excess heat from heat generation plants and industries, sewage water treatment plants, and natural heat sources such as rivers, lakes and seawater were included. The study’s findings provide an overview of possible industrial and natural heat sources, as well as their characteristics. The potential of the heat sources was analysed, quantified, and then compared to the areas of heating and cooling demand.. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geographic information system (GIS) software has been essential for visualising and determining heating and cooling requirements, sources of industrial excess heat, natural bodies of water, and municipalities. Policymakers highly encourage the use of GIS software at all administrative levels. It is expected that the heating and cooling demand will continue to increase. For a reliable heat and cooling supply, we must identify heat sources that can be used to provide heat or for removing surplus heat. We propose a method for identifying possible heat sources for large heat pumps and chillers that combines geospatial data from administrative units, industrial facilities, and natural bodies of water. Temperatures, capacities, heat source availability, as well as their proximity to areas with high demand density for heating and cooling were considered. This method was used for Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania. Excess heat from heat generation plants and industries, sewage water treatment plants, and natural heat sources such as rivers, lakes and seawater were included. The study’s findings provide an overview of possible industrial and natural heat sources, as well as their characteristics. The potential of the heat sources was analysed, quantified, and then compared to the areas of heating and cooling demand.

This paper presents an unsteady coupled heat transfer model in mine air and surrounding rock mass in the presence of distributed heat sources. The case of distributed heat sources is typical when analyzing the temperature distribution in mine excavations equipped with conveyor systems. For this case, the asymptotic value of the air temperature at the end of the mine excavation is determined not only by the heat exchange between the air and surrounding rock mass but also by the thermal power of distributed heat sources and the total airflow. This conclusion is confirmed by the experimental data presented in the paper for a longwall in a potash mine. We formulate the mathematical model and calculate the distribution of air parameters along the length of an excavation, considering heat release from the conveyor and surrounding rock mass. The results show that a distributed heat release is necessary for correctly calculating the air temperature in working areas. The numerical simulations allow us to recommend a redistribution of air between the haulage and conveyor roadways in the presence of distributed heat sources.

In recent decades, global warming has intensified fires that have destroyed huge forested areas in various parts of the world. Argentina has not been exempted from this problem, nor has its province of Chaco. Therefore, this article attempts to give a geographical look at the issue of forest fires that occurred in nine departments in the east of this province during the period between 2015 and 2020. Through statistical analysis and georeferencing of information from different sources, the paper aims to identify the fire outbreaks that have been recorded in the study area described above and in that period of time, and characterize the current provincial management on the subject of fire risks. The production of cartography was made from the use of Qgis. In 2020, the region under analysis suffered a large number of fire outbreaks in rural areas that affected a little more than 60,000 hectares, destroying pastures, native and planted forests and, consequently, deteriorating soils, wildlife, and also damaging stubble cover and farmlands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This study explores the numerical investigation of two-dimensional natural convection in a porous corrugated enclosure with heat sources of different heights and electrically conducting fluids. The governing equations are solved using a higher-order compact finite difference scheme. Boundaries on the top and sides are subject to thermal cooling and adiabatic conditions, respectively. Numerical results are presented for wide range of Rayleigh (10 3 to 10 6) , Darcy (10 − 5 to 10 − 1) , Hartmann (25 to 150) , and Prandtl (0.015 to 10) numbers. For fixed high Rayleigh-Darcy values, the porous medium has higher permeability. Most significant possible multiple steady solutions can be found in the case 1 at Ra = 10 6 , Da = 10 − 2 , Ha = 50 , and Pr = 10.0. In the low to moderate critical values of Prandtl numbers, it encompasses a wide range of fluid flow phenomena, from stable to unstable. The maximum enhancement of the averaged Nusselt numbers on the boundaries in increasing and decreasing trends are viz. Ra (139.13 % and 54.37 %) , Da (46.14 % and 74.25 %) , Ha (633.04 % and 74.73 %) , and Pr (142.52 % and 45.92 %) for case 1 , Ra (129.64 % and 0.32 %) , Da (40.68 % and 69.66 %) , Ha (46.65 % and 80.85 %) , and Pr (18.41 % and 18.23 %) for case 2 , and Ra (163.98 % and 77.20 %) , Da (8.25 % and 58.68 %) , Ha (81.38 % and 59.17 %) , and Pr (30.60 % and 22.46 %) for case 3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prediction of heat transfer in natural convection is crucial for various engineering applications, including building heating and natural ventilation. CFD study of heat transfer in elements with complex geometries, like radiators, increase the computational effort and could turn inviable the study of natural ventilation in large rooms with heating radiators. This study aimed to develop a CFD methodology and validate a simplified model to study natural convection and plumes above heat sources like heating radiators. The model uses porous media to simulate heat sources without compromising thermal plume development in large spaces. It enables cost-effective exploration of solutions, reducing computational costs while accurately modelling thermal plume effects. The CFD model was validated using a full-scale model experimental, ensuring its accuracy and reliability. The experimental measurements showed consistent evolutions for inlet and outlet water temperatures, indicating stable heat transfer processes. The study includes 5 heating scenarios in which the inlet and outlet water temperature (T i / T o) is varied, namely: 64/58 °C, 67/41 °C, 73/68 °C, 50/35 °C, and 39/29 °C. With the experiments and the CFD results, it was also concluded that the air temperature and velocity profiles in radiators configured in parallel are asymmetrical. The CFD simulations with the simplified model incorporating a porous medium demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. Notably, the computational time for the simplified model was reduced by approximately 70 % compared to the detailed model. The developed CFD methodology has potential applications in optimizing natural ventilation systems for different radiators and environmental conditions, contributing to energy efficiency and occupant comfort. [Display omitted] • Simplified Porous Media model predicts thermal plume in large spaces. • Rigorous validation of CFD model's using comprehensive full-scale experimental data. • Results with less the 15 % error comparing experimental to simplified CFD model. • Simplified Model reduces computation time by 70 % versus detailed model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]