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Sambal or sauce is a supplementary ingredient that dominates the market. But, many products do not include an expiration period. Sambal sauce generally can not be consumed once, so it needs storage to be more durable. The main damage is characterized by changes in physical, chemical, biological, and organoleptic characteristics. Various studies on the shelf life of chili sauce have been carried out, so the purpose of this study is to identify, analyze, and compare literature sources in the form of research results that show the effect of temperature differences on the chemical, microbiological and organoleptic properties of various chili sauces, so it is expected to be useful for serve as a reference for efforts to control damage to sauces or chili sauce by making the best storage. There are 5 groups of chili sauce, they are chili sauce, tomato sauce, onion chili sauce, fruit sauce, and andaliman sambal. The chili sauce is stored in three different temperatures (low, room and high temperatures) with the Accelerated Shelf Life Test (ASLT) method and Arrhenius model. Based on the results of the study, there is a low temperature storage of chili sauce last longer than room temperature and high storage that is 34-170 days. Whereas at room temperature and high temperature storage each lasted for 23-98 days and 21-54 days.

Replacement of MnO2 with conductive polymers as cathode materials in chip tantalum capacitors allows for a substantial reduction of the equivalent series resistance (ESR), improvement of frequency characteristics, and elimination of the possibility of ignition during failures. One of the drawbacks of chip polymer tantalum capacitors (CPTCs) is a relatively poor long-term stability at high temperatures. In this work, variations of capacitance, dissipation factor, and ESR in different types of capacitors including automotive grade parts from three manufacturers have been monitored during storage at temperatures from 100 °C to 175 °C for up to 18,000 hours. Results show that ESR is the most and capacitance the least sensitive to degradation parameter. Times to parametric failures have been simulated using a Weibull-Arrhenius model that allowed for assessments of activation energies of the degradation and prediction of times to failure at the use temperature. Degradation of CPTCs was explained by thermo-oxidative processes in conductive polymers that result in exponential increasing of the resistivity with time of ageing. This process starts after a certain incubation period that depends on packaging materials and design and corresponds to the time that is necessary to form delamination between the encapsulating molding compound and lead frame. The effectiveness of the existing qualification procedures to assure stable operation of CPTCs is discussed.

To explore the thermally induced alterations in chicken egg vitelline membrane (CEVM) protein abundances, a comparative proteomic analysis of CEVM after 10 days of storage at 30 °C was performed. Altogether, 981 proteins were identified, of which 124 protein abundances were decreased and 79 were increased. Bioinformatic analysis suggested that the altered proteins were related to structure (n = 10), mechanical properties (n = 13), chaperone (n = 15), antibacterial (n = 12), and antioxidant (n = 3). Alterations in abundances of structural proteins, possibly resulting from the disintegration of these complexes, were observed in this study, suggesting a loss in fibrous structure. Several proteins involved in mechanical strength (n = 10), elasticity (n = 3), and chaperone were decreased in abundances, which indicated that deficits in these proteins might affect the CEVM mechanical properties. These findings will extend our understanding of CEVM deterioration during high-temperature storage from a proteomic perspective.

Automotive underhood electronics may be exposed to high temperature in the neighborhood of 100°C–200°C. Property evolution may impact reliability and accuracy of predictive models to assure desired use life. In this paper, evolution of properties of two underfill material properties are studied using DMA (Dynamic Mechanical Analyzer). The underfills are exposed to three different operational temperatures in the range of 100°C to 140°C for the measurements. The dynamic mechanical properties such as storage modulus (E′), loss modulus (E″), tangent delta (tan δ), and respective glass transition temperatures (Tg) are studied using DMA. Study of viscoelastic behavior of underfills is achieved by performing TTS (time-temperature superposition) experiments at 7 discrete frequencies 0.1, 0.21, 0.46, 1, 2.15, 4.64, and 10 Hz using DMA in three-point bend mode. From the selected reference temperatures, the master curves were constructed for storage moduli, loss moduli and tan delta as a function of frequency using TTS results. Using the WLF (Williams-Landel-Ferry) equation, the shift factors as a function of temperature were determined along the frequency axis. The relaxation modulus as a function of temperature and time can be obtained using the master curves of storage and loss moduli. A simple and detailed procedure has been established to find the Prony series constants.

During operations, handling, and storage in extreme environmental applications including aerospace, defense and automotive, the electronics may be exposed to high and low operating temperatures. In automotive underhood applications, the temperature can vary especially from −65 to +200 °C. Under prolonged storage, SnAgCu solder materials have been shown to continually evolve in the mechanical properties. New doped SAC solder alloys have recently been introduced with the addition of Ni, Co, Au, P, Ga, Cu and Sb to SAC solder alloy to increase the robustness under prolonged thermal exposure. High strain-rate data on SAC solder alloys after prolonged storage operating at low operating temperatures is not available in published literature. In this paper, materials characterization of SAC (SAC105 and SAC-Q) solder after prolonged storage at low operating temperatures (−65°C–0 °C) and at high strain rates (10–75 per sec) has been studied. The fabricated SAC leadfree solder specimens were isothermally aged up to 12 months at 50°C before testing. Anand Viscoplastic model has been used to compute 9 anand parameters from measured Tensile data to describe the material constitutive behavior. The computed 9 anand parameters were used to verify the accuracy of the Anand model. A good correlation was found between experimental data and Anand predicted data.

Contemporary practice favors refilling sublingual nitroglycerin (SL NTG) every 3 to 6 months. This recommendation is based on antiquated data that does not consider the reformulated tablet and the improved manufacturing process. Our objective was to investigate the stability of SL NTG over time using simulated real-life scenarios in comparison to controlled storage conditions. This was an open-label study of 100- and 25-count commercial SL NTG bottles stored in either controlled temperature and relative humidity conditions, or carried in a pocket or purse. SL NTG potency (chemical stability) was assessed using high performance liquid chromatography and physical stability was assessed by changes in tablet weights over time through the labeled expiration date. Both chemical and physical stability of SL NTG were affected by environmental and physical factors. High temperature storage resulted in the most rapid loss of potency. Tablets carried in a pant pocket lost potency faster than those carried in a purse. Potency was also dependent on headspace of the bottle. Tablets stored in the original bottle in a temperate environment could be expected to maintained potency for more than 2 years when carried in a purse, irrespective of package size. When carried in a pant pocket, potency of a 25-count bottle was maintained for 2 years, whereas potency of a 100-count bottle fell below acceptable limits at 12 months. In conclusion, since potency is dependent on temperature, headspace, and carrying practices, frequency of SL NTG refills should be based on individual patient behavior.

The safety and energy density of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are important concerns. The use of high-capacity cathode materials, such as Ni-rich cathodes, can greatly improve the energy density of LIBs, but it also brings some safety hazards. Cylindrical 21700-type batteries using Ni-rich cathodes were employed here to investigate their high-temperature storage deterioration mechanism under different states of charge (SOCs). Electrolyte decomposition was identified as the main problem. It can be worsened by elevated storage temperatures and battery SOCs, with the latter having a more significant influence. Specifically, the decomposition of the LiPF

HT-ATES (high-temperature aquifer thermal energy storage) systems are a future option to shift large amounts of high-temperature excess heat from summer to winter using the deep underground. Among others, water-bearing reservoirs in former hydrocarbon formations show favorable storage conditions for HT-ATES locations. This study characterizes these reservoirs in the Upper Rhine Graben (URG) and quantifies their heat storage potential numerically. Assuming a doublet system with seasonal injection and production cycles, injection at 140 °C in a typical 70 °C reservoir leads to an annual storage capacity of up to 12 GWh and significant recovery efficiencies increasing up to 82% after ten years of operation. Our numerical modeling-based sensitivity analysis of operational conditions identifies the specific underground conditions as well as drilling configuration (horizontal/vertical) as the most influencing parameters. With about 90% of the investigated reservoirs in the URG transferable into HT-ATES, our analyses reveal a large storage potential of these well-explored oil fields. In summary, it points to a total storage capacity in depleted oil reservoirs of approximately 10 TWh a−1, which is a considerable portion of the thermal energy needs in this area.

In today’s supply chains based on complex division of labor qualification plans must be executed at various levels of semifinished products. This study shows how a supporting process, assumed to be uncritical in terms of the qualification scope for a bare silicon die, is responsible for qualification fails. Although such failures are not relevant for the quality of the final product careful and thorough analysis is required to invalidate such failure modes.

This article describes research on changes of glass transition temperature of electron encapsulated polymer-epoxy molding compound (EMC) after thermal oxidation under high-temperature air storage conditions. The evolutions of glass transition temperature of two EMCs with different compositions (different filling contents) under different temperatures (175, 200, and 225 °C) and different aging times (100, 500, and 1500 h) were analyzed by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) technology. Research results demonstrated that two glass transition temperatures occurred during thermal aging. These two temperatures were the glass transition temperature of the unaged core material (Tg1) and the glass transition temperature of completely oxidized surface material (Tg2). Tg2 increased continuously with the increase of temperature and the prolonging of the aging time. The filling content could have significantly influenced the aging degree of materials.

Summary HT-ATES (high-temperature aquifer thermal energy storage) systems represent a future technology to shift large amounts of excess heat from summer to winter using reservoirs in the deep underground. Among others, depleted hydrocarbon-bearing reservoir formations may constitute favorable storage conditions for HT-ATES. This study characterizes these reservoirs in the Upper Rhine Graben (URG) and quantifies their heat storage potential numerically. Assuming a doublet system with semi-annual injection and production cycles, injection at 140 °C in a reservoir with an ambient temperature of 70 °C leads to an annual storage capacity of up to 12 GWh and significant recovery efficiencies increasing up to 82 % after ten years of operation. Our sensitivity analysis of operational conditions identifies reservoir conditions (e.g. permeability or thickness) and the drilling configuration (horizontal/vertical) as the most influencing parameters. With about 90 % of the investigated reservoirs in the URG potentially transferable into HT-ATES systems, our analyses reveal a large storage potential of these oil reservoirs.

The goal of this paper is to investigate the stability of CdTe solar cells exposed to high temperature storage. In particular, we want to investigate the behavior of cells during short-term degradation test (up to 40 h). Several cells, having different thickness of copper in the contacts and of CdTe absorber were investigated. The results, obtained through combined EQE, dark and light IV, and photovoltage decay, indicate that the Cu metal contact plays a role in the degradation of the solar cells, and provide detailed insight on the related processes.

The kirkendall void had been a well-known issue for long term reliability of semiconductor interconnects, while even the KVs existing at the interfaces of Cu & Sn, it may still be able to pass the condition of un-bias long term reliability testing, especially for 2,000 cycles of temperature cycling test and 2,000hrs of high temperature storage. A large numbers of KVs was observed after 200cycles of temperature cycling test at the intermetallic Cu3Sn layer which locate between the intermetallic Cu6Sn5 & Cu layers. These kinds of voids will growth proportional with the aging time at initial stage, but slowing down attribute to the barrier layer of Cu3Sn & Cu interfaces. This paper compare various IMC thickness as a function of stress test, the Cu3Sn & Cu6Sn5 do affected seriously by heat, but Ni3Sn4 is not affected by heat or moisture.

This study investigated the failure mechanism of Ag-4Pd wire bonded on Al metallization under chlorine corrosive environments after high temperature storage tests (HTST) and thermal cycle tests (TCT). Results show that as-bonded samples encountered the fastest failure, caused by corrosion of Al metallization accelerated by galvanic corrosion. For HTST samples, the intermetallic compound (IMC) layer was corroded and separated into the upper layer of Ag2Al and Ag3Al and the lower layer of Ag3Al2. The non-continuous Ag3Al2 IMC layers in TCT samples can act as a barrier to inhibit the galvanic corrosion and effectively retard the corrosion rate of Al metallization.

Various hybrid tunnel oxides in both MANOS structure and SONOS structure were examined. Among them, SiO2/ZrO2 hybrid tunnel oxide in charge trap flash memory provides promising programming characteristics compared to those of SiO2 tunnel oxide. However, the relatively higher Fowler–Nordheim tunneling barriers for the hole result in insufficient erasing characteristics. In contrast, Si2– X ON X /ZrO2 hybrid tunnel oxide could be erased to negative ${V}_{\textsf {th}}$ . In addition, the retention behaviors of the hybrid tunnel oxides based on an high temperature storage (HTS) test were superior compared to that of SiO2 tunnel oxide. The cycle characteristics in endurance and HTS of Si2– X ON X /ZrO2 hybrid tunnel oxide were confirmed to be better than those of Si2– X ON X tunnel oxide, which implies that they satisfy real operational conditions. Thus, Si2– X ON X /ZrO2 hybrid tunnel oxide can be a promising candidate for a next-generation tunnel oxide.

Dormancy in lettuce seeds is a process not yet fully understood. High storage temperatures can cause seed dormancy promoting physiological and enzymatic changes. The goal of this study was to investigate the influence of storage period and environments on the quality and dormancy of different lettuce cultivars. We also investigated the biochemical changes. A completely randomized experimental design was used in a 4x8x3 factorial arrangement to evaluate physiological quality on different storage periods (30, 60, 90 and 120 days) and environments (15, 25 and 35°C) of seeds from eight lettuce cultivars (Everglades, Babá de Verão, Elisa, Luiza, Grand Rapids, Hortência, Salinas 88 and Rubete). The biochemical activity was accessed by tetrazolium test and the activity of the endo-β-mannanase. There occurred physiological and biochemical changes on lettuce seeds under periods and high temperature storage environments. A reduction of seed quality occurred at high storage temperatures mainly when stored during 120 days. The storage period up to six months maintains the viability and vigor of lettuce seeds, when stored at 15°C. Germination is compromised when seeds are stored over 60 days on temperatures over 25°C. Everglades is a tolerant cultivar to germination conditions of 35°C and maintains its quality during storage at 15°C. Temperatures over 25°C induce thermodormancy on lettuce seeds during storage. The tetrazolium test indicates that the seeds were viable; nevertheless, there was no germination at high temperatures. Enzymatic changes occurred in seeds stored at 35°C due to dormancy. There was a decrease in the expression of endo-β-mannanase enzyme being influenced by the environment and storage period. The Everglades cultivar is thermotolerant. RESUMO Dormência em sementes de alface é um processo que ainda não está totalmente compreendido. As altas temperaturas de armazenamento podem causar dormência das sementes e promover mudanças fisiológicas e enzimáticas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a influência dos períodos e dos ambientes de armazenamento na qualidade e dormência de sementes de diferentes cultivares de alface e investigar as alterações bioquímicas. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 4x8x3 para avaliar a qualidade fisiológica de oito cultivares de alface (Everglades, Babá de Verão, Elisa, Luiza, Grand Rapids, Hortência, Salinas 88 e Rubete) em diferentes períodos (30, 60, 90 e 120 dias) e ambientes de armazenamento (15, 25 e 35°C). A atividade bioquímica foi avaliada pelo teste de tetrazólio e pela a atividade da endo-β-mananase. Há alterações fisiológicas e bioquímicas nas sementes de alface em virtude do período e do ambiente de armazenamento em altas temperaturas. Há uma redução da qualidade das sementes a temperaturas elevadas de armazenamento, principalmente aos 120 dias. Verificou-se que o período de armazenamento até os seis meses mantém a viabilidade e vigor de sementes de alface, quando armazenadas a 15°C. As sementes armazenadas em ambientes com temperatura superior a 25°C não toleram o armazenamento a partir de 60 dias o que compromete a germinação e o vigor. A cultivar Everglades é tolerante à condição de germinação a 35°C e mantém sua qualidade ao longo do armazenamento em temperatura de 15°C. A temperatura acima de 25°C induz à termodormência das sementes nas cultivares de alface durante o armazenamento. O teste de tetrazólio indica que as sementes estavam viáveis, contudo não houve germinação em temperaturas elevadas. Ocorrem alterações enzimáticas nas sementes armazenadas em temperatura de 35°C devido à dormência. Houve decréscimo na expressão da enzima endo-β-mananase, sendo influenciada pelo ambiente e período de armazenamento. A cultivar Everglades é termotolerante.

In this study, the relationship between the composition ratio of Bi-Sn and the thermal conductivity of a hybrid bonding layer composed of Cu nanoparticles and eutectic Bi-Sn powder was investigated. The hybrid bonding layer was used to bond two Cu plates. The bonded sample was subjected to a high-temperature (225 °C) storage test for 100 h. The sample thermal conductivity was measured during the test. The large Sn mixing ratio of the Bi-Sn powder suppressed the decrease in the thermal conductivity of the hybrid bonding layer due to the high-temperature storage. This is because the high composition ratio of Sn decreased the ratio of the sintered Cu portion and increased the ratio of the alloyed Cu-Sn portion in the parent phase, which was hardly oxidized. In addition, the Sn-rich Bi-Sn powder suppressed the Bi segregation at the bonding interface, thereby enhancing Bi dispersion in the parent phase.

Reliability of wire bonds made with palladium-coated copper (PCC) wire of 25 μm diameter is studied by measuring the wire bond resistance increase over time in high temperature storage at 225 °C. Ball bonds are made on two bond pad thicknesses and tested with and without mold compound encapsulation. Bond pads are aluminum copper (Al-0.5%Cu), 800 nm and 3000 nm thick. The wirebonding pattern is arranged to facilitate 4-wire resistance measurements of 12 bond pairs in each 28-pin ceramic test package. The ball bonding recipe is optimized to minimize splash on 3000 nm Al-0.5%Cu with shear strength at least 120 MPa. Ball bond diameter is 61 μm and height is 14 μm. Measurements include bond shear test data and in-situ resistance before and during high temperature storage. Bonds on 3000 nm pads are found to be significantly more reliable than bonds on 800 nm pads within 140 h of aging.

Thirty flue-cured tobacco samples from Henan, Yunnan, Guizhou, Hunan and Guangdong were collected and a variety test was set up in Luoyang, Henan province to investigate the relationship between TSNAs content and their precursors in flue-cured tobacco lamina and midrib, and effect of geographic location, variety and leaf position on this relationship. Flue-cured tobacco lamina and midrib were stored at 50℃ to study the effect of high temperature storage on contents of TSNAs, alkaloid and nitrate. Results showed that content of TSNAs in flue-cured tobacco lamina was significantly higher than in midrib, and the highest proportion in lamina was NNN, whereas the highest percentage in midrib was NNK. Total alkaloids in lamina were about 4.7 times higher than in midrib. Nitrate content in midrib was higher than in lamina. TSNAs content in lamina varies significantly between regions, with the highest content in Hunan and Guangdong. Significant differences were found in TSNAs content of lamina between varieties, and the changes of TSNAs were closely related with alkaloid content. Lamina had the highest TSNAs content, followed by side-vein and mid-vein. Correlation analysis revealed that accumulation of TSNAs in tobacco was mainly affected by amount of alkaloid accumulated during flue-curing. TSNAs content of midrib and lamina under 50℃ storage increased 229.2% and 30.6%, respectively, compared with that in low temperature, suggesting that nitrate levels had greater influence on TSNAs formation during high temperature storage.

Ball shear test was conducted on the SnAgCu/Fe–Ni solder joints, as well as SnAgCu/Cu for comparison after reflow and 150 °C high temperature storage following the industrial JEDEC standards. According to microstructural observation, Fe–Ni UBMs show better diffusion barrier effect than Cu UBM, which form very thin FeSn2 or FeSn2+(Cu,Ni)6Sn5 layers at the interface without any Kirkendall voids. With such thin IMC layers, the shear strengths of Fe–Ni solder joints were comparable to Cu solder joints, which are in the range of 6.3–6.4 mg/μm2 after reflow and then fall into 4.7–5.1 mg/μm2 after 1000 h storage. Statistic observations revealed four kinds of fracture mode among failed solder joints, which are ductile fracture, brittle fracture, UBM fracture and pad lift respectively. The UBM fracture is the most common failure mode for Cu solder joint due to the fast consumption and low mechanical strength of Cu UBM, while the ductile failure takes the majority for Fe–Ni UBMs although it gradually turned into brittle fracture later as the aging time increased. The related mechanism of fracture behavior was also discussed concerning the physical properties of interfacial IMCs. Combining the low IMC growth rate, the comparable shear strength and the ductile fracture mode, Fe–45Ni UBM is superior to Cu UBM on the interfacial reliability of high temperature storage.

Kojyl 3 APPA is a compound used for skin lightening. Kojyl 3 APPA has a good solubility in water. This causes the hydrophilic nature kojyl 3 APPA difficult to penetrate through the skin. Transfersom is a carrier system that can improve the effectiveness of drug penetration. This study aims to formulate, characterize and evaluate transfersom preparations containing kojyl 3 APPA. Further more transfersom formulated in a gel formulation. Preparation gel was tested its physical stability and in vitro penetration test against non transfersom kojyl 3 APPA. Transfersom gel formulation is physically proven stable at room temperature, low temperature and high temperature storage. In vitro penetration tests showed that kojyl 3 APPA penetration loaded in transfersom gel was 11,16% while for non transfersom gel 8,02%.

Total antimony and its +V and +III oxidation state species were determined in twelve spirit samples (Greek raki and tsipouro) stored in polyethylene terephthalate bottles. Reliable and reproducible results were obtained following direct analysis by using ICP-MS providing total Sb concentrations between 0.4-4 mu g L-1. Antimony speciation analysis by LC-ICP-MS was also assessed, showing the presence of both inorganic Sb species along with an unknown Sb complex, which was the predominant species in all samples analysed. The structure of this complex was investigated by using liquid chromatography with high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry. The analysis gave evidence for an acetaldehyde-bisulphite pyruvate Sb complex with the formula: C7H14O12S2Sb. The proposed ligands are organic substances expected to be present in the raki matrix. In addition, the influence of high temperature storage conditions and extended exposure times up to two weeks, on Sb migration from PET bottles into raki samples was investigated. Total Sb and Sb species content was determined by ICP-MS and LC-ICP-MS, respectively. The concentrations determined were in the range of 5.6 to 28 mu g Sb per L spirit after a week of storage at 60 degrees C. In which case, inorganic Sb(V) and Sb(III) became the predominant species in comparison to the 'novel' organic Sb complex.