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Al-Qur'an regulates all forms of communication: with Allah, fellow humans, and spirits/jinn. In human Communication with Jinn, Allah reported through the story of the fall of the Prophet Adam and Siti Hawa from heaven after consuming the khuldi fruit. Both slipped because of a jinn's instigation in Allah's name. It proves that apart from Jinn and humans being able to communicate, the potential for deception is also genuine. Therefore, this research aims to explain the communication/relationship between humans and Jinn. This qualitative research method uses a thematic approach to verses from Al-Qur'an relating to human and Jinn communication. Data was from literature by analyzing books and scientific journals with similar themes. Data analysis uses the transcendental communication/magical communication paradigm. The research results show that Al-Qur'an explained that human Communication with Jinn exists. However, it does not need to be developed. Human and Jinn communication has many negative effects. The negative impact is that humans will always be filled with anxiety, will tend to commit crimes, and will be classified as the actions of people who are misguided and disobedient to Allah. Some Jinns are believers, and some are unbelievers. However, humans cannot differentiate them because they are supernatural beings. Communication between humans and Jinn generally occurs through ruqyah syar'iyyah rituals to improve the community's economy and shamanic practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholars of English Literature unanimously say that J.R.R. Tolkien influenced C.S. Lewis’s writings. For the first time, we have investigated this issue mathematically by using an original multi-dimensional analysis of linguistic parameters, based on surface deep language variables and linguistic channels. To set our investigation in the framework of English Literature, we have considered some novels written by earlier authors, such as C. Dickens, G. MacDonald and others. The deep language variables and the linguistic channels, discussed in the paper, are likely due to writers’ unconscious design and reveal connections between texts far beyond the writers’ awareness. In summary, the capacity of the extended short-term memory required to readers, the universal readability index of texts, the geometrical representation of texts and the fine tuning of linguistic channels within texts—all tools largely discussed in the paper—revealed strong connections between The Lord of the Rings (Tolkien), The Chronicles of Narnia, The Space Trilogy (Lewis) and novels by MacDonald, therefore agreeing with what the scholars of English Literature say.

This study examines the role of communication media, particularly in the dissemination of emergency content with a blue Garuda backdrop related to the Regional Election Bill (RUU Pilkada) in Indonesia. The primary focus of this research is to understand how communication, especially through social media, is utilized to mobilize users and generate public opinion communication. Using a qualitative approach, the study analyzes visual demonstration content spread through social media and applies theories of human communication and mediated communication to user perception and political engagement. The findings indicate that social media has become an extremely effective political communication tool, allowing information to spread rapidly and reach a broad audience. Emergency warning visuals shared on social media platforms are effective in capturing public attention, triggering mass mobilization, and stimulating political discussions across different segments of society. The study concludes that social media plays a crucial role in shaping public opinion and encouraging political participation concerning legislative issues such as the RUU Pilkada. The results highlight the importance of understanding communication from media communication perspectives for maintaining healthy and productive communication practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scholars of English Literature unanimously say that J.R.R. Tolkien influenced C.S. Lewis's writings. For the first time, we have investigated this issue mathematically by using an original multi-dimensional analysis of linguistic parameters, based on surface deep language variables and linguistic channels. To set our investigation in the framework of English Literature, we have considered some novels written by earlier authors, such as C. Dickens, G. MacDonald and others. The deep language variables and the linguistic channels, discussed in the paper, are likely due to writers' unconscious design and reveal connections between texts far beyond the writers' awareness. In summary, the capacity of the extended short-term memory required to readers, the universal readability index of texts, the geometrical representation of texts and the fine tuning of linguistic channels within texts—all tools largely discussed in the paper—revealed strong connections between The Lord of the Rings (Tolkien), The Chronicles of Narnia, The Space Trilogy (Lewis) and novels by MacDonald, therefore agreeing with what the scholars of English Literature say. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the philosophical and anthropological basis of non-verbal communication and its role in human communication. Non-verbal communication is considered as an integral part of human existence, in the context of which gestures, facial expressions, posture and body movements reflect the existential aspects of the individual, his inner state and worldview. The purpose of this study is to conceptualize the philosophical and anthropological basis of nonverbal communication and its role in human communication. Research methodology. Taking an interdisciplinary approach, the article examines cross-cultural differences, individual characteristics, and social contexts that are important for effective communication. The methods of phenomenological, axiological, hermeneutic, post-structuralist analysis are used, which contribute to deepening the issue of non-verbal communication as a social phenomenon and its role in human communication. According to phenomenological approaches, the perception of nonverbal signals is a subjective experience that is based on individual experiences and contextual conditions. Non-verbal communication can be considered as a text that needs to be interpreted. Understanding non-verbal signs requires knowledge of the context, cultural norms and individual characteristics of the philosophical and anthropological basis of non-verbal communication. Nonverbal communication is analyzed as human body language, which is a complex and multifaceted means of information transmission. This is a favorable asset for understanding a person's personality, which would contribute to a better understanding of others by adopting appropriate gestures, postures or physical expressions. The components of non-verbal communication and its role in human communication are disclosed. The results of the study can be useful for scientists, practitioners and politicians interested in understanding and improving the philosophical and anthropological basis of non-verbal communication and its role in human communication. The study of nonverbal cues helps to understand how different cultures use gestures, facial expressions, space, and body language to communicate. This provides an opportunity to study and compare cultural differences in communicative practices. Nonverbal communication is key to studying psychological aspects of human behavior, such as emotional intelligence, perception, and interaction between individuals [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study's objective was to identify and analyze changes in resilience indicators and their four dimensions. This study aims to investigate the capacities of women in Tehran in the context of urban resilience in the post-COVID-19 era, which has witnessed multiple surges of COVID-19 cases. The Delphi technique was employed in this study to determine appropriate indicators for decisionmaking. The questionnaire focused on women's roles in the city's safety, their control over the situation during or before the crisis, and their knowledge of the environment and risk factors. The efficiency of the questionnaires was 100% due to the researchers' knowledge of the target group's conditions in the first stage of the Delphi technique. The participants for the study were selected based on their familiarity with the safety conditions in District 14 of Tehran Municipality. The results revealed that women in the post-COVID-19 period are expected to exhibit a higher level of physical resilience at 81.21% and social resilience at 70.15%. The results introduce women as potential/active managers in the post-COVID-19 era. The findings may help urban planners to consider such conditions in their planning charts. What distinguishes this study from other studies is its focus on the target group, and position of women for urban planning; it will be possible to increase resilience with the help of women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scientists and regular citizens alike search for ways to manage the widespread effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. While scientists are busy in their labs, other citizens often turn to online sources to report their experiences and concerns and to seek and share knowledge of the virus. The text generated by those users in online social media platforms can provide valuable insights about evolving users' opinions and attitudes. The objective of this research is to analyze text of such user disclosures to study human communication during a pandemic in four primary ways. First, we analyze Twitter tweet information, generated throughout the pandemic, to understand users' communications concerning COVID-19 and how those communications have evolved during the pandemic. Second, we analyze linguistic sentiment concepts (analytic, authentic, clout, and tone concepts) in different Twitter settings (sentiment in tweets with pictures or no pictures and tweets versus retweets). Third, we investigate the relationship between Twitter tweets with additional forms of internet activity, namely, Google searches and Wikipedia page views. Finally, we create and use a dictionary of specific COVID-19-related concepts (e.g., symptom of lost taste) to assess how the use of those concepts in tweets are related to the spread of information and the resulting influence of Twitter users. The analysis showed a surprisingly lack of emotion in the initial phases of the pandemic as people were information seeking. As time progressed, there were more expressions of sentiment, including anger. Further, tweets with and without pictures and/or video had statistically significant differences in text sentiment characteristics. Similarly, there were differences between the sentiment in tweets and retweets and tweets. We also found that Google and Wikipedia searches were predictive of sentiment in the tweets. Finally, a variable representing a dictionary of COVID-related concepts was statistically significant when related to users' Twitter influence score and number of retweets, illustrating the general impact of COVID-19 on Twitter and human communication. Overall, the results provide insights into human communication as well as models of human internet and social media use. These findings could be useful for the management of global challenges beyond, or different from, a pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial intelligence (AI) capabilities in natural language processing are rapidly advancing and transforming communication practices across diverse contexts. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of AI's emerging roles in mediating and participating in direct communication to highlight key opportunities and research priorities around responsible innovation. The study surveys the extensive literature on major applications of AI, including virtual assistants, chatbots, smart replies, sentiment analysis tools, and automatic translation technologies. It also closely examines their current and potential usage and benefits across interpersonal, organizational, and societal communication. The analysis reveals these AI technologies promise enhanced efficiency, personalization, accessibility, and new modalities of expression in communication. The study found that if judiciously and ethically applied, they could incrementally improve communication speed, quality, relationships, and even therapists' capabilities over time. However, more rigorous research is still recommended to investigate longitudinal impacts on human well-being, increase accessibility for vulnerable demographic groups, advance multimodality AI systems, and develop tailored guidelines and user-centered studies to ensure ethical, socially responsible progress. Overall, this review synthesizes the current state of the science and pressing research needs in this rapidly emerging field.

Deviant workplace behavior violates organizational standards and has the potential to hurt either the entire organization or specific members of the organization. It is a serious and present problem in the workplace. Workplace culture have been linked to deviant workplace behavior however, there has been a scarcity of research and reviews on the impact of workplace culture on deviant workplace behavior. Scopus, Sage, MEDLINE and Web of Science Journals were used to look for terms relating to workplace culture (workplace culture, organizational culture) as well as terms related to deviant workplace behavior (deviant behavior, deviances). Original research, samples, or gendered employee subsamples were considered for this evaluation of workplace culture that have an impact on deviant workplace behavior, and the research must be completed in English. This evaluation has 19 publications that passed the eligibility criteria. This review's results showed that deviant workplace behavior is significantly influenced by workplace culture with different interpretation of culture and measurement used. These findings are explored in light of existing gaps in the literature and fresh research opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Communication is a theory-driven discipline, but does it always need to be? This article raises questions related to the role of theory in communication science, with the goal of providing a thoughtful discussion about what theory is, why theory is (or is not) important, the role of exploration in theory development, what constitutes a theoretical contribution, and the current state of theory in the field. We describe communication researchers' interest with theory by assessing the number of articles in the past decade of research that mention theory (nearly 80% of papers have attended to theory in some way). This article concludes with a forward-looking view of how scholars might think about theory in their work, why exploratory research should be valued more and not considered as conflicting with theory, and how conceptual clarity related to theoretical interests and contributions are imperative for human communication research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current work assessed different aspects, steps and conditions that help people communicate appropriately in the current globalized world deeply affected by modern technologies, such the Internet and artificial intelligence. The results reported in this manuscript are based on an analysis of eight studies in different aspects of human communication and a review of 70 papers published from 2000 to 2023. An online search using WoS and SCOPUS databases was done to record the related published works. A total of 186 items were recorded, and after excluding 116 duplicated and irrelevant items, 70 papers were selected and reviewed thoroughly. According to the results, communication initiation, self disclosure, overall well-being, positive attitudes, language proficiency, communication competence, and technical skills are among the main factors that affect interactions among individuals from different cultures. Based on the results, cognition, knowing different norms and values, and accommodation in the current diversified environments are the main aims and outcomes of daily interactions among people. The current work introduces communication initiation, disclosure, cognition, and accommodation as the four main steps, and self-knowledge, positive attitudes, self-regulation, heart coherence, cultural awareness, intercultural sensitivity, openness, purposefulness, respect differences, language proficiency, technical skills, communication competence, and effectiveness as the main conditions of effective human communication in the age of the artificial intelligence in the 21st century.

The purpose of the present paper is to further investigate the mathematical structure of sentences—proposed in a recent paper—and its connections with human short–term memory. This structure is defined by two independent variables which apparently engage two short–term memory buffers in a series. The first buffer is modelled according to the number of words between two consecutive interpunctions—variable referred to as the word interval, IP—which follows Miller’s 7±2 law; the second buffer is modelled by the number of word intervals contained in a sentence, MF, ranging approximately for one to seven. These values result from studying a large number of literary texts belonging to ancient and modern alphabetical languages. After studying the numerical patterns (combinations of IP and MF) that determine the number of sentences that theoretically can be recorded in the two memory buffers—which increases with the use of IP and MF—we compare the theoretical results with those that are actually found in novels from Italian and English literature. We have found that most writers, in both languages, write for readers with small memory buffers and, consequently, are forced to reuse sentence patterns to convey multiple meanings.

The purpose of the present paper is to further investigate the mathematical structure of sentences—proposed in a recent paper—and its connections with human short–term memory. This structure is defined by two independent variables which apparently engage two short–term memory buffers in a series. The first buffer is modelled according to the number of words between two consecutive interpunctions—variable referred to as the word interval, I P —which follows Miller's 7 ± 2 law; the second buffer is modelled by the number of word intervals contained in a sentence, M F , ranging approximately for one to seven. These values result from studying a large number of literary texts belonging to ancient and modern alphabetical languages. After studying the numerical patterns (combinations of I P and M F ) that determine the number of sentences that theoretically can be recorded in the two memory buffers—which increases with the use of I P and M F —we compare the theoretical results with those that are actually found in novels from Italian and English literature. We have found that most writers, in both languages, write for readers with small memory buffers and, consequently, are forced to reuse sentence patterns to convey multiple meanings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current work assessed different aspects, steps and conditions that help people communicate appropriately in the current globalized world deeply affected by modern technologies, such the Internet and artificial intelligence. The results reported in this manuscript are based on an analysis of eight studies in different aspects of human communication and a review of 70 papers published from 2000 to 2023. An online search using WoS and SCOPUS databases was done to record the related published works. A total of 186 items were recorded, and after excluding 116 duplicated and irrelevant items, 70 papers were selected and reviewed thoroughly. According to the results, communication initiation, self-disclosure, overall well-being, positive attitudes, language proficiency, communication competence, and technical skills are among the main factors that affect interactions among individuals from different cultures. Based on the results, cognition, knowing different norms and values, and accommodation in the current diversified environments are the main aims and outcomes of daily interactions among people. The current work introduces communication initiation, disclosure, cognition, and accommodation as the four main steps, and self-knowledge, positive attitudes, selfregulation, heart coherence, cultural awareness, intercultural sensitivity, openness, purposefulness, respect differences, language proficiency, technical skills, communication competence, and effectiveness as the main conditions of effective human communication in the age of the artificial intelligence in the 21st century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We propose that short-term memory (STM), when processing a sentence, uses two independent units in series. The clues for conjecturing this model emerge from studying many novels from Italian and English Literature. This simple model, referring to the surface of language, seems to describe mathematically the input-output characteristics of a complex mental process involved in reading/writing a sentence. We show that there are no significant mathematical/statistical differences between the two literary corpora by considering deep-language variables and linguistic communication channels. Therefore, the surface mathematical structure of alphabetical languages is very deeply rooted in the human mind, independently of the language used. The first processing unit is linked to the number of words between two contiguous interpunctions, variable Ip, approximately ranging in Miller's 7 ± 2 range; the second unit is linked to the number of Ip's contained in a sentence, variable MF, ranging approximately from 1 to 6. The overall capacity required to process a sentence fully ranges from 8.3 to 61.2 words, values that can be converted into time by assuming a reading speed, giving the range 2.6∼19.5 s for fast-reading and 5.3∼30.1 s for the average reader. Since a sentence conveys meaning, the surface features we have found might be a starting point to arrive at an information theory that includes meaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Use of artificial intelligence (AI) is a burgeoning field in otolaryngology and the communication sciences. A virtual symposium on the topic was convened from Duke University on October 26, 2020, and was attended by more than 170 participants worldwide. This review presents summaries of all but one of the talks presented during the symposium; recordings of all the talks, along with the discussions for the talks, are available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ktfewrXvEFg and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-gQ5qX2v3rg . Each of the summaries is about 2500 words in length and each summary includes two figures. This level of detail far exceeds the brief summaries presented in traditional reviews and thus provides a more-informed glimpse into the power and diversity of current AI applications in otolaryngology and the communication sciences and how to harness that power for future applications.

This document is an editorial published in the journal Frontiers in Human Neuroscience. It explores the neurological insights into communication and synchrony between animals and humans in group communication. The editorial highlights five articles that contribute to our understanding of human communication, including topics such as metacognition, emotional contagion, autonomic synchrony, mirror neuron systems, and the influence of non-verbal communication in animals. The articles provide valuable insights into the complexities of non-verbal behavior and its underlying mechanisms, drawing from both human and animal research. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Quran Sunnah Education & Special Needs is the property of Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

We examined how people perceive and talk about miscommunication. Participants in study one recalled a miscommunication incident, and then responded to a set of questions regarding their perceptions of the incident. These miscommunications were viewed as relatively unserious, largely the fault of the sender, humorous, confusing and frustrating. Most (76.8%) of the time both interactants were aware of the miscommunication. In a second study we harvested all tweets containing the word "miscommunication" and compared them with tweets containing the word "communication". Tweets about miscommunication were higher in negative emotionality and certain types of cognitive processing. Hence, the occurrence of miscommunication elicits levels of negative emotions and higher levels of cognition which we interpret as users attempting to make sense of the miscommunication. • All survey participants recalled an instance of digital miscommunication that occurred to them. • Most (95%) recalled miscommunications were classified as involving intentions, referents, or both. • Recalled miscommunications were viewed as relatively unserious, confusing, and frustrating. • Harvested tweets containing the word "miscommunication" displayed elevated levels of negative emotions. • Harvested "miscommunication" tweets displayed elevated levels of cognition indicating an attempt to make sense of them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The distribution of vos 'you' and uno 'one' in generic messages is studied in a corpus of female speakers of Spanish (Argentina).The question was how it is possible that the form vos , so clearly defined as the pronoun to refer to the interlocutor, could have an impersonal reading, alongside the indefinite pronoun uno , which seems much more fit to do the job. The alternation between the generic use of the forms vos and uno cannot be, in our view, the result of chance nor a merely stylistic tool, but corresponds to the communicative strategies that speakers utilize in each and every context. This paper studies the different factors that play a role in the selection of each of the pronouns. • Vos 'you' and uno 'one', used in generic messages, have different meanings, resulting in different interpretations. • Linguistic forms have single meanings, but may have different interpretations in different contexts. • The single meaning is a clue for a given interpretation. • Generic vos 'you' refers to the hearer: 'you in my place'. •Generic uno 'one' refers to the speaker: '(some)one like me'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Efforts worldwide have sought to lessen the agricultural and societal impact of the fall armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) mitigation in Kenya, Nepal, and Bangladesh by safeguarding affected regions' food crops and livelihoods while preventing the spread of FAW to nearby areas. However, efforts to communicate and gain support for FAW control methods among local populations can have limited impacts. This study qualitatively explores "design looping" as part of three Information and Communication Technology for Development (ICT4D) campaigns in Bangladesh, Nepal, and Kenya for increasing community support for FAW mitigation. Such an approach not only potentially extends the reach and scalability of FAW control methods but also contributes to meeting Sustainable Development Goals for food security and community well-being. Findings of productive advantages for "design looping" in this study include (1) increased participatory access by project stakeholders and beneficiaries, (2) flexibility, as cost-effective and potentially continuous opportunities to refine ICT4D messaging to meet project goals, and (3) bi-directional learning between project producers and message recipients for improved message deployment. Limitations and directions for future research are also discussed. Plain Language Summary: Using adaptive methods to design insect pest mitigation information Getting local people to participate in protecting food crops and livelihoods by stopping the spread of crop pests like fall armyworm (FAW) presents challenges. This study looks at how "design looping" was used in three information campaigns in Bangladesh, Nepal, and Kenya aimed at enabling more community support for fighting FAW using Information and Communication Technology for Development (ICT4D). This design method can increase the range and effectiveness of FAW control and strengthen food security and community well-being. Results of the study found that "design looping" had several benefits: (1) it allowed more people to be involved in the design process, (2) it was highly cost-effective and allowed for adjustments and adaptation of the messaging to different contexts, and (3) it fostered better learning and message sharing between the message creators and those receiving the messages. Limitations and suggestions for future research are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of RumeliDE Journal of Language & Literature Research / RumeliDE Dil ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of RumeliDE Uluslararasi Hakemli Dil & Edebiyat Arastirmalari Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Humans subtly synchronize body movement during face-to-face conversation. In this context, bodily synchrony has been linked to affiliation and social bonding, task success and comprehension, and potential conflict. Almost all studies of conversational synchrony involve dyads, and relatively less is known about the structure of synchrony in groups larger than two. We conducted an optic flow analysis of body movement in triads engaged in face-to-face conversation, and explored a common measure of synchrony: time-aligned bodily covariation. We correlated this measure of synchrony with a diverse set of covariates related to the outcome of interactions. Triads showed higher maximum cross-correlation relative to a surrogate baseline, and 'meta-synchrony', in that composite dyads in a triad tended to show correlated structure. A windowed analysis also revealed that synchrony varies widely across an interaction. As in prior studies, average synchrony was low but statistically reliable in just a few minutes of interaction. In an exploratory analysis, we investigated the potential function of body synchrony by predicting it from various covariates, such as linguistic style matching, liking, laughter and cooperative play in a behavioural economic game. Exploratory results do not reveal a clear function for synchrony, though colaughter within triads was associated with greater body synchrony, and is consistent with an earlier analysis showing a positive connection between colaughter and cooperation. We end by discussing the importance of expanding and codifying analyses of synchrony and assessing its function.

Abstract Human communication, the essence of collective social phenomena ranging from small-scale organizations to worldwide online platforms, features intense reciprocal interactions between members in order to achieve stability, cohesion, and cooperation in social networks. While high levels of reciprocity are well known in aggregated communication data, temporal patterns of reciprocal information exchange have received far less attention. Here we propose measures of reciprocity based on the time ordering of interactions and explore them in data from multiple communication channels, including calls, messaging and social media. By separating each channel into reciprocal and non-reciprocal temporal networks, we find persistent trends that point to the distinct roles of one-to-one exchange versus information broadcast. We implement several null models of communication activity, which identify memory, a higher tendency to repeat interactions with past contacts, as a key source of temporal reciprocity. When adding memory to a model of activity-driven, time-varying networks, we reproduce the levels of temporal reciprocity seen in empirical data. Our work adds to the theoretical understanding of the emergence of reciprocity in human communication systems, hinting at the mechanisms behind the formation of norms in social exchange and large-scale cooperation.

Introduction: A good relationship between physician and patient is effective in improving public health. The present study aimed to identify the factors affecting proper patient–physician communication in health centers. Methods: To this end, an exploratory qualitative study was conducted in 2019. The interviews were performed purposefully, and 18 patients referred to health centers were interviewed with maximum variation. The data were collected using semi-structured interviews and were analyzed using the approach of content analysis. Results: Data analysis revealed two main themes of human communication and health access. The theme of human communication consisted of four subthemes: physician's knowledge and experience, physician's behavior and ethics, comprehensive attention to the patient, and physician's discipline. Further, the theme of health access consisted of two subthemes: the physical condition of the center and the condition of the equipment. Conclusion: The identified components can be used to train medical students and evaluate the communication performance of doctors in health centers paying appropriate attention to these factors leading to patient satisfaction and, consequently, improving public health.

Human communication, the essence of collective social phenomena ranging from small-scale organizations to worldwide online platforms, features intense reciprocal interactions between members in order to achieve stability, cohesion, and cooperation in social networks. While high levels of reciprocity are well known in aggregated communication data, temporal patterns of reciprocal information exchange have received far less attention. Here we propose measures of reciprocity based on the time ordering of interactions and explore them in data from multiple communication channels, including calls, messaging and social media. By separating each channel into reciprocal and non-reciprocal temporal networks, we find persistent trends that point to the distinct roles of one-to-one exchange versus information broadcast. We implement several null models of communication activity, which identify memory, a higher tendency to repeat interactions with past contacts, as a key source of temporal reciprocity. When adding memory to a model of activity-driven, time-varying networks, we reproduce the levels of temporal reciprocity seen in empirical data. Our work adds to the theoretical understanding of the emergence of reciprocity in human communication systems, hinting at the mechanisms behind the formation of norms in social exchange and large-scale cooperation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: A good relationship between physician and patient is effective in improving public health. The present study aimed to identify the factors affecting proper patient–physician communication in health centers. Methods: To this end, an exploratory qualitative study was conducted in 2019. The interviews were performed purposefully, and 18 patients referred to health centers were interviewed with maximum variation. The data were collected using semi-structured interviews and were analyzed using the approach of content analysis. Results: Data analysis revealed two main themes of human communication and health access. The theme of human communication consisted of four subthemes: physician's knowledge and experience, physician's behavior and ethics, comprehensive attention to the patient, and physician's discipline. Further, the theme of health access consisted of two subthemes: the physical condition of the center and the condition of the equipment. Conclusion: The identified components can be used to train medical students and evaluate the communication performance of doctors in health centers paying appropriate attention to these factors leading to patient satisfaction and, consequently, improving public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to supplement the discussion in the field of research and modeling of the process of cognition first with data from neuropsychology and interhemispheric asymmetry, and second with reflections on species’ (spontaneous) knowledge of Homo sapiens. I. The data of neuropsychology and interhemispheric asymmetry signify two differently directed and complementary ways of processing information and regulating the functions inherent in the brain. One of these methods is analytical computer-like information processing, which is necessary for voluntary learning, the other method provides holistic-simultaneous, imaginative, unconscious, and involuntary processing. The duality of cognitive strategies is clearly manifested in the psychological analysis of syndromes in the case of brain lesions, as well as various conditions in healthy people (for example, in the case of bilingualism). II. Biological existence, which is the basis for all other layers of life, is provided by species-specific behavior and knowledge. Presumably species knowledge manifests itself as 1 — Constant involuntary assessment of the surrounding world and adequate reactions to changes in the world: from ordinary reactions (step aside, add a step, etc.) to the ability to react without hesitation in dangerous situations. 2 — The ability to understand connections between phenomena without scientific calculations. The entire history of mankind speaks of the existence of such an ability. People survived without science and created science along the way. 3 — Deep knowledge (often without the ability to logically explain) of what is natural and useful for us as representatives of the Homo Sapiens species, and of what is unnatural and harmful. There are reasons to assume that species knowledge is the basis that determines the common behavior of people of different eras and cultures in everything related to the continuation of the family and the cultivation of a new generation. Species knowledge merges together in the process of development with the knowledge gained during training.

We propose that short-term memory (STM), when processing a sentence, uses two independent units in series. The clues for conjecturing this model emerge from studying many novels from Italian and English Literature. This simple model, referring to the surface of language, seems to describe mathematically the input-output characteristics of a complex mental process involved in reading/writing a sentence. We show that there are no significant mathematical/statistical differences between the two literary corpora by considering deep-language variables and linguistic communication channels. Therefore, the surface mathematical structure of alphabetical languages is very deeply rooted in the human mind, independently of the language used. The first processing unit is linked to the number of words between two contiguous interpunctions, variable Ip, approximately ranging in Miller’s 7 ± 2 range; the second unit is linked to the number of Ip’s contained in a sentence, variable MF, ranging approximately from 1 to 6. The overall capacity required to process a sentence fully ranges from 8.3 to 61.2 words, values that can be converted into time by assuming a reading speed, giving the range 2.6∼19.5 s for fast-reading and 5.3∼30.1 s for the average reader. Since a sentence conveys meaning, the surface features we have found might be a starting point to arrive at an information theory that includes meaning.

The quiet hum of interpersonal coordination that runs through-out social communication and interaction shows how individu-als can subtly influence one another’s behaviors, thoughts, andemotions over time. While the majority of research on co-ordination studies face-to-face interaction, recent advances incrowdsourcing afford the opportunity to conduct large-scale,real-time social interaction experiments. We take advantageof these tools to explore interpersonal coordination in a “min-imally interactive context,” distilling the richness of naturalcommunication into a tightly controlled setting to explore howpeople become coupled in their perceptual and memory sys-tems while performing a task together. Consistent with previ-ous work on postural sway and gaze, we found that individualsbecome coupled to one another’s cognitive processes withoutneeding to be co-located or fully interactive with their partner;interestingly, although participants had no information abouttheir partner and no means of direct communication, we alsofound hints that social forces can shape minimally interactivecontexts, similar to effects observed in face-to-face interaction.

This study is intended to develop a stress measurement and visualization system for stress management in terms of simplicity and reliability. We present a classification and visualization method of mood states based on unsupervised machine learning (ML) algorithms. Our proposed method attempts to examine the relation between mood states and extracted categories in human communication from facial expressions, gaze distribution area and density, and rapid eye movements, defined as saccades. Using a psychological check sheet and a communication video with an interlocutor, an original benchmark dataset was obtained from 20 subjects (10 male, 10 female) in their 20s for four or eight weeks at weekly intervals. We used a Profile of Mood States Second edition (POMS2) psychological check sheet to extract total mood disturbance (TMD) and friendliness (F). These two indicators were classified into five categories using self-organizing maps (SOM) and U-Matrix. The relation between gaze and facial expressions was analyzed from the extracted five categories. Data from subjects in the positive categories were found to have a positive correlation with the concentrated distributions of gaze and saccades. Regarding facial expressions, the subjects showed a constant expression time of intentional smiles. By contrast, subjects in negative categories experienced a time difference in intentional smiles. Moreover, three comparative experiment results demonstrated that the feature addition of gaze and facial expressions to TMD and F clarified category boundaries obtained from U-Matrix. We verify that the use of SOM and its two variants is the best combination for the visualization of mood states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to understand how the elements that constitute the language have been perceived and studied throughout human history, in the light of a bibliographical study. To do so, we start from classi-cal Greek philosophy until the emergence of linguistics in the 19th and 20th centuries. The development of language, using as a starting point the use of image, represented by the cave paintings produced in prehistory, where the first humans recorded their daily lives, until the appearance of cuneiform writing and its transfor-mations, which enabled the emergence of the alphabet as we know it today. The human being, since its gene-sis, has sought ways to understand and to be understood. This made it possible for communication to reach different stages, based on different techniques, but with the common goal of perpetuating its achievements, narrating the hardships of its trajectory, and demarcating the establishment of societies and civilization.

This paper experimentally tests the contribution of twodistinct aspects of social interaction to the creation ofshared symbols: behaviour alignment and concurrentpartner feedback. Pairs of participants (N= 120, or 60pairs) completed an experimental-semiotic game,similar to Pictionary, in which they tried to communicatea range of recurring meanings to a partner by drawingon a shared whiteboard (without speaking or usingnumbers of letters in their drawings). The opportunityfor sign alignment and/or concurrent partner feedbackwas manipulated in a full factorial design. Each processmade a distinct contribution to the evolution of sharedsymbols: sign alignment directly influencedcommunication success, and concurrent partnerfeedback drove sign simplification and symbolization.These complimentary processes led to the interactiveevolution of effective and efficient humancommunication systems.