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The field of composite materials is rapidly expanding due to advancements in materials and manufacturing, driven by environmental concerns for reduced weight, increased energy efficiency, and recyclability. While thermoset composites are crucial, thermoplastics are gaining popularity for their sustainability and manufacturing advantages. They offer quicker processing, easier production, and recyclability, aligning with sustainability goals. While carbon, glass, and aramid fibers remain dominant, natural fibers like flax and hemp offer high performance and affordability with lower environmental impact. Natural-based yarns are finding applications in automotive, construction, consumer goods, and sports equipment. Hybrid yarns, blending natural and polymeric fibers, promote ecological solutions. This review outlines the benefits of natural-based hybrid yarns in thermoplastic composites, exploring production methods and current developments in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastic products are used in large quantities. However, the fact that plastics do not degrade in nature for many years causes environmental pollution. Addressing this issue, the study focuses on recycling the widespread high-density polyethylene (HDPE) plastic waste. In this study, HDPE waste was collected randomly from the environment, mirroring real-world scenarios. Then, the waste was transformed into granules. Afterward, washing and drying processes were carried out. HDPE filaments of different linear densities were successfully produced from the waste plastic granules. Tensile tests revealed that the breaking strength of the filaments from waste plastic was lower than that of virgin HDPE filaments, highlighting the challenges of recycling. Hybrid yarns were formed by twisting the filaments with cotton yarn to improve the mechanical properties of the filaments from waste plastic. Remarkably, statistical analysis demonstrated that the breaking load values of the hybrid yarns from waste plastic were statistically equivalent to those made from virgin polymer. This outcome indicated that the hybrid yarns made from waste HDPE plastic were as strong as those made from virgin HDPE polymer. In addition, both hybrid yarns exhibited a breaking load 36% higher than the reference extra-twisted cotton yarn. The hybrid yarn formation made filaments produced from waste plastic a valuable component of the high-strength hybrid yarn. Overall, this study shows that recycling HDPE plastics can lead to the production of high-strength hybrid yarns, which can contribute to reducing plastic waste pollution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elastane fibers, in particular, have gained an important share in the production of elastic yarn. This research aims to evaluate innovative methods for developing hybrid yarns (dual core) by integrating core elements in various configurations to show the influence of different core-inserting techniques on yarn characteristics. The research developed a modified pulley (W-grooved roller) to insert core elements side by side along with the existing method during the yarn manufacturing process. Ne 16/1 yarn (dual core) was manufactured using five different core inserting techniques with cotton roving, polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), and elastane (Lycra®). The characteristics of the produced yarns were analyzed using standard testing methods. Statistical analysis was performed to determine significant variations in yarn properties using one-way MANOVA and the MOORA method was employed to determine the most suitable yarn configuration. The results indicate that yarn manufactured by inserting core components side by side significantly enhances the expected characteristics of hybrid yarns. Yarns manufactured by inserting core components side by side show higher strength, elongation, and lower hairiness values. This research introduces a novel technique for producing dual-core yarns by side-by-side insertion of core elements contributing to the development of innovative hybrid yarns.

The aim of this research is to improve the impact strength of thermoplastic composites manufactured from recycled carbon fiber (rCF). For this purpose, the development of a novel multi-material, micro-scale hybridized and low-cost hybrid yarn by blending aramid fibers with rCF and polyamide 6 (PA 6) fibers through the processing route of carding, drawing and flyer spinning is reported in this paper. In addition, two other hybrid yarns were produced from rCF/PA 6 and aramid/PA 6 for comparison with the multi-material rCF/aramid/PA 6 hybrid yarn. Finally, the tensile, flexural and impact properties of composites based on the developed rCF/aramid/PA 6 multi-material hybrid yarn were compared with those of composites reinforced only with rCF and aramid fiber. The results of the Charpy impact test showed that the inclusion of 24 volume percentage aramid fiber increased the impact strength by 70% compared to the composite reinforced with rCF alone. The multi-material hybrid yarn consisting of rCF/aramid/PA 6 fibers shows good potential for designing a hybrid composite with tailored tensile, flexural and impact resistant properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To fabricate a C/C-SiC (Carbon fiber-reinforced Silicon Carbide) with favorable mechanical properties via the Liquid Silicon Infiltration process, it is crucial to focus on the first fabrication step, the creation of a CFRP (carbon fiber-reinforced plastic). Hence, the selection of a fitting polymer is essential. Besides thermosets, thermoplastics can be used as matrix material. Nevertheless, the high melt viscosity of thermoplastics leads to problems regarding the fiber bundle infiltration. This study shows for the first time that this problem can be avoided by using C/C-SiC based on a novel short fiber C f /PEEK fiber hybrid yarn. The yarn was warm pressed into a CFRP, pyrolyzed and infiltrated with C/C-SiC. The product of each processing step was characterized with a focus on the analysis of the microstructure. Additionally, for the C/C-SiC, three-point bending tests were conducted. Those results were simular compared to reference literature. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Composites based on e.g. randomly oriented nonwovens and injection moulded structures from discontinuous carbon fibre (CF), which are processed industrially exhibit low tensile strengths of 200–300 MPa and 400 MPa, respectively. In contrast, composites based on twisted hybrid yarns from discontinuous CF and thermoplastic fibre show higher tensile strengths such as 1150 MPa. Reasons are improved fibre orientation and higher fibre volume content. However, tensile strength is still lower than that of uni-directional carbon fibre reinforced composites (CFRP) based on continuous filament yarn, which is around 1560 MPa. The reason is a low fibre orientation due to yarn twisting and high fibre shortening, which occurs throughout the yarn manufacturing process. As mechanical properties of composites largely depend on fibre orientation and length, there is a high potential to achieve higher mechanical properties in CFRP by ensuring gentle processing of CF and reducing yarn twist. However, due to brittleness and smooth surface of CF, spinning of yarns with low twist (<60 T/m (twist per meter)) is challenging. In order to exhaust the potential of hybrid yarns, a semi-industrial process chain to produce hybrid yarns while ensuring gentle processing of discontinuous CF (fibre length 100 mm) and polyamide 6 fibres (fibre length 80 mm) at significantly low level of twist 20 T/m is reported in this paper. Carbon fibre reinforced composite manufactured from these hybrid yarns show high tensile strength (1453 ± 27 MPa), Young's modulus (94 ± 6 GPa), flexural strength (1090 ± 41 MPa) and flexural modulus (98 ± 5 GPa). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibacterial textiles have attracted much attention in recent years. The stability of the antibacterial effect is one of the most important properties of antibacterial textiles. Integrating antibacterial nanofibers into cotton yarn is a green and efficient method to produce antibacterial textiles. However, due to the loose yarn structure of traditional rotor spinning, the functional nanofibers are easily detached from the blended yarns, resulting in reduced antibacterial effect. Herein, we modified the rotor spinning unit by adding an extra air supply channel for tighter yarn structure. The airflow field of the modified rotor spinning unit was simulated using computational fluid dynamics to determine the best setting angle of the extra air supply channel. Then, the antibacterial blended yarn was produced by trans-scale electrospinning and followed by air-assisted rotor spinning. At the same yarn density, the mean diameter of modified rotor spinning hybrid yarn was smaller than that of conventional rotor spinning hybrid yarn, demonstrating that the structure of modified rotor spinning hybrid yarn was tighter. The overall qualities of modified rotor spinning hybrid yarn were much better than those of conventional rotor spinning hybrid yarn. The fluorescent tracer technique was carried out to show that more nanofibers can be preserved in modified rotor spinning hybrid yarn than in conventional rotor spinning hybrid yarn, especially after 10 washing cycles. The antibacterial properties of modified rotor spinning hybrid yarn-based fabric against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus can reach as high as 80.5% and 82% even after 50 times of washing, indicating the high antibacterial durability. Our new technology provides a method to prepare super stable antibacterial functional yarn, and is expected to be used to prepare other durable functional textiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technological developments in the processing of staple carbon fiber disclosed that producing hybrid yarn with improved homogeneity, uniformity, compactness and orientation can fully utilize the potential in high-performance composites. Therefore, developing hybrid yarn structures through yarn formation technology has become an emerging trend in the past few years. The present paper aims to highlight the recent development in the yarn formation technology for producing innovative yarn structures from staple carbon and thermoplastic fibers for high-performance fiber-reinforced plastics. For this purpose, pre-spinning, spinning and post-spinning operations of yarn formation technology are reviewed to technological aspects and processing of staple carbon fiber. Furthermore, recent developments in developing flyer, friction and wrap-spun hybrid yarn for high-performance composites are also presented in this paper. An attempt is carried out to develop the relationship between hybrid yarn structures and composite properties. The comparison of tensile properties of thermoplastic plastic composites shows that composite based on hybrid yarn structure possesses 300% and 700% higher tensile strength compared to nonwovens and injection molding composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fiber–metal hybrid composites are widely used in high-tech industries due to their unique combination of mechanical, toughness and ductile properties. Currently, hybrid materials made of metals and high-performance fibers have been limited to layer-by-layer hybridization (fiber–metal laminates). However, layer-by-layer hybridization lacks in fiber to fiber mixing, resulting in poor inter-laminar interfaces. The objective of this paper was to establish the fundamental knowledge and application-related technological principles for the development and fabrication of air-textured commingled yarn composed of glass (GF), stainless steel (SS) and polyamide-6 (PA-6) filaments for fiber–metal hybrid composites. For this purpose, extensive conceptual, design and technological developments were carried out to develop a novel air-texturing nozzle that can produce an innovative metallic commingled yarn. The results show that an innovative metallic commingled yarn was developed using fiber–metal hybrid composites with a composite tensile strength of 700 ± 39 MPa and an E-modulus of 55 ± 7. This shows that the developed metallic commingled yarn is a suitable candidate for producing metal–fiber hybrid composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sandwich panels are commonly used as structure, based on fiber reinforced composites, with the goal of high flexural stiffness and low mass. It is most common to separate two high performance composite facesheets with a low-density core, generally in the form of a foam or honeycomb. A recent concept has been to replace these traditional core materials with fiber reinforced truss-like structures, with the goal of further reducing mass. A system is described that can radically reduce the amount of tooling required for truss core sandwich panel manufacture. This system, which is a digital manufacturing platform for the extrusion of continuous fiber reinforced commingled glass fiber/PET tow, was developed to demonstrate the rigidization of composites both on, and off, a tool surface. Navtruss core panels were successfully manufactured using this digital manufacturing platform, without conventional tooling, and the resulting through thickness compression moduli and panel shear moduli were within 14.6% and 23% of the values baseline compression molded specimens. Thus, the results suggest that, with further development, complex truss core structures with performance approaching that of compression molded panels can be manufactured with radically reduced tooling requirements from high volume fraction, continuous fiber reinforced thermoplastic matrix composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon fibres (CF) are used in CF reinforced plastic (CFRP) components. However, waste from CF yarn trim, CFRP and the end of life (EOL) CFRP structures will cause a recycling challenge in the next decades because of strict environmental regulations. Currently, recycling is carried out almost entirely by the use of pyrolysis to regain CF as a valuable resource. This high temperature process is energy consuming, and the resulting fibres are brittle. Hence, they are not suitable for processing of textiles into yarns or new reinforcement structures. To enable grave to cradle processing, a new approach based on a solvolysis recovery of CF and subsequent yarn spinning to obtain hybrid yarns suitable for textile processing, especially by weft knitting, was the focus of the international research project IGF/CORNET 256EBR. For the first time, it was possible to process hybrid yarns made of rCF on a weft knitting machine to produce biaxial reinforced structures to form CFRP from recycled carbon fibres. Therefore, various modifications were done on the textile machinery. In this way, it was possible to process the rCF and to get out a reproducible textile structure for the production of 3D recycled CFRP (rCFRP) parts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flexible and stretchable strain sensors are an important development for measuring various movements and forces and are increasingly used in a wide range of smart textiles. For example, strain sensors can be used to measure the movements of arms, legs or individual joints. Thereby, most strain sensors are capable of detecting large movements with a high sensitivity. Very few are able to measure small movements, i.e., strains of less than 5%, with a high sensitivity, which is necessary to carry out important health measurements, such as breathing, bending, heartbeat, and vibrations. This research deals with the development of strain sensors capable of detecting strain of 1% with a high sensitivity. For this purpose, a total of six commercially available metallic yarns were coated with a carbon-containing silicone coating. The process is based on a vertical dip-coating technology with a self-printed 3D coating bath. Afterwards, the finished yarns were interlooped and stretched by 1% while electrical resistance measurements were carried out. It was shown that, although the coating reduced the overall conductivity of the yarns, it also improved their sensitivity to stress. Conclusively, highly sensitive strain sensors, designed specially for small loads, were produced by a simple coating set-up and interlooping structure of the sensory yarns, which could easily be embedded in greater textile structures for wearable electronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Textile reinforced concrete (TRC) is an innovative building material that has been used in recent years and consist of textile components with high tensile strength and concrete produced from finegrained aggregates. Textile components can be used in the form of raw yarn, coated with various polymers, and recently, in the form of hybrid yarn. There are many hybrid yarn production methods used in the textile industry, and in this study, the braiding technique, which is suitable for the material used, is emphasized. In the study, samples were produced by positioning two different textile surfaces produced from three different yarn structures with carbon roving in three different positions in the concrete. Compared to the raw filament use, it was observed that the flexural strength increased by 23% with the use of hybrid yarn, while it increased by 167% with the use of epoxy coated filament. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to determine the thermophysiological comfort behavior of fabrics based on copper wire that can be used for electro-textile applications. For this purpose, hybrid folding yarns were produced by twisting cotton/polyester yarn with copper wire. These electrically conductive hybrid yarns were then used to produce upholstery fabrics with different weave types as plain, 2/1 twill and sateen weave in three different density levels as tight, medium and loose. Thermophysiological comfort properties such as air permeability, thermal and water vapor properties of the hybrid fabrics were measured. In addition, the heat transfer properties of the fabrics were investigated with thermal camera videos, and porosity values were determined from microscope images. In this way, the main thermophysiological comfort properties of the basic electro-textile structures were revealed. According to the results obtained, it was found that the use of conductive wire in the fabric structure did not negatively affect the thermophysiological comfort properties of the fabrics, and fabric density was a determining parameter in relation to the thermophysiological comfort properties of the fabrics. The obtained results of this study may be used to improve the design of electro-textile structures taking into account the thermophysiological comfort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the development of digitally manufactured, commingled tow continuous fiber reinforced composites, consolidation force was controlled using a controlled spring force that yielded a repeatable tow width. However, the use of the extruder face to consolidate the material requires that the extruder remain perpendicular to the placement surface throughout the process. When considering more complex tool contours including sloped surfaces, more than three axes of motion are necessary to maintain the perpendicularity of the extruder tip to the surface. In this effort, a five-axis system is developed and used to demonstrate the ability to consolidate over complex contours. In addition, the nozzle face temperatures required for good consolidation and wetout result in poor tow path fidelity when complex paths are introduced. The implementation of an automated, computer-controlled localized cooling system enables both good wetout and consolidation while also enabling more accurate changes in tow path due to improvements in local tow tack. With the development of the five-axis system it is also shown that the tow width can be adjusted by rotating the existing placement nozzle to angles not equal to 90°. Thus, through a combination of controlled localized cooling and real-time control of the nozzle angle, a possible approach to control of tow width, independent of the tow placement angle and radius of curvature during tow steering, is described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Processing carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic parts includes heating to form the thermoplastic matrix. The needed heat can be applied externally or internally to the preform. One possibility to generate intrinsic heat involves the use of carbon fibers as a resistive element to induce joule heat. So far, most research efforts have been based on contacting continuous carbon fibers on both ends to melt the thermoplastic matrix of a pre-impregnated preform. The objective of this project is to use a dry hybrid yarn textile in a one-step process to impregnate and rapidly consolidate the dry textile in less than a minute. The desired molding process is based on joule heating of carbon fibers due to an applied current in the transverse fiber direction. This article focuses on the detection of the involved macroscopic parameters. The first composites produced by means of this new method exhibit a high potential with heating times of 15 s, a void fraction below 1%, and flexural properties comparable to the state of the art. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The aim of this paper is to highlight recent developments in the processing of waste carbon fibre for thermoplastic composites. Initially, injection moulding and nonwoven technologies have been used to integrate waste carbon fibres into fibre-reinforced thermoplastic composites. Recently, tape and hybrid yarn spinning technologies have been developed to produce tape and hybrid yarn structures from waste carbon fibre, which are then used to manufacture recycled carbon fibre-reinforced thermoplastics with much higher efficiency. The hybrid yarn spinning technologies enable the development of various fibrous structures with higher fibre orientation, compactness and fibre volume fraction. Therefore, thermoplastic composites manufactured from hybrid yarns possess a good potential for use in load-bearing structural applications. In this paper, a comprehensive review on novel and existing technologies employed for the processing of waste carbon fibre in addition to different quality aspects of waste carbon fibre is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports the results of investigations carried out to produce yarns consisting of staple carbon fiber (CF) obtained from process waste for the manufacturing of composites suitable especially for thermoset applications. For this purpose, a comparative analysis is done on processability between 100% staple CF and 60 weight% staple CF mixed with 40 weight% PVA fibers in carding, drawing and spinning process. The hybrid yarns are produced by varying twist level. The PVA fibers of the hybrid yarn are then dissolved using hot water treatment. The mechanical properties of yarns consisting of 100% staple CF and hybrid yarns consisting of staple CF and PVA before and after hot water treatment are investigated. Furthermore, test specimen is also prepared by impregnating 100% staple CF yarn and the hybrid yarns (after the dissolving of PVA) with epoxy resin. The results of the tensile test of the yarns in consolidated state reveals that the hybrid yarn produced with 80 T/m after hot water treatment exhibits approximately 75% of the tensile strength of virgin filament tow, and it is expected that the hybrid yarns can be applied for the manufacturing of thermoset based composites for load bearing structures.

Processing carbon fiber reinforced thermoplastic parts includes heating to form the thermoplastic matrix. The needed heat can be applied externally or internally to the preform. One possibility to generate intrinsic heat involves the use of carbon fibers as a resistive element to induce joule heat. So far, most research efforts have been based on contacting continuous carbon fibers on both ends to melt the thermoplastic matrix of a pre-impregnated preform. The objective of this project is to use a dry hybrid yarn textile in a one-step process to impregnate and rapidly consolidate the dry textile in less than a minute. The desired molding process is based on joule heating of carbon fibers due to an applied current in the transverse fiber direction. This article focuses on the detection of the involved macroscopic parameters. The first composites produced by means of this new method exhibit a high potential with heating times of 15 s, a void fraction below 1%, and flexural properties comparable to the state of the art. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Set of Friction Spun Yarn (FSY) and Thermally Bonded Roving (TBR) have been produced. • Composites with different architectures have been fabricated using FSY and TBR. • Mechanical properties of all composites increase with increasing flax content. • TBR composites show better mechanical properties than FSY composites. The main objective of this work is to study the effect of composite architecture on the mechanical properties of flax reinforced polypropylene (PP) composites. In this context, two different hybrid yarn structures using flax and polypropylene (PP) fibres have been produced; one, through the friction spinning method and the other through thermal bonding of blended roving. The friction spun yarn (FSY) has a core-sheath type of yarn structure, whereas the thermally bonded roving (TBR) has a blended flax/ PP distribution in its structure. The flax content in both yarn structures is varied at 40 wt. %, 50 wt. % and 60 wt. %, respectively. Further, these hybrid yarns are consolidated to fabricate unidirectional composite samples and the resultant composites are tested accordingly. It is observed that the tensile and flexural strengths of all composite specimens increase with increasing flax content. While the impact strength of FSY-compressed composite decreases with increasing flax content and in case of TBR-compressed composite, it increases with increasing flax content. At constant flax content, the TBR-compressed composites demonstrate better tensile, flexural and impact properties than FSY-compressed composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is considerable need for research into the application potential of adaptive fiber-reinforced plastics based on shape memory alloys, in particular with regard to industry-specific solutions. Hence, this paper presents the activation time- and voltage amplitude-dependent deformation behavior of adaptive fiber-reinforced plastics incorporating shape memory alloy. In order to attain this goal, shape memory alloy was textile-technically converted into shape memory alloy hybrid yarn using the friction spinning technology. Subsequently, the manufactured hybrid yarn was integrated into the reinforcing fabric in the warp direction using weaving technology. To increase the deformation potential of the adaptive fiber-reinforced plastic, a hinged woven fabric was developed by floating of the warp yarn. The functionalized preform was infused by the Seemann Corporation Resin Infusion Molding Process. Later, an extensive electro-mechanical characterization of the adaptive fiber-reinforced plastic by varying electrical power resulting from the varying voltage amplitude and activation time was completed. The maximum deformation of adaptive fiber-reinforced plastics was achieved at an electrical power of 95 W (50 V/1.9 A) and 60 s of thermal induced activation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The application of shape memory alloys (SMAs) for the development of adaptive fiber-reinforced plastics has been expanding steadily in recent years. In order to prevent matrix damage and optimize the actuating potential of SMAs during the process of thermally induced activation, a barrier layer between SMAs and the matrix of fiber-reinforced plastics is required. This article approaches the textile technological development of SMA hybrid yarns as a core–sheath structure using friction spinning technology, whereby the SMA serves as the core. Four types of hybrid yarns are produced by varying the number of process stages from one to three, as well as the core and sheath materials. The decoupling of the SMA from fiber-reinforced plastics is crucial for optimizing the actuating potential of SMA, thus it is tested by means of the pull-out test. Although the material loss coefficient increases by raising the number of process stages, the three-stage processing of SMA hybrid yarn with an additional glass roving is found to be the most suitable variation for decoupling SMA from the matrix of fiber-reinforced plastics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, an innovative method consisting of electrospinning and conventional textile production techniques was built up to produce hybrid yarns enabling the production of functional textile products. The principle of the developed method is to open the twist of spun yarn, make this fibre bundle conductive for use as a collector, collect the electrospun nanofibres onto the conductive opened fibre bundle and finally twist this structure to produce hybrid yarn. To determine the feasibility of the developed method, surface morphology, chemical composition, coating features and tensile properties of the hybrid yarns were compared with that of the pure yarn and nanofibre-coated yarns produced without untwisting and retwisting processes. Test results demonstrated that untwisting process in hybrid production method provided the application of nanofibres interior structure of the spun yarn while retwisting process made integration of classical textile fibres and nanofibres together and hence locking the obtained yarn structure effectively. Thanks to the integrated structure, it was successful to get the yarn have the required tensile properties for weaving, knitting and other processes. Three minutes was determined as the optimum coating time for the effective nanofibre deposition and tensile properties. Summing up the results, it was believed that the method helps to benefit from the special properties of nanofibres for the functional yarn production together with durability and higher tensile properties of the spun yarns for larger usage areas. The presented findings could encourage the researchers to commercialize the method in order to get nanofibre-coated functional yarns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the continuation of research on shielding efficiency (SE) of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) by woven fabric made of cotton (warps and wefts) and a hybrid yarn (wefts). This hybrid yarn was made of stainless steel yarn by Bekinox wrapped with an enamelled copper wire from Synflex Elektro GmbH, Germany. The pitch of copper coil on a hybrid yarn equals 3 mm. The wefts were introduced into the fabric in the following order: 1 hybrid yarn, 1 cotton yarn, 1 hybrid yarn, 1 cotton yarn, etc. The construction of this specific fabric was proven to be the most efficient in terms of the hybrid weft construction and the fabric construction to shield EMR among other previously tested fabrics with different weft configuration. The current study proposes to verify the effect of the number of layers of the fabrics and their mutual configuration on the final SE of the multilayered set. Some of the most interesting findings of this study are that increasing the number of layers placed on top of one another with an offset angle of 0° to more than two does not provide a higher SE; however, using three such layers provides an SE of 56 dB, which is over two times higher than that provided by a single layer. Increasing the number of layers of fabric aligned at an angle of 45° provides a higher SE only for a frequency of 30 MHz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development of conductive yarns for smart textile applications is the most demanding area of research these days. This study was aimed to investigate the effect of yarn constructional parameters, and relative humidity on electromechanical properties of conductive ring spun hybrid yarns. Stainless steel (SS) fibre was blended with polyester and viscose fibre separately on 12% and 24% weight basis to produce hybrid conductive yarns at three different levels of twist factor. The electromechanical properties of yarns were evaluated in response to change in blend type, blend ratio, twist factor, and relative humidity. The content of SS fibre is found to be more effective followed by the twist factor and blend type to govern the linear electrical resistance (LER) of conductive yarns. In addition, on increasing relative humidity, the LER of viscose stainless steel (VS) hybrid yarns are found to drop significantly than that of polyester stainless steel (PS) hybrid yarns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract With the increased demand and usage of carbon fibre reinforced composites (CFRP), effective methods to reuse waste carbon fibres (CF), which are recoverable either from manufacturing waste or from end-of-life components, are attracting growing attention. In this paper, the development of innovative core-sheath hybrid yarn structures consisting of staple CF and polyamide 6 (PA 6) fibres of 60 mm lengths using a DREF-3000 friction spinning machine with varying machine parameters, such as core to sheath ratio and suction air pressure, is described. Furthermore, uni-directional (UD) CFRP were manufactured based on the developed hybrid yarns, and the influence of the processing parameters on tensile properties and CF content of the composites was analysed. UD composites manufactured from the developed hybrid yarns possess approximately at least 86% of the tensile strength and Young's modulus of composites produced from virgin CF filament yarn. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, two distinguishable unidirectional composite structures have been produced using compression molding technique. Among these two, one is made through conventional film stacking (FSC) method while the other structure is made after consolidating the DREF spun hybrid yarns (DYC). In both cases, low twisted, MAgPP treated flax yarns are used as reinforcement and polypropylene (PP) is used as matrix. Effects of fibre content on both composite structures are studied at 40%, 50% and 60% flax contents respectively. It has been observed that irrespective of composite structure, the tensile and flexural properties of the composite samples increase with increasing flax content but the impact strength decreases with increasing flax content. However, at constant fibre volume fraction, the DYC composites demonstrate better properties than the FSC composites. This is mainly due to better fibre-matrix distribution and lower void content of the DYC composites than the FSC composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel homogenisation method for heterogeneous structures containing a twist symmetry by means of RVEs with twisted-periodic boundary conditions is introduced. The method considers finite deformations and is applied to hybrid-yarn reinforced elastomers in order to compute the macroscopic elastic behaviour and the failure surface. The excellent numerical efficiency and parallelisability are shown in comparison to two classical homogenisation methods.  The yarn is modelled by a modified approach of Criscione et al. (2001) in terms of an alternative set of physically based strain invariants. Its definition preserves the advantages of physically based invariants while allowing for a straight forward derivation of the stress and material tangent within the framework of the finite element method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research describes the structural and tensile properties of glass/polyester hybrid yarns produced by co-wrapped and side-by-side technologies. Based on co-wrapping technology, the hybrid yarn is composed of polyester and glass fibers as shell and core structure, respectively. In order to produce this type of yarn, a new machine was designed and manufactured to investigate the influence of linear densities (16, 50.67, and 67.11 tex) and wrapping densities (115, 180, and 230 turns/m) of polyester fibers. It was found that the linear and wrapping densities have a significant effect on the structural and tensile properties of the final hybrid yarn. In order to compare, another type of hybrid yarn was also been investigated by hybridization of glass and polyester fibers (16, 50.67, and 67.11 tex) via side-by-side method. In comparison with the side-by-side and single glass yarns, the co-wrapped yarns have higher breaking load and tenacity due to the lateral compression force of the wrapped filament. The results show a 62% increase in breaking load of co-wrapped hybrid yarns in comparison with the side-by-side and single glass yarns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, new hybridization method used to fabricate different hybrid yarn by using untreated and treated kenaf fiber and Kevlar yarn until development of hybrid fabrics. The hybrid yarn consists of various combination of kenaf and kevlar fiber with the composition ratio of 70% kenaf: 30% kevlar, 50% kenaf:50% kevlar and 30% kenaf:70% kevlar were weaved and also 100% kenaf and 100% kevlar yarns were weaved as the control data to compared with hybrid fabric. The woven of Kenaf-Kevlar composition were carried out by the weaving of hybrid yarn in weft and warp direction. Tensile properties of kenaf fiber, kevlar fiber, hybrid yarn and hybrid fabric were measured by using Universal Testing Machine. Morphology of all fibers-treated and untreated kenaf and kevlar were analyzed by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The obtained result showed that 30%Kenaf:70%Kevlar hybrid yarn and fabric has the highest strength (48.511 cN/Tex) and modulus (1815.570 cN/Tex) among the hybrid but its value 70% lower than 100% Kevlar fabric. Both treated Kenaf and Kevlar fibers showed fine surface and light weighted as compared with untreated fibers. The preliminary research results have shown that development of hybrid materials from natural fibers has the potential to be utilized for high performance composite applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports the results of investigations carried out to produce yarns consisting of staple carbon fiber (CF) obtained from process waste for the manufacturing of composites suitable especially for thermoset applications. For this purpose, a comparative analysis is done on processability between 100% staple CF and 60 weight% staple CF mixed with 40 weight% PVA fibers in carding, drawing and spinning process. The hybrid yarns are produced by varying twist level. The PVA fibers of the hybrid yarn are then dissolved using hot water treatment. The mechanical properties of yarns consisting of 100% staple CF and hybrid yarns consisting of staple CF and PVA before and after hot water treatment are investigated. Furthermore, test specimen is also prepared by impregnating 100% staple CF yarn and the hybrid yarns (after the dissolving of PVA) with epoxy resin. The results of the tensile test of the yarns in consolidated state reveals that the hybrid yarn produced with 80 T/m after hot water treatment exhibits approximately 75% of the tensile strength of virgin filament tow, and it is expected that the hybrid yarns can be applied for the manufacturing of thermoset based composites for load bearing structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports the successful manufacturing of hybrid yarns from virgin staple CF (40 or 60 mm) or recycled staple CF (rCF) by mixing with polyamide 6 (PA 6) fibers of defined length. The hybrid yarns are produced using an optimized process route of carding, drawing, and flyer machine. Furthermore, the influence of CF length, CF type (i.e. virgin or rCF), CF volume content, and twist of the yarn are also investigated regarding the tensile properties of unidirectionally laid (UD) thermoplastic composites. The results show that CF length, yarn twist, and CF content of composites play a big role on the tensile properties of thermoplastic composites. From the comparison of tensile strength of UD composites produced from 40 and 60 mm virgin staple CF, it can be seen that the increase of yarn twist decreases the tensile strength. However, the effect of twist on the tensile properties of UD composites manufactured from 40 mm virgin staple CF is insignificant. The tensile strength of UD thermoplastic composites manufactured from the hybrid yarn with 40 and 60 mm virgin staple CF and rCF is found to be 771 ± 100, 838 ± 81, and 801 ± 53.4 MPa, respectively, in the case of 87 T/m containing 50 volume% CF. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A paper yarn is recently spotlighted as a new textile material due to its inherent excellent properties such as antibiotic, deodorant, moisture retaining, and absorbency-quick drying properties. However, its poor flexibility and low elongation cause some disadvantages of cut-off and difficulty in tension control in the knitting process. To prevent those disadvantages of the paper yarn, in this study, a production method of hybrid yarn with other synthetic filament yarn was conducted. Four types of the hybrid yarn with paper yarn and polyester and nylon filament yarns were prepared. The maximum breaking stresses of the hybrid yarns were shown at twist number of 600 tpm and 700 tpm of paper/polyester and paper/nylon yarn, respectively. Also there were relatively different morphologies of the hybrid yarns with twist numbers. These facts originated in a stable integration of each single yarn constituting the hybrid yarn. Due to the reinforcing effect of the filament yarn, the hybrid yarn showed an increment in the maximum stress and strain, but a decrease in initial modulus compared to single paper yarn. In addition, irregularity and defective of the hybrid yarn were evaluated with the surface structure of the yarns. The hybrid yarn having maximum breaking stress showed good knitting ability and excellent surface appearance of its knitted fabrics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novel antibacterial nanofiber/cotton hybrid yarns was fabricated by an efficient combination of a stepped pyramid stage free surface electrospinning and traditional cotton spinning process. In this study, nanofibers loading as well as the morphology variation of the nanofibers resulted from polymer solution concentration and applied voltage changes were investigated. The results demonstrated that the higher solution concentration led to larger nanofiber diameter, and higher applied voltage increased the loading of nanofibers in the hybrid yarns. Moreover, it was found that resultant nanofiber/cotton hybrid yarns which was contained a small amount of Triclosan, possessed excellent antibacterial activity against both Grampositive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Escherichia coli bacteria. This novel method is promising for the large scale production of antibacterial nanofiber/cotton hybrid yarns for biomedical and antibacterial textiles applications [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Woven Kenaf/Kevlar Hybrid Yarn is the combination of natural and synthetic fibers in the form of thread or yarn. The yarn is weaved to form a fabric type of fiber reinforced material. Then, the fabric is fabricated with epoxy as the resin to form a hybrid composite. For composite fabrication, woven fabric Kenaf/Kevlar hybrid yarn composite was prepared with vacuum bagging hand lay-up method. Woven fabric Kenaf/Kevlar hybrid yarn composite was fabricated with total fiber content of 40 % and 60 % of Epoxy as the matrix. The fiber ratios of Kenaf/Kevlar hybrid yarn were varied in weight fraction of 30/70, 50/50 and 70/30 respectively. The composites of woven fabric Kenaf/Epoxy and woven fabric Kevlar/Epoxy were also fabricated for comparison. The mechanical properties of five (5) samples composites were tested accordingly. Result has shown that of value of strength and modulus woven fabric Kenaf/Kevlar Hybrid Yarn composite was increased when the Kevlar fiber content increased. Therefore, among the hybrid composite samples result showed the woven fabric Kenaf/Kevlar Hybrid Yarn composites with the composition of 30/70 ratio has exhibited the highest energy absorption with 148.8 J which 28 % lower than Kevlar 100 % sample. The finding indicated there is a potential combination of natural fiber with synthetic fiber that can be fabricated as the composite material for the application of high performance product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]