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A new novel tetrahalo-metallate was prepared by reaction of nicotinic acid with alkyl halide (1-bromododecane) to producing quaternary ammonium salt of nicotinic acid that acts as cationic surfactant then obtained on tetrahalo-metallate by adding metal chloride (copper chloride and cobalt chloride) and hydrazine sulfate enhances the activity of cationic surfactants to form the tetrahalo-metallate cationic surfactant. The effect of adding of polyurethane nonionic surfactants (PUNS) on the prepared compounds was studied for improvement of the biological activity and surface properties. The chemical structure for the synthesized compounds was characterized by using micro-elemental analysis, FTIR, 1H NMR, GPC and UV spectroscopy. The surface properties studied, contact angle and evaluation of these synthesized compounds as biocidal agents against some Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria, yeast, fungi and SRB (surface properties).

The aim. Study the degree of absorption, assimilation, and excretion of calcium in rats with chronic toxic hepatitis. Materials and methods. The studies were carried out on 1 month old Wistar rats. Toxic hepatitis in the experimental group was reproduced by intraperitoneal injection of hydrazine sulfate at a dose of 50 mg / kg twice a week. Studies of the absorption of substances in rats were carried out under thiopental anesthesia according to the Tyri method after 3 months of pathology modelling. In the intestinal contents, the amount of unabsorbed calcium and amino acids was determined. To determine the amount of assimilated and excreted calcium metabolic chambers were used for daily collection of urine, faeces and food residues, in which the calcium content was determined (average for three days per animal). After removing the rats from the experiment, the level of calcium in the blood serum was determined, in the bone tissue – the degree of its resorption by the activity of acid phosphatase and the content of calcium. Results and discussion. Toxic hepatitis reduced calcium absorption by 34.5 % in the small intestine of rats and did not have a significant effect on amino acids, the inhibition of absorption of which in hepatitis was only 5.5 %. The excretion of calcium in the urine of rats with toxic hepatitis was reduced by 1.8 times, and with faeces, on the contrary, increased by 1.5 times. As a result, calcium absorption in rats with hepatitis decreased by 24.2 %. Decreased absorption of calcium, and its increased excretion in the faeces, led to a decrease in the level of this element in the blood of animals with hepatitis by 14.7 %. Our studies found bone destruction in rats with hepatitis: an increase in bone acid phosphatase activity by 65.3 % and a decrease in calcium levels by 15.5 %. Conclusion. The triggering mechanism for the development of hepatic osteodystrophy is the inhibition of calcium absorption in the small intestine of rats with hepatitis, consequently - a decrease in its absorption and level in the blood, which ultimately leads to the activation of bone resorption. The established patterns will form the basis of the pathogenetic scheme for the prevention of hepatic osteodystrophy, Мета. Вивчення ступеня всмоктування, засвоєння та виведення кальцію у щурів із хронічним токсичним гепатитом. Матеріали та методи. Дослідження проводили на щурах лінії Вістар віком 1 місяць. Токсичний гепатит в дослідній групі відтворювався внутрішньочеревним введенням гідразин сульфату в дозі 50 мг/кг двічі на тиждень. Дослідження всмоктування речовин у щурів проводили під тіопенталовим наркозом за методом Тірі через 3 місяці моделювання патології. У кишковому вмісті визначали кількість невсмоктаного кальцію та амінокислот. Для визначення кількості засвоєного та виведеного кальцію у тварин з гепатитом використовували метаболічні камери для щоденного збору сечі, калу та залишків їжі, в яких визначали вміст кальцію (у середньому за три доби на одну тварину). Після вилучення щурів з досліду визначали рівень кальцію в сироватці крові, в кістковій тканині – ступінь її резорбції за активністю кислої фосфатази та вмісту кальцію. Результати і обговорення. Токсичний гепатит знижував всмоктування кальцію на 34,5 % у тонкому кишечнику щурів і не мав суттєвого впливу на амінокислоти, пригнічення всмоктування яких при гепатиті становило лише 5,5 %. Екскреція кальцію з сечею щурів при токсичному гепатиті зменшилася в 1,8 рази, а з калом, навпаки, зросла в 1,5 рази. В результаті засвоєння кальцію у щурів з гепатитом зменшилося на 24,2 %. Зниження всмоктування кальцію, а також посилене виведення його з калом призвели до зниження рівня цього елемента в крові тварин з гепатитом на 14,7 %. Наші дослідження встановили руйнування кісткової тканини у щурів при гепатиті: підвищення активності кісткової кислої фосфатази на 65,3 % і зниження рівня кальцію на 15,5 %. Висновок. Пусковим механізмом розвитку остеодистрофії печінки є пригнічення всмоктування кальцію в тонкій кишці щурів, хворих на гепатит, як наслідок – зниження його всмоктування та рівня в крові, що в кінцевому підсумку призводить до активації резорбції кісткової тканини. Встановлені закономірності ляжуть в основу патогенетичної схеми профілактики остеодистрофії печінки

The aim.Study the degree of absorption, assimilation, and excretion of calcium in rats with chronic toxic hepatitis. Materials and methods.The studies were carried out on 1 month old Wistar rats. Toxic hepatitis in the experimental group was reproduced by intraperitoneal injection of hydrazine sulfate at a dose of 50 mg / kg twice a week. Studies of the absorption of substances in rats were carried out under thiopental anesthesia according to the Tyri method after 3 months of pathology modelling. In the intestinal contents, the amount of unabsorbed calcium and amino acids was determined. To determine the amount of assimilated and excreted calcium metabolic chambers were used for daily collection of urine, faeces and food residues, in which the calcium content was determined (average for three days per animal). After removing the rats from the experiment, the level of calcium in the blood serum was determined, in the bone tissue – the degree of its resorption by the activity of acid phosphatase and the content of calcium. Results and discussion. Toxic hepatitis reduced calcium absorption by 34.5 % in the small intestine of rats and did not have a significant effect on amino acids, the inhibition of absorption of which in hepatitis was only 5.5 %. The excretion of calcium in the urine of rats with toxic hepatitis was reduced by 1.8 times, and with faeces, on the contrary, increased by 1.5 times. As a result, calcium absorption in rats with hepatitis decreased by 24.2 %. Decreased absorption of calcium, and its increased excretion in the faeces, led to a decrease in the level of this element in the blood of animals with hepatitis by 14.7 %. Our studies found bone destruction in rats with hepatitis: an increase in bone acid phosphatase activity by 65.3 % and a decrease in calcium levels by 15.5 %. Conclusion. The triggering mechanism for the development of hepatic osteodystrophy is the inhibition of calcium absorption in the small intestine of rats with hepatitis, consequently - a decrease in its absorption and level in the blood, which ultimately leads to the activation of bone resorption. The established patterns will form the basis of the pathogenetic scheme for the prevention of hepatic osteodystrophy

The use of hydrogen peroxide and hydrazine sulfate for the treatment of chrome-containing rinsing waters of galvanic production of machine-building enterprises is proposed. The process of reducing chromium (6+) to (3+) from rinsing waters with a concentration of 8.55 mg/dm3was studied. These reagents allow reducing more than 99% of chromium (6+) to chromium (3+) and maintaining a low salt content of treated wastewater. The consumption of hydrogen peroxide is 1.5 mg/dm3, and the consumption of hydrazine sulfate is 10 mg/dm3. The current situation in the treatment of galvanic wastewater leads to pollution of the environment with dangerous substances (CN-, Cr6+, F-, Cd2+), irrational use of raw materials and significant economic losses. The possibility of extracting valuable components from wastewater, in order to recycle them and return the treated water to production, is considered. Hydrogen peroxide is effective for treating acidic wastewater, and hydrazine sulfate can be used for both acidic and alkaline wastewater. Removal of excess hydrogen peroxide from the solution after reduction of chromium (6+) before precipitation of chromium (3+) hydroxide is required. The toxicity of hydrazine compounds must be taken into account.

Hydrazine sulfate was used as a reducing agent for the leaching of Li, Ni, Co and Mn from spent lithium-ion batteries. The effects of the reaction conditions on the leaching mechanism and kinetics were characterized and examined. 97% of the available Li, 96% of the available Ni, 95% of the available Co, and 86% of the available Mn are extracted under the following optimized conditions: sulfuric acid concentration of 2.0 mol/L, hydrazine sulfate dosage of 30 g/L, solid-to-liquid ratio of 50 g/L, temperature of 80 °C, and leaching time of 60 min. The activation energies of the leaching are determined to be 44.32, 59.37 and 55.62 kJ/mol for Li, Ni and Co, respectively. By performing X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy in conjunction with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, it is confirmed that the main phase in the leaching residue is MnO2. The results show that hydrazine sulfate is an effective reducing agent in the acid leaching process for spent lithium-ion batteries.

Objective: To study the effect of betulin derivatives combination with 5-fluorouracil or hydrazine sulfate on the ROS generation, the SOD and LDH activity using rat blood, as well as the effect of combination drugs on Ehrlich carcinoma in experiments on mice. Methods: We used a chemiluminescence technique to study the ROS generation, and spectrophotometry to determine the MDA level and the SOD and LDH activity. The model of transplanted Ehrlich ascites carcinoma was investigated on mice using a cytological analysis of ascitic fluid cells according to Pappenheim`s method. Results: In vitro experiments on rat blood at the doses of 2, 5 and 10 μg per ml revealed the dose-dependent effect of combination drugs on the antioxidant properties. In plasma, the ROS generation and the MDA level increased by 10-300% in comparison with control at the doses of 5 and 10 μg per ml only. Still, the SOD and LDH activity in general increased by 10-130% in comparison with control under the action of the studied combination drugs. The study on mice showed the effectiveness of a combination of triterpenoids and cytostatics in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma therapy. The state and behavior of the animals improved, the volume of ascites fluid decreased by 40-50% after treatment for 10 d. Conclusion: The combination of betulin derivatives with cytostatics can be used as antitumor drugs in Ehrlich ascites carcinoma therapy that is due to metabolic plasticity, increased ROS generation in enhanced antioxidant enzyme protection.

Sulfonated copolymers of 1,3,4-oxadiazole, diphenyl oxide, and 10,10-dioxophenoxathiine are obtained for use as polymer superabsorbents. The one-pot synthesis of the copolymers is carried out in an oleum medium, with the starting reagents being 4,4'-oxydibenzoic acid and hydrazine sulfate. As a result, the copolymers are obtained with the same proportion of the oxadiazole fragment in the chain but different ratio of fragments containing sulfonic acid groups: diphenyl oxide fragments with two sulfonic acid groups and dioxophenoxathiine fragments with one sulfonic acid group and one sulfonyl group. The copolymers are capable of a 100-fold swelling in an aqueous medium and dissolving to a limited extent upon the addition of polar aprotic cosolvents or with an increase in pH. The ratio of sulfonic acid and sulfonyl groups in the composition of the copolymer influences its swelling in water and the viscoelasticity of hydrogels that are in the mesophase state in case of a high content of the copolymer.

Introduction. Hepatitis of various etiologies is a global problem, which is caused by their high socio-economic significance and widespread prevalence among people of working age. One of the actual problems is the search for effective combinations of substances that have antioxidant and hepatoprotective properties. The most common antioxidants used to correct hepatitis include α-lipoic acid, quercetin and vitamins A, E, C. Aim. The aim of the work was to study the effectiveness of using the antioxidant complexes «Triovit» + quercetin and «Triovit» + quercetin + α-lipoic acid under the conditions of acute hepatitis. Methods. Acute hepatitis was caused by single intraperitoneal injection of hydrazine sulfate (100 mg/kg). Antioxidants were injected immediately after the injection of hydrazine sulfate in the following concentrations: "Triovit" - 50 mg / kg; quercetin - 20 mg / kg; α-lipoic acid - 100 mg / kg. The experiment lasted 24 hours. The intensity of free radical processes was determined by the concentration of diene conjugates. The state of hepatocytes was determined by the activity of ALT, AST and bilirubin concentration in serum. Synthetic function of the liver was determined by concentration of cholesterol in serum. Results. The results of the conducted research prove that using the antioxidant complex which contains quercetin and “Triovit” normalizes indexes of free radical processes in liver, promotes recovering aminotransferase and cholesterol indexes, but does not reduce the bilirubin concentration in serum. Using the antioxidant complex which contains “Triovit” + quercetin + α-lipoic acid caused activation of lipid peroxidation processes, decrease in the activity of aminotransferases and cholesterol level. Conclusion. Using the complex of antioxidants "Triovit" + quercetin is more effective in correction of acute hepatitis in comparison with "Triovit" + quercetin + α-lipoic acid.

Formation of 1.5 m3of wastewater per 1 ton of carbamide in the form of flash steam condensate accompanies carbamide production. It is necessary to purify flash steam condensate from nitrogen compounds by two-stage desorption and hydrolysis. Disposal of residual N-containing compounds occurs at biological wastewater treatment plants under industrial conditions. Such a multistep purifying method leads to reduction of up to 72–77 % of N-containing compounds, but it requires high electrical and thermal energy costs. The method is the most modern and the most promising one, it is implemented at carbamide synthesis plants everywhere. The study proposes a new method for the disposal of N-containing compounds in flash steam condensate produced by carbamide production by processing ammonia, carbamide and biuret to hydrazine sulfate. The study on the synthesis of hydrazine sulfate in wastewater from the production of carbamide defined mechanisms occurring during synthesis of raw hydrazine in an electromagnetic reactor. The study proved that the proposed method of disposal is economically viable, environmentally friendly and energy efficient. It reduces a load on biological wastewater treatment plants, reduces the cost of electrical and thermal energy. The method gives a possibility to process N-containing compounds of flash steam condensate into an expensive product ‒ hydrazine sulfate. Experimental studies confirmed that electromagnetic radiation has a positive effect on the synthesis of raw hydrazine. This leads to an increase in efficiency of the hydrazine synthesis reactor by 88 %. We analyzed three of the most probable chemistries of the process of raw hydrazine synthesis reactions using the non-imperial method of quantum chemistry. The study showed that the initial yield of the finished product is 5.3 kg per 1 m3of nitrogen-containing raw materials during disposal of flash steam condensate at a model plant by processing into hydrazine sulfate taking into account an optimization parameter. There is an increase in the yield of the final product to 6 kg per 1 m3at repeated multiple use of the filtrate as a source of sulfuric acid. We performed a projection of the results of the model installation at industrial scale taking into account an operation of the carbamide synthesis device, with a capacity of 330,000 tons/year. Thus, we identified that the maximum estimated production capacity of the hydrazine sulfate synthesis unit is 132–150 kg/day. We calculated the profitability of the device for the synthesis of hydrazine sulfate considering the obtained data on the estimated capacity of the device. We established that the net profit is at least 12 % according to the proposed scheme in the production of hydrazine sulfate

A so far structurally unknown polymorph (form II) of dihydrogenhydrazinium (hydrazine) sulfate(IV) was isolated as macroscopic single crystals and its structure was determined and refined as twin from single-crystal X-ray data collected at 173 K [cell parameters: a = 5.5592(11) A, b = 7.3571(15) A, c = 10.270(2) A, β = 96.75(3)°, V = 416.21(15) A3, space group P21/c]. The structure shows some similarities to the structure of the known form I: Both form II and I share zigzag shaped strands of [SO4]2– ions running along the a axes. Within both forms the strands are separated by trans type (staggered) [N2H6]2+ ions. The spatial orientation is, however, different in both forms. Consequently, distinct hydrogen bond networks are formed. The new form II was proven to be metastable and converts into form I within one day as monitored with powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD).

In this paper, an account for determination of chlorinated byproducts by High Performance Liquid Chromatography in various tap water samples is presented. The key objective of this study was to develop an analytical method for selectively and sensitively detecting the concentration of CBPs in addition to analyze selected parameters affecting CBP formation. Concentration of targeted compounds i.e. hydrazine sulfate, Dichloroacetic acid, Bromodichloromethane and chloroform were analyzed in tap water samples collected from a low socioeconomic area in a developing country. Hydrazine sulfate, Dichloroacetic acid and chloroform were detected in four water samples i.e. T4, T7, T9 and T10 while no samples contained Bromodichloromethane. Presence of these compounds in water is associated with cancer mortality and adverse reproductive outcomes.

Formation of 1.5 m3 of wastewater per 1 ton of carbamide in the form of flash steam condensate accompanies carbamide production. It is necessary to purify flash steam condensate from nitrogen compounds by two-stage desorption and hydrolysis. Disposal of residual N-containing compounds occurs at biological wastewater treatment plants under industrial conditions. Such a multistep purifying method leads to reduction of up to 72–77 % of N-containing compounds, but it requires high electrical and thermal energy costs. The method is the most modern and the most promising one, it is implemented at carbamide synthesis plants everywhere.The study proposes a new method for the disposal of N-containing compounds in flash steam condensate produced by carbamide production by processing ammonia, carbamide and biuret to hydrazine sulfate. The study on the synthesis of hydrazine sulfate in wastewater from the production of carbamide defined mechanisms occurring during synthesis of raw hydrazine in an electromagnetic reactor. The study proved that the proposed method of disposal is economically viable, environmentally friendly and energy efficient. It reduces a load on biological wastewater treatment plants, reduces the cost of electrical and thermal energy.The method gives a possibility to process N-containing compounds of flash steam condensate into an expensive product ‒ hydrazine sulfate. Experimental studies confirmed that electromagnetic radiation has a positive effect on the synthesis of raw hydrazine. This leads to an increase in efficiency of the hydrazine synthesis reactor by 88 %. We analyzed three of the most probable chemistries of the process of raw hydrazine synthesis reactions using the non-imperial method of quantum chemistry. The study showed that the initial yield of the finished product is 5.3 kg per 1 m3 of nitrogen-containing raw materials during disposal of flash steam condensate at a model plant by processing into hydrazine sulfate taking into account an optimization parameter. There is an increase in the yield of the final product to 6 kg per 1 m3 at repeated multiple use of the filtrate as a source of sulfuric acid. We performed a projection of the results of the model installation at industrial scale taking into account an operation of the carbamide synthesis device, with a capacity of 330,000 tons/year. Thus, we identified that the maximum estimated production capacity of the hydrazine sulfate synthesis unit is 132–150 kg/day. We calculated the profitability of the device for the synthesis of hydrazine sulfate considering the obtained data on the estimated capacity of the device. We established that the net profit is at least 12 % according to the proposed scheme in the production of hydrazine sulfate, Виробництво карбаміду супроводжується утворенням 1,5 м3 стічних вод на одну тону карбаміда у вигляді конденсату сокової пари. Для очищення від сполук Нітрогену, що містяться в конденсаті сокової пари, стоки піддають двоступеневої десорбції і гідролізу. Утилізація залишкових N-вмісних сполук в промислових умовах здійснюється на біологічних очисних спорудах. Незважаючи на те, що такий багатоступеневий спосіб очищення призводить до 72–77 %-го зниження сполук N, даний спосіб потребує високих витрат електричної та теплової енергії. Гідроліз та десорбція конденсату сокової пари оцінюється, як сучасний та найбільш перспективний спосіб утилізації стоків, який впроваджений на всіх установках синтезу карбаміду.У роботі запропоновано новий метод утилізації N-вмісних сполук в конденсаті сокової пари виробництва карбаміду шляхом переробки аміаку, карбаміду та біурета в гідразин сульфат. Проведенними дослідженнями процесу синтезу гідразин сульфату з стоків виробництва карбаміду встановлені механізми, що протікають в процесі синтезу гідразин-сирцю в електромагнітному реакторі. Доведено, що запропонований спосіб утилізації є економічно рентабельним, екологічно безпечним та енергоефективним. Він зменшує навантаження на біологічні очисні споруди, знижує витрати електричної та теплової енергії. Завдяки цьому методу стає можливим переробка N-вмісних сполук конденсату сокової пари в дорогий продукт - гідразин сульфат. Експериментальними дослідженнями підтверджено, що електромагнітне випромінювання позитивно впливає на процес синтезу гідразину-сирцю. Це призводить до підвищення коефіцієнта корисної дії реактора синтезу гідразин-сирцю на 88 %. Проаналізовано три найбільш ймовірні хімізму проходження реакцій синтезу гідразин-сирцю з використанням неімпірічного методу квантової хімії. Показано, що при утилізації конденсату сокової пари в модельній установці шляхом переробки в гідразин сульфат, з урахуванням параметрів оптимізації, початковий вихід готового продукту становить 5,3 кг з 1 м3 N-вмісної сировини. При циркуляції (багаторазовому використанні) фільтрату як джерела сірчаної кислоти встановлено збільшення виходу кінцевого продукту до 6 кг з 1 м3 N-вмісної сировини. Проведена проекція результатів роботи модельної установки на промислові масштаби з урахуванням роботи агрегату синтезу карбаміду, продуктивністю 330000 т/рік. В результаті чого встановлено максимальну розрахункову виробничу потужність агрегату синтезу гідразин сульфату на рівні 132–150 кг/добу. З огляду на отримані дані розрахункової потужності роботи агрегату, розрахована рентабельність роботи агрегату синтезу гідразин сульфату. Встановлено: чистий прибуток при виробництві гідразин сульфату за запропонованою схемою становить не менше 12 %, Производство карбамида сопровождается образованием 1,5 м3 сточных вод на одну тону карбамида в виде конденсата сокового пара. Для очистки от соединений Нитрогена конденсата сокового пара стоки подвергают двухступенчатой десорбции и гидролизу. Утилизация остаточных N-содержащих соединений в промышленных условиях осуществляется на биологических очистных сооружениях. Несмотря на то, что такой многоступенчатый способ очистки приводит к 72–77 %-ному снижению N-содержащих соединений, он требует высоких затрат электрической и тепловой энергии. Данный метод оценивается, как современный и наиболее перспективный, он внедрен на установках синтеза карбамида повсеместно.В работе предложен новый метод утилизации N-содержащих соединений в конденсате сокового пара производства карбамида путем переработки аммиака, карбамида и биурета в гидразин сульфат. Проведенными исследованиями процесса синтеза гидразин сульфата в стоках производства карбамида установлены механизмы, протекающие в процессе синтеза гидразин-сырца в электромагнитном реакторе. Доказано, что предложенный способ утилизации является экономически рентабельным, экологически безопасным и энергоэффективным. Он уменьшает нагрузку на биологические очистные сооружения, снижает затраты электрической и тепловой энергии. Благодаря этому методу становится возможным переработка N-содержащих соединений конденсата сокового пара в дорогостоящий продукт - гидразин сульфат. Экспериментальными исследованиями подтверждено, что электромагнитное излучение позитивно влияет на процесс синтеза гидразина-сырца. Это приводит к повышению коэффициента полезного действия реактора синтеза гидразин-сырця на 88 %. Проанализированы три наиболее вероятные химизмы прохождения реакций синтеза гидразин-сырца с использованием неимпиричного метода квантовой химии. Показано, что при утилизации конденсата сокового пара в модельной установке путем переработки в гидразин сульфат, с учетом параметров оптимизации, начальный выход готового продукта составляет 5,3 кг с 1 м3 азотсодержащих сырья. При повторном многократном использовании фильтрата как источника серной кислоты установлено увеличение выхода конечного продукта до 6 кг с 1 м3. Проведена проекция результатов работы модельной установки на промышленные масштабы с учетом работы агрегата синтеза карбамида, производительностью 330000 т/год. В результате чего установлена максимальная расчетная производственная мощность агрегата синтеза гидразин сульфата на уровне 132–150 кг/сутки. Учитывая полученные данные расчетной мощности работы агрегата, рассчитана рентабельность работы агрегата синтеза гидразин сульфата. Установлено: чистая прибыль при производстве гидразин сульфата по предложенной схеме составляет не менее 12 %

Робота виконана на кафедрі хімічних технологій та водоочищення Черкаського державного технологічного університету Міністерства освіти та науки України та в публічному акціонерному товаристві «АЗОТ» (м. Черкаси). Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата технічних наук за спеціальністю 05.17.01 – технологія неорганічних речовин. – Національний технічний університет України «Київський політехнічний інститут України імені Ігоря Сікорського» МОН України, Київ, 2019. У дисертаційному дослідженні розв’язано актуальну науково-практичну задачу розробки рекупераційної технології утилізації стоків шляхом конверсії N-вмісних сполук конденсату сокової пари виробництва карбаміду, які містять низькоконцентровані водні розчини амідного та амонійного N та СО2, в гідразин сульфат. Проаналізовано сучасні тенденції в технологіях очищення N-вмісних стоків і технологіях синтезу гідразину та гідразин сульфату. Розроблено методом конверсії зв’язаного N у напівпродукт – N2Н4 з подальшим його вилученням у вигляді малорозчинної солі – N2H4·H2SO4, який висвітлює концептуально нові підходи до вичерпних джерел енергії. Проведено дослідження процесу синтезу N2H4·H2SO4 з використанням альтернативних процесів теплопередачі (мікрохвильового опромінення) та встановлено механізми, що проходять в процесі синтезу N2H4 в електромагнітному реакторі. Визначено максимальний ступінь перетворення гіпохлориту натрію в гідразин, що становить 28 %. Доведено, що запропонований спосіб утилізації є економічно рентабельним, екологічно безпечним та енергоефективним (прибуток від реалізації N2H4·H2SO4 залежно від кон’юнктури ринку становить 12÷56 %; впровадження технології утилізації КСП зменшить собівартість карбаміду на 2,37 %, що в грошовому еквіваленті становить близько 1,6 млрд. $/рік). The thesis for the degree of Candidate of Technical Sciences in the specialty 05.17.01 – Technology of inorganic substances. – National Technical University of Ukraine "Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute of Ukraine", Kyiv, 2019. In during dehydration of the synthesis-solution of carbamide. Flash steam the dissertation research the actual scientific and practical task of working out of the recovery technology of waste utilization by the conversion of N-containing compounds of condensate of flash steam of carbamide production into hydrazine sulphate is solved. The 26 major part of wastewaters from carbamide production appears in the node of flash steam condensation condensates contain aqueous solutions of ammonium and N amide with a mass concentration of ammonia up to 5 % and carbamide up to 3%, as well as dissolved carbon dioxide, in their composition. The solution to this problem has a positive technological and environmental aspect, and also covers conceptually new approaches to energy sources that tend to end. The current trends in N-containing wastewater treatment technologies are analyzed. Water purification from compounds of Nitrogen (N), such as chlorination, ozonation, ultraviolet irradiation treatment, purification using ion exchange materials, electrolysis, ammonia airflow, requires a use of expensive reagents and special equipment, it is rather energy-intensive. These methods are ineffective in the case of purification of contaminated water from compounds, which contain amide and nitrate N. Formation of 1.5 m3 of wastewater per 1 ton of carbamide in the form of flash steam condensate accompanies carbamide production. The major part of wastewater with the mass concentration of carbamide of not more than 300 mg/dm3 and the mass concentration of ammonia of not more than 100 mg/dm3 is goes to purification after hydrolysis and desorption at biological treatment plants. It is necessary to purify flash steam condensate from nitrogen compounds by two-stage desorption and hydrolysis. Disposal of residual N-containing compounds occurs at biological wastewater treatment plants under industrial conditions. The efficiency of purification of wastewater, which contains bounded N, is about 77 % on average at plants for nitric-denitrification. Such a multistep purifying method leads to reduction of up to 72÷77 % of Ncontaining compounds, but it requires high electrical and thermal energy costs. The method is the most modern and the most promising one, it is implemented at carbamide synthesis plants everywhere. The current trends in the technology of the synthesis of hydrazine and hydrazine sulfate are analyzed. A recovery technology has been developed for the disposal of effluents containing compounds of amide and ammonium Nitrogen, by the method of converting bound N into intermediate product − N2H4 and its subsequent removal as a low-soluble salt − N2H4·H2SO4. The study proposes a new method for the disposal of N-containing compounds in flash steam condensate of carbamide production by processing ammonia, carbamide and biuret to hydrazine sulfate. The study on the synthesis of hydrazine sulfate in wastewater of carbamide production has defined mechanisms occurring during the synthesis of raw hydrazine in electromagnetic reactor. The study has proved that the proposed method of disposal is economically viable, environmentally friendly and energy efficient. It reduces a load on biological wastewater treatment plants, reduces the cost of electrical and thermal energy. The method gives a possibility to process N-containing compounds of flash steam condensate into an expensive product – hydrazine sulfate. Experimental studies have confirmed that electromagnetic radiation has a positive effect on the synthesis of raw hydrazine. This leads to an increase in efficiency of the hydrazine synthesis reactor by 88 %. We have analyzed three of the most probable chemistries of the process of raw hydrazine synthesis reactions using the non-imperial method of quantum chemistry. The study has shown that the initial yield of the finished product is 5.3 kg per 1 m3 of nitrogencontaining raw materials during disposal of flash steam condensate at a model plant by processing into hydrazine sulfate taking into account an optimization parameter. There is an increase in the yield of the final product to 6 kg per 1 m3 at repeated multiple use of the filtrate as a source of sulfuric acid. We have performed a projection of the results of the model installation at industrial scale taking into account an operation of the carbamide synthesis device, with a capacity of 330,000 tons per year. Thus, we have identified that the maximum estimated production capacity of the hydrazine sulfate synthesis unit is 132÷150 kg per day. We have calculated the profitability of the device for the synthesis of hydrazine sulfate considering the obtained data on the estimated capacity of the device. It is established that the net profit is at least 12 % according to the proposed scheme in the production of hydrazine sulfate. It is confirmed that the introduction of wastewater disposal technology will reduce the cost of urea by 2.37 %, which is about $ 1.6 billion in cash equivalent per year. Диссертация на соискание ученой степени кандидата технических наук по специальности 05.17.01 − технология неорганических веществ. − Национальный технический университет Украины «Киевский политехнический институт Украины имени Игоря Сикорского» МОН Украины, Киев, 2019. В диссертационном исследовании решена актуальная научно-практическая задача разработки рекуперационной технологии утилизации стоков путем конверсии N- содержащих соединений конденсата сокового пара производства карбамида, которые содержат в своем составе низкоконцентрированные водные растворы амидного и аммонийного N и СО2, в гидразин сульфат. Проанализированы современные тенденции в технологиях очистки N-содержащих стоков и технологиях синтеза гидразина и гидразин сульфата. Разработан методом конверсии связанного N в полупродукт − N2Н4 с последующим его изъятием в виде малорастворимой соли − N2Н4·H2SO4, который освещает концептуально новые подходы к исчерпаемым источникам энергии. Проведены исследования процесса синтеза N2Н4·H2SO4 с использованием альтернативных процессов теплопередачи (микроволнового облучения) и установлены механизмы, протекающие в процессе синтеза N2Н4 с использованием электро- магнитного реактора. Определена максимальная степень превращения гипохлорита натрия в гидразин – 28 %. Доказано, что предложенный способ утилизации является экономически рентабельным, экологически безопасным и энергоэффективным (прибыль от реализации N2Н4·H2SO4 в зависимости от конъюнктуры рынка составит от 12 до 56 %; внедрение технологии утилизации конденсата сокового пара уменьшит себестоимость карбамида на 2,37 %, что в денежном эквиваленте составляет около 1,6 млрд. $/год).

A winemaking waste was used as a precursor of activated carbon used for the removal of hazardous Cr(VI) from solutions. The preparation process consisted of a hydrothermal process and a chemical activation of the resulting product, with KOH. The adsorption results show that the adsorption of Cr(VI) on the obtained activated carbon is strongly dependent on the stirring speed applied to the carbon/solution mixture, pH of the solution, and temperature. The equilibrium isotherm was well fitted to the Langmuir Type-II equation, whereas the kinetic can be described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. Thermodynamic studies revealed that Cr(VI) adsorption was an exothermic and spontaneous process. Finally, desorption experiments showed that Cr(VI) was effectively desorbed using hydrazine sulfate solutions, and, at the same time, the element was reduced to the less hazardous Cr(III) oxidation state

A series of new copolymers of poly(1,3,4-oxadiazole) that contain side protogenic sulfo groups are synthesized by the direct copolycondensation of terephthalic and 4,4’-oxydibenzoic acids and hydrazine sulfate in oleum. Variation in the polycondensation conditions makes it possible to synthesize copolymers containing phenylene moieties with either 4-sulfo-10,10-dioxophenoxatiine or 4,4’-oxybis(3-sulfophenyl) moieties or a combination of the three moieties. This approach permits easy control over the physicochemical properties of the copolymers and the amount of protogenic sulfo groups. It is shown that the introduction of sulfonated moieties into copolymer molecules makes it possible to obtain materials with high values of ionexchange capacity (1.5 mmol/g) and water absorption (110%), while the strength and thermal stability inherent in poly(p-phenylene 1,3,4-oxadiazoles) remain intact.

Background: Contact dermatitis resulting from the use of shin pads is usually caused by rubber components, dyes, benzoyl peroxide, or formaldehyde resins. Objectives: To investigate and identify a new allergen in shin pads that was responsible for severe contact dermatitis in a young football player. Methods: High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of samples of shin pads was performed. The boy was patch tested with pieces of shin pads and with acetophenone azine, a chemical substance identified by HPLC in the foam of the shin pads. Results: HPLC identified acetophenone azine at concentrations of approximately 20μg/g of shin pad samples. Patch tests gave strongly positive reactions to pieces of shin pads and to acetophenone azine down to 0.001% in acetone, whereas acetophenone and hydrazine sulfate were both negative. Twenty controls were negative for acetophenone azine 0.01% in acetone. Conclusions: Acetophenone azine is a new, strong allergen of shin pads, and more generally of other sport equipment based on ethylene vinyl acetate. It may be used as a biocide, but this has to be confirmed. Further investigations are needed to understand factors such as exposure, cross-reaction patterns, metabolism, and the optimal patch test preparation. (Less)

Carbon nanostructures are promising electrode materials for energy storage devices because of their unique physical and chemical properties. Modification of the surface improves the electrochemical properties of those materials because of the changes in morphology, diffusion properties, and inclusion of additional contributions to redox processes. Oxygen-containing functional groups and nitrogen doped into the carbon matrix significantly contribute to the electrochemical behavior of reduced graphite oxide (RGO). In this work, RGO was synthesized during hydrothermal treatment of graphite oxide with a hydrazine sulfate aqueous solution. Different amounts of hydrazine sulfate were used to synthesize RGO with different nitrogen contents in the structure, and the same synthesis conditions made it possible to obtain a material with a similar composition of oxygen-containing functional groups. The materials with different nitrogen concentrations and similar amounts of oxygen were compared as electrode materials for a supercapacitor and as a negative electrode material for a Li-ion battery. It was shown that the presence of oxygen-containing functional groups has the greatest influence on the behavior and efficiency of supercapacitor electrode materials, while nitrogen atoms embedded in the graphene lattice play the largest role in lithium intercalation.

The reductive acid leaching kinetics of synthetic cadmium-bearing zinc ferrite was investigated, and the influence of reaction temperature, sulfuric acid and hydrazine sulfate were studied. The results illustrated that an increase in the reaction temperature, initial sulfuric acid and hydrazine sulfate significantly enhanced the extraction efficiencies of cadmium, zinc and iron. The leaching kinetics were controlled by a surface chemical reaction based on a shrinking core model. The empirical equation $$ 1 - (1 - X)^{{{\raise0.7ex\hbox{$1$} \!\mathord{\left/ {\vphantom {1 3}}\right.\kern-0pt} \!\lower0.7ex\hbox{$3$}}}} = k_{\text{r}} t $$ applied was found to fit well with the kinetics analysis; the leaching processes of cadmium, zinc and iron were similar and the activation energies were 79.9 kJ/mol, 77.9 kJ/mol and 79.7 kJ/mol, respectively. The apparent orders of cadmium-bearing zinc ferrite dissolution with respect to sulfuric acid concentration were 0.83, 0.83 and 0.84 for Cd, Zn and Fe, respectively.

In this study, 9 nm superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) were functionalized by polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimer. Using tetracholoroauric acid (HAuCl4), magnetodendrimer (MD) samples were conjugated by gold nanoparticles (Au-NPs). Two different reducing agents, i.e. sodium borohydride and hydrazine sulfate, and pre-synthesized 10-nm Au-NP were used to evaluate the efficiency of conjugation method. The samples were characterized using X-ray diffractometry (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy. The results confirmed that Au- NPs produced by sodium borohydrate and the pre-synthesized 10-nm Au-NPs were capped by MDs whereas the Au-NP prepared by hydrazine sulfate as a reducing agent was entrapped by MDs. Optical properties of the MDs were studied by laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (LIF) within a wide range of visible spectrum. Also, based on the thermal analysis, all synthesized nanostructures exhibited a temperature increase using 488 nm and 514 nm wavelengths of a tunable argon laser. The new iron oxide-dendrimer-Au NPs synthesized by sodium borohydrate (IDA- NaBH4) produced the highest temperature increase at 488 nm whereas the other nanostructures particularly pure Au-NPs produced more heating effect at 514 nm. These findings suggest the potential application of these nanocomposites in the field of bioimaging, targeted drug delivery and controlled hyperthermia.

The reactivities of hydrazines of HCl and H2SO4 for (–)-α-pinene peroxide ozonolysis products were studied. It was shown that these reagents were less effective and selective than semicarbazide hydrochloride for transformations into cis-pinonic acid and its esters.

Photochemical vapor generation (PVG) provides an alternative to chemical vapor generation techniques but suffers severe interference in the presence of oxidizing species, notably nitrate and nitrite. Although the mechanism is not completely understood, scavenging of photogenerated free electrons and hydrogen radicals by NO2− and NO3− likely plays a role in terminating analyte reduction reactions which lead to hydridization, carbonylation or alkylation of analytes. In this study, several strategies for the elimination of nitrate and nitrite from samples prior to PVG were examined. Since the Se(IV)-acetic acid PVG system proved to be extremely sensitive to low levels of these oxidants, wherein 50% loss of generation efficiency is realized at [NO3−] > 2.5 mM, it was used as a test case. To this end, a number of practical approaches to the reduction of nitrate and nitrite were evaluated, including: utilizing sulfamic acid, hydrazine sulfate, sodium thiosulfate and V(III), as well as removal by photo-reduction and quantitative precipitation by nitron. Whereas none of these approaches could be implemented with impunity, a methodology based on UV photolysis of a basic solution containing 2% hydrazine sulfate provided high NO3− removal efficiencies. Residual NO2− was quantitatively eliminated by addition of sulfamic acid to the acidified solution, allowing efficient generation of volatile Se(CH3)2 species. The methodology was tested by application to Certified Reference Material SLRS-3 (river water, acidified to pH 1.6 with nitric acid), achieving 83 ± 2% Se(IV) spike recoveries using PVG sample introduction coupled with ICP-MS for detection, illustrating effective control over interferences and recovery of Se(IV).

The use of nanotechnology seems to be a promising approach for early detection, imaging and therapy of cancer. In this investigation, 9 nm superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) were synthesized and functionalized by third generation polyamidoamine (G3-PAMAM) dendrimer. The magnetodendrimer samples were then conjugated by folic acid molecules for targeting and by gold nanoparticles for photothermal hyperthermia purpose. The gold nanoparticles were synthesized using three reducing agents of sodium borohydride, hydrazine sulfate and presynthesized 10-nm AuNPs. The final nanocomposite is named IDAF NC (Iron oxide-Dendrimer-Gold-Folic acid). Two breast cancer cell lines of MDA MB 231 and MCF 7 were used for cytotoxicity, uptake and photothermal assay. The results confirmed that AuNPs prepared by sodium borohydrate and the pre-synthesized 10-nm AuNPs were larger and those prepared by hydrazine sulfate were smaller and uniformly entrapped within dendrimer cavities. The MDA MB 231-IDAF-Hydr combination exhibited the highest viability percentage at 50 μg/mL before laser irradiation and lowest cancer cell viability of 65% (i.e., highest cell apoptosis and crystallization after irradiation).