Search

Water resources play a crucial role in sustaining life and various socio-economic activities, especially in regions like South-Southern Nigeria, where petroleum production activities are prevalent. This study focuses on understanding the hydrochemical characteristics and geospatial distribution of major ions in water around selected petroleum-producing areas, notably within the Obigbo Local Government Area (L.G.A) of Rivers State. A total of 41 water samples, comprising 34 rain and 7 surface waters, were collected, and analyzed employing hydrochemical modeling techniques, including the Piper Trilinear plot, Durov, and Schoeller diagram, to characterize the ionic composition of surface water and rainwater. The analysis revealed a relatively uniform pattern of major ions, including Ca, Mg, Na, K, HCO3, Cl, SO4, and NO3, across the study area, with higher concentrations observed along the river channel, in the Northern regions. Rainwater samples exhibited lower concentrations, with discernible variations, especially in areas adjacent to petroleum activities. The dominance of Ca + Mg as cations and Cl as anions was consistent in both river water and rainwater samples. Durov diagram depicted a simple dissolution or mixing line in river water, while rainwater samples exhibited a notable presence of calcium and sulphate. The Schoeller diagram indicated a calcium chloride water type, with rainwater showing heightened calcium and sulphate concentrations. Geospatial analysis highlighted consistent ion concentration levels throughout the study area, suggesting environmental stability. Despite concerns about increased sulfate near petroleum facilities, all measured ion concentrations in both river and rainwater samples adhered to WHO standards, indicating satisfactory water quality.

Water resources are relatively scarce in Northwest China. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the hydrochemical characteristics and sources of different water bodies in the Northwest Coal–Electricity Agglomeration area, and the utilization of water resources in the region. Hydrochemical diagrams and correlation analysis were applied to data obtained through the collection of 40, 14, and 42 surface water, shallow groundwater, and deep groundwater samples, respectively. The Positive Definite Matrix Factor Decomposition (PMF) model was used to explore the origins of ions in different water bodies. The results show the following: (1) The rank of anions in surface water, shallow groundwater, and deep groundwater in water bodies of the Bulianta mining area during the wet period according to concentration was as follows: SO42− > Cl− > HCO3− > NO3−; that of cations was as follows: Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+; (2) The chemical composition of surface water is mainly regulated by the dissolution of evaporites; that of shallow groundwater was regulated by silicates; that of deep groundwater was mainly regulated by the hydrolysis of silicates and the dissolution of evaporites; (3) Four main sources of ions in different water bodies were identified, namely agricultural activities, rock weathering, primary geology, and unknown sources. Two natural factors, namely rock weathering and primary geology, and human activities contributed to 35.2% and 38.8% of ions in shallow groundwater, respectively. Rock weathering and human activities contributed to 20.6% and 63.9% of ions of deeper groundwater, respectively. This study can provide a basis for the conservation and rational planning and utilization of water resources in the Northwest Coal–Electricity Agglomeration area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Dongting Lake Plain is a major ecological reserve for river and lake wetlands in the Yangtze River Basin, with complex river and lake relationships and frequent water flow exchange. Studies on the hydrochemical characteristics and the mechanism of interaction between groundwater and surface water will actively promote the scientific management, utilization of water resources, and protection of the ecological environment in the Dongting Lake Plain. Based on hydrogeochemical statistics, Gibbs diagrams, ion ratios, rock weathering end-element diagrams, hydrogen–oxygen isotope relationship diagrams, and other technical methods, the chemical characteristics, ion sources, and the distribution of hydrogen–oxygen isotopes of groundwater and surface water in "the Three Inlets" and "the Four Rivers" water system areas as well as the Dongting Lake water were analyzed. Additionally, the interactions between groundwater and surface water and the proportions of these contributions were discussed. The results show that both groundwater and surface water in the Dongting Lake Plain are weakly acidic or alkaline, and the anions are mainly HCO3−, the cations are mainly Ca2+and Mg2+, with the hydrochemical types being mainly HCO3−Ca−Mg and HCO3−Ca. The chemical characteristics of groundwater and surface water are mainly affected by the interaction between water and rock; the ions in surface water mainly come from the weathered dissolution of carbonate and silicate rocks, while the ions in groundwater mainly come from the weathered dissolution of carbonate and silicate rocks, with the dissolution of evaporite rocks locally. Groundwater and surface water are mainly distributed near the local meteoric water line (LMWL), and the slope of the local evaporation line is less than that of the LMWL, which indicates that atmospheric rainfall is an important recharge source for groundwater and surface water and that at the same time, it is affected by evaporation to a certain extent. Part of the groundwater in the Dongting Lake Plain is discharged into the surface rivers in "the Three Inlets" and "the Four Rivers" water system areas, and the other part is directly discharged into Dongting Lake. According to the mass balance relationship of isotopes, the proportions of surface water in "the Three Inlets" and "the Four Rivers" water system areas contributing to Dongting Lake's water are 18.48% and 60.38%, respectively, and the proportion of groundwater in the lake plain contributing to Dongting Lake water is 21.14%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The interactions between groundwater and surface water, including their recharge dynamics and proportional contributions, are crucial for the hydrological cycling, water resource management, and pollution control. This study focused on the Bahe River basin, employing methods such as the Gibbs diagrams, the multivariate statistical analysis, and the MixSIAR model to analyze the hydrochemical parameters and the hydrogen-oxygen isotopes of both groundwater and surface water to quantitatively analyze the transformation relationships between water bodies. The results indicated that both the groundwater and surface water in the research area exhibited weak alkalinity, with the groundwater primarily characterized by HCO 3 –Ca·Na and surface water predominantly by HCO 3 –Ca. Furthermore, the geochemical evolution was predominantly affected by the rock weathering and the cation exchange processes. The distribution characteristics of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in groundwater and surface water suggested that the atmospheric precipitation constituted the main source of recharge in the Bahe River basin. According to the MixSIAR model, the upstream groundwater contributed 90.1% to the surface water, with 9.9% attributed to the atmospheric precipitation. In the midstream, the atmospheric precipitation and groundwater contributed 21.9% and 78.1%, respectively, to the surface water. Downstream, the groundwater contributed significantly to the surface water (78.5%), whereas atmospheric precipitation contributed 28.5%. This study could provide a foundation for understanding the sources and evolution of groundwater and surface water, thereby promoting the effective management and utilization of groundwater resources. [Display omitted] • The sources of hydrochemical constituents in groundwater and surface water are elucidated. • The mechanism of water-rock interaction of surface water and groundwater is clarified. • The connection between groundwater and surface water is revealed by hydrogen and oxygen isotopes analysis. • The conversion between surface water and groundwater is quantitatively determined using MixSIAR model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyze the chemical composition of Lioua's groundwater in order to determine the geological processes influencing the composition and origin of its chemical elements. Therefore, chemometrics techniques, such as multivariate statistical analysis (MSA) and time series methods (TSM) are used. Indeed, MSA includes a component analysis (PCA) and a cluster analysis (CA), while autocorrelation analysis (AA), supplemented by a simple spectral density analysis (SDA), is used for the TMS. PCA displays three main factors explaining a total variance (TV) of 85.01 %. Factors 1, 2, and 3 are 68.72%, 11.96%, and 8.89 % of TV, respectively. In the CA, total dissolved solids (TDS) and electrical conductivity (EC) controlled three groups. The elements SO42−, K+, and Ca2+ are closely related to TDS, the elements Na+, Cl−, and Mg2+ are closely related to CE, while HCO3− and NO3− indicate the dissociation of other chemical elements. AA shows a linear interrelationship of EC, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl−, and SO42−. However, NO3− and HCO3− indicate uncorrelated characteristics with other parameters. For SDA, the correlograms of Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl−, and SO42− have a similar trend with EC. Nonetheless, pH, Ca2+, HCO3− and NO3− exhibit multiple peaks related to the presence of several distinct cyclic mechanisms. Using these techniques, the authors were able to draw the following conclusion: the geochemical processes impacting the chemical composition are (i) dissolution of evaporated mineral deposits, (ii) water–rock interaction, and (iii) evaporation process. In addition, the groundwater exhibits two bipolar characteristics, one recorded with negative and positive charges on pH and Ca+ and another recorded only with negative charges on HCO3− and NO3−. On the other hand, SO42−, K+, Ca2+, and TDS are the major predominant elements in the groundwater's chemical composition. Chloride presence mainly increases the electrical conductivity of water. The lithological factor is dominant in the overall mineralization of the Plio Quaternary surface aquifer waters. The origins of HCO3− and NO3− are as follows: HCO3− has a carbonate origin, whereas NO3– has an anthropogenic origin. The salinity was affected by Mg2+, SO42−, Cl−, Na+, K+, and EC. Ca2+, HCO3−, and NO3− result from human activity such as the usage of fertilizers, the carbonate facies outcrops, and domestic sewage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hydrogeochemistry of geothermal fluids provides insight into the occurrence, formation, and circulation of geothermal resources. We collected 13 geothermal water (> 34 °C) and 11 common groundwater samples (< 20 °C) from the Qingdong coal mine in China. The geothermal water samples had higher TDS, Ca2+, and SO42− contents, by 1.22-, 1.28-, and 1.25-fold, respectively. The hydrochemical facies of the geothermal water samples was 92% SO4·Cl–Ca.Mg and 8% SO4·Cl–Na, whereas the common groundwater samples was 73% SO4·Cl–Ca.Mg and 27% SO4·Cl–Na. Moreover, hydrogen and oxygen isotopic analysis revealed that atmospheric precipitation and water–rock interaction were the sources of the geothermal water. The chemical composition of the geothermal water is dominated by ion-exchange interactions and the dissolution of carbonates and silicates. Overall, geothermal water in the study area is characterized by optimal hydrodynamic conditions and more intense ion-exchange interactions than common groundwater. Moreover, the formation of geothermal water is controlled by hydrogeological and structural conditions, and by the infiltration of atmospheric precipitation, heating by deep circulation, and transportation by water-conducting faults (F11) to shallow coal strata. These results will facilitate the development of geothermal resources and the construction of green ecological mines, which will provide considerable economic and social benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The assessment of the suitability and status of irrigation water quality from the aspect of its potential negative impact on soil salinization and mapping of spatial distribution within the area of the three Morava rivers, which includes the South, West, and Great Morava basins, was the purpose of this research. A total of 215 samples of irrigation water were tested, and their quality was evaluated based on the analysis of the following parameters: pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved salt (TDS), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), and content of SO42−, Cl−, HCO3−, CO3 2−, Mg2+, Ca2+, Na+, and K+. The results showed that the average content of ions was as follows: Ca2+ > Mg2+ > Na+ > K+ and HCO3− > SO42− > Cl− > CO32−. The assessment of irrigation water suitability was determined by calculating the following indices: percentage sodium (Na %), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), permeability index (PI), magnesium hazard (MH), potential salinity (PS), Kelley's index (KI), total hardness (TH), irrigation water quality index (IWQI). Based on Wilcox's diagram, the USSL diagram, and the Doneen chart, it was concluded that most of the samples were suitable for irrigation. Using multivariate statistical techniques and correlation matrices in combination with other hydrogeochemical tools such as Piper's, Chadha's, and Gibbs diagrams, the main factors associated with hydrogeochemical variability were identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The hydrochemical characterization and irrigation suitability assessment of the Ganges-Brahmaputra River System (GBRS) has immense importance for the livelihoods of people and ecosystem sustainability in the region. This study aims to assess the hydrochemical characteristics and evaluate the irrigation suitability of water in the GBRS by reviewing published literature of the major tributaries. The studied rivers were categorized into two groups namely Group-1 and Group-2 considering the similarities of climatic patterns, hydrochemical attributes, and drainage characteristics. The hydrochemistry of the river water was characterized by the Piper diagram, Gibbs plot, mixing plots, and ionic ratios. Furthermore, irrigation water qualities were evaluated by electrical conductivity (EC), sodium percentage (Na%), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), magnesium hazard (MH), and Wilcox diagram. The results indicated that the hydrochemistry of the GBRS was slightly alkaline to alkaline (7.42–8.78) in nature. The average concentrations of most of the chemical attributes showed higher in Group-1, whereas the average concentrations of K+ and NO3− were found higher in Group-2. The average concentration of the major ions followed the dominancy order Ca2+ > Mg2+ > Na+ > K+ for cations and HCO3− >SO42− > Cl− > NO3− for anions in both groups. Gibbs plot and mixing plot indicated that carbonate rock weathering dominates the hydrochemical process, which was further confirmed by the Piper diagram and the ionic ratios. From the analyses of irrigational water quality, almost all the rivers (except Gomti River in terms of MH and Rangit River in terms of Na%) in the GBRS were found to be suitable based on EC, SAR, Na%, MH, and Wilcox diagram. Finally, the majority of river systems in the GBRS were characterized by carbonate dominated lithology and irrigational water quality is mostly suitable for utilization. This study could be useful for water quality management in the glacial-fed Himalayan river under the context of global climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To understand the karst groundwater hydrochemical characteristics and ion sources of the Jinan Baotu Spring area, this study focused on the three functional zones as an indirect recharge area, direct recharge area, and discharge area. Through water sample collection and testing, the spatial variability of groundwater chemical characteristics in different functional zones and the formation mechanism were analyzed using hydrochemistry parameter statistics, multivariate statistics, self-organizing map, hydrochemistry graphical analysis, ion ratios, and other methods, guided by the theory of groundwater flow system and combined with regional physical geography and hydrogeological conditions. The results showed that： the groundwater of each functional zone was alkaline as is typical in the dissolution of carbonate minerals. Owing to the different groundwater runoff pathways, the variability of water chemistry parameters in different functional areas was obvious. The groundwater of the discharge area was recharged by both the direct recharge area and the indirect recharge area. The hydrochemistry type changed from HCO 3 -Ca type to HCO 3 ·SO 4 -Ca type through the indirect recharge area to the discharge area. The presence of a small amount of gypsum dissolution within the aquifer generated Ca 2+ and SO 4 2- . The ions in groundwater mainly came from the dissolution and filtration of aquifer rock minerals, and at the same time, they were affected by cation exchange, mineral dissolution equilibrium, and the combined effects of human activities. The groundwater in the Baotu Spring area was greatly influenced by human activities, which to some extent affected the evolution of groundwater hydrochemistry in the spring area.

This work focuses on drawing up the hydrochemical profile of water samples collected in five springs of the Tijuco stream. The evaluation was based on quantification of the elements Al, As, Ba, Be, B, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Li, Pb, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Se, Si, Sb, U, V, and Zn; the anions F-, Cl-, NO2-, NO3- SO42-; the cations Na+, NH4+ e K+ and the parameters: turbidity, temperature, conductivity, total dissolved solids, oxidation-reduction potential, pH and dissolved oxygen. Alkalinity, hardness, Cr (VI) and dry weight (180° C) were also quantified. The analyzed parameters were compared with the Maximum Values (VMP) established by the resolutions n° 396/2008 of CONAMA and n° 2.914/2011 of the Ministry of Health. Most of the parameters presented a good agreement with the VMP, however, due to the parameters turbidity, pH, nitrate, and manganese exceed the VMP in some samples, these waters can only be used for human consumption after previous treatment. However, they can be used in animal watering, irrigation and recreation. The waters were classified into three groups: calcium-bicarbonate, sodium-bicarbonate and mixed-bicarbonate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate the geochemistry of major ions, trace and rare earth elements (REE) near the Angouran Zn-Pb mine. Thermodynamic modelling and saturation indices were computed using PHREEQC. Process and tailings water samples of the Calcimin processing plant were near neutral (pH = 5.8–7.9) and had high concentrations of SO 4 (1179–15,000 mg/L), Zn up to 18,529 mg/L, Pb up to 1780 μg/L, As up to 465 μg/L and Cd up to 230 μg/L. Water of the Angouran pit was neutral-alkaline (pH = 7.6–8.25) with low concentrations of SO 4 (21–87 mg/L), elevated concentration of Zn up to 27 mg/L, Pb up to 586.3 μg/L and Cd up to 33 μg/L. Water flowing out of the Angouran Mine adit was neutral-alkaline (pH = 7.5–8.05) with variable SO 4 content (30–2294 mg/L), Zn content up to 8 mg/L, Pb up to 123 μg/L and As up to 35.4 μg/L. Elements As, Pb, Cd, Ni and Zn concentrations in the plant waters were higher than USEPA effluents limits. Generally, the types of water in the plant and the mine ranged from Zn-SO 4 , Na + K-SO 4 to Ca-HCO 3 , respectively. North-American Shale Composite (NASC) normalised patterns of the mine and the spring water samples showed middle REE (MREE) and high REE (HREE) enrichment. The most toxic elements including Pb, Cd, Ni, and Zn were predicted as cationic form in the plant water. The prediction further showed that smithsonite (ZnCO 3 ), hydrozincite Zn 5 (OH) 6 (CO 3 ) 2 , hemimorphite Zn 4 Si 2 O 7 (OH) 2 , and beudantite (PbFe 3 (AsO 4 )(SO 4 )(OH) 6 ) were oversaturated in some water samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Life and the sustainable growth of socioeconomic sectors such as agriculture and industry depend on groundwater, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions where surface water resources are limited. The objectives of the current study are to characterize groundwater chemistry and assess its suitability for industrial usage in the Guanzhong Basin located in the semi-arid region of northwest China. To better understand the hydrogeochemistry in the study area, statistical analysis, ionic plots and Pearson's correlation analysis were conjunctively used. Finally, a novel industrial water quality index (IndWQI) model was developed in this paper to determine the overall industrial water quality based on scaling, corrosion, and foaming coefficients as well as some physicochemical parameters. The contribution of each parameter to the overall industrial water quality was determined using multivariate statistical analysis approaches. The findings reveal that dissolution of minerals such as calcite, dolomite, anhydrite and gypsum regulate the groundwater geochemistry in the study area. In addition, human activities influence the groundwater quality in the study area. According to the novel IndWQI approach, 78.95 % of the confined water samples and 74.51 % of the phreatic water samples have excellent or good quality, and can be safely used for industrial boilers. The geospatial analysis shows that the most contaminated groundwater samples are mainly located in northeast Xi'an and the northeast region of the Guanzhong Basin. The IndWQI model is trustworthy, as it can combine several water quality indices and give an instantaneous impression of the whole groundwater quality for industrial uses. It can serve as a benchmark for other areas across the world with a comparable climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Karst aquifers are important freshwater resources for the growing population in Brazil. The sandstones of Urucuia plateau and the limestone of Bambui Group constitute important aquifer systems in the western part of Bahia state. The Corrente River provides ∼30% of the total water flow of the São Francisco River and crosses karstified structures. Surface and groundwater samples were collected during the dry period, the beginning of the wet season , and the wet season . The main objective was to define sources and distribution of dissolved elements and to describe the geochemical processes that govern their mobility within the system. Water samples are classified into three groups, depending on the dominant weathering process. When carbonate dissolution governs, waters are bicarbonate–calcium-type; whereas when the atmospheric precipitation signal is present, the samples in siliciclastic terrain are more Cl − - Na + . Groundwaters reflect bicarbonate–mixed-type, with the highest dissolved concentrations. In contrast to the major elements, trace elements, including Rare Earth Elements (REE), show seasonal behavior: their concentrations increase with the beginning of the wet season , due to re-mobilization and release into the solution of adsorbed elements from the system and the atmospheric dust. The total dissolved REE concentration (800–7500 ng L −1 ) is one order of magnitude more concentrated in karsts than in siliciclastic rocks. Principal component analysis was performed, explaining >77% of the variance. First factor extracted (REE, Y, Th, Al, Fe) explain the washout and enhancement of atmospheric dust weathering throughout the beginning of the wet seasons . The second component comprises variables related to karsts lithology, representing calcite and dolomite dissolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Sakumo wetland is an internationally recognized Ramsar site located in a largely urban area and provides essential ecological and social services to wetland community dwellers. Despite its importance, the wetland has over the years been subjected to human interference resulting in considerable risks of deteriorating water quality, biodiversity loss, and drying up of most parts of the wetland. The conversion of land for residential and agricultural uses has significantly altered the hydrological characteristics of the land surface and modified pathways and flow of water into the wetland. Other drivers identified included drainage (mainly as runoff from agricultural farms), anthropogenic pressure (waste discharge) due to infrastructure development associated with urbanization, chemical contamination as a result of industrial and household pollution, and unsustainable fishing practices (overfishing). The purpose of the study was to review some of the physical and chemical properties of the Sakumo wetland on the changing wetland resources with emphasis on water quality. Rapid urbanization, industrialization, and overexploitation of wetland resources were identified as key causative factors affecting the wetland functions. Their effects on the wetland among others include increased nutrient and toxic chemical load which has resulted in reduced wetland surface water quality and decrease in species diversity. pH of the wetland waters was generally alkaline which is characteristic of water bodies influenced by seawater under oxygenated conditions. The increasing trends of electrical conductivity, phosphates, ammonia, nitrate, and nitrite, though small, point to deteriorating water quality in the wetland. The lagoon water was observed to be heavily polluted with nutrients particularly phosphate. The sequence of nutrient in the wetland was found to be in the order of PO4-P > NH3-N > NO3-N > NO2-N. These, if not checked, will result in further deterioration of the wetland function. In order to protect the wetland structure and function, it is recommended that a determination for both surface water and groundwater (quality and quantity) components of the ecological reserve (aquatic ecosystem) as well as the basic human need should be undertaken. In addition, a complete hydrological study of the wetland must be done. This will enable a well-balanced water allocation scheme to all users while still ensuring long-term survival and sustainability of the wetland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Panama coastal aquifer system is an important water resource in the southeast coast of Sri Lanka that provides adequate supplies of water for agriculture and domestic uses. One of the biggest threats to these fragile aquifers is the sea water intrusion. In this study, recharging mechanism and geochemical evaluation of groundwater in the coastal sandy aquifer of Panama were evaluated using chemical and stable isotope techniques. Thirty groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for their major ion concentrations and stable isotope ratios of oxygen (O/O) and hydrogen (D/H). All studied samples showed a ranking of major anions in the order Cl> HCO> SO> N-NO while cations showed a decreasing order of abundance with Na> Ca> Mg> K. Dominant groundwater hydrogeochemical types were Na-Cl and mixed Ca-Mg-Cl. Results of saturation index calculations indicate that the investigated groundwater body was mostly saturated with respect to calcite, dolomite and gypsum. In addition, stable isotope and geochemical data suggest that fresh groundwater in the aquifer is recharged mainly by local precipitation with slight modification from evaporation and saline water intrusions. Isotope data suggest that mixing of salt water with freshwater occurs in aquifers which are located towards the lagoon. Since the communities in the study area depend entirely on groundwater, an understanding of the hydrogeochemical characteristics of the aquifer system is extremely important for the better water resource management in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work aims to identify wetland water sources for environmental flow assessment of three wetlands located in the area of Miguel Ibáñez (Segovia, Spain), known as Fuente Santa, Balsa de la Ermita and San Pedro ponds. These are remnants of wetland systems that were larger in the past. The methodology used involved four seasonal field campaigns conducted in 2012 at eight main and three additional surface water or groundwater sampling points. The interpretation of the physico-chemical and isotopic data obtained, and daily monitoring of changes in the water level of the Fuente Santa pond over 5 months provided an initial understanding of the environmental flows needed to sustain these wetlands in appropriate conditions. The arsenic values provided an additional auxiliary tool, although a single dominant cause of its presence in these three ponds could not be identified. The results show that the interactions between the wetlands and groundwater are hydrogeologically different despite their proximity to one another. These findings will enable the improved management and conservation of these wetlands.Editor D. Koutsoyiannis; Guest editor M. AcremanCitation de la Hera Portillo, A. and Murillo Díaz, J.M., 2014. Identification of wetland water sources for environmental flow assessment: a case study of the Miguel Ibáñez wetlands (Segovia, Spain). Hydrological Sciences Journal, 59 (3–4), 466–487. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

For irrigation and drinking purposes, groundwater quality should be constantly controlled such that the proper treatment process can minimize the risk of geochemical pollutants. The emphasis was given to the suitability of groundwater for drinking and irrigation by utilizing the Water Quality Index and other significant indices. A total of 47 groundwater samples were collected by the Central Ground Water Board (CGWB). SAR, Na %, RSC, RSBC, PS, MH, KR, and PI indices have been used to investigate irrigation water quality in detail. To understand the samples' hydrochemical character, the Piper diagram, Schoeller diagram, and Chadha diagram have been plotted. Nearly 68% of samples are provided excellent and good quality of drinking water, and the rest of the sample's water quality is quite poor. They need proper management before intake. From the WQI for irrigation, it has been found that 65.22% of samples are under very good quality water, 17.39% samples need slight restriction before use, 4.35% need moderate, and 13.04% samples required to sever restrictions before use in agriculture practice. Therefore, decision-makers should take proper initiatives to aware of the local peoples of the endangered zones before use. [Display omitted] • The Water Quality Index(WQI) has been used to evaluate the suitability of groundwater for drinking and irrigation purposes. • The groundwater suitability mapping has been done with the GIS environment. • Hydrochemical groundwater characterization for irrigation is done using different indices. • The one-third portion of the region is not very much good for drinking purposes. • Comprehensive strategies to aware local peoples of the endangered zones before use are urgently needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]