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In hydroponics, preferring a higher nitrate to ammonia ratio can lead to nitrate accumulation in plant tissues. Reducing nitrate application and substituting nitrate-based fertilizers with ammonium or urea can help solve this issue. Additionally, adding molybdenum (Mo) can decrease nitrate accumulation by stimulating nitrate reductase activity. This study was carried out in a factorial design within a completely randomized experimental setup to investigate the effects of varying nitrate, ammonium, and urea ratios, as well as Mo concentration in the nutrient solution, on vegetative growth and biochemical parameters in hydroponically grown Jenovise basil. The treatments included different ratios of nitrate: ammonium: urea (75:25:0, 50:25:25, 25:25:50, 0:25:75, 50:0:50, 25:0:75, 0:0:100, or 100:0:0) and three Mo levels (0.001, 0.01, 0.1 mg. L−1) in a modified Hoagland solution. The results indicated that growth-associated characteristics improved when nitrate was partially substituted with ammonium and urea in the nutrient solution. The highest total phenolics (2.61 mg. g−1 DW) and flavonoids (2500.36 mg. g−1 DW) were observed at a nitrate: ammonium: urea ratio of 75:25:0 with 0.1 mg. L−1 Mo. Plants treated with a nutrient solution containing a nitrate: ammonium: urea ratio of 0:25:75 and 0.01 mg L−1 Mo showed a significant increase in chlorophyll b concentration, reaching 0.22 mg.g−1 FW, which was higher than all other treatments. In conclusion, our findings demonstrated that optimizing the combined nitrate, ammonium, and urea ratios along with Mo in the nutrient solution regulated nitrate accumulation and growth in hydroponically grown basil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Trichoderma is widely used in agriculture as a biological agent and biofertilizer, enhancing crop yield and quality. However, its use in hydroponic systems is limited. This study evaluated the potential of Trichoderma asperellum as a growth promoter for lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cv. Starfighter RZ in a floating-root hydroponic system (FHS). T. asperellum strains (TaMFP1 and TaMFP2) were isolated from soil and identified morphologically and molecularly. The experiment used a completely randomized design with the following four treatments (n = 4): root spraying with TaMFP1, TaMFP2, T. harzianum (Trichospore®), and uninoculated plants (control). After 30 days, morphological, biochemical, and quality parameters were analyzed. All Trichoderma treatments significantly increased plant height (19.0%), root length (25.7%), total fresh biomass (76.4%), total dry biomass (82.63%), and number of leaves (18.18%). The nitrate levels in leaves were unaffected by TaMFP1 and TaMFP2, while Trichospore® reduced the nitrate content by 24.94%. The foliar nitrogen content increased with specific treatments, though the phosphorus and magnesium levels decreased. Visual quality traits, including appearance and firmness, remained unchanged. T. asperellum strains TaMFP1 and TaMFP2 enhanced vegetative growth without compromising quality, demonstrating their potential as sustainable tools for hydroponic lettuce production in controlled environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates the feasibility of using pretreated domestic wastewater (PDW) for food production in a hydroponic system. In the face of increasing water shortage problems and rising fertilizer costs, PDW combined with a limited amount of fertilizer is evaluated for its effects on plant growth, biomass yield, and product safety. The results showed that lettuce grown with PDW and mineral fertilizers reached a fresh weight of 116, while the use of organic fertilizers increased the yield to 127 g, compared to only 54 g with raw water. Nitrate concentration (NO3) was higher in lettuce grown with organic fertilizers (1044.33 ± 144.04 mg/kg) than with mineral fertilizers (623.33 ± 85.62 mg/kg), but the values remained well below the acceptable limit of 5000 mg/kg for safe consumption. Analysis of heavy metals confirmed that levels of arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and lead were significantly lower than the maximum permissible values set by FAO and EU regulations. In addition, no phthalates were detected in the lettuce biomass, confirming the safety of the materials used in the hydroponic system. The use of PDW in hydroponic crops significantly reduces dependence on potable water and synthetic fertilizers, contributing to sustainable resource management. This approach not only reduces production costs, but also reduces the water footprint of crops, which is crucial in the context of global water availability problems. The findings support the validity of using PDW in decentralized food production as a sustainable solution for regions facing water and fertilizer shortages. Further research will focus on optimizing nutrient management and environmental conditions to increase system efficiency and food safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Iron (Fe) deficiency is among the most important agronomical concerns under alkaline conditions. Bicarbonate is considered an important factor causing Fe deficiency in dicot plants, mainly on calcareous soils. Current production systems are based on the use of high-yielding varieties and the application of large quantities of agrochemicals, which can cause major environmental problems. The use of beneficial rhizosphere microorganisms is considered a relevant sustainable alternative to synthetic fertilizers. The main purpose of this work has been to analyze the impact of the inoculation of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) seedlings with the WCS417 strain of Pseudomonas simiae, in the presence or absence of bicarbonate, on plant growth and other physiological parameters. To conduct this research, three different inoculation methods were implemented: root immersion, foliar application, and substrate inoculation by irrigation. The results obtained show the ability of the P. simiae WCS417 strain to induce medium acidification in the presence of bicarbonate to increase the SPAD index and to improve the growth and development of the tomato plants in calcareous conditions provoked by the presence of bicarbonate, which indicates that this bacteria strain could have a great potential as an Fe biofertilizer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Appropriate nutrient sources and optimized doses of plant nutrients for space and lunar farming have remained key challenges prompting investigations to sort out biologically viable options including human urine. Therefore, a trial was performed to compare the hydroponic growth of sugar beets using a standard nutrient solution and the same nutrient solution with a 10% replacement of an artificial urine solution that had been concentrated using direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD). The response variables included yield-contributing traits and root parameters (plant height, stem diameter, length and fresh weight of leaf and root, whole plant fresh weight), along with beet characteristics (diameter, length, and fresh weight at harvest). The results revealed that 10% synthetic urine treatment produced significantly taller plants (33%, 3%, and 8% at the 4th, 6th, and 10th week after sowing, respectively) and recorded 52% and 40% greater leaf width at the 4th and 6th weeks, respectively, compared to the control. In contrast, 10% replacement with synthetic urine in the nutrient performed statistically below par compared to the control treatment by producing 9% and 17% lower leaf width at the 8th and 10th weeks, respectively. Additionally, at the harvest, 10% synthetic urine treatment gave taller plants with greater stem length and root length (2.3%, 8.6%, and 59%, respectively) than the control. Moreover, the replacement treatment remained superior by showing higher root weight and stem diameter at harvest but performed below par compared to the control in leaf width and whole plant fresh weight. At harvest, both treatments remained statistically non-significant in terms of beet length, however the control surpassed synthetic urine treatment by yielding 37% and 103% higher width and fresh weight of beets, respectively. Based on recorded findings, it may be inferred that synthetic urine holds potential as a valuable plant nutrient source for producing sugar beets in an indoor hydroponic system, though not comparable in some respects with the control (standardized plant nutrient medium) for some plant measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gibberellin (GA₃) is a growth hormone that is essential in plant physiological processes. At present, gibberellins are employed in commerce to enhance the physical traits and yield of various vegetable, horticultural, ornamental, and medicinal crops. This research aimed to study the effects of gibberellin application on the morphological characteristics and yield of lettuce plants. The study was arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with six treatments of gibberellins concentration with a hydroponic system, namely: G0 = control, G1 = 20 ppm, G2 = 40 ppm, G3 = 60 ppm, G4 = 80 ppm, and G5 = 100 ppm, and each treatment consisted of four replications. This research was conducted in May–July 2023 at the Kemuning Greenhouse, Belu Regency, East Nusa Tenggara. GA₃s were sprayed twice at 2 weeks after sowing and 1 week after transplanting. The results showed that the highest GA₃ concentration (100 ppm) had a negative impact on plant morphology and yield, producing the smallest number of leaves, too long stem, pale green leaves, and the lowest fresh weight. Meanwhile, GA₃ concentration of 40 ppm resulted in the highest number of leaves. However, this increase is not directly proportional to the fresh weight of the leaves. GA₃ concentration of 40 ppm resulted in the best and most efficient yield of leaves and fresh weight, making it highly recommended.

Gibberellin (GA3) is a growth hormone that is essential in plant physiological processes. At present, gibberellins are employed in commerce to enhance the physical traits and yield of various vegetable, horticultural, ornamental, and medicinal crops. This research aimed to study the effects of gibberellin application on the morphological characteristics and yield of lettuce plants. The study was arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with six treatments of gibberellins concentration with a hydroponic system, namely: G0 = control, G1 = 20 ppm, G2 = 40 ppm, G3 = 60 ppm, G4 = 80 ppm, and G5 = 100 ppm, and each treatment consisted of four replications. This research was conducted in May-July 2023 at the Kemuning Greenhouse, Belu Regency, East Nusa Tenggara. GA3s were sprayed twice at 2 weeks after sowing and 1 week after transplanting. The results showed that the highest GA3 concentration (100 ppm) had a negative impact on plant morphology and yield, producing the smallest number of leaves, too long stem, pale green leaves, and the lowest fresh weight. Meanwhile, GA3 concentration of 40 ppm resulted in the highest number of leaves. However, this increase is not directly proportional to the fresh weight of the leaves. GA3 concentration of 40 ppm resulted in the best and most efficient yield of leaves and fresh weight, making it highly recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The symbiotic relationship between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and plants is well known for its benefits in enhancing plant growth and stress resistance. Research on whether key components of the AMF colonization process, such as MyC factors, can be directly utilized to activate plant symbiotic pathways and key functional gene expression is still lacking. In this paper, we found that, using a hydroponics system with Lotus japonicus, MyC factor analogue chitin oligomer 5 (CO5) had a more pronounced growth-promoting effect compared to symbiosis with AMF at the optimal concentration. Additionally, CO5 significantly enhanced the resistance of Lotus japonicus to various environmental stresses. The addition of CO5 activated symbiosis, nutrient absorption, and stress-related signaling pathways, like AMF symbiosis, and CO5 also activated a higher and more extensive gene expression profile compared to AMF colonization. Overall, the study demonstrated that the addition of MyC factor analogue CO5, by activating relevant pathways, had a superior effect on promoting plant growth and enhancing stress resistance compared to colonization by AMF. These findings suggest that utilizing MyC factor analogues like CO5 could be a promising alternative to traditional AMF colonization methods in enhancing plant growth and stress tolerance in agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we investigated the efficacy and suitability of five different nutrient solutions, including Biolife, BKFast, Hoagland, Hydro Umat F and Knop, on the growth and development of Impatiens walleriana in a hydroponic system. The investigated parameters were branch numbers, canopy diameter, leaf size, flower numbers, floral longevity, flower diameter and flowering time. The results showed that Knop and Hydro Umat F were the most suitable solutions for the growth of hydroponic Impatiens walleriana. The highest floral longevity (7.64 to 7.67 days) and largest flower diameter (4.68 to 4.71 cm) were obtained from Knop and Hydro Umat F solution treatment, respectively. Besides, compared to the other four solutions, using the Knop solution helped impatiens have the earliest flowers (27.14 days) and the highest number of flowers (54.86 flowers). Based on the results of our study, we recommend using the Knop nutrient solution with a TDS concentration range of 750-800 ppm and a pH level range of 5.5-6.5 for three-week-old Impatiens walleriana seedlings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study comprehensively investigates the impact of varying red-to-blue light ratios on the growth of Spanish lettuce. The research considers various factors such as growth morphology, photosynthetic parameters, and chlorophyll fluorescence. Lettuce was cultivated in an environment with a photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) of 200 ± 20 μmol/m2/s and a photoperiod of 16 h per day. The experiment incorporated eight distinct light treatment methodologies, with the red-to-blue light ratios ranging from 2:8 (R2B8) to 9:1 (R9B1). The data implies that during the initial 20 days of growth, groups exposed to a higher proportion of red light demonstrated superior growth. In particular, the R9B1 group exhibited the highest increase in plant height. The photosynthetic performance of leaves (net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate) showed a tendency to rise with a decreasing red-to-blue ratio within a particular range, peaking at R3B7. However, both the dry matter content and fresh weight were relatively lower under the R3B7 light quality ratio. The results indicate that cultivating lettuce under the R8B2 ratio led to optimal outcomes. This group significantly outperformed the other test groups in terms of weight and exhibited higher photosynthetic rates. Despite exhibiting lower stomatal conductance, this group reduced energy consumption and ultimately achieved the highest overall weight.

The genus Trichoderma is widely used in agriculture as a biological agent and biofertilizer, enhancing crop yield and quality. However, its use in hydroponic systems is limited. This study evaluated the potential of Trichoderma asperellum as a growth promoter for lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) cv. Starfighter RZ in a floating-root hydroponic system (FHS). T. asperellum strains (TaMFP1 and TaMFP2) were isolated from soil and identified morphologically and molecularly. The experiment used a completely randomized design with the following four treatments (n = 4): root spraying with TaMFP1, TaMFP2, T. harzianum (Trichospore®), and uninoculated plants (control). After 30 days, morphological, biochemical, and quality parameters were analyzed. All Trichoderma treatments significantly increased plant height (19.0%), root length (25.7%), total fresh biomass (76.4%), total dry biomass (82.63%), and number of leaves (18.18%). The nitrate levels in leaves were unaffected by TaMFP1 and TaMFP2, while Trichospore® reduced the nitrate content by 24.94%. The foliar nitrogen content increased with specific treatments, though the phosphorus and magnesium levels decreased. Visual quality traits, including appearance and firmness, remained unchanged. T. asperellum strains TaMFP1 and TaMFP2 enhanced vegetative growth without compromising quality, demonstrating their potential as sustainable tools for hydroponic lettuce production in controlled environments.

Iron (Fe) deficiency is among the most important agronomical concerns under alkaline conditions. Bicarbonate is considered an important factor causing Fe deficiency in dicot plants, mainly on calcareous soils. Current production systems are based on the use of high-yielding varieties and the application of large quantities of agrochemicals, which can cause major environmental problems. The use of beneficial rhizosphere microorganisms is considered a relevant sustainable alternative to synthetic fertilizers. The main purpose of this work has been to analyze the impact of the inoculation of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) seedlings with the WCS417 strain of Pseudomonas simiae, in the presence or absence of bicarbonate, on plant growth and other physiological parameters. To conduct this research, three different inoculation methods were implemented: root immersion, foliar application, and substrate inoculation by irrigation. The results obtained show the ability of the P. simiae WCS417 strain to induce medium acidification in the presence of bicarbonate to increase the SPAD index and to improve the growth and development of the tomato plants in calcareous conditions provoked by the presence of bicarbonate, which indicates that this bacteria strain could have a great potential as an Fe biofertilizer.

Hydroponic cultivation techniques offer innovative solutions to address challenges in conventional agriculture, such as soil infertility, disease outbreaks, and poor drainage. This study focuses on comparing the performance of different closed hydroponic systems for lettuce cultivation across distinct winter and summer planting seasons. Four closed hydroponic systems—deep water culture (DWC), nutrient film technique (NFT), media-bed system (MB), and sandponic (SP)—were evaluated for their impact on vegetative growth parameters, leaf nutrient content, chlorophyll and carotene levels, and water consumption. Our findings reveal that the DWC and NFT systems exhibited greater yield increases in winter (81.90% and 75.64%, respectively) and in summer (29.25% and 18.19%, respectively) compared to other systems. Notably, DWC lettuces consistently showed higher chlorophyll A, B, and carotene content, highlighting their potential for enhanced photosynthetic efficiency and nutritional value. The findings suggest that DWC is well-suited for achieving robust and vigorous lettuce growth and almost invariable water consumption in different seasons. NFT system also showed promising results, particularly effective water use per plant in both seasons. However, the water evaporation rate for this closed system was higher in summer. Moreover, our findings suggest that utilizing growth media in hydroponic systems can facilitate the retention of oxygen and nutrients. These findings can contribute to improving the selection of hydroponic systems and adapting them to seasonal variations in controlled greenhouse environments. They offer valuable insights and practical knowledge for precisely cultivating lettuce, promoting sustainable and efficient year-round production of leafy vegetables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identifying tomato genotypes that can thrive and produce abundantly under arid climatic conditions and addressing the growing food demand caused by population growth are pressing concerns for food security. This research aimed to assess the growth, physiological, phenological, fruit yield, and postharvest quality of tomato genotypes cultivated in an organic hydroponic system in Qatar, where abiotic stress conditions prevail. Ten different tomato genotypes were carefully evaluated, and comprehensive data regarding their growth and development were collected and analyzed. The performance of these tomato genotypes across all traits related to yield and quality showed significant variations. Notably, the 'Velocity' and 'Sigma' genotypes consistently exhibited robust vegetative growth and improved phenological characteristics compared with the other tomato cultivars. Specifically, 'Velocity' and 'Sigma' displayed increased leaf assimilation rates (35% and 32%), stomatal conductance (14% and 11%), and reduced transpiration loss (50% and 44%) compared with 'SV4129TH'. These genotypes also showed lower electrolyte leakage (32% and 28%) and maintained higher intercellular CO2 concentrations. Furthermore, 'Velocity' exhibited an accelerated flowering pattern, with the first flowering occurring 4 days sooner and 50% flowering occurring 5 days sooner than that of 'SV4129TH'. 'Velocity' also demonstrated superior fruit set (14%), pollen viability (24%), and fewer incidences of flower drops (36%) compared with 'SV4129TH'. Notably, 'Velocity' outperformed 'SV4129TH' in terms of marketable fruit yields, with a 32% higher yield. In addition to its impressive yield, 'Velocity' exhibited superior postharvest quality, including firmness, Brix level, acidity, and color. Therefore, overall, 'Velocity' and 'Sigma' emerged as promising genotypes with strong abiotic stress tolerance capabilities. The correlation analysis of these traits provided valuable insights into the selection and breeding of genotypes that can withstand abiotic stress conditions, laying the foundation for effective comparisons and selections of genotypes suitable for organic hydroponic cultivation in stressful environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydroponics is a type of soil-free farming that uses less water and other resources than conventional soil-based farming methods. Hydroponic cultivation system has high yield per acre of land with minimal consumption of water and can be a possible to meet the growing food demand of the world. The hydroponic plants fertility must be preserved, proper nutrition, a environmental temperature, and nutrient stability are crucial. It will be simpler for a farmer to keep track of all hydroponic plants by automatically monitoring nutrient flow and ambient temperature stability. By implementing artificial intelligence-based regulating algorithms in the agriculture industry, recent technology advancements are highly helpful in resolving these issues. This paper presents, automated hydroponic nutrient control system (AHNCS) for smart agriculture. System architecture is consisting of sensors network, Raspberry pi 4 microcontroller and actuators. Raspberry pi 4 microcomputer read sensor values from sensors process and activates particular actuator. The automation of the hydroponic system helps to avoid human intervention. The utilization of sensors and actuators, promptly act for the needs of the plant without any delay. The AHNCS having high accuracy, high efficiency and less delay. Hence, automation of the existing hydroponic system can reduce human dependency, provide accurate results, constant monitoring of plant health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles ( TiO 2 -NPs) are believed can enhance crop yield by accelerating the photosynthetic rate, infection control management, and competent catalyst for the decomposition of organic pollutants. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of titanium dioxide nanoparticles ( TiO 2 -NPs) on L. sativa, lettuce growth in a hydroponic system using two different media: sponge and cocopeat. Hydroponic systems with optimum treatment factors, such as air temperature, humidity, light, pH of nutrient solution, and electrical conductivity (EC), were applied in this study to attain elevated yields within a short period of time. The results show that L. sativa without TiO 2 -NPs treatment produces an optimum growth pattern in terms of biomass, including fresh weight, dry weight, and height, with p < 0.05, especially when using cocopeat medium. Detailed observation found that TiO 2 -NPs treatment showed no significant difference between the leaf count and diameter on L. sativa. This study found that TiO 2 -NPs could act as an efficient organic catalyst for maintaining hydroponic nutrient quality. However, further findings indicate that TiO 2 -NPs could interfere with the nutrient absorption process from the roots, which might lead to off-color foliage, and plant stress. Further research is recommended to study the implication of TiO 2 -NPs on growth, nutrient absorption, and organic catalyst potential that is beneficial for plant growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Montmorillonites reduced GLP and AMPA bioavailability in soil, corn roots and leaves. • Kinetic studies with different concentrations, doses, and duration showed dose- & time-dependency. • Acid processed montmorillonite reduced mixtures in roots by 76% and in leaves by 57%. • Decrease in roots, leaves and soil was consistent and continuous without detectable dissociation. • Montmorillonites can serve as soil supplements to remediate GLP and AMPA in soil. The co-occurrence of glyphosate (GLP) and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) in contaminated water, soil, sediment and plants is a cause for concern due to potential threats to the ecosystem and human health. A major route of exposure is through contact with contaminated soil and consumption of crops containing GLP and AMPA residues. However, clay-based sorption strategies for mixtures of GLP and AMPA in soil, plants and garden produce have been very limited. In this study, in vitro soil and in vivo genetically modified corn models were used to establish the proof of concept that the inclusion of clay sorbents in contaminated soils will reduce the bioavailability of GLP and AMPA in soils and their adverse effects on plant growth. Effects of chemical concentration (1–10 mg/kg), sorbent dose (0.5%-3% in soil and 0.5%-1% in plants) and duration (up to 28 days) on sorption kinetics were studied. The time course results showed a continuous GLP degradation to AMPA. The inclusion of calcium montmorillonite (CM) and acid processed montmorillonite (APM) clays at all doses significantly and consistently reduced the bioavailability of both chemicals from soils to plant roots and leaves in a dose- and time-dependent manner without detectable dissociation. Plants treated with 0.5% and 1% APM inclusion showed the highest growth rate (p ≤ 0.05) and lowest chemical bioavailability with up to 76% reduction in roots and 57% reduction in leaves. Results indicated that montmorillonite clays could be added as soil supplements to reduce hazardous mixtures of GLP and AMPA in soils and plants. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The NFT (Nutrient Film Technique) technology is one of the hydroponic methods used for cultivating plants, including lettuce. In this system, the plant roots are suspended in a continuous flow of nutrient solution, which is pumped through an inclined channel or a thin tray. This thin flow of nutrient solution allows the roots to receive essential nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, along with other necessary substances for healthy plant growth. The system utilizes a minimal amount of water because the water and nutrients are constantly recirculated within the system, thus reducing waste and the need for irrigation. By precisely monitoring and adjusting the composition of the nutrient solution, growers can ensure that plants receive the optimal amount of nutrients to grow healthily and produce quality yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a zero-waste approach for the agro-industrial sector, this study aimed to evaluate the reuse of cheese whey wastewater (chemical oxygen demand = 2.1 g L−1) pretreated by immediate one-step lime precipitation followed by natural carbonation as a nutritive solution for tomato production in hydroponic systems. Pretreated effluent, diluted with groundwater (1:6) and supplemented with nutrients, was utilized to irrigate different hydroponic systems designed to assess the influence of tomato rooting type (free/confined−setup_A) and the feed's solution level (with/without water deep−setup_B). Plants and fruit development, fruit physicochemical characteristics and sensory analysis, and effluent quality after reuse were analyzed. Good quality tomato production with high crop yield was obtained. The highest marketable tomato weight per plant (682 g) was observed in setup_B with a deep-bed system, but setup_A, with free or confined rooting, presented similar values. The type of rooting, within setup_A or water deep within setup_B, did not significantly influence plant and fruit characteristics. The highest maturity and flavor indexes were observed for setup_A with free rooting. Regarding sensory analysis, setup_A often scored the highest in terms of overall appreciation with free or confined rooting. The reuse of cheese whey wastewater in hydroponics reduced freshwater consumption for crop production, allowed for a treated final effluent and prevented soil degradation in a sustainable circular economy methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The optimum growth and development of wheat depend on nitrogen (N) from different sources and its assimilation mechanisms. Experiments were conducted on 47 wheat genotypes to understand N assimilation and fractionation dynamics in different tissues of wheat. The genotypes were grown in two growing systems (VPC- a mixture of vermiculite and perlite and Hydroponic) under N-limiting (LN) and N-optimum (ON) conditions for various growth periods: GS13, GS15, GS19, GS39, and GS65. Nitrogen isotope composition (δ15N, n = 624) and nitrogen concentration (%N, n = 624) were measured in the root, stem, leaf, and ear of each genotype. In the VPC system, 33 genotypes were analyzed where the roots are 15N enriched with low %N and the shoots are 15N depleted with high %N at GS15 suggesting higher fractionation in roots, active primary distribution of N, and effective N cycling. In the Hydroponic system, 14 genotypes were analyzed where %N in the shoot is higher than the root in ON conditions, whereas δ15N values are higher in the root than the shoot in LN conditions. Nevertheless, the δ15N and %N levels are inversely proportional irrespective of the genotypes in both growing systems. The genotypes grown in the VPC system have distinctly higher δ15N values (higher isotopic fractionation causing 15N abundance) in both root and shoot than those in the Hydroponic system under all conditions of external nitrogen availability, suggesting higher N uptake and active primary distribution in the VPC system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT All horticultural regions of the world have fundamentally developed in the programmatic era through farmer impact and imaginative development practices. The methods described are used to monitor satisfaction and crop yields. Because of the quality of the soil and the nourishment of the land, their cultivation has improved and created more money. The disadvantage is that it took them a long speculation to acquire the crops, and the level of nutrition was not usually put at its obvious level. In addition, many areas were devoted to production, which required a lot of work to treat the whole area. In order to control the time and methods well, the majority of the regions switched to careful development principles with IoT structures. Growing on water is the most progressive strategy to grow natural plants, vegetables and fruits without using land. The use of Rockwool in agricultural strategies where water contamination is possible for a certain period will result in huge yields and the requirement of longer growing times will be waived. Most of the countries that have practiced smart and economic development with little external intervention. IoT sensors are used in the water cultivation development system to test the situation and quality of yields continuously. They will effectively provide information to the whole system when the water or nutrient level has dropped. In the beginning, the development of hydroponics was done horizontally in small spaces in order to maintain the water flow. Today, it is applied on a vertical structure to save space and water flows when needed. With this method, yields are likely to be achieved even more space-efficiently and with little external intervention. Vertical hydroponics performs better than previous conventional approaches; perhaps the farmers in the extension unit have considered the cost of the total layout. This evaluation paper describes the use of procedures and development of automated methods using IoT platforms. Many reference materials can be used big data.

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Tarakan City has limited agricultural land potential and is less productive so that most of the consumption needs for vegetables are imported from outside the island of Tarakan. It is hoped that with the development of hydroponic technology, the community can meet the needs of vegetables independently. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors that influence the decision of farmers to implement a hydroponic system. The research is located in Tarakan City with the research period from April to October 2021. The method of determining respondents was carried out intentionally to 40 respondents with the consideration that the community had obtained information about hydroponic system, either through direct agricultural extension workers, from friends or through other electronic media. such as television, YouTube, Facebook and other social media. To find out the factors that affect farmers' opportunities to apply hydroponic system, an analysis is carried out using the logit function approach. Analysis of the factors that influence farmers' decisions to apply hydroponic system using logit regression function analysis obtained a Nagelkerke R2 value of 0.494 meaning that the variation of the independent variables included in the model was able to explain 49.4% of the existing phenomena and the remaining 50.6% was explained by other variables. The variable hydroponic planting experience (X4) has a significant and significant effect at the 5 %, meaning that the more often people cultivate hydroponic plants, the greater the opportunity to apply hydroponic system, while age (X1), formal education (X2), Membership Dummy in the farmer group (X3), and Dummy nutrient costs (X5) are not significant. One of the obstacles for farmers in applying hydroponic system is the cost of purchasing nutrients.

Hydroponic plantations are an effort of future agricultural technology, and this is due to population growth and increasingly saving agricultural land. Besides that, hydroponics can trigger rural economic development by opening employment opportunities for rural areas. The realization of hydroponics in rural areas that are not connected to the grid can use solar energy to circulate water continuously. The components of photo voltaic systems have been designed to the needs of the hydroponic system. Photo voltaic technology has been used for a long time for lighting in remote areas. Integrating the photo voltaic system with hydroponics is a synergistic effort to use energy productively. The case the demand for vegetables in rural areas is minimal, with limited land and the level of land productivity that depends on the availability of fertilizers. The economical method for analyzing the integrating system of photovoltaic and hydroponic systems is based on PBP, CCP, and ROROI. The results obtained for kale based on the PV-hydroponic integration system have a return on investment (PBP) of 13.5 months, cumulative cash posit (CCP) of 1.84, and Rate of Return on Investment (ROROI) of 8.01%. Adding the second and third hydroponic plant modules can reduce PBP to 6.2 months and 5.2 months, respectively. Likewise, CPP increased from 1.84 to 3.68 and 5.21, respectively. Meanwhile, ROROI rose from 8.01% to 11.43% and 13.34%, respectively.

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Oil Crop Sciences is the property of Oil Crops Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) is one of the main condiments for fresh consumption and essential oil production. The aim of the present work was to assess the agronomic characterization and analyze the essential oil of 63 basil accessions. The experiment was conducted in two stages in a greenhouse using vases and a hydroponic cultivation system. Oil extraction was performed employing the Soxhlet method. There was a significant variation in the agronomic characteristics among the evaluated accessions. The estimated total contents of essential oils ranged from 0.05 to 0.40%, and the major volatile fraction was methyl-eugenol. In the present study, accessions with superior performance compared to commercial varieties were found. Accession BL11 presented agronomic characteristics suitable for cultivation in a hydroponic system due to its better plant structure and late flowering. Accession BL24 stood out for essential oil extraction, producing 17.6% of linalool and a high intensity of color and odor. Accessions BL11 and BL24 presented market potential, given their higher mass productivity and higher essential oil yield, respectively. These accessions can be made available as new varieties in addition to being used in genetic improvement programs for this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research focuses on types of substrate materials (rice husk, coconut fiber, sand), the rate of media mix between coconut fiber, rice, and concentrations of Thiamine HCl (vitamin B1) on the growth of Rainbow Vinegar (Beta vulgaris subsp. Vulgaris). In the studies of nutritional absorption and metal toxicity in the roof, it is essential to growing plants without technical damage. The results showed that Hoagland solution combined coconut fiber, sand, and Thiamine HCl (vitamin B1) suitable for Beta vulgaris subsp. Vulgaris. The Rainbow grows remarkably from 20 days to 30 days for a faster, cleaner, and cultivating soil environment. The method presented here provides. Vulgaris to obtain a healthy plant having a well-developed root system with many lateral roots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to address issues of limited resources and contamination by fertilizers, nutrient solutions may be reused in hydroponics as an alternative to their disposal in the environment. This work evaluated the feasibility of nutrient replacement for the nutrient solutions reused during lettuce hydroponic cultivation. The experiment was carried out in an agricultural greenhouse in an NFT hydroponic system using the “Milena” lettuce cultivar. The experiment was divided into two stages: 1) monitoring and data collection and proposition of nutrient replacement management; and 2) validation of the proposed replacement management. Monitoring the consumption of the crop's nutritional solution in the first stage served as the basis for the proposed nutritional replacement management. Management was validated in the second stage through the evaluation of fresh and dry mass, crop nutritional status, and the amount of the fertilizer applied in the treatments: T1 - nutrient replacement with nutrient solution reuse; and T2 - nutrient replacement without nutrient solution reuse. The fresh and dry mass data and the amount of nutrients absorbed by the plants were submitted to the t-test at 5% probability, showing no significant difference between the treatments, making it possible to conclude that the nutrient solution reuse provided nutrient replacement during the lettuce crop cultivation.

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Vertical farming methods are gaining importance in the current era of urbanization and industrialization 5.0. These methods of farming enhance sustainability by consuming less space and reducing carbon emissions and greenhouse gas emissions. The Green Internet of Things (G-IoT) offers greater environmental sustainability by switching to a dormant mode while not in use, thereby consuming less energy. Each farming method has a different effect on the shoot and root growth of the plants. Thus, dedicated farming methods must be identified for each crop according to the type of crop under consideration. This leads to a need to compare and analyze the root as well as shoot growth trends of crops in different cultivation mediums, using different cultivation methods, thereby identifying the most suitable method for the cultivation of the crop. A comparative analysis of barley shoot and root growth in green IoT-embedded hydroponics and substrate cultivation methods has shown that hydroponics exhibits two times more shoot growth than substrate cultivation. Furthermore, the results were verified against the results obtained from the simulator, which confirmed that the hydroponic method of cultivation produced a year-round qualitative product with 17.112 tons of biomass and 8.556 tons of dry yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectiveSalinity stress is considered as one of the most important abiotic stresses that significantly decreased crop production in the world. The development of salt-tolerant varieties is one of the most strategies against decreasing crop performance in saline conditions. Hence, assessment of expression patterns of genes responsible for the biosynthesis pathways can be very effective in creating tolerant genotypes. The main objective of this study was to compression of expression patterns of HvSOS1, HvSOS3, HvNHX3, and HvHKT3 genes in some advanced barley genotypes under salinity stress conditions. Materials and methodsIn the present study, the effect of salt stress on relative changes expression of HvSOS1, HvSOS3, HvNHX3, and HvHKT3 genes in the six advanced barley genotypes along with Mehr cultivar (as a check) was investigated under the control (no NaCl) and salt (200 mM NaCl) treatments. All tested genotypes were planted under controlled greenhouse conditions using a hydroponic system. After salt treatment duration, all seedling plants were subjected to sampling and the relative expression of selected genes was estimated.ResultsBased on obtained results, there are significant differences between treatments as well as among tested genotypes. Salt treatment significantly increased expression of HvSOS1, HvSOS3, HvNHX3, and HvHKT3 genes by 14.76-, 4.65-, 4-, and 4-fold compared to the control treatment, respectively. Comparison of the expression patterns of studied genes showed that two genotypes G3 and G6 had the highest transcription rate of mentioned genes and it seems that they have an acceptable tolerance to the high levels of salinity stress. A positive association between HvHKT3 and HvSOS genes was another obtained result so that two identified genotypes indicated the highest expression of these genes under salt treatment. ConclusionsIt is inferred that increasing expression of studied genes is an important part of the salt tolerance mechanism because each of them has a key role in the signaling pathway and translocation of Na ions in the plant cells. Two identified genotypes, G3 and G6, with having this potential can be appreciated candidates for future research and use as salt-tolerant cultivars.

The urgent need to increase the sustainability of crop production has pushed the agricultural sector towards the use of biostimulants based on natural products. The current work aimed to determine whether the preharvest application of two commercial formulations, based on a Fabaceae enzymatic hydrolysate or a blend of nitrogen sources including fulvic acids, and two lab-made aqueous extracts from Moringa oleifera leaves (MLEs), could improve yield, quality, and storability of lettuce grown in a hydroponic system, as compared to an untreated control. Lettuce plants treated with the MLEs showed significantly improved quality parameters (leaf number, area, and color), total phenolic content and antioxidant activity, and resistance against the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea, comparable to that obtained with commercial formulates, particularly those based on the protein hydrolysate. A difference between the M. oleifera extracts was observed, probably due to the different compositions. Although further large-scale trials are needed, the tested MLEs seem a promising safe and effective preharvest means to improve lettuce agronomic and quality parameters and decrease susceptibility to rots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Lucrari Stiintifice, Universitatea de Stiinte Agricole Si Medicina Veterinara Ion Ionescu de la Brad Iasi, Seria Horticultura is the property of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine (Editura Ion Ionescu de la Brad) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Tecno Lógicas is the property of Instituto Tecnologico Metropolitano and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Ambiente e Água is the property of Revista Ambiente e Agua and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

One of the alternatives for the optimization of livestock systems is the implementation of technologies such as the production of silage, hays, and hydroponic green fodder (FVH). This study sought to implement a hydroponic system to produce FVH of rice (O. Sativa), unconventional grass for animal feed, in conditions of low temperature and high humidity, varying between 17 °C y 24 °C y 60 % y 80 %, respectively. The agronomic evaluation had a duration of 38 days for the main crop (CP) and 21 days for the soca (CS). The seeds used were watered manually, applying fertilizers from day 21 post-sowing; besides, were selected, disinfected, and subjected to pre-germination. A quantitative descriptive analysis was carried out, linear regression models were used. The variables evaluated in CP and CS were total height (cm), stem height (cm), main leaf length (cm), leaf/stem relation and quantity of leaf/seedling. The constant growth of the seedlings was observed until day 26 post-sowing; then, it was found that the growth in height was minimum. Regarding CS, regrowth was found in some scattered areas of the root mat, reaching a height lower than that recorded in the CP, where premature death of seedlings was evidenced. Could be concluded, finally, that in the environmental conditions of the experiment biomass and height yield is low; nevertheless, the nutritional composition of O. sativa indicates that the implementation of hydroponics allows proposing the production of FVH from this grass as a promising alternative in animal feed.