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In laboratory conditions, composite sutures based on polylactide (PLA) containing chitin nanofibrils modified with polyethylene glycol (CN‐PEG) and poviargol (silver nanoparticles stabilized with poly(N‐vinylpyrrolidone)) were obtained, studied, and used as a prototype. Surgical sutures threads with the addition of CN‐PEG have stable mechanical properties both in air and in a buffer simulating the environment of a living organism. The yield strength of oriented threads decreased by an average of 15%, whereas for non‐oriented threads the decrease was 3–4 times. The strength values in simple units of unfilled PLA, PLA containing 5 wt % CN‐PEG, and PLA with 1 wt % Poviargol were on average 50% higher than the national standard 31620‐2012. The results of in vivo experiments on albino rats (cross‐linking skin and muscle tissue in the linea alba area) showed that composite sutures are best for suturing muscle tissue, whereas unfilled PLA sutures are more suitable for suturing skin. When suturing muscle tissue, suturing with composite sutures increased the number of collagen fibers of different diameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lagerstroemia speciosa (Lythraceae), commonly known as banaba, is a plant native to the tropical regions of Southeast Asia that thrives abundantly in Vietnam and has been historically utilized in traditional medicine. Despite evidence suggesting that its leaves have anti-diabetic properties, studies investigating the effects of L. speciosa extracts on animal models of type 2 diabetes remain limited. Herein, the effect of dry extract from L. speciosa leaves (VLDE) collected in Vietnam on blood glucose in type 2 diabetic rats was evaluated. White rats were divided into five groups, each comprising 10 rats. Group 1 served as the non-diabetic control, receiving distilled water, while type 2 diabetes was induced in other groups with a high-fat diet and low-dose streptozotocin. Group 3 received gliclazide at a dose of 20 mg/kg/day as the positive control, whereas groups 4 and 5 were administered VLDE at doses of 620 mg/kg/day and 1240 mg/kg/day, respectively, for a treatment duration of 28 days. Blood glucose levels, blood insulin levels, and insulin resistance indices were evaluated pre-and post-treatment. VLDE at both doses demonstrated significant blood glucose-lowering effects, accompanied by a reduction in the HOMA-IR index and elevation in the HOMA-β, QUICKI, and DI indices, as well as an increase in the pancreatic mass-to-body weight ratio, comparable to the gliclazidetreated group. Our findings underscore the potential of L. speciosa extract as a medicinal therapeutic agent for type 2 diabetes management, warranting further pre-clinical and clinical validation for pharmaceutical development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effect of coating a zirconia-based ceramic oral implant with a material of the same composition to build a relatively smooth surface with three different porosity features was evaluated in vivo, at 4 and 8 weeks after implantation in sheep femoral condyles. The results showed that at 4 weeks, the three coated zirconia-based implants with smoother surface topographies behaved similarly and promoted faster bone healing compared to the results obtained in the same zirconia- or titanium-based implants, but with rougher sandblasted and acid-etched surfaces. In addition, higher pull-out strengths were estimated in the coated-ceramic sample compared to titanium sandblasted and etched one. The present work showed that zirconia coatings with smoother surfaces than those conventionally used in the market improved the early phase of bone healing, paving the way for shorter treatment times and improved patient outcomes.

Composite threads based on polylactide (PLA) containing up to 20 wt% carbon nanofibers (CNF) were produced using melt technology. The formation of a percolation cluster was studied in composite filaments with various morphologies (non‐oriented, subjected to isothermal crystallization, and oriented by six times). By adding 20 wt% CNF, a specific resistance of 100 Ohm m was achieved in the PLA filament. With orientation stretching, the specific resistance was 107 Ohm m, regardless of the CNF concentration. The scanning electron microscopy study showed poor adhesion between PLA and CNF. Threads containing 1 wt% CNF demonstrated stable conductive characteristics under dynamic loading for 24 h (50% of their breaking load). Studies of the creep of composite fibers have shown that small amounts of CNFs promote the sliding of polymer fibrils. In vivo tests showed that the addition of 5 wt% CNF led to an increase in the rate of bioresorption of PLA filaments. Additionally, the conductive properties were maintained for 12 months after implantation. The prepared filaments can be used in flexible electronics for biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacterial infections are usually found in the stomach and the first part of the small intestine in association with various pathologies, including ulcers, inflammatory diseases, and sometimes cancer. Treatment options may include combinations of antibiotics with proton pump inhibitors and anti-inflammatory drugs. However, all of them have high systemic exposure and, hence, unfavorable side effects, whereas their exposure in stomach mucus, the predominant location of the bacteria, is limited. Chitosan and nanogels based on chitosan presumably are not absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and are known to adhere to the mucus. Therefore, they can serve as a basis for the local delivery of antibacterial drugs, increasing their exposure at the predominant location of therapeutic targets, thus improving the risk/benefit ratio. We have used E. coli ATCC 25922 (as a screening model of pathogenic bacteria) and Lactobacilli (as a model of a normal microbiome) to study the antibacterial activity of antibacterial drugs entrapped in a chitosan nanogel. Classical antibiotics were studied in a monotherapeutic regimen as well as in combination with individual terpenoids and flavonoids as adjuvants. It has been shown that levofloxacin (LF) in combination with zephirol demonstrate synergistic effects against E. coli (cell viability decreased by about 50%) and, surprisingly, a much weaker effect against Lactobacilli. A number of other combinations of antibiotic + adjuvant were also shown to be effective. Using FTIR and UV spectroscopy, it has been confirmed that chitosan nanogels with the drug are well adsorbed on the mucosal model, providing prolonged release at the target location. Using an ABTS assay, the antioxidant properties of flavonoids and other drugs are shown, which are potentially necessary to minimize the harmful effects of toxins and radicals produced by pathogens. In vivo experiments (on sturgeon fish) showed the effective action of antibacterial formulations developed based on LF in chitosan nanogels for up to 11 days. Thus, chitosan nanogels loaded with a combination of drugs and adjuvants can be considered as a new strategy for the treatment of infectious diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The potential ability of probiotics to prepare angiotensin-converting enzyme （ACE） inhibitory fermentation broth from quinoa and the effects of fermentation process on it were investigated. Methods: In this study, 18 strains of lactic acid bacteria and 12 strains of yeast were screened for their ability to prepare ACE inhibitory fermentation broth using quinoa as the raw material and the ACE inhibition rate as an indicator. The inoculum amount, fermentation temperature and fermentation time were optimized by orthogonal tests. Finally, the peptides in the fermentation broth were identified, and the selected peptides were tested in vivo to evaluate the antihypertensive effect. Results: Lactobacillus paracasei L2 had the best effect among the 30 strains, and the ACE inhibition rate of the fermentation broth prepared by fermenting quinoa was as high as （86.50±0.25）%; The optimal fermentation conditions for the preparation of ACE inhibitory fermentation broth by fermenting quinoa with Lactobacillus paracasei L2 strain were 5% inoculum, 48 h fermentation time, and 34 ℃ fermentation temperature. Under these conditions, the ACE inhibition rate was the highest, which was （90.41±0.16）%; By comparing the results of liquid quality identification with the database, two peptides NIFRPFAPEL and AALEAPRILNL with better ACE inhibition effect were obtained. Both NIFRPFAPEL and AALEAPRILNL could significantly lower blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats （SHR）, and both achieved the best blood pressure lowering effect at 6 h after gavage. Systolic blood pressure （SBP） decreased by （2.67±0.21） and （3.46±0.01） kPa, and diastolic blood pressure （DBP） decreased by （29.36±0.54） and （22.33±0.77） kPa, respectively. And NIFRPFAPEL and AALEAPRI-LNL had no effect on blood pressure in Wistar-Kyoto rats （WKY）. Conclusion: Therefore, quinoa is a high-quality grain raw material for preparing ACE inhibitory fermentation broth, and NIFRPFAPEL and AALEAPRILNL can be used for the development of blood pressure-lowering functional foods or medicines.

Copyright of Detergent & Cosmetics is the property of Detergent & Cosmetics Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Simple Summary: Inappropriate use of regular anthelmintic drugs has led to the development of anthelmintic resistance in sheep gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) and consequently caused huge economic losses. Therefore, researchers worldwide are making efforts in finding novel strategies to control these parasites, which are mostly based on the rational use of synthetic drugs and the use of various alternatives, such as botanical anthelmintics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anthelmintic efficacy of the essential oil (EO) of oregano (Origanum vulgare (L.)) against sheep GINs and to demonstrate the possibility of its use in veterinary practice. For obtaining clear results, both in vitro (egg hatch test) and in vivo efficacy tests (fecal egg count reduction test), as well as toxicity studies, on the hosts (clinical examination, blood count, and liver or kidney function test) were performed. The egg hatch test demonstrated the anthelmintic potential of the tested EO with an efficacy of 71.3%–93.7%, which was also demonstrated in the fecal egg count reduction test with an efficacy of 60.1% in total (on the second farm, 78.26%) shown on day 14 after treatment. Moreover, no negative or side effects of the applied EO formulation to the sheep were noticed in toxicity studies. The obtained results indicate the high potential of the O. vulgare EO for use in veterinary practice to control sheep GINs, as a part of an integrated strategy aimed to reduce the use of conventional anthelmintics. Therefore, these results may be significant for the future management of these infections. The development of anthelmintic resistance in sheep gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) requires novel strategies for the sustainable control of these parasites. This study aimed to evaluate the anthelmintic efficacy of the Origanum vulgare (L.) essential oil (EO) against sheep GINs and to evaluate the possibility of its use in control practice. The in vitro egg hatch test was conducted at eight different concentrations (50, 12.5, 3.125, 0.781, 0.195, 0.049, 0.025, and 0.0125 mg/mL) of the tested EO. For the in vivo fecal egg count reduction test, the EO of O. vulgare was administrated orally at a mean single dose of 150 mg/kg to sheep from two farms in Southern Italy, whereby potential toxic effects to the hosts were also evaluated. In the egg hatch test, the inhibition of egg hatchability varied from 71.3% to 93.7%, depending on the concentration used. The high anthelmintic potential was confirmed in the fecal egg count reduction test with an average reduction of nematode eggs in feces of 43.2% and 60.1% on days 7 and 14 after treatment, respectively. In addition, no toxic effects were noticed during the clinical examination of sheep or by observing blood count and liver or kidney function test results. The obtained results suggest the strong activity of the O. vulgare EO against sheep GINs, probably due to a high percentage of carvacrol (76.21%), whereby it can be considered safe for sheep at the dose tested in vivo. Therefore, it is suitable for use in veterinary practice as a part of an integrated strategy for the control of sheep GINs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parasitic infections with gastrointestinal nematodes are a serious problem for the health and welfare of domestic animals and negatively affect the economics of animal production. Haemonchus contortus is a haematophagous nematode of small ruminants responsible for significant mortality and morbidity. In addition, the widespread resistance to synthetic anthelmintic drugs emphasizes the urgent need of alternative treatment options against haemonchosis. This work aims to investigate the anthelmintic activity of an hydroethanolic Combretum mucronatum leaf extract (CMLE) against Haemonchus contortus in goats. Goats were artificially infected with 3500 third-stage larvae of H. contortus , and 21 days later, treated with CMLE (1000, 500, 250 mg/kg) for 4 consecutive days. Different parameters such as faecal egg count reduction, weight and haematocrit were monitored during the experimental period. The number of eggs per gram of faeces (EPG) was concentration-depended lower and significantly reduced compared to the untreated control (p < 0.0001). The effect of the highest CMLE dose (4 ×1000 mg/kg body weight) was similar to the effect of albendazole (1 ×5 mg/kg of body weight). The ED 50 and ED 90 values calculated were 189.17 and 392.33 mg/kg body weight respectively. ED 50 and ED 90 values were time-dependent. Moreover, CMLE improved haematocrit and weight of goats in dose-dependent and time-dependent manner. These results showed that CMLE could be used for haemonchosis treatment in small ruminants. [Display omitted] • Calves that received powdered colostrum replacer had more tick fever agents (TFA). • Calves obtained by embryo transfer received more treatments against TFA. • Calves that suffered 4 to 10 TFA relapses had lower weaning weights. • Each TFA relapse in calves reduced 213.5 liters of milk in the 1st lactation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Zinc is generally considered to be one of the most promising materials to be used in biodegradable implants, and many zinc alloys have been optimized to improve implant biocompatibility, degradation, and mechanical properties. However, long-term degradation leads to the prolonged presence of degradation products, which risks foreign body reactions. Herein, we investigated the in vivo biocompatibility and degradation of a biodegradable Zn–Mg–Fe alloy osteosynthesis system in the frontal bone, mandible, and femur in beagles for 1 year. Results of the routine blood, biochemical, trace element, and histological analyses of multiple organs, peripheral blood CD4/CD8a levels, and serum interleukin 2 and 4 levels showed good biocompatibility of the Zn–Mg–Fe alloy. Zinc content analysis revealed zinc accumulation in adjacent bone tissue, but not in the liver, kidney, and spleen, which was related to the degradation of the Zn–Mg–Fe alloy. The alloy demonstrated a uniform slowing degradation rate in vivo. No degradation differences in the frontal bone, mandible, and femur were observed. The degradation products included zinc oxide [ZnO], zinc hydroxide [Zn(OH)2], hydrozincite [Zn5(OH)6(CO3)2], and hopeite [Zn3(PO4)2·4H2O]. The good biocompatibility and degradation properties of the Zn–Mg–Fe alloy render it a very attractive osteosynthesis system for clinical applications.

The cashew apple (Anacardium occidental L.) is a tropical fruit that is a byproduct of the cashew nut processing industry. Rich in vitamins, polyphenols, sugars, minerals, amino acids, and dietary fiber, it contains bioactive compounds and several active components (ascorbic acid, anacardic acid, carotenoids, condensed tannins, quercetin, and other phenolic) that serve as antioxidants. This study aims to determine the effect of giving cashew apple juice and its nutritional impact on Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus – Berkenhout 1769). The study adopted 21 male Wistar rats for 7 d fed with AIN 76 (American Institute of Nutrition 1976) diet, divided into three groups of seven rats. The first group was administered with fresh cashew apple juice treatment 0.14 % (CAJT 0.14 %), the second group with cashew apple juice 0.12 % (CAJT 0.12 %), and the last group with aquadest (Placebo) per day orally for 28 d. Employing an experimental method, variables of protein using Kjeldahl method, starch using the direct acid hydrolysis method, and calcium levels in the feces of experimental rats were observed. The data was obtained through analysis of variance, and differences among samples were tested using Least Significant Different (LSD). The results showed that CAJT 0.14 % significantly reduced protein digestibility (11.49 %) and starch feed (0.69 %) as well as weight rate by 78.85 g (38.34 %) while increased calcium excretion (0.44 %). CAJT 0.12 % followed at 11.36 %, 0.68%, 38.64 % (88.74 g), and 0.44 % respectively. Placebo was not affective towards research variables. The effect of consuming cashew apple juice regarding nutrient digestibility shows its potential for a commercial process as a functional food and a slimming agent, which answers the environmental need for waste utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacterial infections are usually found in the stomach and the first part of the small intestine in association with various pathologies, including ulcers, inflammatory diseases, and sometimes cancer. Treatment options may include combinations of antibiotics with proton pump inhibitors and anti-inflammatory drugs. However, all of them have high systemic exposure and, hence, unfavorable side effects, whereas their exposure in stomach mucus, the predominant location of the bacteria, is limited. Chitosan and nanogels based on chitosan presumably are not absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and are known to adhere to the mucus. Therefore, they can serve as a basis for the local delivery of antibacterial drugs, increasing their exposure at the predominant location of therapeutic targets, thus improving the risk/benefit ratio. We have used E. coli ATCC 25922 (as a screening model of pathogenic bacteria) and Lactobacilli (as a model of a normal microbiome) to study the antibacterial activity of antibacterial drugs entrapped in a chitosan nanogel. Classical antibiotics were studied in a monotherapeutic regimen as well as in combination with individual terpenoids and flavonoids as adjuvants. It has been shown that levofloxacin (LF) in combination with zephirol demonstrate synergistic effects against E. coli (cell viability decreased by about 50%) and, surprisingly, a much weaker effect against Lactobacilli. A number of other combinations of antibiotic + adjuvant were also shown to be effective. Using FTIR and UV spectroscopy, it has been confirmed that chitosan nanogels with the drug are well adsorbed on the mucosal model, providing prolonged release at the target location. Using an ABTS assay, the antioxidant properties of flavonoids and other drugs are shown, which are potentially necessary to minimize the harmful effects of toxins and radicals produced by pathogens. In vivo experiments (on sturgeon fish) showed the effective action of antibacterial formulations developed based on LF in chitosan nanogels for up to 11 days. Thus, chitosan nanogels loaded with a combination of drugs and adjuvants can be considered as a new strategy for the treatment of infectious diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.

Copyright of Food & Machinery is the property of Food & Machinery Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study aimed at evaluating the antibacterial activity of Cinnamomum cassia and Syzygium aromaticum essential oils and their nanoparticles (EOs-NPS) against Erwinia amylovora, the causal agent of fire blight disease. First, EOs of C. cassia and S. aromaticum were obtained by hydrodistillation and analysed using a GC–MS/FID. Results showed that the main components of C. cassia EOs are E-Cinnamaldehyde (73.23%), alpha-Copaene (6.44%), and Eugenol (4.23%) while the EOs of S. aromaticum showed the presence of Eugenol (58.64%), β-Caryophyllene (32.91%), and Humulene (3.25%). C. cassia EOs was the most effective with an inhibition zone of 37.7 mm and a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 1.04%. However, EOs-NPS of C. cassia had greater effects than S. aromaticum with an MBC of 0.75%, rather than the effect of EOs alone. Significant reduction of the disease incidence (86%) was observed in the in vivo pre-treatment using EOs-NPS of C. cassia. Therefore, C. cassia EOs-NPS is recommended against E. amylovora. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Some drugs cause phototoxicity in humans when exposed to light, thus there is a need for an in vivo phototoxicity test to evaluate them. However, an in vivo phototoxicity test method to evaluate this has not been established. This study aimed to establish an in vivo phototoxicity test method for transdermally administered drugs. For this, we evaluated the phototoxicity using Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats for transdermal administered drugs and we studied the appropriate UVA dose using 8-methoxypsalen, which is a well-known phototoxic drug. We found that a UVA dose of 15 J/cm2 was dose and time dependent response compared to other UVA doses. We performed the Minimum Erythema Dose (MED) test because UVB can cause skin irritation by itself and selected 0.01 J/cm2 as an appropriate dose of UVB. Using the selected UVA and UVB doses, we performed a phototoxicity study of 6 pharmaceutical drugs, which included phototoxic and non-phototoxic drugs. As a result of the phototoxicity test, 100% accuracy was obtained when compared with previous studies. In addition, we performed histopathology to confirm the new findings. We found that histopathology can be used as an additional indicator of phototoxicity test for transdermally administered drugs.

Magnesium alloys with integration of degradability and good mechanical performance are desired for orthopedic implants. In this paper, Mg–2Sr–Ca and Mg–2Sr–Zn alloys were prepared and the degradation as well as the bone response were investigated. Compared with the binary Mg–2Sr alloys, the addition of Ca and Zn improved the in vitro and in vivo corrosion resistance. Mg–2Sr–Ca and Mg–2Sr–Zn alloys exhibited more uniform corrosion and maintained the configuration of the implants 4 weeks post-implantation. The in vivo corrosion rates were 0.85 mm/yr for Mg–2Sr–Zn and 1.10 mm/yr for Mg–2Sr–Ca in comparison with 1.37 mm/yr for Mg–2Sr. The in vitro cell tests indicated that Mg–2Sr–Ca and Mg–2Sr–Zn alloys exhibited higher MG63 cell viability than Mg–2Sr alloy. Furthermore, these two alloys can promote the mineralization and new bone formation without inducing any significant adverse effects and this sound osteogenic properties suggest its attractive clinical potential.

Knowing the evolution of the skin’s response to mechanical solicitations and understanding its origin is important in medicine, surgery, and cosmetics. Studies performed in vitro and ex vivo show that links exist between the topographic skin properties and the collagen and elastin fibers network in the dermis. But, to our knowledge, no in vivo study shows this link. In this study we propose a combination of experimental tests to demonstrate the link between the topographic skin properties and the fibers network in the dermis in vivo. The first method consists in analyzing the skin relief images. The second method uses a recently developed imaging technique of human skin in vivo with a high spatial resolution: Line-field Confocal Optical Coherence Tomography (LC-OCT). This technology provides two types of images modalities: vertical and horizontal section images. The skin relief images and its internal layers are carried out for the skin at rest and during a folding test. The latter is performed using a folding system developed in this study. From these images, we calculate the density of the skin lines printed on the skin surface and their orientations. Thanks to the two modalities of LC-OCT, we obtain the full 3D image of the skin volume. From these images we extract the fibers density and their orientation in the plans parallel and perpendicular to the outer skin surface. The study is carried out on 42 volunteers aged from 20 to 55 years-old. Skin relief analysis and LC-OCT images are performed on the skin of the forearm and thigh. The results show similar distributions of the skin lines on the surface and of its fibers in the volume. We could observe a correlation between the skin lines at the surface and the structure in depth of its layers in the volume (0.40

The development of anthelmintic resistance in sheep gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs) requires novel strategies for the sustainable control of these parasites. This study aimed to evaluate the anthelmintic efficacy of the Origanum vulgare (L.) essential oil (EO) against sheep GINs and to evaluate the possibility of its use in control practice. The in vitro egg hatch test was conducted at eight different concentrations (50, 12.5, 3.125, 0.781, 0.195, 0.049, 0.025, and 0.0125 mg/mL) of the tested EO. For the in vivo fecal egg count reduction test, the EO of O. vulgare was administrated orally at a mean single dose of 150 mg/kg to sheep from two farms in Southern Italy, whereby potential toxic effects to the hosts were also evaluated. In the egg hatch test, the inhibition of egg hatchability varied from 71.3% to 93.7%, depending on the concentration used. The high anthelmintic potential was confirmed in the fecal egg count reduction test with an average reduction of nematode eggs in feces of 43.2% and 60.1% on days 7 and 14 after treatment, respectively. In addition, no toxic effects were noticed during the clinical examination of sheep or by observing blood count and liver or kidney function test results. The obtained results suggest the strong activity of the O. vulgare EO against sheep GINs, probably due to a high percentage of carvacrol (76.21%), whereby it can be considered safe for sheep at the dose tested in vivo. Therefore, it is suitable for use in veterinary practice as a part of an integrated strategy for the control of sheep GINs.

Allergic mechanisms account for most cases of chronic rhinitis. This condition is associated with significant impairment of quality of life and high indirect costs. The identification of the allergic triggers of rhinitis has been historically based on the performance of atopy test [skin prick test (SPT) and serum allergen-specific (s)IgE]. Nevertheless, these tests only denote sensitization, and atopy and allergy represent two different phenomena. It is now clear that allergic phenotypes of rhinitis can exist in both atopic (allergic rhinitis, AR) and non-atopic (local allergic rhinitis, LAR) individuals. Moreover, both allergic phenotypes can coexist in the same rhinitis patient (dual allergic rhinitis, DAR). Therefore, a diagnostic approach merely based on atopy tests is associated with a significant rate of misdiagnosis. The confirmation of the allergic etiology of rhinitis requires the performance of in vivo test like the nasal allergen challenge (NAC). NAC is mandatory for the diagnosis of LAR and DAR, and helps decide the best management approach in difficult cases of AR. Nevertheless, NAC is a laborious technique requiring human and technical resources. The basophil activation test (BAT) is a patient-friendly technique that has shown promising results for LAR and DAR diagnosis. In this review, the diagnostic usefulness for chronic rhinitis of SPT, NAC, olfactory tests, serum sIgE, BAT and the quantification of inflammatory mediators in nasal samples will be discussed. The accurate performance of an etiologic diagnosis of rhinitis patients will favor the prescription of specific therapies with disease-modifying potential like allergen immunotherapy.

Calcium carbonate-based bone substitutes derived from natural coral exoskeleton (aragonite) are resorbed and remodeled faster than calcium phosphate-based substitutes. However, coral species with structures appropriate for use as bone substitutes are very limited. Therefore, it is important to evaluate potential of artificial calcium carbonate ceramics as a bone substitute. In this study, calcium carbonate granules with various porosities and pore sizes were prepared by sintering a highly pure (>99.98%) calcium carbonate powder (calcite), and their resorption properties and bone formation abilities were examined in vivo for the first time. The sintered calcium carbonate was resorbed faster than β-tricalcium phosphate, which has a similar structure. However, sintered calcium carbonate did not promote new bone formation during long-term implantation. Furthermore, both resorption and new bone formation were affected by the pore structure. The optimal structures of the artificially sintered calcium carbonate bone substitute were also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alginate encapsulation reduces the risk of transplant rejection by evading immune-mediated cell injury and rejection; however, poor vascular perfusion results in graft failure. Since existing imaging models are incapable of quantifying the vascular response to biomaterial implants after transplantation, in this study, we demonstrate the use of in vivo laser speckle imaging (LSI) and wide-field functional imaging (WiFI) to monitor the microvascular environment surrounding biomaterial implants. The vascular response to two islet-containing biomaterial encapsulation devices, alginate microcapsules and a high-guluronate alginate sheet, was studied and compared after implantation into the mouse dorsal window chamber (N = 4 per implant group). Images obtained over a 14-day period using LSI and WiFI were analyzed using algorithms to quantify blood flow, hemoglobin oxygen saturation and vascular density. Using our method, we were able to monitor the changes in the peri-implant microvasculature noninvasively without the use of fluorescent dyes. Significant changes in blood flow, hemoglobin oxygen saturation and vascular density were noted as early as the first week post-transplant. The dorsal window chamber model enables comparison of host responses to transplanted biomaterials. Future experiments will study the effect of changes in alginate composition on the vascular and immune responses.

A greater ethical conscience, new global rules and a modified perception of ethical consciousness entail a more rigorous control on utilizations of vertebrates for in vivo studies. To cope with this new scenario, numerous alternatives to rodents have been proposed. Among these, the greater wax moth Galleria mellonella had a preponderant role, especially in the microbiological field, as demonstrated by the growing number of recent scientific publications. The reasons for its success must be sought in its peculiar characteristics such as the innate immune response mechanisms and the ability to grow at a temperature of 37°C. This review aims to describe the most relevant features of G. mellonella in microbiology, highlighting the most recent and relevant research on antibacterial strategies, novel drug tests and toxicological studies. Although solutions for some limitations are required, G. mellonella has all the necessary host features to be a consolidated in vivo model host.

Polylactic acid (PLA) is the second-highest consumed bioplastic in the world. PVP/PLA-PEO complex nanofibers encapsulating collagen and cefazolin dressing scaffold were fabricated using a coaxial electrospinning method to target the release of the encapsulated compounds. It was observed that in collagen doses of 10 and 20%, the speed of healing showed a significant difference with the control sample, but the dose of 40% caused a decrease in wound healing rate in mice. The nanofibers' morphology and surface roughness were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM), respectively. The mechanical properties and adhesion strength of the scaffolds were investigated. The scaffolds' antimicrobial activity was evaluated by disk diffusion method against the E. coli , S. aureus , and P. aeruginosa. The results indicated a positive effect on the antimicrobial activity of the samples. In this study, we were able to prolong the effect of scaffolds by changing the pattern of release of cefazolin from inside the nanofibers. Possible interactions between the polymers and the encapsulated compounds were investigated using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Finally, in-vivo and histological tests were performed to evaluate the efficacy of the scaffolds in accelerating wound healing. Unlabelled Image • Novel wound dressing of PVP/PLA-PEO fibers containing encapsulated collagen and cefazolin is provided. • Coaxial electrospinning was used to fabricate bilayer nanofibers to control the release rate. • Adhesion increases with increasing collagen dose which can increase healing effect. • Wound's antimicrobial studies showed that they can effectively inhibit microorganisms' growth. • In vivo and histological tests showed that 10% and 20% collagen had the highest healing rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Surfactant Detergent & Cosmetics (1001-1803) is the property of China Surfactant Detergent & Cosmetics Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Herbal products such as essential oils may play a promising role in the treatment of infections caused by gastrointestinal nematodes (GINs). The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro potential of 11 essential oils (EOs) and one binary combination of isolated EO compounds, as well as the in vivo anthelmintic efficacy of two EO formulations. Four GIN genera were identified in the coproculture examination: Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Teladorsagia and Chabertia. The in vitro egg hatch test (EHT) was performed at six different concentrations (50, 12.5, 3.125, 0.781, 0.195 and 0.049 mg/mL) for each EO, whereas in the in vivo faecal egg count reduction test (FECRT), each EO sample was diluted in sunflower oil and orally administrated at a dose of 100 mg/kg to the different group of animals. In the EHT, the EOs of Origanum vulgare, Foeniculum vulgare, Satureja montana, Satureja hortensis and two types of Thymus vulgaris were the most effective. The dominant compounds of these EOs were carvacrol, thymol, anethol, p-cymene and γ-terpinene, indicating their importance for the anthelmintic activity. In the FECRT, both T. vulgaris EO type 1 and linalool:estragole combination show an anthelmintic potential with a mean effect on FECR of approximately 25%. The results suggest the possible role of tested EOs as anthelmintic agents in sheep farms, although further in vivo tests are needed.

Purpose: To assess the one-step self-etching adhesive iBond Gluma inside (1-SE) and the two-step etch-andrinse adhesive Gluma Comfort Bond (2-ER), both used in combination with the fine particle hybrid composite Venus, in a laboratory and in a prospective clinical study. Materials and Methods: In the in vitro study, tooth-composite interaction, microleakage, and adhesive failure of 8 Class V restorations per system were evaluated by light and scanning electron microscopy. In the in vivo study, 90 paired Class III/IV restorations were scored over 48 months (modified USPHS criteria). Cumulative failure rates (CFR) were calculated. Results: In vitro, microleakage and adhesive failure at enamel margins were significantly increased with 1-SE in comparison with 2-ER. With 1-SE, micromechanical interlocking at enamel was reduced and pores within the adhesive layer arose. In vivo, after 48 months with 1-SE, decreased marginal integrity and an increased number of dark marginal color lines were observed. Conclusion: Because the results of the 4-year clinical study showed lower esthetics and marginal integrity for the 1-SE adhesive, its use should be viewed critically, which is in line with the reduced enamel-adhesive-composite interaction found in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artificial substrates supporting the healing of skin wounds require specific structural and chemical architectures that promote a recapitulation of the complexity of the native organ. Bottom-up fabrication technologies are emerging as effective strategies to fine tune biochemical, morphological, and structural features intended for regenerative applications. Here, we proposed an electrophoretic replica deposition (EPrD) approach to realize chitosan three-dimensional structures specifically designed to treat patients with serious cutaneous damages or losses. The EPrD process has been optimized to consistently obtain random porosity vs. hierarchical lattice structures, showing mechanical properties in the range of skin tissue (E = 0.2–20 MPa). The obtained patches were tested in vivo via a one-stage grafting procedure in a full thickness skin wound rat model. Chitosan patches showed no adverse reactions throughout the experimental period (14 days). Hair follicles and sebaceous glands were observed in histological sections, indicating the regeneration of a thin epidermal layer with more skin appendages. Immunohistochemistry results demonstrated that keratin 10 was mostly expressed in basal and suprabasal layers, like normal skin, in structures with random porosity and with smaller lattice structures. The obtained results show the potential of EPrD to innovate the design of artificial substrates in skin healing therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silicon-substituted hydroxyapatite (SiHA) macroporous scaffolds have been prepared by robocasting. In order to optimize their bone regeneration properties, we have manufactured these scaffolds presenting different microstructures: nanocrystalline and crystalline. Moreover, their surfaces have been decorated with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) to evaluate the potential coupling between vascularization and bone regeneration. In vitro cell culture tests evidence that nanocrystalline SiHA hinders pre-osteblast proliferation, whereas the presence of VEGF enhances the biological functions of both endothelial cells and pre-osteoblasts. The bone regeneration capability has been evaluated using an osteoporotic sheep model. In vivo observations strongly correlate with in vitro cell culture tests. Those scaffolds made of nanocrystalline SiHA were colonized by fibrous tissue, promoted inflammatory response and fostered osteoclast recruitment. These observations discard nanocystalline SiHA as a suitable material for bone regeneration purposes. On the contrary, those scaffolds made of crystalline SiHA and decorated with VEGF exhibited bone regeneration properties, with high ossification degree, thicker trabeculae and higher presence of osteoblasts and blood vessels. Considering these results, macroporous scaffolds made of SiHA and decorated with VEGF are suitable bone grafts for regeneration purposes, even in adverse pathological scenarios such as osteoporosis. For the first time, the in vivo behavior of scaffolds made of silicon substituted hydroxyapatites (SiHA) has been evaluated under osteoporosis conditions. In order to optimize the bone regeneration properties of these bioceramics, 3D macroporous scaffolds have been manufactured by robocasting and implanted in osteoporotic sheep. Our experimental design shed light on the important issue of the biological response of nano-sized bioceramics vs highly crystalline bioceramics, as well as on the importance of coupling vascularization and bone growth processes by decorating SiHA scaffolds with vascular endothelial growth factor. Image, graphical abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Red deer (Cervus elaphus) is regarded as an epidemiologically relevant host for Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) and closely related members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex that cause animal tuberculosis (TB). The standard antemortem screening test for the detection of TB in deer is the intradermal tuberculin skin test, but the detection of interferon-gamma (IFNγ) produced by white blood cells exposed to M. bovis antigens can be used as an alternative or supplemental assay in most TB eradication/control programs. This study aims to develop an in-house sandwich ELISA for deer IFNγ, based on the cross-reactivity of the antibodies to both cervid and bovine IFNγ, and to evaluate the potential of this assay to detect M. bovis-infected red deer in response to the in vitro stimulation of whole-blood cells with bovine purified protein derivative (bPPD), p22 protein complex derived from bPPD or using the specific tuberculous mycobacterial proteins ESAT-6/CFP-10, Rv3615c and Rv3020c. The positive control stimulant used in this study was pokeweed mitogen, which resulted in a consistent induction of IFNγ in samples from red deer, thus allowing the interpretation of the assay. Results The percentage of animals correctly classified by this technique as M. bovis non-infected was 100%. The detection of infected animals as positive was high and ranged widely depending upon the antigen and the cut-off value applied, as well as the time after infection. Our findings indicate that this protocol may serve as a reliable assay for the antemortem diagnosis of TB from the initial stage of M. bovis-infection, and may also be adequately sensitive. Conclusions The suggested optimal antigens and cut-off are bPPD, p22 and the combination of ESAT-6/CFP-10 and Rv3020c with a 0.05 Δ optical density, which yielded a up to 100% correct classification of TB positive and negatve red deer under our experimental conditions. This technique will aid in TB testing of farmed and translocated deer. Future studies should evaluate the ability of this IFNγ assay to detect specific responses under field conditions.

Dentin is a suitable scaffold for tooth tissue engineering and can provide the appropriate combinations and concentrations of bioactive proteins to accommodate odontogenic cells. Freeze drying is a possible strategy to treat dentin because it ensures long-term stability of biopharmaceutical products and can increase the stability of dentin for improved distribution and storage. We hypothesized that freeze-dried dentin matrix (FDDM) constitutes a novel bioinstructive scaffold for tooth tissue engineering. This study used a modified technique to prepare an FDDM that preserved the mechanical and biological properties of dentin. The compression resistance and microhardness of FDDM were determined. Similarly, various biological characteristics, including cell morphology, cell proliferation, collagen secretion, alkaline phosphatase activity, and gene and protein expression, were investigated. To assess the inductive capacity of FDDM in vivo , FDDM and human dental pulp stem cell (DPSC) sheets were subcutaneously implanted in the dorsal pockets of nude mice. At 8 weeks postimplantation, the transplants were removed and histologically studied. The results show that FDDM has mechanical and biological characteristics similar to those of dentin (P >.05). DPSCs cultured on FDDM and dentin showed superior attachment, growth, viability, and collagen secretion capacity but decreased mineral capability compared with DPSCs cultured with alpha minimum essential medium or hydroxyapatite (P <.05). The histologic results show that FDDM, which is similar to dentin, supported dentin/pulplike tissue regeneration in vivo as shown by the related expression levels of dentin markers, such as dentin sialoprotein and alkaline phosphatase. These results suggest that FDDM constitutes a novel superior scaffold for tooth tissue engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aqueous decoction of Guiera senegalensis leaves was studied orally and intraperitoneally for its antitrypanosomal activity on mice infected experimentally with Trypanosoma brucei brucei. After a phytochemical screening followed by an acute toxicity study on mice, the extract of plant was administered once daily for 2 days at doses of 60, 120 and 240 mg / kg orally and 15, 30 and 60 mg / kg intraperitoneally after infection. Then, parameters of parasitaemia, packed cell volume (PCV), mean survival time and body weight of the mice treated with the extract were measured and compared with positive (diminazene aceturate) and negative (distilled water) controls for 7 days in a row. Results indicate that the aqueous extract of G. senegalensis leaves contains tannins, flavonoids, saponosides, reducing compounds and anthocyanosides, alkaloids and coumarins. LD50 of the extract are 1264.49 mg / kg by oral route and 316.22 mg / kg by intraperitoneal route. The doses of 240 mg / kg by oral route and 15 and 60 mg / kg by intraperitoneal route of aqueous extract showed a mean survival time (5 days) comparable to the positive control. Parasitaemia level increased in all mice tested except in mice treated with diminazene aceturate during the post-infestation period. During this period, PCV and body weight of all mice decreased by both routes of administration. These results of the study show the pharmacological utility of G. senegalensis leaves in the control of TAA by herders / pastoralists and suggest continuing further bio-guided studies to isolate the active components of the plant in order to improve their efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a comprehensive analysis of a novel zinc alloy osteosynthesis system in a canine mandibular fracture model is presented. The efficacy of the system was compared for PLLA (poly- l -lactic acid) and titanium materials using X-ray radiography, micro-CT tomography, undecalcified bone histomorphometry, and a three-point bending test. Histology, blood normal, blood biochemical, and serum zinc concentration tests were also performed to assess the biosafety of the zinc alloy osteosynthesis system. The degradability of the zinc alloy was evaluated using a micro-CT and scanning electron microscope during the 24-week post operation period. The results showed that zinc alloy possesses good mechanical properties that support fracture healing. Its uniform and slow corrosion leads to adequate degradation behavior in 24 weeks. Additionally, the zinc alloy proved to be biocompatible, indicating that this novel osteosynthesis system is safe for use in the body. The results of the study demonstrate that this zinc alloy-based osteosynthesis system is a promising candidate for a new generation of osteosynthesis systems, with further improvements required in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Vitamin D plays a significant role in human health and preventing diseases such as heart, immune system, and infectious problems. In this study encapsulation of vitamin D by complex coacervation with a carbohydrate (cress seed mucilage, CSM) and a protein (gelatin) was investigated. Production conditions were optimized based on ratio of core to shell, pH and CSM to gelatin volume ratio. The results showed that both the ratio of core to shell and the mucilage to gelatin ratio had significant effects (p < 0.05) on encapsulation efficiency and load. The optimum microcapsules had efficiency and loading capacity of 67.93 and 50.9%, respectively. The microcapsules were generally non-spherical and had rough surfaces. The average size of this particle was 137.22 ± 3.21 μm. The FTIR result confirmed presence of vitamin D in microparticle. TGA results indicated that main weight loss of vitamin loaded microcapsules were in the temperature range of 270 to 500 °C whereas weight loss of pure vitamin started from 185 °C and completely decomposed at 300 °C. About 28 and 70% of vitamin release were occurred in simulated gastric and intestinal media, respectively. In vivo test was also performed on male rats to investigate the efficiency of microencapsulated vitamin on blood vitamin D, calcium and glucose as well as body height and weight and the data revealed its functionality. Highlights • Vitamin D was encapsulated by complex coacervation with cress seed mucilage (CSM) and gelatin. • Production conditions were optimized using response surface methodology. • In vitro and vivo tests showed efficiency of microcapsules to be used in foods and beverages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we report the production and characterization of tracheal stents composed of polydimethylsiloxane/nanostructured calcium phosphate composites obtained by reactive synthesis. Tracheal stents were produced by transfer molding, and in vivo tests were carried out. PDMS was combined with H3PO4 and Ca(OH)2 via an in situ reaction to obtain nanoparticles of calcium phosphate dispersed within the polymeric matrix. The incorporation of bioactive inorganic substances, such as calcium phosphates, improved biological properties, and the in situ reaction allowed tight coupling of particles to the matrix. Results showed the presence of the nanoparticles of DCPA and CDHA. The porosity generated during mixing decreased the tensile strength and tear properties. Composites presented higher values of cell viability compared with those for PDMS. In vivo tests indicated the presence of inflammatory tissue 30 days after implantation in both cases. Thus, the present biomaterial shows potential for application in tracheal disease, however further evaluation is needed. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 107B: 545–553, 2019. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gac is valued for the nutritious aril surrounding its seed. When pollinators are limited or when flower sex expression is female-biased, hand pollination is necessary. Here, female flowers were hand pollinated with male flowers or pollen stored for up to 84 days at 4 or −20 °C, and fruit set and some qualities of mature fruit were evaluated. Cool storage reduced pollen viability (germinability and pollen tube length) and compromised fruit set (10–87%) compared with fresh pollen (97%). Fruit weight was also reduced at least by 8%, and oil concentration in aril by 40%. However, the lycopene and β-carotene concentrations in aril were largely uncompromised, and some fruits were of a marketable weight (>1.2 kg) and quality. Cool storage is a low-cost method for the short-term storage of Gac pollen. However, methods for drying pollen to an inactive state need investigation for a storage protocol, and for improvements in fruit set and fruit physicochemical qualities using hand pollination.

Artificial substrates supporting the healing of skin wounds require specific structural and chemical architectures that promote a recapitulation of the complexity of the native organ. Bottom-up fabrication technologies are emerging as effective strategies to fine tune biochemical, morphological, and structural features intended for regenerative applications. Here, we proposed an electrophoretic replica deposition (EPrD) approach to realize chitosan three-dimensional structures specifically designed to treat patients with serious cutaneous damages or losses. The EPrD process has been optimized to consistently obtain random porosity vs. hierarchical lattice structures, showing mechanical properties in the range of skin tissue (E = 0.2–20 MPa). The obtained patches were tested in vivo via a one-stage grafting procedure in a full thickness skin wound rat model. Chitosan patches showed no adverse reactions throughout the experimental period (14 days). Hair follicles and sebaceous glands were observed in histological sections, indicating the regeneration of a thin epidermal layer with more skin appendages. Immunohistochemistry results demonstrated that keratin 10 was mostly expressed in basal and suprabasal layers, like normal skin, in structures with random porosity and with smaller lattice structures. The obtained results show the potential of EPrD to innovate the design of artificial substrates in skin healing therapies.

Introduction: Skin aging starts at around age of 30 with wrinkling and pigmentations as its mainindicators. Delay and prevention of aging is a major concern for a great number of people. Thepurpose of this research was to develop and evaluate the efficacy of an anti-wrinkle tomato lotion,consisting of 5% w/w tomato powder in an oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion.Methods: Different O/W emulsions were prepared and stability tests were done on them. Theformulation that successfully passed the stability tests, was chosen and the Solanum lycopersicumpowder was added to the oily phase of this O/W emulsion. The prepared lotion was evaluated forpharmaceutical tests. In vitro permeation studies were performed to measure permeation throughcellulose acetate membrane by diffusion cell at sink condition. In vivo trial for examination of theanti-wrinkle efficacy of lotion was done on 10 healthy women as case group compared with 10volunteers using the placebo lotion (lotion base without Solanum lycopersicum powder) as controlgroup.Results: According to the experimented results on the formulated lotion, the efficient time durationfor lotion effectiveness was 42 days. Tomato powder formulated in base of lotion significantlydecreased wrinkles. Our formulation was compatible with skin and caused no sensitivity reactionin human modelsConclusion: The Lycopene in Solanum lycopersicum in this formulation has anti-aging effect. Thisformulation might be a strong candidate for treatment of skin wrinkles.

(Feedstuff Quality Improvement of Broiler Chicken with Two-Steps Fermentation by Trichoderma reseei and Saccaromyces cerevisiae) ABSTRAK. The aim of this study was to improve the quality of animal feedstuff from agriculture waste product i.e. corn cob, tapioca solid waste and soy bean pulp by two-steps fermentation using Trichoderma reseei as cellulotlytic microorganisms and yeast Saccaromyces cerevisiae as protein source. This fermented product the was used in broiler chicken in vivo test. A Completely Randomized Design with four treatments: R0(100% basal feed/BF); R1(100% BF+10% fermented corn cob); R2 (100% BF+10% fermented tapioca solid waste); R3(100% BF+10% fermented soy bean pulp). Each treatments were replicated for 5 times. The variables response tested were quality of feedstuffs before and after fermentation of protein, NDF and ADF digestibilities on broiler chicken in vivo test. The result indicated that the protein content after fermentation has increased but reduced in NDF and ADF fiber. Two steps fermentation had not improved significantly to protein digestibility (P0.05), but basic ration with fermented soybean pulp significantly improved (P0.01) on protein digestibility.

A variety of synthetic materials are currently in use as bone substitutes, among them a new calcium phosphate-based multichannel, cylindrical, granular bone substitute that is showing satisfactory biocompatibility and osteoconductivity in clinical applications. These cylindrical granules differ in their mechanical and morphological characteristics such as size, diameter, surface area, pore size, and porosity. The aim of this study is to investigate whether the sizes of these synthetic granules and the resultant inter-granular spaces formed by their filling critical-sized bone defects affect new bone formation characteristics and to determine the best formulations from these individual types by combining the granules in different proportions to optimize the bone tissue regeneration. We evaluated two types of multichanneled cylindrical granules, 1 mm and 3 mm in diameter, combined the granules in two different proportions (wt%), and compared their different mechanical, morphological, and in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility characteristics. We assessed in vitro biocompatibility and cytotoxicity using MC3T3-E1 osteoblast-like cells using MTT (3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay and confocal imaging. In vivo investigation in a rabbit model indicated that all four samples formed significantly better bone than the control after four weeks and eight weeks of implantation. Micro-computed tomography analysis showed more bone formation by the 1 mm cylindrical granules with 160 ± 10 μm channeled pore and 50% porosity than the other three samples (p<.05), which we confirmed by histological analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biocompatibility of magnesium alloy WE43 was investigated under in vitro and in vivo conditions. The biodegradation of WE43 samples in vitro was found to occur very rapidly. The evolution of a significant amount of hydrogen as a product of biodegradation prevented the attachment of cells to the sample surface and caused their likely damage. A tendency to the lysis of red blood cells and a drop in the index of survival of mesenchymal stromal cells were observed. By contrast, in vivo , after subcutaneous implantation to mice, the biodegradation rate of WE43 was significantly lower and no sizeable hydrogen generation occurred. An intimate contact between the sample surface and the surrounding tissue was formed without damage to the tissue, with the occurrence of neoangiogenesis in the contact area. Importantly, morphological studies showed that no major detrimental systemic effects were associated with the implantation of WE43 in mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]