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The demand for high-performance inspection technology for lithium-ion batteries is prominent with its increasingly diversified application scenarios. However, traditional detection techniques based on the external output response cannot accurately reflect the evolutionary trends within the cell, such as structural changes and product distribution. Thus, it's of great necessity to explore accurate and non-destructive testing techniques, among which ultrasonic detection technology evaluating battery interior state through acoustic response has drawn significant attention from researchers. This review focuses on advances in ultrasonic detection techniques for individual pouch-type lithium-ion batteries, including inspection theory and monitoring applications, as well as the current shortcomings and challenges. In general, this technique can be applied to most aspects, including defects, health, state of charge, material properties, and much more. Through an in-depth analysis of ultrasonic detection, all key insights in this review are expected to promote the development of safe lithium-ion batteries and efficient in-situ detection technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrated sulfate deposits have been detected on Mars. A spaceflight instrument capable of detecting microfossils in these salt deposits is highly important for the search for ancient life on Mars. This study employed a range of analytical methods, including nondestructive optical microscopy and SEM-EDX, as well as spatially resolved laser ablation mass spectrometry (LIMS), the latter being designed for in-situ analyses on planetary surfaces, to comprehensively examine the morphology, texture, mineralogy, and geochemistry of fossil-bearing gypsum deposits from Algeria. These extensive gypsum formations formed during the Messinian Salinity Crisis (MSC) and serve as excellent astrobiological analogs for the large-scale hydrated sulfate deposits detected on Mars. Significant research on Messinian gypsum reveals notable microbial fossil filaments. This study aims to determine whether optical microscopy and LIMS measurements together can detect fossil filaments in the gypsum samples, identify their composition, and decipher their biogenicity and syngeneity. Spatially resolved depth profiling and chemical mapping analysis of one representative fossil filament using LIMS provided detailed mineralogical and compositional variations that correlate with distinctive morphological features. These findings collectively indicate that the fossil filament exhibits distinct composition and diagenetic processes in comparison to the surrounding gypsum host. The microfossil’s syngeneity and biogenicity were established based on the presence of morphological biosignatures, biologically relevant elements, and biologically induced or influenced minerals such as dolomite and clay minerals. The formation of these minerals within the physico-chemical context of ancient Martian lakes was also discussed. The same suite of measurements and techniques could be applied to study microfossil-bearing gypsum formations on Mars and beyond.

Copyright of Acta Materiae Compositae Sinica is the property of Acta Materiea Compositae Sinica Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Pesticides play an important role in conventional agriculture. Yet, their harmful effects on the environment are becoming increasingly apparent. The occurrence of pesticides is hence being monitored worldwide. For fast, easy, yet sensitive identification, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a powerful tool. In this study, a method is introduced that may be amended to in-field detection of pesticides. Gold and silver nanoparticles were synthesized, size-tailored, and characterized. The herbicide paraquat and the fungicide thiram served as model compounds. The preparation yielded reproducible SERS spectra. Using quantum chemical computation, Raman and SERS spectra were calculated and analyzed. The interpretation of vibrational modes in combination with SERS enhancement and attenuation allowed us to identify compound-specific bands. The assignment was interpreted in terms of the orientation of paraquat and thiram on the gold and silver nanoparticle surfaces. Paraquat preferred a co-planar arrangement parallel to the gold nanoparticle surface and a head-on orientation on the silver nanoparticle. For thiram, breaking of the disulfide bond was recognized, such that interaction with the surface occurred via the sulfur atoms. Successful detection of the pesticides after recollection from vegetable leaves demonstrated the method's applicability for pesticide identification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dissolved gases in the aquatic environment are critical to understanding the population of aquatic organisms and the ocean. Currently, laser absorption techniques based on membrane separation technology have made great strides in dissolved gas detection. However, the prolonged water–gas separation time of permeable membranes remains a key obstacle to the efficiency of dissolved gas analysis. To mitigate these limitations, we demonstrated direct measurement of dissolved gas using the evanescent-wave absorption spectroscopy of a tapered silica micro-fiber. It enhanced the analysis efficiency of dissolved gases without water–gas separation or sample preparation. The feasibility of this sensor for direct measurement of dissolved gases was verified by taking the detection of dissolved ammonia as an example. With a sensing length of 5 mm and a consumption of ~50 µL, this sensor achieves a system response time of ~11 min and a minimum detection limit (MDL) of 0.015%. Possible strategies are discussed for further performance improvement in in-situ applications requiring fast and highly sensitive dissolved gas sensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present a sensitive and compact quantum cascade laser-based photoacoustic greenhouse gas sensor for the detection of CO2, CH4 and CO and discuss its applicability toward on-line real-time trace greenhouse gas analysis. Differential photoacoustic resonators with different dimensions were used and optimized to balance sensitivity with signal saturation. The effects of ambient parameters, gas flow rate, pressure and humidity on the photoacoustic signal and the spectral cross-interference were investigated. Thanks to the combined operation of in-house designed laser control and lock-in amplifier, the gas detection sensitivities achieved were 5.6 ppb for CH4, 0.8 ppb for CO and 17.2 ppb for CO2, signal averaging time 1 s and an excellent dynamic range beyond 6 orders of magnitude. A continuous outdoor five-day test was performed in an observation station in China’s Qinling National Botanical Garden (E longitude 108°29’, N latitude 33°43’) which demonstrated the stability and reliability of the greenhouse gas sensor.

ABSTRACTWearable sweat sensors are gaining significant attention due to their unparalleled potential for noninvasive health monitoring. Sweat, as a kind of body fluid, contains informative physiological indicators that are related to personalized health status. Advances in wearable sweat sampling and routing technologies, flexible, and stretchable materials, and wireless digital technologies have led to the development of integrated sweat sensors that are comfortable, flexible, light, and intelligent. Herein, we report a flexible and integrated wearable device via incorporating a microfluidic system and a sensing chip with skin-integrated electronic format toward in-situ monitoring of uric acid (UA) in sweat that associates with gout, cardiovascular, and renal diseases. The microfluidic system validly realizes the real-time capture perspiration from human skin. The obtained detection range is 5–200 μM and the detection limit is 1.79 μM, which offers an importance diagnostic method for clinical relevant lab test. The soft and flexible features of the constructed device allows it to be mounted onto nearly anywhere on the body. We tested the sweat UA in diverse subjects and various body locations during exercise, and similar trends were also observed by using a commercial UA assay kit.

The tea plant is a valuable and evergreen crop that is extensively cultivated in China and many other countries. Currently, there is growing research interest in this plant. For the tea industry, it is crucial to develop rapid and non-invasive methods to evaluate tea plants in their natural environment. This article provides a comprehensive overview of non-invasive sensing techniques used for in-situ detection of tea plants. The topics covered include leaf, canopy, and field-level assessments, as well as statistical analysis techniques and characteristics specific to the research. Non-invasive testing technology is primarily used for monitoring and predicting tea pests and diseases, monitoring quality, and nutrients, determining tenderness and grade, identifying tea plant varieties, automatically detecting, and identifying tea buds, monitoring tea plant growth, and extracting tea garden areas through remote sensing. It also helps to evaluate planting suitability, assess disasters, and estimate yields. Additionally, the article examines the challenges and prospects of emerging techniques aimed at resolving the in-situ detection problem for tea plants. It can assist researchers and producers in comprehensively understanding the tea environment, quality characteristics, and growth process, thereby enhancing tea production quality, and fostering tea industry development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Drainage & Irrigation Machinery Engineering / Paiguan Jixie Gongcheng Xuebao is the property of Editorial Department of Drainage & Irrigation Machinery Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In recent years, large numbers of jellyfish have congregated in marine areas, leading to a decline in other plankton and fisheries. Jellyfish themselves have a certain toxicity and aggression, which have a serious impact on the safety of human life. In order to detect the quantity and distribution of underwater jellyfish, and to be more proactive in the prevention and control of Aurelia outbreaks, this study proposed a method for in-situ detection of underwater jellyfish based on the improved Faster R-CNN network model. Firstly, the real data sets of three species of jellyfish in the Qinhuangdao sea area were established by using underwater high-definition camera. The Multi Scale Retinex with Colour Restoration (MSRCR) algorithm was used to improve the brightness and contrast of the underwater images. Secondly, the residual network Resnet50 was integrated into the backbone network for better feature extraction; then the semi-precision floating-point number FP16 was added to improve the training speed. Finally, comparative experiments were conducted to verify the improved network. The F1 value, the P-R curve, the Loss curve and the AP value of the three detection models were evaluated and compared. The experimental results showed that compared to Vgg16 network and YOLO V3 network, the training speed was improved from 1.85bit/s to 7.35bit/s, and the accuracy was also improved to over 0.98. The experimental results were good, and the research results provided a more accurate and faster method for the in-situ detection of underwater jellyfish.

Copyright of China Mechanical Engineering is the property of Editorial Board of China Mechanical Engineering and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Carbendazim (CBZ) residues in food are a severe threat to food safety, and their detection is a challenging problem in food science. We introduce here a new method based on laser desorption postionization mass spectrometry imaging (LDPI-MSI) for detecting CBZ residues in carrots. In the novel LDPI-MSI method, two distinct laser beams simultaneously exert dissociation and ionization, which offers several advantages over traditional techniques based on single-photon matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI), including simplified sample preparation, streamlined operation workflow, and a lower limit of detection (LOD). The LOD, in the proposed method, has been lowered to 0.019 ppm. Coupled with mass spectrometry imaging (MSI), the LDPI-MS method enabled in situ detection of small molecular compounds, such as chemical pesticides, and provided comprehensive and accurate results. The image obtained from the characteristic mass spectrometric signature of CBZ at m/z 191 illustrated that most of the CBZ could not enter the carrot tubers directly, but a small amount of CBZ entered the carrot root and was mainly concentrated in the central xylem. The results suggest that the proposed method could potentially be used in pesticide analysis.

A flexible Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS) substrate based on silver nanoparticles encapsulated in an agar gel has been probed to detect the fungicide thiabendazole (TBZ) reaching a limit of detection (LOD) of 30 ng/cm2. In addition, a simple and sensitive strategy was employed for in-situ detection of TBZ on fruit and vegetable peels. For that purpose, peels of different fruits and vegetables were intentionally contaminated with different amount of TBZ, and the analyte was subsequently extracted within few seconds by gently rubbing the surface with the SERS substrate. The lowest value of TBZ detected on eggplant and green pepper peels was 50 ng/cm2. The values achieved for apple and pear peels were 0.20 μg/cm2 and 40 ng/cm2, respectively. On the other hand, for tomato and strawberry peels the lowest value achieved was 0.50 μg/cm2. The variation in sensitivity can be attributed to differences in the surface properties of the different peels. The above results show that this flexible SERS substrate can be further employed for the detection of contaminants in practical applications for food safety inspection.

One of the most frequent malignant tumors seen in clinics is primary liver cancer, also referred to as the "king of cancers." Therefore, the necessity for an effective and precise detection technique is urgent. Compared with the cantilever beam, the double-ended clamped beam has the characteristics of higher resonance frequency and stronger noise immunity, so it has a good application prospect as a biosensor. This paper takes the double-ended clamped beam biosensor as the object and focuses on the method that can be applied to the early diagnosis and detection of liver cancer. The manufacturing process of the double-ended clamped beam and the biofunctional modification of the beam surface were introduced. Meantime, this paper introduces the integration of the composite double-ended clamped beam biosensor system. As a result, a high-sensitivity, high-reliability in situ real-time monitoring technology for early-stage liver cancer is proposed. A composite double-ended clamped beam made of silicon and silicon nitride is used. The size of the double-ended clamped beam is 280 µm × 50µm × 5µm. This paper provides a low-cost, portable, and rapid early diagnosis method for liver cancer, which has very significant application value in the field of early cancer screening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The EC-QCL is used for phosphate detection in water bodies for the first time. • The EC-QCL detection system is superior than FTIR-ATR in stability and sensitivity. • The method provides a novel idea for the development of phosphate in-situ detection. Excessive discharges of industrial and domestic sewage containing high concentrations of phosphorus are causing damage to the environment, so the detection of these pollutants in bodies of water is extremely critical. External cavity quantum cascade laser (EC-QCL) spectroscopy is a novel measurement technology that surpasses conventional infrared spectroscopy techniques. In this research, we propose a transmission detection system with a long optical path based on an EC-QCL for the detection of phosphate concentration in water bodies. Linear regression models were established based on this detection system, with all determination coefficients higher than 0.98 and a minimum detection limit smaller than 5.1 ppm. Additionally, the high-power spectral density of the EC-QCL permits the construction of a model using the raw radiation intensity data, as opposed to the conventional technique which depends on a reference background. The results show that the overall performance of the model based on the raw radiation intensity is similar to that of the model based on absorbance data. The EC-QCL detection system proposed in this study can ensure accuracy in the detection of pollutants, and the advantage of miniaturization provides a novel idea for the following development of portable phosphate in-situ sewage detection sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Benzene and toluene, primarily emitted from vehicle exhaust, are common volatile organic compounds (VOCs). These aromatic compounds in the atmosphere undergo further photooxidation to form secondary organic aerosol (SOA), which are a primary factor in haze weather. Aromatic SOA is more difficult to detect by traditional detection methods. Microwave plasma torch (MPT) is an ambient ionization source based on microwave plasma developed in recent years. Herein, a microwave plasma torch desorption ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry (MPT-HRMS) technique was designed for the direct analysis of aromatic SOA in the environment. For environmental haze samples, no pretreatment is required, and over twenty types of aromatic hydrocarbon derivatives or oxidation products can be detected in situ using MPT-HRMS. The possible mechanisms underlying the formation of aromatic SOA were investigated. MPT-HRMS is a powerful technical tool for rapidly tracking non-targeted aromatic SOA and their transformations in the environment. This contributes to an in-depth understanding of the formation mechanisms of SOA and their impact on air pollution. [Display omitted] • In situ detection : utilizing in situ analysis eliminates the need for a pre-processing extraction step. • On-line mass spectrometry detection: high-resolution analysis at the scale of a few milliseconds. • Chemical characterization of haze: tracking aromatic SOA and their transformations. • Explored the possible mechanisms of aromatic SOA: the formation pathways from toluene to oxidation products. • DFT calculations: the mechanism of the reaction was evaluated by Δ G. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assessing the levels of furfural in insulating oils is a crucial technical method for evaluating the degree of aging and mechanical deterioration of oil-paper insulation. The surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) technique provides an effective method for enhancing the sensitivity of in-situ detection of furfural. In this study, a homogeneous three-dimensional (3D) urchin-like Au@W 18 O 49 heterostructure was synthesized as a SERS substrate using a straightforward hydrothermal method. The origin of the superior Raman enhancement properties of the 3D urchin-like heterostructures formed by the noble metal Au and the plasmonic semiconductor W 18 O 49 , which is rich in oxygen vacancies, is analyzed experimentally in conjunction with density-functional theory (DFT) calculations. The Raman enhancement is further amplified by the remarkable dual localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effect, which generates a strong local electric field and creates numerous "hot spots," in addition to the interfacial charge transport (CT). The synergistic effect of these factors results in the 3D urchin-like Au@W 18 O 49 heterostructure exhibiting exceptionally high SERS activity. Testing the rhodamine 6G (R6G) probe resulted in a Raman enhancement factor of 3.41 × 10−8, and the substrate demonstrated excellent homogeneity and stability. Furthermore, the substrate was effectively utilized to achieve highly sensitive in-situ surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) detection of dissolved furfural in complex plant insulating oils. The development of the 3D urchin-like Au@W 18 O 49 heterostructure and the exploration of its enhancement mechanism provide theoretical insights for the advancement of high-performance SERS substrates. [Display omitted] • 3D urchin-like Au@W 18 O 49 heterostructure as a high-performance SERS substrate. • The SERS substrate exhibits a high SERS enhancement factor, excellent homogeneity and long-term durability. • The substrate can be used for the in-situ detection of furfural in complex insulating oil environments. • Experiments combined with DFT calculations reveal the synergistic enhancement mechanism of dual LSPR and CT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Meridian Project's sounding rocket mission uses a mass spectrometer to conduct in-situ atmospheric detection. In order to assess the influence of surface material outgassing and the attitude control jet on the spectrometer's detection, a sounding rocket platform was modeled and simulated. Using the physical field simulation software COMSOL and the Monte Carlo method, this study investigated whether the gas molecules from the two cases could enter the in-situ atmospheric mass spectrometer's sensor sampling port after colliding with the background atmosphere. The simulation results show that the influence of surface material outgassing on the in-situ atmospheric detection is very small, even under the conditions of medium solar activity and medium geomagnetic activity, while the influence of the attitude control jet on the in-situ atmospheric detection is large but can be reduced by reducing the low-altitude attitude control operation and decreasing the transmission probability. Through simulation optimization and according to engineering needs, increasing the nozzle outlet cross-sectional area, increasing the temperature of the gas used for attitude control, increasing the nozzle rotation angle, increasing the nozzle outlet angle, or increasing the nozzle center height can reduce the transmission probability. This model can simulate and analyze the influence of both surface material outgassing and attitude control jets on in-situ atmospheric detection, optimize relevant parameters, and provide new ideas for relevant work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most in situ tool wear monitoring methods during micro end milling rely on signals captured from the machining process to evaluate tool wear behavior; accurate positioning in the tool wear region and direct measurement of the level of wear are difficult to achieve. In this paper, an in situ monitoring system based on machine vision is designed and established to monitor tool wear behavior in micro end milling of titanium alloy Ti6Al4V. Meanwhile, types of tool wear zones during micro end milling are discussed and analyzed to obtain indicators for evaluating wear behavior. Aiming to measure such indicators, this study proposes image processing algorithms. Furthermore, the accuracy and reliability of these algorithms are verified by processing the template image of tool wear gathered during the experiment. Finally, a micro end milling experiment is performed with the verified micro end milling tool and the main wear type of the tool is understood via in-situ tool wear detection. Analyzing the measurement results of evaluation indicators of wear behavior shows the relationship between the level of wear and varying cutting time; it also gives the main influencing reasons that cause the change in each wear evaluation indicator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) play fundamental roles in various biological and chemical processes in nature and industries, including cell signaling, disease development and aging, immune defenses, environmental remediation, pharmaceutical syntheses, metal corrosion, energy production, etc. As such, their detection is of paramount importance, but their accurate identification and quantification are technically challenging due to their transient nature with short lifetimes and low steady-state concentrations. As a highly sensitive and selective analytical technique, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is promising for detecting ROS in real-time, enabling in situ monitoring of ROS-involved electrochemical and biochemical events with exceptional resolution. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the state-of-the-art in the SERS-based detection of ROS. Herein, the principles and ROS sensing mechanisms of SERS have been critically evaluated, highlighting their emerging applications in direct and indirect ROS monitoring in electrochemical and biological systems. The developments and reaction schemes of selective SERS probes for superoxide ( • O 2 - ), hydroxyl radicals ( • OH), nitric oxide ( • NO), peroxynitrite (ONOO - ), and hypochlorite (OCl - ) are presented. Finally, technical challenges and future research directions are discussed to guide the design of SERS for ROS analysis.

At present, many studies have come to the conclusion that the coal seam contains primary CO gas, but the possibility of CO being adsorbed by coal after CO generated in drilling construction is not considered. In order to explore whether there is primary CO in spontaneous combustion coal seam in Northwest China, the original coal seam in-situ drilling detection method is used to detect primary CO. Three test boreholes are arranged in a row along the roadway side in the solid coal area not affected by mining. After the boreholes are sealed, high-purity N2 is used to replace the gas in the closed gas chamber, and the gas in the boreholes is extracted by a special air pump, so as to eliminate the impact of CO generated by coal oxidation on the test results during the construction of in-situ detection boreholes. On the basis of analyzing the source possibility of primary CO in coal seam and its emission theory, the variation characteristics of gas concentration in closed borehole with time are discussed. The results show that volume fraction of O2 and CO in the sealed borehole decrease rapidly with the extension of sealing time, and the volume fraction of O2 is stable below 2% after 12 days. After 12 days, the CO volume fraction is lower than 10−12, and no CO gas is detected by gas chromatograp. The gas in the borehole is mainly N2. It is concluded that there is no primary CO gas in the tested coal seam. The results of coal breaking test in N2 environment and coal sample oxidation test at normal temperature and constant temperature show that CO gas detected at the initial stage of borehole sealing comes from coal breaking operation in drilling construction.

Stimuli-responsive hydrogel possesses a strong loading capacity to embed luminescent indicators for constructing food safety sensors, which are suitable for field application. In this work, a fluorescent hydrogel sensor was fabricated by incorporating Ag+-modified carbon dots (CDs-Ag+) into a sodium alginate (SA) hydrogel for in-situ detection of thiram. The fluorescence of CDs was quenched due to the combined effects of electrostatic adsorption and electron transfer between Ag+ and CDs. The formation of an Ag S bond between thiram and Ag+ facilitates the release of CDs, causing subsequently fluorescence recovery. Combined with smartphone and analysis software, the fluorescence color change of the hydrogel sensor was converted into data information for quantitative detection of thiram. Such a sample-to-result step is completed within 10 min. Notably, the in-situ detection experiment of thiram in fruit and vegetable samples confirmed the practical application of the hydrogel sensor. Therefore, the hydrogel sensor provides a new research direction for the in-situ detection of pesticide residues in the monitoring of food safety. [Display omitted] • A kind of CDs-Ag+-based SA hydrogel was constructed to detect thiram, and the detection limit was 5 ng mL−1. • The quenching mechanism of Ag+ to CDs and the response mechanism to thiram were systematically discussed. • SA hydrogel can in-situ detecte thiram. • The SA hydrogel performs good reliability in practical samples such as strawberries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lignocellulosic biomass-based derivatives coupled with surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) technology have emerged as an appealing and indispensable tool in food safety and environmental monitoring for rapidly detecting trace contaminants like pesticide residues. The membrane material, serving as a substrate, ensures both sampling flexibility and test accuracy by directing the diffusion-adsorption process of the molecules. However, the existing membrane substrates, critical for the practical application of SERS, suffer from issues such as costly, intricate fabrication procedures, or restricted detection capabilities. Herein, we present a flexible, transparent, and biodegradable cellulose acetate membrane with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) uniformly embedded, fabricated using a simple scraping method. This membrane achieved a limit of detection (LOD) of thiram pesticide in water at 10−8 g mL−1. The unique optical transparency of the substrates allowed for in-situ detection on surfaces, with an LOD of thiram reaching 30 ng cm−2. Furthermore, SERS substrates made from corn stover-derived cellulose acetate enable the detection of various contaminants, highlighting their cost-effectiveness and eco-friendliness because of the abundance and low environmental impact of the raw materials. [Display omitted] • A AuNPs-acetylcellulose membrane was obtained by a facile fabrication procedure. • The membrane could be fabricated using lignocellulosic biomass material corn stover. • The membrane could be used as a sensor for trace contaminants by SERS detection. • Molecules followed pseudo-first-order adsorption kinetics during SERS detection. • The flexible and transparent substrates enabled in-situ detection on surfaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work proposed innovative methods and designed an experimental setup for simplified in-situ melt flowability detection and product quality evaluation in injection molding. [Display omitted] • Simplified approaches for in-situ melt flowability detection and product quality evaluation. • Apparent viscosity simplifying corrections about entrance effect and non-Newtonian behavior for flowability observation. • Equivalent viscosity index without shear rate and stress identifications for flowability determination. • Equivalent weight index extending functionality for product quality detection. • Molten resin flowability mapping with final product quality and guiding production. In-situ methods for monitoring flowability/weight can promote melt/product consistency in continuous production lines. However, traditional rheometers don't fulfill manufacturing environment while the developed real viscosity characterization needs complex corrections, hindering its application in product quality evaluation. It is necessary to establish indexes that can easily reflect online melt/product information in injection molding. This work proposed two simplified methods, apparent and equivalent viscosity indexes, for melt flowability observations. An equivalent weight index was determined for product quality evaluations. Melt filling-related process parameters validated the feasibility of proposed indexes. The results reveal that the apparent viscosity effectively predicts melt flowability variations and is strongly related (>0.94) with real viscosity, simplifying shear rate/stress calculations; the equivalent viscosity index contains thermal/shearing history without corrections and strict velocity conditions; the equivalent weight index reflects ∼0.0001 g weight variation. The presented methods simplify the detection procedure, with potential for application in the field of precision products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a new image analysis method based on an in-situ microscopic imaging system is proposed for detecting micro crystals in cooling crystallization. Due to the limitation of measurement technology, it is a challenge to extract the evolutionary information of micro crystals, which are too small to be precisely analyzed by in-situ images, e.g. crystals at the initial crystallization stage. An improved deep-learning model is used to enhance the image resolution of micro crystals, thus more effectively obtaining the crystal shape and size information. In addition, a valid size calibration method by simulating particle motion is proposed. Consequently, image size measurement can be easily performed for crystals by using an axis-based algorithm. Experimental verifications on β-form L-glutamic acid crystallization were performed to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method for detecting micro crystal information.

Reverse osmosis (RO) is a widely used membrane technology for producing process water or tap water that is receiving increased attention due to water scarcity caused by climate change. A significant challenge in any membrane filtration is the presence of deposits on the membrane surfaces, which negatively affect filtration performance. Biofouling, the formation of biological deposits, poses a significant challenge in RO processes. Early detection and removal of biofouling are essential for effective sanitation and prevention of biological growth in RO-spiral wound modules. This study introduces two methods for the early detection of biofouling, capable of identifying initial stages of biological growth and biofouling in the spacer-filled feed channel. One method utilizes polymer optical fibre sensors that can be easily integrated into standard spiral wound modules. Additionally, image analysis was used to monitor and analyze biofouling in laboratory experiments, providing a complementary approach. To validate the effectiveness of the developed sensing approaches, accelerated biofouling experiments were conducted using a membrane flat module, and the results were compared with common online and offline detection methods. The reported approaches enable the detection of biofouling before known online parameters become indicative, effectively providing an online detection with sensitivities otherwise only achieved through offline characterization methods.

A novel recyclable flexible SERS substrate with a hierarchical structure was fabricated by growing ZnO nanorods (ZnO NRs) on three-dimensional (3D) ordered cotton fabrics through a chemical hydrothermal method and depositing Ag nanoparticles (Ag NPs) on coral-like ZnO NRs. The Ag/ZnO/cotton fabrics (AZCF) exhibit superior SERS signals with a detection limit of 4-aminothiophenol (PATP) down to 10−10 M and an excellent uniformity (relative standard deviation lowered to less than 20 %). It also can achieve photocatalytic degradation of different substances, such as rhodamine 6G (R6 G), PATP and thiram. Furthermore, this SERS substrate was successfully applied to the in-situ detection of thiram on the surface of apple, and the detection limit is low to 5 mg/kg. Therefore, our studies not only constructed a promising SERS substrate with super sensitivity, good reproducibility and excellent stability for molecular detection, but also suggest a potential method for the actually in-situ detection of pesticide residues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through multi-order structure function analysis and singularity measurement, the Hurst index and intermittent parameter are obtained to quantitatively describe the characteristics of atmospheric disturbance based on the round-trip intelligent sounding system (RTISS) in the lower-middle stratosphere. According to the third-order structure function, small-scale gravity waves are classified into three states: stable, unstable, and accompanied by turbulence. The evolution of gravity waves is reflected by the variation of the third-order structure function over time, and the generation of turbulence is also observed. The atmospheric disturbance intensity parameter RT is defined in this paper and contains both wave disturbance (H1) and random intermittency (C1). RT is considered to reflect the characteristics of atmospheric disturbance more reasonably than either of the above two alone. In addition, by obtaining the horizontal wavenumber spectrum from the flat-floating stage and the vertical wavenumber spectrum from the ascending and descending stages at the height range of 18–24 km, we found that when the gravity wave activity is significantly enhanced in the horizontal direction, the amplitude of the vertical wavenumber spectrum below is significantly larger, which shows a significant impact of gravity wave activity on the atmospheric environment below. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Mine Automation is the property of Industry & Mine Automation Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Microplastics (MPs) have become the widespread contaminants, which raises concerns on their ecological hazards. In-situ detection of MP in water bodies is essential for clear assessment of the ecological risks of MPs. The present study proposes a method based on polarized light scattering which measures the polarization parameters of the scattered light at 120° to detect MP in water. This method takes the advantage of in-situ measurement of the individual particles and the experimental setup in principle is used. By use of the measured polarization parameters equipped by machine learning, the standard polystyrene (PS) spheres, natural water sample, and lab-cultured microalgae are explicitly discriminated, and MP with different physical and chemical properties can be differentiated. It can also characterize the weathering of different MP and identify the specific type from multiple types of MP. This study explores the capability of the proposed method to detect the physical and chemical properties, weathering state and concentration of MP in water which promises the future application in water quality sensing and monitoring.

[Display omitted] • A bifunctional flexible SERS substrate is prepared. • SERS signal amplification and excellent sensitivity are achieved. • Rapid and efficient renewal is achieved under the visible light treatment. • The flexible substrate allows nondestructive and in-situ detection of real samples. Utilizing hydrothermal synthesis, TiO 2 and g-C 3 N 4 were grown on cotton fabric. Subsequently, Ag NPs were uniformly deposited on their surfaces to produce a Ag@g-C 3 N 4 /TiO 2 cotton fabric substrate (AGTC) with dual-functionalilites of photocatalytic reusability and SERS signal amplification. The introduction of TiO 2 and g-C 3 N 4 nanocomposites significantly enhances the SERS signal on the AGTC substrate for malachite green (MG) detection. The SERS signal on the AGTC substrate is 2.28 times stronger than that on the bare silver-modified cotton fabric, with a reduced detection limit of 6.74 × 10−13 M. Additionally, the Local Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR) effect induced by Ag NPs facilitates electron transfer among substrate components, markedly enhancing photocatalytic capability for degrading organic pollutants under visible light. Consequently, under visible light, the substrate rapidly degrades pollutants and reverts to a reusable state. Experimental results demonstrate the substrate's capability to continuously detect various concentrations and types of target substances, while maintaining high sensitivity. Leveraging the flexibility of cotton fabric, convenient wipe detection and self-cleaning experiments were conducted on the surfaces of different fish species, validating AGTC's outstanding sensitivity in real sample analysis. Therefore, as a flexible and reusable SERS substrate, AGTC exhibits broad potential applications in both SERS detection and photocatalytic degradation of pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most in situ tool wear monitoring methods during micro end milling rely on signals captured from the machining process to evaluate tool wear behavior; accurate positioning in the tool wear region and direct measurement of the level of wear are difficult to achieve. In this paper, an in situ monitoring system based on machine vision is designed and established to monitor tool wear behavior in micro end milling of titanium alloy Ti6Al4V. Meanwhile, types of tool wear zones during micro end milling are discussed and analyzed to obtain indicators for evaluating wear behavior. Aiming to measure such indicators, this study proposes image processing algorithms. Furthermore, the accuracy and reliability of these algorithms are verified by processing the template image of tool wear gathered during the experiment. Finally, a micro end milling experiment is performed with the verified micro end milling tool and the main wear type of the tool is understood via in-situ tool wear detection. Analyzing the measurement results of evaluation indicators of wear behavior shows the relationship between the level of wear and varying cutting time; it also gives the main influencing reasons that cause the change in each wear evaluation indicator.

Recently, novel fluorescent probes based on biomaterials and luminescent nanomaterials for metal ions attract tremendous attentions, owing to their advantages of simple operation, high sensitivity and rapid response for metals detection. Immobilized on the optical fiber sensor, fluorescent probes reveal the advantages while facing outdoor detection challenges. Therefore, numerous fluorescent optical fiber sensors for metal ions have been developed for online and in-situ detection to predict and prevent the environmental problems. Differ from refractometer-based fiber sensors, the structures of the fiber sensors based on fluorescent materials are usually simple, and the characters of the materials and the fabrication processes of fiber sensors are more significant to the sensing performances. This paper summarized the studies of optical fiber sensors for metal detection based on novel fluorescent materials to help researchers get the highlights of recent notable advancements and obtain the better potential prospects.

Reverse Janus emulsion, with droplets composed by "two rooms" of water phases, is a novel multiple emulsion attributed to excellent integration capability and biocompatibility. However, significant instability compared with normal Janus emulsions renders the stability issue of great importance. Moreover, the ultra-low aqueous-aqueous inner interfacial tension, the anisotropic nature of the droplets with distinct lobe composition, and the random orientation in the continuous phase endow the complicated and various demulsification mechanisms. Reverse Janus emulsion of (W 1 +W 2)/O, employing typical salt-alcohol aqueous two-phase system (ATPS) as inner phases, is prepared in batch scale by conventional one-step vortex mixing. The demulsification process is detected by multiple light scattering technique, which provides real-time, in-situ, and quantitative information of emulsion evolution. Moreover, the fusion pattern of the anisotropic droplets is illustrated by the combination with light microscopy and size distribution measurement. Coalescence and sedimentation are found to be two main demulsification processes. Two salt "body" lobes of the "snowman" shaped Janus droplets combine first resulting in an intermediate Cerberus topology with two alcohol "heads" on one salt "body". Subsequently, two "head" lobes coalesce resulting in a larger Janus droplet. Ultimately, the Gibbs free energy leads to a final state with three separated liquids. In addition, the variation in lobe viscosity, density, and properties of interfacial film greatly affect the demulsification rate and fusion pattern. A critical alcohol/surfactant mass ratio of 2 is found, beyond which a completely different fusion pattern occurs. Two alcohol "body" lobes combine first resulting in an intermediate Cerberus topology with two salt "heads" on one alcohol "body". Subsequently, two "head" lobes coalesce resulting in a larger Janus droplet. The findings are instructive in the stability of aqueous based multiple emulsions with advanced morphologies and meanwhile, promote the future application of this novel emulsion in food science, pharmacy, and biomimetic compartmentalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Batch adsorption is very important for characterization, screening and industrial applications. In this paper, a new Y-shaped absorption vessel with an incorporated membrane was designed and combined with a fiber-optic sensing spectrometer to realize in-situ automatic measurement of liquid-phase kinetics in batch adsorption. The main parameters which affect the mass transfer such as geometric sizes of the vessel and pore size of membranes were investigated. Compared with the adsorption bag and the traditional adsorption modes, the adsorption rate of the Y-shaped absorption vessel was in the first 5 hours of the adsorption of rutin on the macroporous resin by the in-situ method. Additionally, the adsorption rate of the Y-shaped adsorption vessel was closer to that of traditional adsorption. When the adsorption reached equilibrium, the equilibrium adsorption capacity of two modes were practically equal. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model accurately express the adsorption mechanism of rutin on the macroporous resin. The results show that the Y-shaped adsorption vessel improved the accuracy of the adsorption measurements and solve the problem of poor mass transfer caused by adsorption bag. This approach provides an in-situ, automatic and accurate method for batch processing and the screening of adsorbents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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It is critical to detect cellular secreted hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2) in situ for clinical diagnosis, biomedical research and cancer treatment. Herein, the electrochemical determination of H 2 O 2 released by cancer cells grown on the surface of carbon cloth supported NiCo-DH/AuPt micro-nano arrays to elevate the capability of in situ signal collection was achieved. NiCo-DH/AuPt @CC was successfully prepared using the cobalt based metal–organic framework (Co-MOF) as a presoma after in situ etching growth onto the CC and electrodeposition of gold and platinum nanoparticles (AuPt NPs). Under the optimal conditions, owing to the excellent catalytic efficiency of NiCo-DH and AuPt NPs, the designed sensor performs a relatively wider linear range to H 2 O 2 concentration from 10 μM to 22.08 mM, and the limit of detection is 0.145 μM. Accordingly, the as-prepared sensing system was also applied to determine H 2 O 2 secreted by living cells which grown on the surface of NiCo-DH/AuPt @CC with satisfactory consequences. In possession of the superior sensitivity, selectivity, reproducibility, the NiCo-DH/AuPt @CC is a luciferous platform for the real time detection of H 2 O 2 in the area of biomedical and clinical diagnosis. Image 1 • NiCo-DH's unique hollow triangular column structure was benefit for the adhesion of living cancer cells. • The detection distance between materials and H 2 O 2 could be shorten by cells directly adherent growth on the electrode. • The designed H 2 O 2 sensor exhibits a relatively wider linear current response with a low detection limit. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]