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The waste heat recovered by traditional industrial waste heat recovery systems is mostly high-temperature flue gas and combustible gas, while the waste heat of medium and low temperature flue gas that accounts for more than 50% of the total waste heat resources has been ignored, which is not conducive to the effective energy saving of industrial production and manufacturing process. In the meantime, few studies have concerned about the changes in the economy of circulating industrial waste heat recovery system. Therefore, to fill in this research gap, this paper aimed at the economy problem of circulating medium and low temperature industrial waste heat recovery system and carried out a series of research. The paper completed the thermodynamic analysis of different medium and low temperature waste heat recovery modes of industrial flue gas, and gave the analysis steps of the economy of circulating medium and low temperature waste heat recovery system of industrial flue gas. The effectiveness and accuracy of the thermodynamic and thermoeconomic models constructed in the paper were proved by experimental results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low-grade waste heat is an underutilized resource in process industries, which may consider investing in urban symbiosis projects that provide heating and cooling to proximal urban areas through district energy networks. A long distance between industrial areas and residential users is a barrier to the feasibility of such projects, given the high capital intensity of infrastructure, and alternative uses of waste heat, such as power generation, may be more profitable, in spite of limited efficiency. This paper introduces a parametric approach to explore the economic feasibility limits of waste heat-based district heating and cooling (DHC) of remote residential buildings depending on network extension. A parametric model for the comparative water–energy–carbon nexus analysis of waste heat-based DHC and Organic Rankine Cycles is also introduced, and applied to an Italian and to an Austrian setting. The results show that, for a generic 4 MW industrial waste heat flow steadily available at 95 °C, district heating and cooling is the best option from an energy–carbon perspective in both countries. Power generation is the best option in terms of water footprint in most scenarios, and is economically preferable to DHC in Italy. Maximum DHC feasibility threshold distances are in line with literature, and may reach up to 30 km for waste heat flows of 30 MW in Austria. However, preferability threshold distances, above which waste heat-to-power outperforms DHC from an economic viewpoint, are shorter, in the order of 20 km in Austria and 10 km in Italy for 30 MW waste heat flows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Waste heat recovery helps reduce energy consumption, decreases carbon emissions, and enhances sustainable energy development. In China, energy‐intensive industries dominate the industrial sector and have significant potential for waste heat recovery. We propose a novel waste heat recovery system assisted by a heat pipe and thermoelectric generator (TEG) namely, heat pipe TEG (HPTEG)，to simultaneously recover waste heat and achieve electricity generation. Moreover, the HPTEG provides a good approach to bridging the mismatch between energy supply and demand. Based on the technical reserve on high‐temperature heat pipe manufacturing and TEG device integration, a laboratory‐scale HPTEG prototype was established to investigate the coupling performances of the heat pipes and TEGs. Static energy conversion and passive thermal transport were achieved with the assistance of skutterudite TEGs and potassium heat pipes. Based on the HPTEG prototype, the heat transfer and the thermoelectric conversion performances were investigated. Potassium heat pipes exhibited excellent heat transfer performance with 95% thermal efficiency. The isothermality of such a heat pipe was excellent, and the heat pipe temperature gradient was within 15°C. The TEG's thermoelectric conversion efficiency of 7.5% and HPTEG's prototype system thermoelectric conversion efficiency of 6.2% were achieved. When the TEG hot surface temperature reached 625°C, the maximum electrical output power of the TEG peaked at 183.2 W, and the open‐circuit voltage reached 42.2 V. The high performances of the HPTEG prototype demonstrated the potential of the HPTEG for use in engineering applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential for utilizing industrial waste heat for district heating is enormous. There is, however, often a temporal mismatch between the waste heat availability and the heating demand, and typically fossil-based peak boilers are used to cover the remaining heat demand. This study investigates the potential of applying a thermal energy storage tank at the district heating supply system at Mo Industrial Park in Norway, where waste heat from the off-gas of a ferrosilicon production plant is the main heating source. To cover peak heating demands, boilers based on CO gas, electricity, and oil are applied. The reduction in peak heating costs and emissions is evaluated as a function of tank size for two different scenarios: (1) a scenario where CO gas, which is a byproduct from another nearby industry, is the main peak heating source; and (2) a scenario where no CO gas is available, and electricity is the main peak heating source. The highest economic viability is obtained with the smallest storage tank with a volume of 1000 m3, yielding a payback period of 7.1/16.2 years and a reduction in total heat production costs of 14.6/10.0% for Scenarios 1/2, respectively. The reduction in CO2 emissions is 19.4/14.8%, equal to 820/32 ton CO2 for the analyzed period. Sensitivity analysis shows a significant reduction in payback period for Scenario 2 with increasing electricity prices, while the payback period in Scenario 1 is most sensitive to the emission factors.

To study on the thermoelectric power generation for industrial waste heat recovery applied in a hot-air blower, an experimental thermoelectric generator (TEG) bench with the hexagonal heat exchanger and commercially available Bi2Te3 thermoelectric modules (TEMs) was established, and its performance was analyzed. The influences of several important influencing factors such as heat exchanger material, inlet gas temperature, backpressure, coolant temperature, clamping pressure and external load current on the output power and voltage of the TEG were comparatively tested. Experimental results show that the heat exchanger material, inlet gas temperature, clamping pressure and hot gas backpressure significantly affect the temperature distribution of the hexagonal heat exchanger, the brass hexagonal heat exchanger with lower backpressure and coolant temperature using ice water mixture enhance the temperature difference of TEMs and the overall output performance of TEG. Furthermore, compared with the flat-plate heat exchanger, the designed hexagonal heat exchanger has obvious advantages in temperature uniformity and low backpressure. When the maximum inlet gas temperature is 360 °C, the maximum hot side temperature of TEMs is 269.2 °C, the maximum clamping pressure of TEMs is 360 kg/m2, the generated maximum output power of TEG is approximately 11.5 W and the corresponding system efficiency is close to 1.0%. The meaningful results provide a good guide for the system optimization of low backpressure and temperature-uniform TEG, and especially demonstrate the promising potential of using brass hexagonal heat exchanger in the automotive exhaust heat recovery without degrading the original performance of internal combustion engine.

Heat storage systems based on two-tank thermochemical heat storage are gaining momentum for their utilization in solar power plants or industrial waste heat recovery since they can efficiently store heat for future usage. However, their performance is generally limited by reactor configuration, design, and optimization on the one hand and most importantly on the selection of appropriate thermochemical materials. Metal hydrides, although at the early stage of research and development (in heat storage applications), can offer several advantages over other thermochemical materials (salt hydrates, metal hydroxides, oxide, and carbonates) such as high energy storage density and power density. This study presents a system that combines latent heat and thermochemical heat storage based on two-tank metal hydrides. The systems consist of two metal hydrides tanks coupled and equipped with a phase change material (PCM) jacket. During the heat charging process, the high-temperature metal hydride (HTMH) desorbs hydrogen, which is stored in the low-temperature metal hydride (LTMH). In the meantime, the heat generated from hydrogen absorption in the LTMH tank is stored as latent heat in a phase change material (PCM) jacket surrounding the LTMH tank, to be reused during the heat discharging. A 2D axis-symmetric mathematical model was developed to investigate the heat and mass transfer phenomena inside the beds and the PCM jacket. The effects of the thermo-physical properties of the PCM and the PCM jacket size on the performance indicators (energy density, power output, and energy recovery efficiency) of the heat storage system are analyzed and discussed. The results showed that the PCM melting point, the latent heat of fusion, the density and the thermal conductivity had significant impacts on these performance indicators.

The "solid-liquid" leakage and low thermal conductivity of organic phase change materials limit their wide range of applications. In this paper, a novel carbon fiber/boron nitride (CF/BN)-based nested structure was constructed, and then, a series of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-based phase change composites (PCCs) with high thermal conductivity and mechanical strength were prepared via the simple vacuum adsorption technology by employing the CF/BN nested structure as the heat conduction path and supporting material and the in situ obtained cross-linking epoxy resin as another supporting material. The thermal conductivity of the obtained PCC is as high as 0.81 W/m K, which is 7.4 times higher than that sample without the CF/BN nested structure. The support of the double skeletons confers the obtained PCCs with excellent mechanical strength. Surprisingly, there is not any deformation for PCCs under the pressure of 128.5 times its own weight during the phase change process. In addition, the phase change enthalpy of the obtained PCC is as high as 107.9 J/g. All the results indicate that the obtained PEG-based PCCs possess huge application potential in the field of industrial waste heat recovery.

The potential for utilizing industrial waste heat for district heating is enormous. There is, however, often a temporal mismatch between the waste heat availability and the heating demand, and typically fossil-based peak boilers are used to cover the remaining heat demand. This study investigates the potential of applying a thermal energy storage tank at the district heating supply system at Mo Industrial Park in Norway, where waste heat from the off-gas of a ferrosilicon production plant is the main heating source. To cover peak heating demands, boilers based on CO gas, electricity, and oil are applied. The reduction in peak heating costs and emissions is evaluated as a function of tank size for two different scenarios: (1) a scenario where CO gas, which is a byproduct from another nearby industry, is the main peak heating source; and (2) a scenario where no CO gas is available, and electricity is the main peak heating source. The highest economic viability is obtained with the smallest storage tank with a volume of 1000 m 3 , yielding a payback period of 7.1/16.2 years and a reduction in total heat production costs of 14.6/10.0% for Scenarios 1/2, respectively. The reduction in CO 2 emissions is 19.4/14.8%, equal to 820/32 ton CO 2 for the analyzed period. Sensitivity analysis shows a significant reduction in payback period for Scenario 2 with increasing electricity prices, while the payback period in Scenario 1 is most sensitive to the emission factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To study on the thermoelectric power generation for industrial waste heat recovery applied in a hot-air blower, an experimental thermoelectric generator (TEG) bench with the hexagonal heat exchanger and commercially available Bi2Te3 thermoelectric modules (TEMs) was established, and its performance was analyzed. The influences of several important influencing factors such as heat exchanger material, inlet gas temperature, backpressure, coolant temperature, clamping pressure and external load current on the output power and voltage of the TEG were comparatively tested. Experimental results show that the heat exchanger material, inlet gas temperature, clamping pressure and hot gas backpressure significantly affect the temperature distribution of the hexagonal heat exchanger, the brass hexagonal heat exchanger with lower backpressure and coolant temperature using ice water mixture enhance the temperature difference of TEMs and the overall output performance of TEG. Furthermore, compared with the flat-plate heat exchanger, the designed hexagonal heat exchanger has obvious advantages in temperature uniformity and low backpressure. When the maximum inlet gas temperature is 360 °C, the maximum hot side temperature of TEMs is 269.2 °C, the maximum clamping pressure of TEMs is 360 kg/m2, the generated maximum output power of TEG is approximately 11.5 W and the corresponding system efficiency is close to 1.0%. The meaningful results provide a good guide for the system optimization of low backpressure and temperature-uniform TEG, and especially demonstrate the promising potential of using brass hexagonal heat exchanger in the automotive exhaust heat recovery without degrading the original performance of internal combustion engine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heat storage systems based on two-tank thermochemical heat storage are gaining momentum for their utilization in solar power plants or industrial waste heat recovery since they can efficiently store heat for future usage. However, their performance is generally limited by reactor configuration, design, and optimization on the one hand and most importantly on the selection of appropriate thermochemical materials. Metal hydrides, although at the early stage of research and development (in heat storage applications), can offer several advantages over other thermochemical materials (salt hydrates, metal hydroxides, oxide, and carbonates) such as high energy storage density and power density. This study presents a system that combines latent heat and thermochemical heat storage based on two-tank metal hydrides. The systems consist of two metal hydrides tanks coupled and equipped with a phase change material (PCM) jacket. During the heat charging process, the high-temperature metal hydride (HTMH) desorbs hydrogen, which is stored in the low-temperature metal hydride (LTMH). In the meantime, the heat generated from hydrogen absorption in the LTMH tank is stored as latent heat in a phase change material (PCM) jacket surrounding the LTMH tank, to be reused during the heat discharging. A 2D axis-symmetric mathematical model was developed to investigate the heat and mass transfer phenomena inside the beds and the PCM jacket. The effects of the thermo-physical properties of the PCM and the PCM jacket size on the performance indicators (energy density, power output, and energy recovery efficiency) of the heat storage system are analyzed and discussed. The results showed that the PCM melting point, the latent heat of fusion, the density and the thermal conductivity had significant impacts on these performance indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]