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RESUMO Dada a importância dos inimigos naturais no ambiente das culturas e a eficiência no controle às pragas, o presente estudo objetivou registrar a presença do organismo biótico regulador, Cycloneda sanguinea L., na área de campo com a planta batatinha, Solanum tuberosum. A metodologia utilizada baseou-se em avaliar a “presença-ausência” (amostra binomial) em dois cultivares Achat e Monalisa, no período de 6 de maio a 2 de agosto de 1996, associando-se às interações bioecológicas e tróficas. As observações mostraram existir 48 exemplares, em 160 plantas monitoradas no talhão da pesquisa. O maior número de C. sanguinea foi constatado no estádio fenológico de folha verde e em senescência. A dinâmica da C. sanguinea evidenciou-se na primeira semana do mês de maio, quando 14,58% foi registrado como a ocorrência sazonal, associada, possivelmente, à temperatura máxima de 25°C e mínima de 13°C. A análise gráfica apontou dois momentos de declínio da população do inseto, aos 30 e 60 dias; assim que realizou-se as adubações em cobertura nas parcelas com N + K. Os resultados encontrados mostram diferenças significativas entre os cultivares, principalmente em relação à função adubo, no cv. Achat (0,0865 < p < 0,10); enquanto no cv. Monalisa a influência constatada, associou-se à insolação, cuja ocorrência teve probabilidade 0,0862 < p < 0,10. Avaliando-se a dinâmica da C. sanguinea, pode-se inferir de acordo com as elevadas temperaturas e baixas pluviosidades, na ocasião da pesquisa, de que o inseto adulto, seja adaptável às estações de clima quente.

Copyright of SHILAP Revista de Lepidopterologia is the property of Sociedad Hispano-Luso-Americana de Lepidopterologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study evaluated the Dolichopodidae abundance in different cover crop species. For this, the following species were used in treatments: Crotalaria (Crotalaria spectabilis), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), sunflower (Helianthus annuus), castor bean (Ricinus communis) and buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum). The survey was carried out in a field during two seasons 2012/2013 (November/December to March) and 2013/2014 (October/November to February). The Dolichopodidae abundance were evaluated weekly using a sweep net and Moericke traps. In addition, the phytophagous abundance (Thysanoptera: Thripidae; Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae and Hemiptera: Aphididae) was quantified, to allow for an inference about density-dependence. In total, 13,987 long-legged flies (96.5% in Moericke traps) were captured, represented only by the species Condylostylus erectus Becker, 1922 (Diptera: Dolichopodidae). In general, the higher abundance of C. erectus was observed in buckwheat and cowpea. Regarding the phytophagous species, 48,371 individuals [Thripidae (77.5%), Aleyrodidae (20.2%), and Aphididae (2.5%)] were quantified and a clear correlation with the C. erectus population was not evidenced. Thus, these results suggested that buckwheat and cowpea make resources available to long-legged flies, as discussed in our research. Finally, the buckwheat and cowpea sowing are options to increase the abundance of C. erectus predator populations in agroecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rice fields are agroecosystems that can hold a rich diversity of plants and animals, depending on the management to which they are submitted. This study aimed to evaluate arthropods associated with irrigated rice with organic management during the period of vegetative and reproductive development of the crop comparing the diversity in response to two organic compounds in different doses. The treatments were: Control (without application of compost); 2, 4 e 6 t ha-1 of two organic compost (Ecocitrus® and Folhito®). In each treatment were defined three transects which form covered with sweep net to collect the arthropods, twice a month from December 2013 to February 2014. Were collected 41.236 arthropods of 11 orders. The most abundant orders were Diptera, Hemiptera, Odonata, Orthoptera, Coleoptera and Araneae. Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Blattodea, Neouroptera and Phasmatodea were less abundant. This is the first record of Schizaphis graminum in irrigated rice in Brazil. There was no difference in the collection number by transect among the treatments during the rice cycle. The greatest abundance of arthropods was recorded at the beginning of the reproductive stage of the culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate estimates of the abundance and diversity of natural enemies are of important for the development of pest management techniques. With this knowledge, it is possible to optimize control practices when populations reaches the economic threshold level, with focus upon the adoption of more sustainable practices, such as those that advocate conservative biological control. In view of this, the present research sought to characterize the fauna diversity of natural enemies of the cotton aphid grown in different spacing. The research was conducted in an experimental field at Embrapa Cotton. The following spacings were adopted: 0.40 m x 0.20 m (E1), 0.80 m x 0.20 m (E2) and 1.60 m x 0.20 m (E3). Fauna analysis revealed that there is a difference in the pattern of occurrence of natural enemies Chrysoperla externa (Hagen, 1861) (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae), Cycloneda sanguinea (Linnnaeus, 1763) (Coleoptera: Coccinelidae), Scymnus sp. (Coleoptera, Coccinelidae), Toxomerus sp. (Diptera: Syrphidae) and Orius insidiosus (Say) (Heteroptera, Anthocoridae) as a function of the spacing (between lines) adopted. In general, the most abundant species was Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae). On the other hand, there is no evidence of difference between the spacing for Shannon's diversity indexes, the Pielou Equability index and the Simpson index. Therefore, the results of the present study reinforce the hypothesis that the individual frequency of the species of natural enemies raised varies according to the cotton planting configuration, an exception is given to parasitoid L. testaceips. On the other hand, there are no differences between the spacing adopted in relation to the diversity of natural enemies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increased production of the Cape gooseberry (Physalis peruviana L.) in Brazil has given rise to interest in identifying the phytophagous species that might damage this crop to inform preventive control and integrated pest management strategies. In this study, we report the occurrence and describe the damage that larvae and adults of Lema bilineata Germar (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) cause in P. peruviana. The number of L. bilineata individuals, both larvae and adults, significantly affected the total consumption of P. peruviana leaves. We also report, for the first time, three natural enemies, including a fungus, a fly, and an ant, which are associated with this pest in Brazil and may play a role in biological control strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Estimativas precisas de métricas faunísticas de inimigos naturais são relevantes para desenvolvimento de técnicas de manejo de pragas. Com esse conhecimento é possível otimizar o controle quando as populações alcançam o limiar econômico, com ênfase na adoção de práticas mais sustentáveis, como aquelas que preconizam o controle biológico conservativo. Diante disso, a presente pesquisa procurou caracterizar a diversidade faunística de inimigos naturais do pulgão do algodão cultivado em diferentes espaçamentos. A pesquisa foi conduzida em campo experimental da Embrapa Algodão. Foram adotados os seguintes espaçamentos: 0,40 m x 0,20 m (E1), 0,80 m x 0,20 m (E2) e 1,60 m x 0,20 m (E3). A análise faunística revelou que existe diferença no padrão de ocorrência dos inimigos naturais Chrysoperla externa (Hagen, 1861) (Neuroptera, Chrysopidae), Cycloneda sanguinea (Linnnaeus, 1763) (Coleoptera: Coccinelidae), Scymnus sp. (Coleoptera, Coccinelidae), Toxomerus sp. (Diptera: Syrphidae) e Orius insidiosus (Say) (Heteroptera, Anthocoridae) em função dos espaçamentos (entre linhas) adotados. De uma forma geral, a espécie mais abundante foi Lysiphlebus testaceipes (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae). Por outro lado, não existem evidências de diferença entre os espaçamentos para os índices de diversidade de Shannon, o índice de Equabilidade de Pielou e o índice de Simpson. Portanto, os resultados do presente estudo reforçam a hipótese que a frequência individual das espécies de inimigos naturais levantadas varia conforme a configuração de plantio do algodão,com exceção do parasitoide L. testaceips que ocorreu em todos os espaçamentos estudados.

Os campos de cultivo de arroz constituem agroecossistemas que podem abrigar uma rica diversidade de plantas e animais, dependendo do manejo ao qual são submetidos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os artrópodes associados ao arroz irrigado com manejo orgânico no período de desenvolvimento vegetativo e reprodutivo da cultura comparando a diversidade em relação à utilização de dois compostos orgânicos em diferentes doses. Os tratamentos foram a Testemunha (sem aplicação de composto); 2, 4 e 6 t ha-1 de dois compostos orgânicos (Ecocitrus® e Folhito®). Em cada tratamento foram definidos três transectos percorridos com rede de varredura para coleta dos artrópodes, quinzenalmente de dezembro de 2013 a fevereiro de 2014. Foram coletados no total 41.236 artrópodes de 11 ordens. As mais abundantes foram Diptera, Hemiptera, Odonata, Orthoptera, Coleoptera e Araneae. Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Blattodea, Neuroptera e Phasmatodea foram as menos abundantes. Este é o primeiro registro de Schizaphis graminum em arroz irrigado no Brasil. Não houve diferença no número de capturas por transecto entre os tratamentos durante o ciclo do arroz. A maior abundância de artrópodes foi registrada no início da fase reprodutiva da cultura.

Para conhecer a artropodofauna associada aos citros foi realizado um levantamento faunístico em um pomar de laranjeiras ‘Valência’, situado em Chapecó, SC. As amostragens foram quinzenais, no período de julho de 2003 a junho de 2006, utilizando um coletor de sucção aplicado sobre a copa das plantas. Houve captura de 17.925 artrópodes, sendo 9.397 pragas, 5.913 inimigos naturais e 2.615 insetos com outros hábitos. Os hemípteros foram as pragas capturadas em maior número, enquanto as aranhas e as joaninhas predominaram entre os inimigos naturais. Os resultados mostraram a existência de interações tróficas entre grupos da artropodofauna dos citros.

In order to manipulate the mass rearing of natural enemies, temperature variations can be used. The effects are widely studied for their survival and developmental duration; however, there is little information about their reproductive system in the literature. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of different temperatures on the reproductive system of the predator Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas, 1851) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). The predator was kept at temperature conditions of 17, 21, 25, and 29 °C until reaching 15 days of age, the adult stage. The insects were then killed, measured for both weight and size, dissected, and then evaluated for the following parameters: length of the most developed ovariole; number of ovarioles per ovary; number of oocytes per the more developed ovarioles; number of oocytes per P. nigrispinus female; and the total area of the testicles was measured in the male insects. Results showed that as the temperature increased, the parameters were positively affected. These temperature variations can be used to manipulate the mass rearing of P. nigrispinus under controlled conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first case of parasitoidism of a Myrmicinae ant by a sarcophagid fly has been observed in the Brazilian Cerrado. The larva of a Helicobia Coquillet (Sarcophagidae) specimen fed on head tissues of an Atta laevigata Smith, 1858 soldier and an adult male fly emerged from a puparium formed outside the host. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae), continues to be the most economically important arthropod pest of soybean in the Midwest. Currently, management tactics for A. glycines rely on scouting and application of broad-spectrum insecticides. However, broad-spectrum insecticides are toxic to most natural enemies of this aphid. Selective insecticides may provide an alternative strategy for suppressing A. glycines populations while conserving populations of its natural enemies. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the potential lethal and sublethal effects of sulfoxaflor (a relatively new selective insecticide), to 2 of this pest's natural enemies, Chrysoperla rufilabris (Burmeister) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) and Hippodamia convergens Guérin-Méneville (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Laboratory bioassays were performed on first instars of both predators with residual toxicity evaluated over time until adult emergence. Parameters evaluated were mortality and developmental time for larvae and pupae, and adult body size. Fecundity also was determined for C. rufilabris. We found that sulfoxaflor was not toxic to first instar C. rufilabris. However, developmental time to adult was significantly delayed after exposure to this insecticide, but fecundity and body size were not negatively affected. For H. convergens, sulfoxaflor at 25% of the field rate was toxic to first instars. No significant differences were found with regard to developmental time and body size. It is important to note that sulfoxaflor, though relatively less toxic than some insecticides, is not entirely without consequence if natural enemies are exposed. The present study emphasizes the importance of examining earlier life stages and potential sublethal effects when evaluating the toxicity of insecticides in the presence of natural enemies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is one of the most important crops in Brazilian farming. Many insect are related to this crop, compromising the quantity and quality of the fruit, representing a production problem. Vegetable diversification is one of the main elements that can be managed for suppressing undesirable insect populations in organic production, once that supports the presence of natural enemies. The basil Ocimum basilicum L. and the marigold Tagetes erecta L. are attractive and nutritious plants for parasitoids, being important candidates for diversified crops. This study evaluated the parasitoids attracted by the association of basil and marigold to organic sweet pepper crop. The experiment comprised three treatments: a) sweet pepper monoculture; b) sweet pepper and basil intercropping; c) sweet pepper and marigold intercropping. Hymenopteran parasitoids were collected over 14 weeks. 268 individuals from 12 families and 41 taxa were collected. Sweet pepper monoculture, sweet pepper-basil intercropping, and sweet pepper-marigold intercropping hosted 40, 98, and 130 individuals and richness of 24, 24, and 23, respectively. Furthermore, the insects of greater abundance in the basil and marigold were different to those collected in the monoculture. The number of parasitoids increased in the associations of sweet pepper with basil and marigold, providing advantages in the use of vegetable diversification for the organic pepper crops management.

Copyright of Brazilian Journal of Biology is the property of Instituto Internacional de Ecologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Fruit flies are among the main groups of phytophagous insects. Their larvae, when feeding on the pulp or seeds of the host fruits, can cause rot and favor the entrance of pathogens. Thus, the objectives of this study was: (1) To know the trophic associations between species of parasitoids and fruit flies in the Parque Nacional da Serra da Bodoquena (PNSB)-MS, Brazil. (2) To inventory the parasitoid species associated with fruit flies in fruit trees in the Parque Nacional da Serra da Bodoquena. Monthly expeditions were carried out (From Jan 2017 to Feb 2018) in order to collect the fruits and obtain the fruit flies (Tephritidae) and their respective parasitoids. The collected fruits were transported to the laboratory of frugivorous insects (LIF) of the Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados (UFGD)-MS. The fruit fly larvae were daily collected and placed in transparent acrylic cups containing sterilized sand, where they remained till the emergence of adults and their parasitoids. Twenty-Three adult Tephritid parasitoids were recovered, represented by two species of Braconidae: Doryctobracon areolatus (18) and Utetes anastrephae (5), both infesting Anastrepha species: Anastrepha fraterculus, A. sororcula and A. striata in Myrtaceae: Psidium guajava and Eugenia myrcianthes. Doryctobracon areolatus and Utetes anastrephae are reported for the first time parasiting Anastrepha species in Eugenia myrcianthes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The red palm mite, Raoiella indica Hirst (Acari: Tenuipalpidae), has been considered one of the most threatening pests of coconut, banana, and other monocotyledonous plants. It now has been reported from several Brazilian states, but little is known about its current distribution in the southern half of Brazil. The objective of this study was to evaluate the distribution of R. indica and the associated predatory mites in mid-southern Brazil, and to determine the possible southern limit to its distribution in the country. It was found in the Federal District and in 49 municipalities of 9 states, of which the southernmost was Iporã, Paraná State (24.007222°S, 53.698333°W). The majority of the surveyed sites south of Iporã had higher altitude than this municipality and surveyed sites immediately north of it. Thus, sites south of Iporã seem ecologically unsuitable to R. indica, most probably because of the low temperature in the winter. Eighteen species of predatory mites were found in association with R. indica, all of which belong to the order Mesostigmata, and 14 of which belong in the family Phytoseiidae. However, they are not R. indica-specific, as most have been reported from coconut (and other plants) in Brazil and elsewhere, regardless of the occurrence of R. indica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a small knowledge about trophic webs implying ants that predate coffee berry borer. With the objective of evaluating the predator-prey interaction using molecular analysis, this technology was used to identify the coffee berry borer (CBB) (Hypothenemus hampei) in the gut contents of the ant Wasmannia auropunctata (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Artificial colonies of W. auropunctata were fed under laboratory conditions with CBB, while controls were fed with a different prey. Amplification of the three primers was observed in 96,59% of the ant samples with CBB consumption, however the amplification was also present in 83,72% of the samples without consumption, which means that the primers attached to non-specific sites of control ants. We found that the primers were not specific to the CBB. Various studies argue that DNA from predator may be in excess compared to DNA from the prey and, as a consequence, less concentrated sequences of prey often do not amplify and primers tend to bind to non-specific regions of the predator DNA, generating false positives. It is concluded that the molecular analysis represents an additional tool to detect predation on this system but still requires to be more specific. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study records the occurrence of eucoilines (Hymenoptera: Figitidae), parasitoids of the African fig fly Zaprionus indianus Gupta (Diptera: Drosophilidae), in the Brazilian semi-arid Caatinga biome. We obtained from mango (Mangifera indica L.) and guava (Psidium guajava L.) fruits Drosophilidae pupae, which developed into Z. indianus and two species of Eucoilinae parasitoids, Dicerataspis grenadensis Ashmead and Leptopilina boulardi (Barbotin, Carlton & Kelner-Pillaut). This is the first record of the parasitoids D. grenadensis and L. boulardi in the Caatinga biome.

Fifteen species of parasitoids emerged from 6 species of scale insects, all are recorded for the first time in Maranhão State, Brazil. A total of 20 coccoid/parasitoid associations were found, 5 of which are new host records for the parasitoid species: Coccus hesperidum (L.) (Hemiptera: Coccidae) with Arrhenophagus chionaspidis (Aurivillius) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae); and Praelongorthezia praelonga (Douglas) (Hemiptera: Ortheziidae) with Aenasius sp. (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), Encyrtus aurantii (Geoffroy) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), Aprostocetus sp. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) and Signiphora sp. (Hymenoptera: Signiphoridae). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of the pioneer plant species Bellucia grossularioides (L.) Triana (Melastomataceae) to act as a reservoir for parasitoids of fruit flies in the Brazilian Amazon. We collected 48 samples of fruits (total of 4,012 fruits, 43.98 kg) during the months of July, August and September of 2013, in 15 of the 16 municipalities of Amapá State, Brazil. All samples showed infestation by fruit flies, with rates varying from 60.6 to 239.1 puparia/kg of fruit (mean of 106.8 puparia/kg of fruit). The percentage of emergence varied 18.6 to 64.3% (mean of 39.9%). Specimens of Anastrepha coronilli Carrejo & González (Diptera: Tephritidae) were obtained from all samples collected. Specimens of Neosilba (Diptera: Lonchaeidae) were obtained from five samples, where they were represented by Neosilba bella Strikis & Prado and Neosilba glaberrima (Wiedemann). The mean percentage of parasitism was 12.8%, varying 4.7 to 26.7%. Four species of parasitoids were obtained: Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti), Doryctobracon sp.2, Opius bellus Gahan (Braconidae) and Aganaspis pelleranoi (Brèthes) (Figitidae). Doryctobracon areolatus, present in all municipalities sampled, was the most abundant species. Considering that B. grossularioides is a plant species that is abundant in the area sampled, its relevance with respect to the maintenance of the population of parasitoids is discussed in the context of the integrated management of fruit flies in the Amazon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural biological control is one of the major causes responsible for reduction of pest population in agricultural ecosystem. However, natural biological control importance is usually minimized by not being estimated. This study reports the occurrence of Campoletis sonorensis (Cameron, 1886) (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), Archytas marmoratus (Townsend, 1915) and Archytas incertus (Macquart, 1851) (Diptera: Tachinidae) associated with Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner, 1809) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). The rate of larval parasitism was up to 41% in structured refuge areas of cotton, without chemical control with insecticides. This study strengthens our knowledge relating to parasitoids associated with natural control of H. armigera in the American continent. In addition, it documents the rule that structured refuge areas could play as a source of natural enemies, besides their contribution to production of non-selective populations to Bt technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heliothrips haemorrhoidalis (Bouché, 1833) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), the greenhouse thrips, is reported here for the first time damaging strawberry leaves and sepals (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.; Rosaceae) in the world. Two natural enemies were observed preying on the species: Hyaliodocoris insignis (Stål, 1860) (Heteroptera: Miridae) and Orius insidiosus (Say, 1832) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Galls induced by thrips are simple structures when compared to those of other groups of arthropods, and little is known regarding many of their aspects. This study aimed to investigate aspects of the natural history of Gynaikothrips uzeli Zimmermann, 1900 in galls of Ficus benjamina L., 1753 using seasonal sampling (summer and winter). Twenty trees were sampled and divided into quadrants. From each of them, five galls were collected, forming a total of 400 galls per collection. Thrips showed greater abundance at higher temperatures (25.7°C) and no precipitation. Sex ratio was biased towards females (0.022 males per female), pointing to an inbred mating structure. Arthropod fauna associated with galls was more abundant (N=798) in winter, and it included representatives of the orders Hemiptera, Hymenoptera, Araneae, Coleoptera, Neuroptera, Psocoptera, Thysanoptera, Diptera and Blattodea.

Com o propósito de conhecer os parasitóides de cochonilhas e aleirodídeos, associados às plantas cítricas no Estado do Rio de Janeiro, foram realizadas coletas de folhas contendo os fitoparasitos: Aleurothrixus floccosus (Maskell), Tetraleurodes (=Aleurotrachelus) cruzi (Cassino), Paraleyrodes bondari Peracchi, Coccus viridis (Green), Crysomphalus ficus (Ashmead), Orthezia praelonga (Douglas) e Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret), sendo estas limpas, em seguida procedia-se a eliminação dos organismo que eram objeto de estudo (cada folha permanecia com um única espécie de fitoparasito, para que os parasitóides que surgissem fossem mesmo associados àquela espécie). Após este procedimento as folhas foram incubadas por um período de 25 dias, onde foi observado somente o parasitismo de A. floccosus, P. aspidistrae, C. viridis e T. cruzi, sendo que os parasitóides deste dois últimos, não foram identificados, pois o número de espécimes obtidos foi muito reduzido. Parasitando A. floccosus observou-se: Arrhenophagus sp., Cales sp., Encarsia sp (1), Eretmocerus sp., Signiphora sp. (1), Signiphora sp. (2), Signiphora sp. (3) e uma espécie da família Platygasteridae. Parasitando P. aspidistrae observou-se: Arrhenophagus sp., Cales sp., Encarsia sp (2) e Pteroptrix sp. Algumas espécies estão associadas tanto A. floccosus quanto P. aspidistrae. Através dos resultados verificou-se que o parasitismo de Arrhenophagus sp. e a espécie da família Platygasteridae em A. floccosus e o parasitismo de Arrhenophagus sp. e Pteroptrix sp. em P. aspidistrae, são novos registros de ocorrência para o Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Parasitoids Associated to Scales and Whiteflies (Sternorrhyncha) of Citrus Plants in Rio de Janeiro State Abstract. With the purpose of knowing parasitids of scales and whiteflies, associates to the citrus plants in Rio de Janeiro State, they were accomplished leaves collected contend fitoparasits: Aleurothrixus floccosus (Maskell), Tetraleurodes (=Aleurotrachelus) cruzi (Cassino), Paraleyrodes bondari Peracchi, Coccus viridis (Green), Crysomphalus ficus (Ashmead), Orthezia praelonga (Douglas) and Pinnaspis aspidistrae (Signoret), being this ones clean, it soon after proceded the organism elimination that was study object (each leaf remained with an only species of fitoparasite, so that parasitoids that had arisen had gone same associate to that species). After this procedure the leaves were incubate for a period of 25 days, when it was observed only parasitism in A. floccosus, P. aspidistrae, C. viridis and T. cruzi, and parasitoids of this the latter, not identified because the number specimens was very reduced. It was parasiting A. floccosus it observed: Arrhenophagus sp., Cales sp., Encarsia sp. (1), Eretmocerus sp., Signiphora sp. (1), Signiphora sp. (2), Signiphora sp. (3) and a species of the family Platygasteridae. Parasiting P. aspidistrae it was observed: Arrhenophagus sp., Cales sp., Encarsia sp. (2) and Pteroptrix sp. Some species are associated either to A. floccosus or to P. aspidistrae. By the results it was verified that Arrhenophagus sp. the parasitism and the species of the family Platygasteridae in A. floccosus and parasitism of Arrhenophagus sp. and Pteroptrix sp. in P. aspidistrae, they are occurrence new record for do Rio de Janeiro State

Os objetivos desta pesquisa foram verificar os artrópodes fitófagos e seus predadores em 20 acessos de bucha vegetal Luffa sp. (Cucurbitaceae), a distribuição destes no dossel das plantas em cultivo orgânico e a produção de frutos dos acessos. O experimento foi em blocos casualizados com 20 tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram os acessos P159, P304, P466, P03, P570, P569, P467, P30, P446, P495, P125, P263, P644 e P32, provenientes da Embrapa (CENARGEN, DF), e P01, P02, P04, P05, P06 e P07, obtidos em Porteirinha-MG. As parcelas foram compostas por quatro plantas de Luffa sp. A maior abundância de Diabrotica speciosa (Germar) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) foi observada nas folhas do acesso P467 em referência aos demais acessos de Luffa sp. Trigona spinipes (Fabricius) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) foi mais observada nas flores dos acessos P01, P03, P30, P32, P263 e P569 e menos abundantes nos acessos P05, P125, P159, P304, P446 e P570. Os acessos de Luffa sp. com maior número de frutos/planta foram P01, P03, P05, P06, P07, P30, P32, P125, P263, P446 e P570. Os predadores aranhas e Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) bem como o fitófago Cicadellidae (Hemiptera) preferiram atacar a face adaxial, sendo que não se detectou diferença estatística entre as faces para os demais artrópodes. T. spinipes esteve mais presente na parte apical do dossel das plantas. Com esses resultados, o acesso P06 é o mais indicado para o cultivo, pois foi um dos que apresentou maiores produtividades e menores taxas de ataque de insetos.The objectives of this research were to verify the phytophagous arthropods and their predators in 20 accesses of vegetable loofah Luffa sp. (Cucurbitaceae), the distribution of the canopy of the plants in organic system and the production of fruits of the accesses. The experiment was in randomized blocks designed with 20 treatments and four replicates. The treatments were the accesses P159, P304, P466, P03, P570, P569, P467, P30, P446, P495, P125, P263, P644 and P32, from Embrapa (CENARGEN, DF, Brazil) and P01, P02, P04, P05, P06 and P07, obtained in Porteirinha, MG, Brazil. Each plot consisted of four plants Luffa sp. The greatest abundance of Diabrotica speciosa (Germar) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) was observed in leaves of the access P467 in reference to the others accessions of Luffa sp.. Trigona spinipes (Fabricius) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) was observed in most flowers of accesses P01, P03, P30, P32, P263 and P569 and less abundant in accesses P05, P125, P159, P304, P446 and P570. The accesses of Luffa sp. highest number of fruits per plant were P01, P03, P05, P06, P07, P30, P32, P125, P263, P446 and P570. The spiders and predatory Coccinellidae (Coleoptera) and the phytophagous Cicadellidae (Hemiptera) preferred to attack the adaxial side, but no statistical difference was detected between the faces to the other arthropods. T. spinipes was present in the apical part of the plant canopy. With these results, access P06 is the most suitable for cultivation, because it was one of those with higher yields and lower rates of insect attack.

Soil organisms play an important role in organic crops of Crotalaria juncea (Fabaceae) and are associated with the natural conservation of the environment. The present study was aimed to investigate the population of soil organisms in the organic culture of C. juncea, as well as its importance as a refuge for natural enemies. Dalbulus maidis (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), Diabrotica sp. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), Doru luteipes (Dermaptera: Forficulidae), Gryllus assimilis (Orthoptera: Gryllidae), Lagria villosa (Coleoptera: Lagriidae), Melanotus sp. (Coleoptera: Elateridae), Meloidogyne incognita (Tylenchida: Heteroderidae), Nephila clavipes (Araneae: Nephilidae), Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae), Pheidole sp. (Hymenoptera: Myrmicidae), Phyllophaga sp. (Coleoptera: Scarabeidae), Procornitermes sp. (Isoptera: Termitidae), Solenopsis sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), and Utetheisa ornatrix (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) were identified in C. juncea. The organisms that were found during a 3-month period in 144 trenches in C. juncea were pest species (84.47%) and natural enemies (15.53%) as well. Natural enemies had an average of 11.89 individuals per 1.08 m³ of soil cultivated with C. juncea. The abundance of organisms in the pod stage (5.49%) of C. juncea was lower than that in the vegetative (83.50%) and flowering (11.01%) stages. Crotalaria juncea plants can be used as part of a crop system for Integrated Pest Management.Organismos de solo desempenham um importante papel em cultivos orgânicos de Crotalaria juncea (Fabaceae) e estão associados com a conservação natural do ambiente. O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar a população de organismos de solo no cultivo orgânico de C. juncea, bem como sua importância como um refúgio para inimigos naturais. Dalbulus maidis (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), Diabrotica sp. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), Doru luteipes (Dermaptera: Forficulidae), Gryllus assimilis (Orthoptera: Gryllidae), Lagria villosa (Coleoptera: Lagriidae), Melanotus sp. (Coleoptera: Elateridae), Meloidogyne incognita (Tylenchida: Heteroderidae), Nephila clavipes (Araneae: Nephilidae), Orius insidiosus (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae), Pheidole sp. (Hymenoptera: Myrmicidae), Phyllophaga sp. (Coleoptera: Scarabeidae), Procornitermes sp. (Isoptera: Termitidae), Solenopsis sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) e Utetheisa ornatrix (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae) foram identificados em C. juncea. Os organismos que foram encontrados durante um período de três meses em 144 trincheiras em C. juncea foram as espécies de pragas (84,47%) e inimigos naturais (15,53%). Inimigos naturais tiveram uma média de 11,89 indivíduos por 1,08 m³ de solo cultivado com C. juncea. A abundância de organismos na fase de vagem (5,49%) de C. juncea foi menor do que nas fases vegetativa (83,50%) e floração (11,01%). Plantas de C. juncea podem ser usadas como parte de um sistema de cultivo para o Manejo Integrado de Pragas.

A composição e a frequência da fauna de himenópteros parasitóides foi estudada em reflorestamento de Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex. Maiden e mata nativa, empregando-se 11 armadilhas Malaise em um transecto eucalipto-mata nativa de março de 1997 a março de 1998. Foram coletados 2.099 indivíduos de nove superfamílias e 26 famílias desse grupo. As famílias mais abundantes foram Ichneumonidae, Braconidae, Scelionidae e Eulophidae com 577, 452, 374 e 185 indivíduos respectivamente. O número de parasitóides foi maior nas proximidades e bordas da vegetação nativa, o que demonstra que fragmentos de vegetação nativa, intercalados com plantios de eucalipto, podem ser recomendados como estratégia de manejo de pragas.

Problems with the use of insecticides has brought losses, such as, negative impact on natural enemies. When these beneficial insects reduce cause the eruption of pests and resurgence it’s more common. Thus principles of conservation these arthropods are extremely important in the biological natural control of pests, so that these enemies may present a high performance. Because of the negative impacts caused by insecticides on agriculture and their harmful effects on natural enemies, the objective of this article is to approach two important subjects, divided into three parts. Part I relates to the description of the main crop pests and their natural enemies; Part II involves the impact of insecticides on predators and parasitoids and Part III focuses on the selectivity of several groups of insecticides to natural enemies. Before spraying insecticides, it is necessary to choose a product that is efficient to pests and selective to natural enemies. So, it is indispensable to identify correctly the groups and species of natural enemies, since insecticides have an impact on their survival, growth, development, reproduction (sexual ratio, fecundity, longevity and fertility), and behavior (motility, orientation, feeding, oviposition and learning) of insects. The mechanisms of toxicity and selectivity of insecticides are related to the properties of higher or lower solubility and molecular weight. Besides, characteristics of the cuticular composition of the integument of natural enemies are extremely important in the selectivity of a product or the tolerance of a certain predator or parasitoid to this molecules.Impacto e Seletividade de Inseticidas para Predadores e ParasitóidesResumo.Dentre os problemas advindos do uso de inseticidas, a destruição de inimigos naturais é fator importante. Estes insetos benéficos podem reduzir problemas de erupção de pragas secundárias, ressurgência de pragas e manter a praga abaixo do nível de dano econômico. Dessa forma a conservação de inimigos naturais, para que os mesmos exerçam alta performance frente às pragas, é de extrema importância em controle biológico de pragas. Método de controle essencial utilizados nos programas de manejo integrado de pragas. Tendo em vista os impactos negativos dos inseticidas na agricultura e os seus efeitos adversos sobre os inimigos naturais, este artigo visa abordar dois assuntos importantes, que para isso é dividido em três partes. A parte I relacionada com o reconhecimento das principais pragas agrícolas e seus inimigos naturais; a parte II envolve o impacto dos inseticidas sobre os predadores e parasitóides e a parte III abordará sobre a seletividade dos diversos grupos de inseticidas aos inimigos naturais. Antes de se pulverizar inseticida é necessário a escolha de um produto que seja seletivo e eficiente, assim torna-se imprescindível identificar de forma correta os grupos e espécies de inimigos naturais. Uma vez que os inseticidas apresentam impacto sobre a sobrevivência, o crescimento e desenvolvimento, na reprodução (razão sexual, fecundidade, longevidade e fertilidade), no comportamento (mobilidade, orientação, alimentação, oviposição e aprendizado). Os mecanismos de toxicidade e seletividade dos inseticidas estão relacionados às propriedades de maior ou menor solubilidade e peso molecular. Além disso, características da composição cuticular do integumento dos inimigos naturais são de extrema importância na seletividade de um produto ou a tolerância de determinado predador ou parasitóide.

Os himenópteros parasitoides são inimigos naturais de insetos-praga e têm demonstrado eficiência em estratégias de controle, contribuindo para a manutenção do equilíbrio ecológico de agroecossistemas. Esta pesquisa buscou identificar a diversidade de parasitoides associada a culturas de café em Piatã, BA. As coletas foram realizadas com armadilhas Malaise, que permaneceram no campo por sete dias em coletas mensais, de setembro de 2006 a agosto de 2007. Foram coletados 14.669 himenópteros, distribuídos em nove superfamílias, sendo elas Ceraphronoidea, Chalcidoidea, Chrysidoidea, Cynipoidea, Evanioidea, Ichneumonoidea, Mymarommatoidea, Platygastroidea e Proctotrupoidea, e 29 famílias. Coletaram-se 22 famílias constantes e 11 dominantes, destacando-se Ichneumonidae, Braconidae e Scelionidae como mais frequentes, totalizando 50,33% dos indivíduos coletados. As famílias Braconidae, Eulophidae e Bethylidae, indicadas como promissoras em programas de controle biológico no café, foram coletadas ao longo de todo o ciclo fenológico do café.

Os ácaros predadores das famílias Phytoseiidae e Stigmaeidae constituem-se nos principais inimigos naturais de Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) em citros. Este ácaro-praga causa sérios prejuízos na produção, devido à transmissão do vírus da leprose dos citros (CiLV). Apesar do grande volume de informações sobre a sensibilidade de ácaros Phytoseiidae a agrotóxicos, praticamente não existem informações sobre o efeito desses compostos em ácaros Stigmaeidae no Brasil. Sendo assim, o trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito dos principais agrotóxicos utilizados em citros sobre o ácaro predador Agistemus brasiliensis Matioli, Ueckermann & Oliveira (Acari: Stigmaeidae), em condições de laboratório. Arenas de folhas de citros da variedade Pera, contendo 25 fêmeas adultas de A. brasiliensis, foram pulverizadas em torre de Potter. Avaliaram-se as mortalidades dos ácaros 72 horas após a aplicação. O efeito dos produtos na reprodução do acarino e a viabilidade dos ovos também foram avaliados. Quanto à seletividade, conforme proposta da "Organização Internacional para o Controle Biológico" (IOBC), os produtos foram classificados como: classe 1 - inócuo (E99%), calda sulfocálcica, cyhexatin, flufenoxuron, hexythiazox, óxido de fenbutatin, propargite, pyridaben e spirodiclofen. Estudos conduzidos em condições de campo ainda são necessários para se compreender melhor o efeito desses agrotóxicos sobre o ácaro predador.The predaceous mites of the families Phytoseiidae and Stigmaeidae are the most important natural enemies of Brevipalpus phoenicis (Geijskes) on citrus. This mite causes serious damages to the yield due to the transmission of Citrus leprosis virus (CiLV). Despite the considerable amount of information on susceptibility of phytoseiids to pesticides, the effect of these compounds is not very known for stigmaeid mites in Brazil. This work was carried out to evaluate the effect of the main pesticides used in citrus orchards on the predaceous mite Agistemus brasiliensis Matioli, Ueckermann & Oliveira (Acari: Stigmaeidae) in laboratory conditions. Citrus leaf ("Pera" cultivar) arenas with 25 adult females of A. brasiliensis were sprayed in a Potter tower. The mortality of mites was assessed 72 hours after treatment. The effect of pesticides on the reproduction of mite and egg viability was also evaluated. According to the proposal of the Working Group of "International Organization for Biological Control" (IOBC), the pesticides were classified as: class 1 - harmless (E99%), lime sulfur, cyhexatin, flufenoxuron, hexythiazox, fenbutatin oxide, propargite, pyridaben and spirodiclofen. Studies in the field conditions are still necessary for a better understanding of the effect of these chemicals on the predaceous mite.

Com o objetivo de verificar a ocorrência de insetos da parte aérea na cultura da soja convencional e geneticamente modificada resistente a glyphosate, realizou-se este trabalho durante a safra agrícola 2004/05, em Cruz Alta, RS, na área experimental da Fundação Centro de Experimentação e Pesquisa (FUNDACEP). A semeadura foi realizada no dia 26/11/2004, no delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso com parcelas subdivididas e com quatro repetições, em esquema fatorial 2 x 3. O fator A correspondeu à cultivar "CD 214 RR" resistente a glyphosate e à "CD 201" convencional e o fator B correspondeu ao sistema de manejo das plantas daninhas (sem controle, controle mecânico e controle químico tradicional) e com um tratamento adicional (controle químico com glyphosate na cultivar "CD 214 RR"). A utilização da soja geneticamente modificada resistente a glyphosate e a aplicação do herbicida glyphosate alteraram a ocorrência de algumas espécies de insetos-praga e inimigos naturais na parte aérea da soja.The experiment was carried out during the crop season 2004/05, in Cruz Alta, RS, Brazil at Fundação Centro de Experimentação e Pesquisa (FUNDACEP) experimental area. The objective was to study the occurrence of insects in conventional and genetically modified herbicide-tolerant soybean. The seeding was done in November, 2004. The experimental design was randomized blocks and factorial scheme. The factor A was represented by the varieties 'CD 214 RR' (glyphosate-tolerant) and 'CD 201' (conventional). The factor B was composed by weed management systems, were b1- without weed control, b2- mechanical control and b3- chemical control with conventional herbicides. An additional treatment was used, where glyphosate application on 'CD 214 RR' was done. Soybean genetically modified herbicide-tolerant and glyphosate application had effects on some pests and beneficial insects in soybean.

ResumoO estudo objetivou registrar a ocorrência, flutuação populacional das espécies de coccinelídeos e delinear a distribuição geográfica (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) associados as plantas cítricas no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Foram visitados 11 municípios situados em duas regiões do Estado do Rio de Janeiro: Baixada Fluminense e Região das Baixadas Litorâneas (Região Citrícola). O período de estudo foi de janeiro de 2000 a junho de 2001. Os coccinelídeos foram observados, coletados, conservados e identificados. Desta forma 11 espécies foram observadas no Estado. Os municípios com maior ocorrência de espécies foi Seropédica e Araruama e com menor ocorrência foram São Pedro da Aldeia, Iguaba Grande, Tanguá e Itaboraí. A espécie que se verificou com maior distribuição foi Pentilia egena (Mulsant, 1850), presente em 10 municípios, e com menor distribuição foi Curinus coeruleus Mulsant 1850, presente em apenas um município. Quando avaliada a flutuação populacional, houve uma tendência na redução da população nos meses mais frios (inverno), sendo P. egena a espécie com maior média populacional (40%) e espécies dominantes juntamente com Azya luteipes Mulsant 1850. No período de estudo a diversidade de espécies foi considerada relativamente alta (α= 3,91) quando avaliada através do índice de Margalef e Shanon-Wiener (H'= 0,81), sendo considerada uma diversidade relativamente alta. Occurrence and Distribution of Coccinelids (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) Associates at the Citrus Plants in Rio de Janeiro State Abstract. This work aimed to register the occurrence, study the population fluctuation the ladybeetles species and to delineate the geographic distribution (Coleoptera, Coccinellidae) associated at citrus plants in Rio de Janeiro State. 11 districts situated in two regions of the Rio de Janeiro State were visited: "Baixada Fluminense" and "Região das Baixadas Litorâneas (Região Citrícola)". The study period was January 2000 to June 2001. The coccinellids was observed, collected, conserved, and identified. This way 11 species they were observed on State. The districts to larger species occurrence were Seropédica, and Araruama and to species lower was São Pedro da Aldeia, Iguaba Grande, Tanguá, Itaboraí, Natividade e Porciúncula. The species that it was verified in larger distribution were Pentilia egena (Mulsant, 1850), present in 10 districts, and with smaller distribution it was Curinus coeruleus Mulsant 1850, present in just only one district. When evaluated population fluctuation, there was a tendency in the reduction of the population in coldest (winter) moths, being P. egena the specie com average larger populational (40%) and dominant specie together with Azya luteipes Mulsant 1850. In study period the species diversity was high (α= 3.91) when evaluated through Margalef and Shanon-Wiener index's (H'=0.81), being considered a relatively high diversity.

The control of Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on okra Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) (Malvaceae) consist primarily in the use of insecticides, due to the lack of information on other mortality factors. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of predators and parasitoids, height of canopy, plant age, leaf areas, organic compounds leaves, levels of leaf nitrogen and potassium, density of leaf trichomes, total rainfall and median temperature on attack intensity of A. gossypii on two successive A. esculentus var. Santa Cruz plantations. Monthly number estimates of A. gossypii and natural enemies (visual inspection) occurred on bottom, middle and apical parts of 30 plants/plantation (one leaf/plant). Plants senescence, leaf areas and natural enemies, mainly Adialytus spp., spiders and Coccinellidae, were some of the factors that most contributed to aphid reduction. A higher number of aphids was found on the bottom part than medium and apical parts of okra plants. Total rainfall can reduce the aphid population. Trichomes non-glandular or low density, organic compounds leaves and levels of N and K were not important for reducing aphid population.O controle de Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae) em quiabeiro Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) (Malvaceae) consiste principalmente no uso de inseticidas, em virtude da falta de informação sobre outros fatores de mortalidade. Objetivou-se com este estudo determinar os efeitos de predadores e parasitóides, altura de dossel, idade da planta, área foliar, compostos orgânicos foliares, níveis de nitrogênio e potássio, densidade de tricomas, pluviosidade e temperatura na intensidade de ataque de A. gossypii em dois cultivos sucessivos de Abelmoschus esculentus var. Santa Cruz. Estimou-se, mensalmente, o número de A. gossypii e de inimigos naturais (inspeção visual) ocorridos nas folhas (uma folha/planta) localizadas nas partes basal, mediana e apical de 30 plantas/plantação. Os fatores que mais contribuíram com a redução da população de pulgões foram a senescência de plantas, área foliar e inimigos naturais, principalmente Adialytus spp., aranhas e Coccinellidae. Maior número de pulgões foi observado na parte basal que na mediana e apical de plantas de quiabeiro. A pluviosidade total pode reduzir a população de pulgões. Tricomas tectores (não-glandulares) ou baixa densidade destes, compostos orgânicos foliares e níveis de N e de K não foram importantes para a redução da população de pulgões.

A toxicidade de dezesseis formulações comerciais de agrotóxicos utilizados na cultura do pessegueiro foi avaliada em laboratório (temperatura 25±1oC, umidade relativa 70±10% e fotofase de 14 horas), expondo-se adultos do parasitóide Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman & Platner, 1983 (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) em contato com uma película seca dos produtos fitossanitários pulverizados sobre placas de vidro, mensurando-se posteriormente o número de ovos parasitados por fêmea. Reduções na capacidade de parasitismo em relação à testemunha (somente água) foram utilizadas para classificar os produtos em inócuo (99%). Os agrotóxicos (% da formulação comercial na calda) Captan 500 PM (0,240), Cobre Sandoz BR (0,240), Delan (0,125), Dodex 450 SC (0,175), Rovral SC (0,150) e Intrepid 240 SC (0,060) foram inócuos; Manzate 800 (0,200) foi levemente nocivo; Assist (2,000), Finale (1,000) e Roundup (original) (3,000) foram moderadamente nocivos; Kumulus DF (0,600), Hokko Cihexatim 500 (0,050), Vertimec 18 CE (0,080), Imidan 500 WP (0,200), Tiomet 400 CE (0,120) e Trebon 100 SC (0,150) foram nocivos a T. atopovirilia.The toxicity of sixteen commercial formulations of pesticides used in peach production was assessed in the laboratory (25±1oC temperature, 70±10% relative humidity and 14h photophase) on adults of egg parasitoids Trichogramma atopovirilia Oatman & Platner, 1983 (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) by exposing the adult parasitoids to fresh dry pesticide film applied on glass plates and further evaluation of the capacity of parasitism per adult female. The reduction in capacity of parasitism compared with the control (treated with water) was used to measure the effect of the chemical. Pesticides were then classified into four categories, according to the reduction in parasitization: 1, harmless (99%). The pesticides (% commercial formulation in spray water) Captan 500 PM (0.240), Cobre Sandoz BR (0.240), Delan (0.125), Dodex 450 SC (0.175), Rovral SC (0.150) and Intrepid 240 SC (0.060) were harmless; Manzate 800 (0.200) was slightly harmful; Assist (2.000), Finale (1.000) and Roundup (original) (3.000) were moderately harmful; Kumulus DF (0.600), Hokko Cihexatim 500 (0.050), Vertimec 18 CE (0.080), Imidan 500 WP (0.200), Tiomet 400 CE (0.120) and Trebon 100 SC (0.150) were harmful to T. atopovirilia.

Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) está entre os insetos-praga que mais danificam culturas, sendo possível seu controle com produtos à base de Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner, 1911 (Bt). Um dos principais parasitóides de S. frugiperda é Campoletis flavicincta (Ashmead, 1890) (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae). A interação de Bt aizawai e de C. flavicincta através da análise histopatológica do ovo do parasitóide em lagartas de S. frugiperda infectadas foi avaliada. Lotes de lagartas de segundo ínstar foram analisados: 1) parasitadas e infectadas por Bt aizawai (Xentari/Abbott Laboratórios do Brasil Ltda) a 0,5mg ml-1 e 2) apenas parasitadas por C. flavicincta (controle). Todas as lagartas foram fixadas em "Bouin Hollande", em intervalos de 6, 12 e 24 horas posteriores à infecção. Após o preparo das lagartas em blocos de parafina, foram efetuados cortes histológicos de 6µm de espessura. A análise histológica de lagartas parasitadas e infectadas indicou não ter havido alteração no ovo do parasitóide, resultante da ação do bacilo. Esse resultado indica que ovos de C. flavicincta não são afetados por Bt aizawai no interior do corpo de lagartas de S. frugiperda.Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) is one of the most important insect pests that affect several crops, and it can be controled with Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner, 1911 (Bt) products. One of the main parasitoids of S. frugiperda is Campoletis flavicincta (Ashmead, 1890) (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae). The interaction between Bt aizawai and C. flavicincta by histopathological analysis of the egg of parasitoid in S. frugiperda infected larvae was evaluated. Groups of second instar larvae were analyzed: 1) parasitized and infected by Bt aizawai (Xentari /Abbott Laboratórios do Brasil Ltda) at 0.5mg ml-1 and 2) only parasitized by C. flavicincta (control). All the larvae were fixed in "Bouin Hollande", at intervals of 6, 12 and 24 hours after the infection. After the preparation of the larvae in paraffin blocks, histological cuts of 6µm thickness were made. The histological analysis of parasitized and infected larvae indicated no alteration in the egg of the parasitoid, as a result of the action of the bacillus. This result suggests that eggs of C. flavicincta are not affected by Bt aizawai inside of the body of larvae of S. frugiperda.

Programas que visam o controle biológico precisam ser embasados principalmente em liberações de predadores e parasitóides para tentar minimizar efeitos adversos para o ambiente. Os coleópteros da família Histeridae como predam larvas de dípteros sinantrópicos podem auxiliar no controle das moscas que se desenvolvem em fezes acumuladas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo realizar um levantamento das espécies de histerídeos em granja avícola no município de São João da Boa Vista, estado de São Paulo, verificar seu padrão sazonal de ocorrência e investigar possíveis associações entre as mesmas. As coletas foram realizadas de janeiro de 2001 a dezembro de 2002, utilizando-se dois métodos de coleta (armadilhas de solo e o funil de Berlese - Tullgren). As espécies de histerídeos encontradas foram: Euspilostus modestus, Euspilostus (Hesperosaprinus) spp., Carcinops troglodytes e Hololepta quadridentata. O número de cada espécie diferiu entre os métodos utilizados. Na armadilha de solo, E. modestus correspondeu a 87,01% do número total de indivíduos capturados, enquanto que no funil, C. troglodytes obteve maior destaque (84,38%). E. modestus e H. quadridentata apresentaram padrões de variação mensal positivamente correlacionada com a precipitação pluviométrica (PPrograms for biological control are usually based on the release of predators and parasites so that no hazard is posed to the natural environment. Coleoptera of the Histeridae family feed on the larvae of synantropic diptera, enabling their use in the control of such flies. The objective of this work was to carry out a survey of the Histeridae species present at a poultry house situated in the city of São João da Boa Vista, state of São Paulo, Brazil, aiming to describe their seasonality and the possible associations between the adult specimens. Samples were collected from the poultry houses from January 2001 to December 2002, using two collection methods: soil traps and Berlese funnel. The following Histeridae species were encountered: Euspilostus modestus, Euspilostus spp., Carcinops troglodytes and Hololepta quadridentata. The number of specimens found for each species depended on the collecting method. In the case of the soil trap, E. modestus corresponded to 87.01% of the total number of collected individuals. On Berlese funnel, method C. troglodytes corresponded to 84.38% of the total number of collected beetles. The presence of E. modestus and H. quadridentata was significantly correlated to climatic variations, and positively especialy rainfall (P

Este trabalho teve como objetivo quantificar as perdas na cultura do milho BRS 3123 decorrentes do ataque da lagarta-do-cartucho (Spodoptera frugiperda), na ausência e presença de seus inimigos naturais. Aos 15 dias depois da emergência da planta, foi realizada uma infestação artificial da praga (uma postura por metro quadrado). As lagartas alimentaram-se da planta, sem a interferência de seus inimigos naturais, pela utilização de uma gaiola de proteção (inicial, de dois dias depois da infestação, até uma proteção máxima de 16 dias). O dano da praga, determinado por uma escala de notas de 0 (plantas sem dano) a 5 (plantas mortas), foi em média de 4,01, 1,39, 1,09 e 0,93 para o período de proteção da praga de 16, 6, 4 e 2 dias, respectivamente. Na ausência de agentes de controle biológico, o ataque da praga ocasionou perdas na produção de matéria seca de 47,27% e perdas no rendimento de grãos de 54,49%. Os resultados evidenciaram a importância dos inimigos naturais na supressão de lagartas de S. frugiperda na cultura de milho.This work had the objective of quantifying the losses in the maize hybrid BRS 3123 due to the attack of fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda), in the absence or presence of its natural enemies. Fifteen days after the plant emergency, an artificial infestation (one egg mass per square meter) was accomplished. The larvae fed on the plant, without the interference of its natural enemies, by using an appropriated protection cage (initial protection for two days after infestation, until a maximum protection period of 16 days). The damage caused by the pest, determined through a visual scale from 0 (plants without damage) to 5 (dead plants), was on average, 4.01, 1.39, 1.09 and 0.93 for the pest protection period of 16, 6, 4 and 2 days, respectively. In the absence of the biological control agents, the attack of the pest caused losses of 47.27% in the dry matter production and losses of 54.49% in grain yield. The results evidenced the importance of natural enemies in the suppression of fall armyworm in maize crop.

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito dos principais agrotóxicos utilizados em citros sobre Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor), em condições de laboratório, por tratar-se de um fitoseídeo com grande potencialidade para ser utilizado no controle dos ácaros fitófagos na cultura. O método de bioensaio adotado foi o de contato direto e residual. Folhas de citros da variedade Pêra, contendo 25 fêmeas adultas de N. californicus procedentes de uma criação-estoque, foram pulverizadas em torre de Potter. Avaliaram-se a mortalidade do ácaro 72 horas após a aplicação e o efeito dos produtos na viabilidade dos ovos. Quanto à seletividade, conforme proposta da "Organização Internacional para o Controle Biológico e Integrado de Plantas e Animais Nocivos" (IOBC), os produtos foram classificados como: classe 1 inócuo (E99%), clorfenapyr, dicofol e pyridaben. N. californicus mostrou-se tolerante a diversos agrotóxicos, o que viabiliza sua utilização, juntamente com produtos químicos pertencentes a grupamentos distintos e de diferentes mecanismos de ação, o que atende a um manejo adequado de controle dos principais ácaros fitófagos da cultura dos citros.This work was carried out to determine the residual toxicity of the main pesticides used in citrus, on Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) under laboratory conditions. For this, it was used the residual contact bioassay. Citrus leaves of the variety "Pêra" were sprayed in a Potter tower. The residual action was evaluated at 2 hours and 1; 3; 5; 7; 10; 14 e 21 days after treatment. Ten adult females of N. californicus were transferred to each ring, together with an enough amount of Tetranychus urticae nymphs and adults to feed the predator. Mortality evaluations were performed at 72 hours after treatment. Bioassays indicate that the pesticides: acrinathrin, deltamethrin, dinocap, sulphur, fenpropathrin, fenbutatin oxide and propargite were innocuous to N. californicus. On the other hand, abamectin, azocyclotin e cyhexatin caused mortalities of 29.8; 32.0 e 34.1%, respectively, two hours after transference. Dicofol, pyridaben and chlorfenapyr were extremely toxic to the predator mite, causing 100% of mortality two hours after the application. This way, to this population of N. californicus, the releases can be performed safely 3 days after the application, except for cyhexatin (5 days), dicofol and pyridaben (14 days) and chlorfenapyr (21 days), without risk of significant adult mortality rates due to the application of pesticides.

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Copyright of Iheringia. Série Zoologia is the property of Fundacao Zoobotanica do Rio Grande do Sul and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)