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Objective: Prostate hyperplasia and cancer are more prevalent in middle-aged and elderly men. Previous studies have linked both disorders to androgen receptors. Herein, efforts were made to identify factors associated with prostate cancer in patients ≥60 years, aiming to enhance their health management. Methods: An analytical framework was established utilizing the "Prostate Cancer Early Warning Dataset" from the National Clinical Medical Science Data Center. Variables selection was conducted through LASSO regression, followed by multifactorial logistic stepwise regression to construct a predictive model. Results: A total of 1,502 patients with BPH and 294 with combined PCa were hereby included. Multivariate regression delineated several independent predictors of PCa coexistence, including age (OR [95% CI]: 1.06 [1.04–1.09], p < 0.001), fPSA/tPSA ratio (OR [95% CI]: 0.01 [0.002–0.05], p < 0.001), serum inorganic phosphorus (OR [95% CI]: 5.85 [2.61–13.15], p < 0.001), globulin levels (OR [95% CI]: 1.06 [1.02–1.11], p = 0.005), serum potassium (OR [95% CI]: 0.58 [0.40–0.86], p = 0.006), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (OR [95% CI]: 1.28 [1.06–1.54], p = 0.009), among others. Conclusion: The analysis revealed connections between PCa occurrence in men aged over 60 and BPH, along with specific serum biomarkers such as inorganic phosphorus, globulin, LDL cholesterol, lower fPSA/tPSA ratios and serum potassium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biochemical monitoring of the adaptation of young water polo players to physical activity specific to this kind of sport is of immense importance. The content and objectives of biochemical monitoring are enhanced due to the fact that this cohort (from 10 to 15 years) undergoes complex phases of puberty. Exercise regulation should be strictly dosed according to the adaptive capabilities of young athletes. The sport training has a positive influence only in the absence of stress response of the body of adolescent athletes. At the same time, physical activity should promote the development of physical qualities. According to the theory about the sensitive periods of development of physical qualities, it is known that such qualities as flexibility and speed types are inherent to people of a younger age who play sports, but their improvement at the level of the highest manifestation of sportsmanship will be uniformly prolonged in time. This article proposes a scheme of biochemical monitoring of a standard training of young water polo players. Based on the results of performed analysis we have come to the conclusion that the training regimen promotes the development of anaerobic characteristics. Comparative analysis of biochemical monitoring of different age groups indicates the peculiarities of their energy supply while overcoming the same physical load, which is the PWC-170 Cycle Test. In particular, the younger the organism, the greater is the share of the anaerobic component of energy supply. This means that during the monitoring of younger groups of water polo players, special attention should be paid to the indicator of changes in lactic acid, which is a criterion that characterizes adequate changes in anaerobic metabolism, namely in glycolysis. Regarding the older age groups of athletes, urea acquires special importance in biochemical monitoring. It is known to be a biomarker of protein energy metabolism, which is precisely the last critical component of aerobic energy transformations. Dissimilation of proteins increases its contribution to aerobic energy exchange under the conditions of overcoming physical loads of a critical level. As a result of the conducted scientific experiment, as well as according to the results of one-way analysis of variance (One Way ANOVA), we recorded the fact of a significant influence of the age of the athlete on the indicators of energy exchange, which can be used in biochemical monitoring of the state of development of energy systems during the long-term training of young water polo players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Latex Diagnosis (LD) is performed through the determination of dry rubber (DRC), sucrose (Suc), inorganic phosphorus (Pi) and thiol (RSH) contents. It is carried out through the colorimetric method using a single cuvette spectrophotometer, which is time-consuming and requires a high volume of chemicals. It also needs to be executed as soon as the samples are collected so that limits the adoption of LD. The adaptation of the protocol to a multiplate reader and suitable conservation aimed to overcome the limitations. The experiments were carried out at the Indonesian Rubber Research Institute, Sembawa, Palembang, and Research Center for Biotechnology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta. Various combinations of solution volumes, adapted from standard protocol, were tested. The closest slope of the standard curve to control was then applied to 7 randomly selected trees. The result showed that for Suc, the composition of 10 µL samples, 30 µL of 2.5 % TCA and 210 µL anthrone reagent was suitable for determination using a multiplate reader. The combination of 40 µL of sample, 85 µL of 2.5 % TCA and 125 µL mL FeSO4 solution was suitable for Pi determination, while 100 µL samples, 5 µL DNTB and 100 µL Tris is recommended for RSH. The measurement using a multiplate reader resulted in comparable contents (average deviations were 1.83, 2.69 and 3.51 % for Suc, Pi, and RSH, respectively), lower time and chemicals consumptions, and a larger number of sample handling compared to single cuvette method. This study also tested the effect of freeze-drying for sample conservation. The result indicated that freezedrying was able to maintain the Pi level (deviation 0.93 %). However, it increased Suc (deviation 19.43 %) and decreased ascorbate (AsA) significantly (deviation 43.60 %); therefore, freeze-drying might not be suitable for conserving serum samples in the LD method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breeding ryegrass for reduced inorganic phosphorus (Pi) concentrations in leaf vacuoles could lower pasture P fertiliser requirements with economic and environmental benefits. We investigated foliar Pi% accumulation characteristics of a range of ryegrass cultivars and ecotypes in glasshouse experiments, and ryegrass cultivars from two field trials. Pi in ryegrass was also compared with Pi in cocksfoot, tall fescue, prairie grass and Phalaris in a glasshouse experiment. Pi expressed as a percentage of leaf total phosphorus was higher (average 82.5%) in the older ryegrass cultivars – Ruanui, and Nui and the New Zealand hill country ecotypes (85%) than in more recently bred cultivars like Aberdart and One50 (74.7%). In the other grass species, foliar Pi% was lowest in prairie grass, intermediate in tall fescue with the highest values in cocksfoot, Phalaris and ryegrass. The results suggest that including a lower Pi concentration in future ryegrass breeding programmes might improve ryegrass P use efficiency without compromising growth rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Prostate hyperplasia and cancer are more prevalent in middle-aged and elderly men. Previous studies have linked both disorders to androgen receptors. Herein, efforts were made to identify factors associated with prostate cancer in patients ≥60 years, aiming to enhance their health management.Methods An analytical framework was established utilizing the “Prostate Cancer Early Warning Dataset” from the National Clinical Medical Science Data Center. Variables selection was conducted through LASSO regression, followed by multifactorial logistic stepwise regression to construct a predictive model.Results A total of 1,502 patients with BPH and 294 with combined PCa were hereby included. Multivariate regression delineated several independent predictors of PCa coexistence, including age (OR [95% CI]: 1.06 [1.04–1.09], p

A procedure utilizing [TBA][P(SiCl3)2] as P source for the synthesis of phosphinecarboxamides is presented. The synthesis involves the reaction of [TBA][P(SiCl3)2] with isocyanates. These compounds act as highly effective reagents for the subsequent phosphination of isocyanates, leading to the formation of phosphine(triscarboxamides). This reaction proceeds swiftly under mild and straightforward conditions, making it suitable for a wide range of commercially available isocyanates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria often transform the insoluble soil phosphorus into the plant-assimilable forms across diverse ecosystems. However, it is still scarce research in desert regions. In this investigation, the soil sample was taken from the predominant sand-fixing shrub community (Artemisia ordosica) in the Mu Us desert. Tricalcium phosphate was employed as the phosphorus medium to selectively isolate the phosphate-solubilizing bacteria, in order to delineate their composition, solubilization capacity, and operative mechanisms. Efficient strains were discerned via halo formation in solid media and liquid culturing, followed by quantification of organic acids, pH levels, and alkaline phosphatase activity within the potent phosphatesolubilizing bacteria cultures. Subsequent morphological, physiological, biochemical, and phylogenetic analyses were carried out for the precise characterization and identification of efficient strains. Pearson correlation analysis was used to elucidate the interplay between phosphate solubilization capacity and the culturing environment. The results are as follows: 1) A total of sixty-one strains of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria were isolated from both rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere soil of Artemisia ordosica, belonging to three phyla and five genera. Among them, Pseudomonas had the highest isolation rate (80.33%), followed by Streptomyces (11.47%). 2) Only seven strains (named R4, R5, R6, R7, NR1, NR2, and NR3) were produced in the transparent halos, with NR3 at the largest ratio of halo diameter to colony diameter. 3) There was an effective phosphorus increment of the seven strains with transparent halos after seven days of liquid culture. Three additional strains (named R1, R2, and R3) without transparent halos had better growth in the range from -5.40 to 800.28 mg/L. Specifically, four strains (R1, R4, NR1, and NR3) demonstrated phosphorus increments of 501.24, 67.78, 55.48, and 800.28 mg/L, respectively, indicating the efficient phosphate-solubilizing bacteria. 4) All four strains were growing on a medium with a pH of 11 and a 5% NaCl concentration. NR3 and R1 were then identified as Pantoea and Amycolatopsis, respectively, while R4 and NR1 were identified as Pseudomonas. 5) R4 and NR1 secreted seven organic acids (oxalic, tartaric, malic, lactic, acetic, citric, and succinic acids), R1 secreted six organic acids except for succinic, and NR3 secreted only four. Moreover, R1 and NR3 secreted the smaller quantities of each organic acid. 6) The pH values of NR3, R1, and R4 were significantly lower than those of the blank control after seven days of incubation, whereas, there was no change in the alkaline phosphatase activity of the four strains, compared with the blank control. 7) The amount of phosphorus solubilization by the four strains was significantly positively correlated with their secretion of oxalic and acetic acids, while significantly negatively correlated with the amount of tartaric acid and pH. The study showed that: 1) Many strains of phosphate-solubilizing bacteria were isolated and cultured in the soil of Artemisia ordosica from the Mu Us desert. 2) The four highly efficient phosphate-solubilizing bacteria strains were screened with high resistance to salinity and alkalinity. The content of effective phosphorus was significantly enhanced in the secretion of organic acids and the lowering of the environmental pH value. Four strains with significant solubilization capacity were successfully screened under defined experimental conditions. These strains can be expected to develop into functional microbial agents in soil amelioration and ecological rehabilitation in desert regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was the first attempt to identify the sources of total oxidized nitrogen (TON) and inorganic phosphorus (IP) in the water of the Selenga River—the main tributary of Lake Baikal. To identify TON and IP sources, the data on nutrient concentrations in water of Selenga River and its tributaries as well as the data on river runoff were collected and mapped. On the basis of the obtained data, the values of TON and IP exported from different parts of Selenga watershed were evaluated and mapped using geospatial techniques. In addition, critical source areas (CSAs) which accumulate soil pollutants from nonpoint pollution sources and release them into the surface water during storm events were identified in most polluted watershed areas. It was found that the values of TON exports in most parts of the Selenga watershed varied in the range 0–50 kg/km2/yr, whereas the values of IP exports varied in the range 0–5 kg/km2/yr. Obtained data on TON export were in agreement with those obtained earlier by foreign researchers using global models of nutrient export, whereas data on IP exports were two times higher than those previously modelled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hevea brasiliensis, a natural rubber producing species, is widely cultivated due to its high rubber yield potential. Natural rubber is synthesised in the rubber particles of laticifers. Latex diagnosis (LD) was established to characterise the physiological state of the laticiferous system by measuring its physiological parameters, i.e., sucrose, inorganic phosphorous (Pi), thiols and total solid content (TSC). Rubber clones are often classified in three groups i.e., quick starters, medium starters and slow starters. To better understand the genetic bases of latex yield, a biparental population was generated from a cross between the quick-starter clone PB 260 and the medium-starter clone SP 217. LD was performed during the peak latex production season and used to calculate sucrose loading. The agronomic and physiological parameters associated with latex yield led to the classification of genotypes according to the rubber clonal typology and to the identification of quantitative trait loci (QTL) using a high-density map. Inorganic phosphorous content was positively associated with yield during the first year of production thus enabling identification of quick-starter clones. In addition, the LD-based clonal typology led to determine the long-term yield potential and the use of appropriate ethephon stimulation. QTL analysis successfully identified several QTLs related to yield, sucrose, Pi and TSC. One QTL related to sucrose loading was identified in the same position as the QTL for sucrose on linkage group 1. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report QTL analysis for this trait. The use of a high-density map enables the identification of genes underlying QTLs. Several putative genes underlying QTLs related to yield, sucrose and TSC were identified.

[Objective] Soil phosphorus fractions determine the migration and availability of phosphorus during soil evolution. The spatial distribution characteristics of soil phosphorus fractions in alpine meadows under different desertification levels were studied in order to provide a scientific reference for vegetation restoration in sandy meadows. [Methods] The modified Hedley phosphorus classification method was used to determine changes in phosphorus fraction in alpine meadow soils under different degrees of desertification (non-desertification; and light, medium and heavy desertification) using desertifed Zoige alpine meadow soils on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. [Results] ① Soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, active phosphorus, and water content decreased significantly (p

Different forms of inorganic phosphorus in surface soils can be released into water or adsorbed into sediment in response to various environmental factors. Although the Sanhekou Reservoir is still under construction, the periodic wetting-drying events may result in the release of inorganic phosphorus from the soil into the water once it is completed. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the background soil values and estimate the phosphorus release fluxes of the Puhe River, Wenshuihe River, and Jiaoxihe River of the reservoir. We would like to provide a theoretical basis for the subsequent management and ecological protection of the reservoir based on this study. The Chang–Jackson chemical continuous extraction method was used to determine the forms of inorganic phosphorus in the soil, and fluorescence data were obtained by excitation–emission matrix combined with parallel factor (EEM-PARAFAC). The results showed that there were four types of phosphorus in the soil of the reservoir, including calcium-bound phosphate, aluminium-bound phosphate, iron-bound phosphate, and occluded phosphate. The total quantities of these phosphorus types were measured to be 6.71 × 104, 1.14 × 104, 0.91 × 104, and 0.49 × 104t, respectively. Additionally, it was observed that there was 2.12 × 104 t of bioavailable phosphorus present in the soil. HIGHLIGHTS EEM-PARAFAC was used to determine the fluorescence components in soil along constructed reservoirs.; Phosphorus fluxes and phosphorus release risks in soil along constructed reservoirs were predicted.; The potential of eutrophication of water in the reservoir was predicted.;

Cyanobacteria blooms occurred in the pond in early August; Microcystis aeruginosa was constantly present in the plankton. Its biomass reached its peak of 24.1–28.6 mg/L in mid-August. The proportion of individual cells (4 µm in size) and colonies up to 50 µm in size in the M. aeruginosa biomass increased to 68–85%. In late August, the proportion of 50–100-µm fraction did not exceed 5–7%. The proportion of a larger fraction >100 µm decreased from 24 to 8%. Rotifers, represented by 14 taxonomic units recorded in the plankton, dominated in the water body. The abundance of Rotifers reached 51–96% of that of zooplankton. Dominating in abundance was Keratella cochlearis cochlearis. It accounted for 44 to 86% of rotifer population, and its abundance varied from 500 to 2000 ind./L. The rotifer abundance during the M. Aeruginosa bloom period reached its highest of 4.5 thous. ind./L and at the end of this period decreased to 580 ind./L. In the high-trophicity pond, rotifers play the leading role in the water body trophodynamics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bulletin of Soil & Water Conservation is the property of Bulletin of Soil & Water Conservation Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Phosphorus is a major nutrient vital for plant growth and development, with a substantial amount of cellular phosphorus being used for the biosynthesis of membrane phospholipids. Here, we report that NON‐SPECIFIC PHOSPHOLIPASE C4 (NPC4) in rapeseed (Brassica napus) releases phosphate from phospholipids to promote growth and seed yield, as plants with altered NPC4 levels showed significant changes in seed production under different phosphate conditions. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/CRISPR‐associated nuclease 9 (Cas9)‐mediated knockout of BnaNPC4 led to elevated accumulation of phospholipids and decreased growth, whereas overexpression (OE) of BnaNPC4 resulted in lower phospholipid contents and increased plant growth and seed production. We demonstrate that BnaNPC4 hydrolyzes phosphosphingolipids and phosphoglycerolipids in vitro, and plants with altered BnaNPC4 function displayed changes in their sphingolipid and glycerolipid contents in roots, with a greater change in glycerolipids than sphingolipids in leaves, particularly under phosphate deficiency conditions. In addition, BnaNPC4‐OE plants led to the upregulation of genes involved in lipid metabolism, phosphate release, and phosphate transport and an increase in free inorganic phosphate in leaves. These results indicate that BnaNPC4 hydrolyzes phosphosphingolipids and phosphoglycerolipids in rapeseed to enhance phosphate release from membrane phospholipids and promote growth and seed production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optimal dietary non-phytate phosphorus (NPP) is essential in poultry to maximise productive and reproductive performance, along with indices of egg and bone quality. This study aimed to establish the NPP requirements of egg-type duck breeders aged from 54 to 80 weeks on the following traits: egg production, egg incubation, egg quality, tibial characteristics, reproductive organ, plasma indices, and the expression of genes related to phosphorus absorption. Longyan duck breeders aged 54 weeks (n = 300) were randomly allotted to five treatments, each containing six replicates of 10 individually caged birds. Birds were fed corn-soybean meal-based diets containing 0.18, 0.25, 0.32, 0.38, and 0.45% NPP/kg for 27 weeks. The tested dietary NPP levels did not affect egg production or egg quality indices. The hatchling weight of ducklings increased (quadratic, P

Context: Phytic acid is the major storage form of phosphorus in cereals and is considered an anti-nutritional factor because it chelates major mineral micronutrient cations, resulting in micronutrient malnutrition in humans. For monogastric animals fed maize (Zea mays L.) grains, the stored phosphorus does not release into the digestive tract, leading to phosphorus deficiency and environmental pollution. Aims: The aim of the study was to develop maize lines with a lower level of phytic acid that might substantially enhance the nutritional value of maize. Methods: The lpa1 mutant allele conferring low phytic acid was transferred into the parental lines of popular maize hybrid DMH 121 (i.e. BML 6 and BML 45) through marker-assisted backcross breeding. Foreground selection was performed using a co-dominant single nucleotide polymorphism marker through a high-resolution melting approach, and background selection was undertaken using 50–55 polymorphic sequence-tagged microsatellite site markers. Key results: Near-isogeneic lines were produced with >90% recurrent parental genome and reduction of phytic acid content by up to 44–56% compared with the original lines. Conclusions: The near-isogeneic lines carrying lpa1 can be used to reconstitute DHM 121 with low phytate content. Implications: The low-phytate maize hybrids produced can be useful in reducing micronutrient malnutrition in humans, as well as environmental pollution. Phytic acid is an anti-nutritional factor that chelates major mineral micronutrient cations, resulting in micronutrient malnutrition in humans. In this study, the lpa1 mutant allele was transferred into the parental lines of DMH 121 (i.e BML 6, and BML 45) through marker-assisted backcross breeding. Near-isogeneic lines were produced with 44–56% reduction of phytic acid content relative to the original lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives. To determine the effect of hypophosphatemia on the results of treatment of patients in the intensive care unit (ICU) of a multidisciplinary hospital. Material and methods. A single-center retrospective non-randomized observational study was conducted. Out of 8595 multidisciplinary hospital patients, 306 were diagnosed with hypophosphatemia in terms of phosphorus levels, i.e. the phosphorus content in their serum was below 0.81 mmol/L. As the endpoints of the research, the following ones were selected: 1) the duration of treatment in the hospital; 2) the duration of treatment in the ICU; 3) the outcomes of treatment. All serum phosphorus levels refer to the initial measurement of phosphorus upon the arrival at the ICU. We limited our study to patients with phosphorus levels from 0 – 0.8 mmol/L (hypophosphatemia). All patients were divided into 3 groups depending on the level of hypophosphatemia: group 1 (mild) – 0.65-0.8 mmol/L; group 2 (moderate) – 0.32-0.64 mmol/L; group 3 (severe) – 0-0.31 mmol/L. The obtained data were statistically processed using nonparametric analysis methods. Results. After analyzing the data, it was found that the incidence of hypophosphatemia in a multidisciplinary hospital made up 306 patients out of 8595, which was 3.56%. The duration of treatment of patients in ICU was statistically significantly longer in the deceased patients – 9 (3; 17) days than in the survived patients – 2 (0; 5) days (p

Coastal zones are extremely vulnerable and, at the same time, anthropogenically pressed. Excessive enrichment of marine waters with nutrients and organic matter can lead to "red tides", oxygen deficits, decreasing assimilation capacity, etc. The purpose of this work is to study atmospheric precipitations as a source of nutrients directly affecting waters of the coastal areas of Crimea and, ultimately, strengthening eutrophication consequences. In 2004–2008, and from 2015 to present, samples of atmospheric precipitations have been collected at the Marine Hydrometeorological Station in Sevastopol. They have been analyzed for the content of inorganic nitrogen, phosphorus, and silica. For 2009–2014, direct measurements are unavailable and a previously retrieved multiple nonlinear regression equation has been used to estimate the concentration of inorganic nitrogen in atmospheric precipitations depending on meteorological conditions, including the number of precipitations, number of days without precipitations, relative air humidity, wind direction vectors, and air temperature. Data obtained in this study have revealed that atmospheric precipitations are one of important inputs of nutrients for local areas. Their relative contribution increases on the time scale of days, while the role of rivers remains the most important on the annual scale. The contribution of atmospheric precipitations to the inventory of nutrients becomes more significant in the summer, when seasonal stratification in the water column prevents vertical mixing of waters, and the ambient concentration of nutrients in the upper layer of water is minimal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Azoxystrobin is widely used in crops against several fungal diseases, but may have potential negative effects on soil microorganisms beneficial to plants such as arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. To date, the impact of azoxystrobin has been studied on the growth and healing capacity of AM fungi, but not on the inorganic phosphorus (Pi) uptake dynamics. Aims: The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of azoxystrobin on the dynamics of Pi uptake by potato plants associated or not to Rhizophagus irregularis. Additionally, fungal root colonization, plant growth, and P accumulation were assessed. Methods: A semi‐hydroponic cultivation system was used using mycorrhizal (M) and nonmycorrhizal (NM) plants growing in presence/absence of azoxystrobin. The percentage of Pi depletion in the nutrient solution was determined by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy after 30 and 60 days of circulation. Results: Whatever the presence/absence of the AM fungus, azoxystrobin decreased Pi uptake by plants after 30 days of growth. Conversely, after 60 days in absence of azoxystrobin, a larger Pi uptake was measured in the M plants, while the reverse was noticed in presence of azoxystrobin. Conclusions: The M plants were more affected by azoxystrobin than those growing in absence of the fungicide, suggesting a direct effect of azoxystrobin on the AM fungus and an indirect effect on the plant–fungus associates via a potential imbalance in the transfer of nutrients. Although it is difficult to extrapolate our results to field, fungicide toxicity on crops inoculated with selected AM fungi deserves to be explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphorus (P) is one of the nutrients that most limits agricultural production. Worldwide, the Pampas region has the highest edaphic P deficits. As its existence in the soil varies from ions in solution to very stable organic and inorganic compounds, it is necessary to carry out studies at different spatial-temporal scales to survey the most affected P fractions. The objectives of the present work were: a) to evaluate different P fractions before the agriculture introduction and the long-term changes in a typical Argiudol Pergamino series under two controlled situations with 35 and 105 years of continuous agriculture and, b) to evaluate long-term changes of these P fractions in the same soil series under the agriculture performed at regional level. The following P fractions were determined: total (PT), inorganic (Pi), organic (Po), and extractable P (Pe). The P reserves of the A horizon decreased 20 and 42% (PT), 20 and 58% (Pi) and 20% (Po) with 35 and 105 years of continuous agriculture, respectively, in relation to the reserves of PT, Pi and Po of the pseudo pristine situation. For its part, agriculture practiced at regional scale decreased by 29% (PT), 33% (Pi) and 20% (Po) compared to the pseudo-pristine situation. The Po declined in the first decades of agriculture. Subsequently, it would not contribute to crop nutrition. The PT reserve continued to decrease at inorganic fraction expense, visualized in the abrupt drop in Pe (92%), which was below the range of typical values reported for the rolling pampas sub region. The prevailing cropping system puts at risk the nutritional status of soils and the productivity of agroecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low availability of native soil phosphorus (P) is a major constraint limiting sustainable crop production especially in alkaline calcareous soils. Application of organic manure in this regard has gained attention of the scientific community. Yet, the potential of fermented animal manure in improving P use efficiency and subsequent crop yield has not been assessed. This pot experiment was designed to study the performance of wheat under application of non-fermented and fermented animal manure in combination with 0, 45 or 90 kg·ha−1 phosphorus in the form of diammonium phosphate (DAP). Results show that non-fermented animal manure and split dose of phosphorus fertilizer improved plant quantitative attributes including plant growth, yield and nutrient uptake parameters. However, the placement of fermented animal manure combined with the full amount of P (90 kg·ha−1) fertilizer gave the mean highest value of fertile tillers per pot (12) and their grain yield (5.2 g). Moreover, plant physiological parameters were enhanced with fermented animal manure and the recommended rate of P fertilizer compared with the control. Likewise, the biochemical properties of wheat grain such as fat, fiber, ash and protein contents were increased by 1.24, 2.26, 1.47 and 11.2%, respectively, in plants receiving fermented animal manure and P fertilizer (90 kg·ha−1). Furthermore, co-application of fermented animal manure with P (90 kg·ha−1) into soil improved phosphorus uptake from 0.72 to 1.25 g·pot−1, phosphorus usage efficiency from 0.715 to 0.856 mg·pot−1, and soil phosphorus extent from 7.58 to 16.1% over controls. It is thus inferred that this new approach resulted in release of P from fermented manure that not only reduced fixation but also enhanced the growth, yield, physiology and nutrient uptake in wheat. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Agro-Environment Science is the property of Journal of Agro-Environment Science Editorial Board and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Climate change, specifically the increasing frequency and intensity of summer heat and drought, has severe influences on the performance of beech forests, including decline in growth, reduced nutrient turnover, enhanced mortality, and a shift in spatial distribution northwards and towards higher elevations. The present study aimed to characterize the physiological responses of Croatian beech saplings originating from 10 natural forest stands to experimentally applied water deprivation in a common-garden experiment. The aim was to evaluate the extent to which external factors such as climate, as well as nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) availability in the soil of the natural habitats, control the response of beech saplings to water deprivation. For this purpose, beech saplings from 10 forest stands that differed in terms of soil type, chemical soil properties, as well as climate were collected in winter, cultivated in an artificial soil substrate under controlled conditions for one year, and then subjected to 29 days of water deprivation. Responses to water deprivation were observed in the antioxidative system (total ascorbate, reduced ascorbate, oxidized ascorbate, and redox state) in leaves and fine roots. The latter allowed us to categorize saplings as adapted or sensitive to water deprivation. P over N availability in the soil rather than climatic conditions in the natural habitats controlled the response of beech saplings to the water-deprivation event. The categorization of saplings as adapted or sensitive to water deprivation was related to genetic parameters. The results of this multidisciplinary study (tree physiology, climate, and genetic data) are considered to be highly significant and beneficial for the adaptation of European beech forests to changing climatic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytic acid (PA) is an important antinutritional component in maize that affects the availability of major micro-nutrients like di- and multi-valent mineral cations like iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn). The long-term consumption of maize as a staple food crop leads to micronutrient malnutrition especially iron and zinc deficiency in the human population. In addition, it also acts as a storehouse of a major part of mineral phosphorous (P), approximately 80% of the total P stored as phytate P is not available to mono-gastric animals like humans and poultry birds, and it gets excreted as such, leading to one of the major environmental pollution called eutrophication. Of the various low phytic acid (lpa) mutants, lpa2-2 generated through mutagenesis reduces PA by 30%. BML 6 and BML 45, the parents of the popular maize hybrid DHM 121 with high PA were selected to introgress lpa2-2 through marker-assisted backcross breeding (MABB). The percent recurrent parental genome (RPG) in the selected BC2F2 plants ranged from 88.68 to 91.04% and 90.09–91.51% in the genetic background of BML 6 and BML 45, respectively. Based on the highest percentage of RPG, best five BC2F2 plants, viz., #3190, #3283, #3230, #3263 and #3292 with RPG 88.68–91.04% in the genetic background of BML 6 and #3720, #3776, #3717, #3828 and #3832 with RPG 90.09–91.51% in the genetic background of BML 45 were advanced to BC2F3. The newly developed near-isogenic lines (NILs) possessed low phytate content (2.37 mg/g in BML 6 and 2.40 mg/g in BML 45) compared to 3.59 mg/g and 3.16 mg/g in recurrent parents BML 6 and BML 45, respectively thereby reducing the phytate by an average of 34 and 24 per cent, respectively. These newly developed progenies were similar to their recurrent parents for various morphological traits. These inbreds assume great significance in alleviating Fe and Zn deficiencies in worldwide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Preterm Labour (PTL) is a major obstetric health problem. It contributes to 75% of neonatal mortality worldwide. According to a World Health Organisation (WHO) report, 15 million preterm birth occur every year. Nitric Oxide (NO), synthesised by three isoforms of NO Synthase (NOS) play physiological role in uterine muscle relaxation and prevention of preterm labour contractions. NO is also demonstrated to react with Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). Aim: To assess the level of serum NO, Malondialdehyde (MDA) (end product of lipid peroxidation), total protein, albumin, calcium, and inorganic phosphorus in PTL and also to compare these parameters with full-term labour. Materials and Methods: A case-control study was conducted in the Department of Biochemistry and Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Government Medical College, Miraj, Maharashtra, India, during the period of November 2014 to May 2015. Study included 60 women with age ranged between 21-31 years and gestational age between 28 to 37 weeks. Out of total 60 women, 30 were full-term labour, served as control and 30 women who had regular uterine contraction before 37 weeks were selected as cases. Estimation of NO (as nitrite) and MDA, Total Protein (TP), albumin, calcium and inorganic phosphorus was done. Data were analysed by applying a Student’s t-test and Pearson correlation test. Results: The mean maternal age was 26.53±3.42 years for cases and for control 27.63±2.51 years. The mean gestational age in cases were 31.1±2.795 weeks, whereas in controls was 37.26±0.520 weeks. A highly significant decrease in NO (7.1967±1.236 μmol/L and 15.900±3.897 µmol/L in PTL and control group), TP (4.996±0.509 g/dL and 6.906±0.480 g/dL in PTL and control group), Albumin (3.460±0.440 g/dL and 4.406±0.390 g/dL in PTL and control group), calcium (8.240±0.431 mg/dL and 8.950±0.486 mg/dL in PTL and control group) and inorganic phosphorus (2.006±0.532 mg/dL and 3.786±0.537 mg/dL in PTL and control group) concentration was observed in PTL as compared to the controls. Lipid peroxidation (MDA) (10.590±0.8715 mg/dL and 5.6500±0.4725 mg/dL in PTL and control group) was found to be significantly increased in PTL as compared to controls. Conclusion: There was significant drop in the NO and increase in ROS reflected by increase in serum MDA levels in PTL group as compared to normal full-term labour. These parameters may have role in the diagnosis and prevention of PTL after appropriate larger cohort studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Preterm Labour (PTL) is a major obstetric health problem. It contributes to 75% of neonatal mortality worldwide. According to a World Health Organisation (WHO) report, 15 million preterm birth occur every year. Nitric Oxide (NO), synthesised by three isoforms of NO Synthase (NOS) play physiological role in uterine muscle relaxation and prevention of preterm labour contractions. NO is also demonstrated to react with Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). Aim: To assess the level of serum NO, Malondialdehyde (MDA) (end product of lipid peroxidation), total protein, albumin, calcium, and inorganic phosphorus in PTL and also to compare these parameters with full-term labour. Materials and Methods: A case-control study was conducted in the Department of Biochemistry and Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Government Medical College, Miraj, Maharashtra, India, during the period of November 2014 to May 2015. Study included 60 women with age ranged between 21-31 years and gestational age between 28 to 37 weeks. Out of total 60 women, 30 were full-term labour, served as control and 30 women who had regular uterine contraction before 37 weeks were selected as cases. Estimation of NO (as nitrite) and MDA, Total Protein (TP), albumin, calcium and inorganic phosphorus was done. Data were analysed by applying a Student’s t-test and Pearson correlation test. Results: The mean maternal age was 26.53±3.42 years for cases and for control 27.63±2.51 years. The mean gestational age in cases were 31.1±2.795 weeks, whereas in controls was 37.26±0.520 weeks. A highly significant decrease in NO (7.1967±1.236 μmol/L and 15.900±3.897 µmol/L in PTL and control group), TP (4.996±0.509 g/dL and 6.906±0.480 g/dL in PTL and control group), Albumin (3.460±0.440 g/dL and 4.406±0.390 g/dL in PTL and control group), calcium (8.240±0.431 mg/dL and 8.950±0.486 mg/dL in PTL and control group) and inorganic phosphorus (2.006±0.532 mg/dL and 3.786±0.537 mg/dL in PTL and control group) concentration was observed in PTL as compared to the controls. Lipid peroxidation (MDA) (10.590±0.8715 mg/dL and 5.6500±0.4725 mg/dL in PTL and control group) was found to be significantly increased in PTL as compared to controls. Conclusion: There was significant drop in the NO and increase in ROS reflected by increase in serum MDA levels in PTL group as compared to normal full-term labour. These parameters may have role in the diagnosis and prevention of PTL after appropriate larger cohort studies.

[Display omitted] • A novel oxidation-adsorption bifunctional material was successfully synthesized. • The introduction of Ce facilitated the capture of H 2 O 2 into the Fe-based catalysts. • Doped Ce promoted H 2 O 2 activation to produce more •OH and O 2 •-. • Inner-sphere complexation dominated adsorption of the generated phosphate. • The treated glyphosate solution enhanced germination and growth of Solanum nigrum L. Organophosphorus pesticides, widespread and hazardous to ecosystems and human health, were mainly decomposed thoroughly by advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). However, the generated inorganic phosphate (IP) was prone to accumulation and led to eutrophication of water bodies. Herein, a Fe/Ce bimetallic-loaded biochar (FeCe@BC-400–5) with excellent H 2 O 2 activation and IP adsorption properties was designed and used to treat glyphosate (GLY)-contaminated water. Results showed that ∼ 92 % of GLY (20 mg P/L) was removed in the FeCe@BC-400–5/H 2 O 2 system within 120 min, and the converted IP was almost completely adsorbed onto FeCe@BC-400. Experiment and theoretical calculations revealed that Ce doping facilitated the capture of H 2 O 2 by the iron-based catalysts and promoted the activation of H 2 O 2 to produce more reactive oxygen species (•OH and O 2 •-). Meanwhile, the released IP was adsorbed onto FeCe@BC-400–5 via inner-sphere complexation to avoid secondary contamination. Intriguingly, toxicity tests showed that the degraded GLY solution in FeCe@BC-400–5/H 2 O 2 system promoted germination rate, root and stem growth of Solanum nigrum L (herbaceous plant). This study provided a new idea on constructing oxidation-adsorption bifunctional materials for the comprehensive removal of organophosphorus in the Fenton-like field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the influence of plant-derived biochar (PB) and animal-derived biochar (AB) on behavior of heavy metals and phosphorus fractions during sewage sludge composting. PB was highly effective in reducing the bioavailability of Zn and Cu by 39% and 50%, respectively, while AB decreased the bioavailability of Pb (30%) and Cd (12%). Both biochar increased available phosphorus by over 38%. Acid extractable and bioavailable Pb in AB, and water-soluble, oxidizable and total Zn, acid extractable and oxidizable Cu in PB were positively correlated with moderately resistant organic phosphorus (MROP). Besides, in AB, Cd had strong and positive correlation with highly resistant organic phosphorus (HROP). This suggested biochar facilitated the formation of stable organometallic complexes through binding metal ions to phosphorus fractions, with notable differences based on biochar source. FT-IR showed biochar promoted humification, with PB enhancing carboxyl and polysaccharide formation, while AB encouraged quinone and aryl ether structures. These surface functional groups on the biochar likely contributed to heavy metals and phosphorus binding through chelation, adsorption, and electron shuttling. [Display omitted] • Heavy metals in PB and AB bound and precipitated with MROP through aromatic ring. • Quinone in AB led to reaction of exchangeable Cd and HROP. • PB inhibited the binding influence on LOP and heavy metals. • Zn and Cu have the hazard of reducing the formation of HCl-Pi during composting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humic substances (HS) are frequently incorporated into soils to improve soil health and nutrient availability. However, existing literature presents discrepancies regarding the soil-HS interactions and their impact on orthophosphate (inorganic phosphorus (IP)) adsorption, specifically, concerning the influence of soil clay mineralogy on these interactions. This study aims to investigate whether the impact of soluble humic acid (HA) on IP adsorption in semi-arid Mediterranean soils is contingent upon their clay mineralogy. This was tested by constructing IP- adsorption isotherms in the presence and absence of HA of four illite/smectite (I/S) or kaolinitic dominated soils. The results revealed that the addition of HA increased IP adsorption to I/S soils by up to 80%, yet IP did not affect HA adsorption to these soils. This suggests that while HA and IP are adsorbed onto different sites on the I/S clay, HA adsorption probably increases the number of adsorption sites accessible for IP. In contrast, IP and HA adsorption onto the kaolinitic soil was fully competitive: IP reduced HA adsorption and vice versa. It is suggested that new adsorption sites for IP resulted from the HA interactions with the I/S clay planar surfaces. In addition, HA moieties containing cationic (ionized) nitrogen, could possibly interact with clays to increase the number of platelets per tactoid. Unlike I/S clays, kaolinite that possesses low degree of isomorphic substitution, low net negative charge, and high degree of platelets stacking, does not tend to such interactions with HA. Instead, HA will be adsorbed mostly onto the clay edges, competing with IP on adsorption sites. • Humic acid (HA) – inorganic P (IP) adsorption to kaolinitic soil is competitive. • Dissolved HA increases IP adsorption to illite/smectite (I/S) soils by 5 to 72%. • HA increases IP adsorption through interactions with negatively charged clay surfaces. • HA increases the IP-buffering capacity of the I/S soils by up to 60%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Soils in Mississippi River alluvial plains is one of the distinct soil areas in Louisiana under corn (Zea mays) production. This study was conducted to evaluate the changes on Mehlich-3 extractable-phosphorus (P) and P-functional fractions of two Louisiana alluvial soils i.e., Commerce silt loam (Commerce sl) and Perry clay (Perry cl). Potted air-dried soils were mixed with different P rates (0, 34, 67, 101 and 134 kg P2O5 ha−1) and planted with corn seeds. Soil samples were collected 30 days after P application (30 DAP) and at harvest of corn. The Commerce sl and Perry cl differed considerably in the distribution of different P fractions. The unutilized P fertilizer was transformed into calcium (Ca)-P for Commerce sl while it transformed into iron (Fe)-P and reductant-P for Perry cl. Overall, the labile- and aluminum (Al)-P fractions before planting increased with increasing P rate while Fe-P with P rates increased only at harvest for both soils. With time across P rates, both soils built-up less readily available reductant-P. In terms of soil total P, residual-P and total inorganic P (Pi) components, Commerce sl and Perry cl soils differed significantly (P <.05) at 30 DAP and at harvest. On the other hand, the total P and residual-P were not affected by P rates at 30 DAP and at harvest for both soils. Phosphorus fertilization depending on soil properties, can promote certain P fractions in the soil wherein the contribution to corn P nutrition would likely have to come from the readily available P fractions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exploring the distribution of phosphorus (P) fractionsin soil aggregates is helpful to improve soil P availability during Chinese fir planting. In this study, soil samples were collected in the 0-20 cm soil layer from Chinese fir plantations with different stand ages (9 a, 17 a, and 26 a) and one nearby abandoned land (CK) in Rongshui County, Guangxi, China. Soil aggregates were classified into >2 mm, 1-2 mm, 0.25-1 mm, and <0.25 mm size classes through dry-sieving process, and then soil P fractions in different sized aggregates were measured. These results showed that: 1) The composition of soil aggregates showed significant difference among different stand ages. As the major aggregate fractions in soil, the contents of >2 mm aggregates increased firstly and then decreased over time, and peaked in the 17 a Chinese fir plantation. The changes of soil mean weight diameter (MWD) and geometric mean diameter (GMD) during Chinese fir planting were the same as the content of >2 mm aggregates. 2) Soil total P, inorganic P, and organic P contents did not differ among different sized aggregates. However, soil available P content was mainly distributed in >2 mm aggregates with a range of 1.23-7.33 mg · kg-1. Compared with CK, soil total P, available P, and inorganic P contents were significantly higher in Chinese fir plantations, and their contents increased firstly and then decreased over time. Soil total P (322.40 mg · kg-1) and available P (7.33 mg · kg-1) contents were the highest in the 9 a plantations, and soil inorganic P content (114.05 mg· kg-1) was the highest in the 17 a plantation. Moreover, soil organic P content showed an order of 9 a > 26 a > 17 a > CK, with the highest content (210.00 mg · kg-1) in the 9 a plantation. 3) The distribution of P stock in soil aggregates was related to the contents of different sized aggregates, with >2 mm aggregates having the highest P stock. Except for organic: P, soil P stock increased firstly and then decreased with the increases of stand age. In conclusion, Chinese fir planting was helpful to improve soil aggregate stability and to promote the increase of soil P level before the stand age of 17 a. However, Chinese fir planting could result in the degradation of soil aggregates and in the decrease of soil P level after 17 a. The formation and stabilization of >2 mm aggregates played an important role in the maintenance of soil quality and soil P supply level after 17 a Chinese fir planting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coastal zones are extremely vulnerable and, at the same time, anthropogenically pressed. Excessive enrichment of marine waters with nutrients and organic matter can lead to “red tides”, oxygen deficits, decreasing assimilation capacity, etc. The purpose of this work is to study atmospheric precipitations as a source of nutrients directly affecting waters of the coastal areas of Crimea and, ultimately, strengthening eutrophication consequences. In 2004–2008, and from 2015 to present, samples of atmospheric precipitations have been collected at the Marine Hydrometeorological Station in Sevastopol. They have been analyzed for the content of inorganic nitrogen, phosphorus, and silica. For 2009–2014, direct measurements are unavailable and a previously retrieved multiple nonlinear regression equation has been used to estimate the concentration of inorganic nitrogen in atmospheric precipitations depending on meteorological conditions, including the number of precipitations, number of days without precipitations, relative air humidity, wind direction vectors, and air temperature. Data obtained in this study have revealed that atmospheric precipitations are one of important inputs of nutrients for local areas. Their relative contribution increases on the time scale of days, while the role of rivers remains the most important on the annual scale. The contribution of atmospheric precipitations to the inventory of nutrients becomes more significant in the summer, when seasonal stratification in the water column prevents vertical mixing of waters, and the ambient concentration of nutrients in the upper layer of water is minimal.

Biochemical monitoring of the adaptation of 16-year-old water polo players to physical activity specific to this kind of sport is of immense importance. The content and objectives of biochemical monitoring are enhanced due to the fact that this cohort undergoes the second phase of puberty. Exercise regulation should be strictly dosed according to the adaptive capabilities of young athletes. It is this phase of puberty that is sensitive to the development of such a physical quality as strength. The sport training has a positive influence only in the absence of stress response of the body of adolescent athletes. At the same time, physical activity should promote the development of physical qualities. This article proposes a scheme of biochemical monitoring of a standard training of 16-year-old water polo players on land and in water. Based on the results of performed analysis we have come to the conclusion that the training regimen in both cases promotes the development of anaerobic characteristics. In particular, to a greater extent in the pool (according to the data from lactic acid excretion). The results of urea excretion showed better development of aerobic characteristics on land. In general, the energy quality of training activities (in terms of inorganic phosphorus excretion) was approximately the same under conditions of their performance both on land and in the pool. It is also important to observe the absence of a difference between the parameters of inorganic phosphorus after exercise compared to the state of relative rest. This energy situation of young athletes' bodies indicates their approach to the state of energy systems of adults. Thus, we conclude that the training process is adequate for 16-year-old athletes. This is indicated by shifts in biochemical markers of adaptation to training loads of both anaerobic and aerobic energy systems of the studied young water polo players. Therefore, the proposed scheme of biochemical monitoring can be offered as a model example of control over the adaptive changes of 16-year-old water polo players during their annual training cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphorus has been one of the most limiting factors to food security in modern agriculture, due to the nonrenewable natural resource. This study aims to investigate the effects of irrigation and fertilization schedules on the phosphorus absorption, transformation, and use efficiency in paddy fields. A systematic evaluation was made on the contribution to the phosphorus availability of rice in the paddy soil. Taking the hybrid indica rice Zhongzheyou 1 as the experimental material, two irrigation schedules were set, including the conventional flooding and alternate wet/dry (AWD) irrigation. Five types of nitrogen application were the zero fertilizer (CK), traditional nitrogen level (100% PU), 80% of traditional nitrogen level (80% PU), 80% of control-released nitrogen fertilizer plus biochar (control released fertilizer, 80% CRF + BC), and 80% of stable compound nitrogen fertilizer plus biochar (stable fertilizer, 80% SF + BC). An analysis was performed on the rice yield and phosphorus absorption efficiency, as well as the contents of soil available phosphorus, and the composition of the various phosphorus forms. The results showed that: 1) The AWD irrigation under various treatments significantly increased the rice yield (P<0.05), compared with the CF schedule. The maximum yields of 9 656.2 and 1 0032.4 kg/hm² were achieved in the 80% CRF+BC and 80% SF+BC treatments, respectively. All yields here were also significantly higher than those in the 100% PU and 80% PU treatments. 2) The AWD also significantly improved the content of phosphorus that accumulated in the panicle at the maturity stage of rice in the 80% SF+BC treatment. The phosphorus accumulation in the different organs of rice, the absorption efficiency, and partial factor productivity were all significantly higher in the 80% CRF+BC and 80% SF+BC treatments than those in the 80% PU one; 3) There were the higher contents of soil available phosphorus, inorganic/organic phosphorus, and soil phosphorus activated coefficient at the depth of 0-15 cm and >15-30 cm in the 80% CRF + BC and 80% SF + BC treatments, including the moderately labile organic phosphorus (MLOP), and labile organic phosphorus (LOP) at the depth of 0-15 cm, compared with the 100% PU and 80% PU treatments; 4) A correlation analysis showed that there was the largest direct path coefficient of available phosphorus with the moderately resistant organic phosphorus (MROP, 0.599). The direct path coefficient with the LOP and MLOP, Ca-, Al- and O-Phosphate were 0.248, 0.177, -0.169, 0.126, and -0.079, respectively. It indicated that the MROP, LOPs, MLOP, and Al-Phosphate were the main decision-making factors for the soil available phosphorus, whereas, the Ca- and O-phosphate were the limiting factors for the available phosphorus. Correspondingly, an effective way can be expected to increase the content of MROP, LOP, and MLOP under the appropriate water and fertilizer management, further to increase the soil available phosphorus. Furthermore, the phosphorus uptake and use efficiency of rice can be achieved for the better transformation and activity of soil phosphorus at the mature stage of rice under the suitable AWD irrigation, control-released nitrogen fertilizers, or stable compound nitrogen fertilizer plus biochar in paddy fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atmospheric depositions have been recently recognized as an important source of nutrients for off-shore marine systems, in line with the coastal input and physical exchange. The input of nutrients with atmospheric depositions can change their inventory and ratio in the euphotic zone, thus increase the rate of primary production and the type of predominant phytoplankton. The influence of atmospheric depositions, temporal variations of this influence and consequences of this deposition have been neglected. Monitoring of nutrients in atmospheric depositions of Crimea in 2015–2020 has allowed studying of multi-scale variations in their input to coastal areas and scaling the effects of this input. It has been found that the contribution of dry deposition in the total flux of nutrients is more significant for silicates and phosphates. Intra-annual variations in concentrations of nitrogen reveal a maximum in an urbanized area for the cold period of year, due to burning of extra fuel. On the contrary, increasing concentrations of nitrogen have been detected in a rural area in warm period. High values of concentrations of phosphorus and silica are typical for dry summer period and associated with dust transport from natural and anthropogenic sources. The N:P:Si ratio in the atmospheric depositions has been significantly shifted towards nitrogen as compared to the stoichiometric ratio. The results obtained in this work suggest that additional flux of nutrients with atmospheric depositions is minor at the annual scale, but it may change the local inventory and C:N:P ratio in the surface layer of the sea on a daily-time scale. The input of nutrients with atmospheric depositions can lead to additional (up to twofold) production of organic matter and result in additional oxygen consumption, when this surplus organic matter sinks and is oxidized, thus supporting suboxic conditions in near-shore areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] This study analyzed the effectiveness of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) application in calcareous soils to provide support for rational application of APP and development of high effective phosphate fertilizer. [Method] Soil column and incubation experiments were conducted with no fertilizer as control (CK) to study the effect of APP and diammonium phosphate (DAP) application on soil pH, available phosphorus content and inorganic phosphorus distribution in different soil layers (0-5, 5-10, 10-20, 20-30 and 30-40 cm) and different application time durations in calcareous soils using no fertilizer as control (CK). [Result] Both phosphorus fertilizers reduced pH in the layer of 0-10 cm soil layer, and APP had larger effects than DAP. The migration depth of available phosphorus reached 0-10 cm after applying APP, and the content increased with time. DAP only significantly increased available phosphorus content in the layer of 0-5 cm, and the content decreased gradually with time. The available phosphorus sources content of each soil layer increased in general by applying both phosphate fertilizers. APP application lead to more Ca8-P, A1-P and Fe-P formation in different soil layers, and Ca8-P and Ca2-P increased in general with application time as medium and high activity phosphorus sources. The OP and Ca10-P contents showed no significant differences between CK and treatments with phosphorus fertilizers after 60 days. [Conclusion] APP application could significantly reduce pH in the soil layer of 0-10 cm, effectively increase available phosphorus content, extend migration depth of available phosphorus, form more medium and high activity phosphorus sources and reduce conversion of invalid phosphorus sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigated the prolonged impact of swine manure application on soil inorganic phosphorus (P) fractions over an 8-year continuous, randomized field trial involving rotating wheat (wet conditions) and rice (flooded conditions) crops. The trial comprised six treatments: triplicate control plots receiving only chemical fertilizers, and triplicate plots receiving chemical fertilizers and/or swine manure ranging from 150 to 1200 kg P 2 O 5 ha−1. The continuous application of swine manure increased soil P content and availability. Initially, P primarily accumulated in the soil as Fe-P during the first four years of manure application, transitioning to Ca 8 -P over the following four years. The main driver of these changes in P fractions was soil total organic carbon (TOC) was identified as the main driver of these changes in P fractions, contributing 31.5% to the observed variations. TOC increased steadily throughout the trial, with a faster rising in years 1–4 compared to years 4–8. Laboratory-scale soil incubation experiments were conducted, involving the addition of glucose or cellulose as exogenous carbon sources to test their effects on soil P dynamics and mitigate environmental damage from P leaching. The addition of cellulose to soil that had received high quantities of swine manure for eight years resulted in increased the moderately labile and moderately resistant organic P fractions while decreasing the Ca 8 -P and Olsen-P fractions. This promoted adsorption of high-activity inorganic P to organic matter, consequently limiting the accumulation of Ca 8 -P. The long-term application of swine manure altered soil P fractions and enhances P lability, enhancing P lability and availability. This study identified an optimized the risk of leaching of labile P from soil under a fertilization regime applying 10,300 kg ha−1 yr−1 swine manure. To further mitigate the risk of P leaching, the inclusion of additional cellulose-based organic matter (e.g., straw) in swine manure fertilization regimes is recommended. [Display omitted] • Fe-P content increased from 1–4 years of initial manure application. • Ca 8 -P increased significantly after 4–5 years of manure application. • TOC and pH were highly influential in changes to Fe-P and Ca 8 -P. • Addition of cellulose promoted the degradation and adsorption of Ca 8 -P. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low availability of native soil phosphorus (P) is a major constraint limiting sustainable crop production especially in alkaline calcareous soils. Application of organic manure in this regard has gained attention of the scientific community. Yet, the potential of fermented animal manure in improving P use efficiency and subsequent crop yield has not been assessed. This pot experiment was designed to study the performance of wheat under application of non-fermented and fermented animal manure in combination with 0, 45 or 90 kg·ha−1 phosphorus in the form of diammonium phosphate (DAP). Results show that non-fermented animal manure and split dose of phosphorus fertilizer improved plant quantitative attributes including plant growth, yield and nutrient uptake parameters. However, the placement of fermented animal manure combined with the full amount of P (90 kg·ha−1) fertilizer gave the mean highest value of fertile tillers per pot (12) and their grain yield (5.2 g). Moreover, plant physiological parameters were enhanced with fermented animal manure and the recommended rate of P fertilizer compared with the control. Likewise, the biochemical properties of wheat grain such as fat, fiber, ash and protein contents were increased by 1.24, 2.26, 1.47 and 11.2%, respectively, in plants receiving fermented animal manure and P fertilizer (90 kg·ha−1). Furthermore, co-application of fermented animal manure with P (90 kg·ha−1) into soil improved phosphorus uptake from 0.72 to 1.25 g·pot−1, phosphorus usage efficiency from 0.715 to 0.856 mg·pot−1, and soil phosphorus extent from 7.58 to 16.1% over controls. It is thus inferred that this new approach resulted in release of P from fermented manure that not only reduced fixation but also enhanced the growth, yield, physiology and nutrient uptake in wheat.

Phytate or phytic acid (PA), is a phosphorus (P) containing compound generated by the stepwise phosphorylation of myo -inositol. It forms complexes with some nutrient cations, such as Ca, Fe and Zn, compromising their absorption and thus acting as an anti-nutrient in the digestive tract of humans and monogastric animals. Conversely, PAs are an important form of P storage in seeds, making up to 90% of total seed P. Phytates also play a role in germination and are related to the synthesis of abscisic acid and gibberellins, the hormones involved in seed germination. Decreasing PA content in plants is desirable for human dietary. Therefore, low phytic acid (lpa) mutants might present some negative pleiotropic effects, which could impair germination and seed viability. In the present study, we review current knowledge of the genes encoding enzymes that function in different stages of PA synthesis, from the first phosphorylation of myo -inositol to PA transport into seed reserve tissues, and the application of this knowledge to reduce PA concentrations in edible crops to enhance human diet. Finally, phylogenetic data for PA concentrations in different plant families and distributed across several countries under different environmental conditions are compiled. The results of the present study help explain the importance of PA accumulation in different plant families and the distribution of PA accumulation in different foods. • Phytic acid is a compound generated by the stepwise phosphorylation of myo-inositol. • Phytic acid is an anti-nutrient in the digestive tract of humans and monogastric animals. • Phytates also play a role in seed germination regulating abscisic acid and gibberellins. • This study shows the importance of phytates in different foods and relation to human and animal health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phytic acid or Myo-inositol hexakisphosphate is an essential compound for the rice plants. It remains in the form of phytate, a mixed salt of different mineral cations, in the seeds. The phytate breaks down during germination and provides the inorganic phosphorus and mineral ions to the seedlings. However, humans do not get the benefit of those essential ions from rice consumption due to the absence of phytase in the gut. We envisaged down-regulating ITPK, the gene behind the phytic acid biosynthesis so that its low amount would facilitate a greater amount of free mineral ions in the endosperm. Since there are six homologues of rice ITPK, we studied their expression in seeds. Additionally, we undertook an in-silico analysis of the homologous proteins. Considering the results, we selected ITPK-2 for its RNAi-mediated embryo-specific down-regulation to obtain the low phytate rice. We obtained a 37% reduction of phytic acid content accompanied by a nearly three-fold enhancement of inorganic phosphorus in the transgenic seeds. Additionally, the iron and zinc content increased in polished rice grains compared to the wild type. The results also showed that reduced phytic acid content did not affect the germination potential and seedling growth of the transgenic rice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil phosphorus fractions in wetland ecosystems have received increasing attention due to its high eutrophication risks. Soil samples were collected to 40 cm depth in three sampling seasons to investigate the seasonal dynamics of organic and inorganic phosphorus fractions, bioavailability, and relationship between those and soil properties in a seasonal-flooding wetland in the Yellow River Estuary. The results showed that inorganic phosphorus (IP) and organic phosphorus (OP) contents exhibited much higher levels in the top 10 cm soils, and declined along soil profiles in spring. IP kept constant along soil profiles in fall, while OP decreased in summer and fall. They were greatly affected by water content (WC), pH, Cl−/SO42−, soil organic matter (SOM), and electrical conductivity (EC). Middle labile organic phosphorus (MLOP) and non-labile organic phosphorus (NLOP) accounted for higher percentages of total OP in summer and fall respectively than labile organic phosphorus (LOP) in spring. MLOP and NLOP levels showed a decrease along soil profiles in spring and in spring/fall, respectively, while NLOP significantly increased with depth in summer. Ca-P was the dominant IP fraction in all soils in three sampling seasons, declined with depth in spring/fall and increased in summer. Comparatively, soluble/loosely-P(S/L-P) generally decreased with depth along soil profiles in three sampling seasons. And residual P (Res-P) kept little change with depth in spring. Fe/Al-P levels decreased firstly and then increased with depth in spring and summer. Available phosphorus and potential bioavailable phosphorus contents decreased with depth in spring and summer not in fall, and had a strong significant positive correlation with WC and SOM. Alkaline phosphatase not acid phosphatase was the key factor influencing soil MLOP levels. Generally, the fractions and bioavailability of phosphorus as well as phosphatase in this region were affected by soil depth, sampling seasons, and soil properties (e.g., WC, pH, Cl−/SO42−, SOM, and EC). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of organic acids (OA) and dicalcium phosphate (Pi) supplementation in the feed of Labeo rohita fingerlings was studied by formulating seven practical diets, designed as D1 with no feed additives {dicalcium phosphorus (Pi) and organic acid (OA) blend} while, D2, D3, D4 and D5 were supplemented with Pi at the graded levels of 5, 10, 15 and 20 g/kg, respectively, whereas D6 and D7 contained blend of OA at 15 and 30 g/kg, respectively. The diet supplemented with OA blend exhibited increase (p <.05) in growth of L. rohita fingerlings compared with the diet supplemented with Pi. The OA supplementation at both levels showed significant improvement in nutrients digestibility and minerals absorption in fingerlings. Moreover, in case of muscle proximate composition, crude fat (CF) and crude protein (CP) were increased (p <.05) with the inclusion of OA blend in the diet while crude ash (CA) was improved by Pi supplementation. Additionally, digestive enzyme activities were not affected (p ˃.05) by OA blend supplementation while increased activities were observed in the fingerlings fed with Pi diet. Consequently, supplementation of OA blend in the diet improved the growth performance and nutrient status while Pi enhanced digestive enzyme activities of L. rohita fingerlings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Numerous rubbers tapping systems have been developed to increase latex yield. The objectives were (i) to test the efficiency of stimulation tapping systems and (ii) to describe the sucrose balance between supply and demand in the latex-producing bark of the rubber tree. Methods: The experiment was conducted at Thepa Research Station in Songkhla province. Eleven-year-old of RRIM600 clone was investigated. The experiment was designed as One Tree Plot Design (OTPD) with 4 tapping systems (Treatment; T) and 4 replications. Treatments were T1: S/3 2d/3, T2: S/6 d3, T3: S/6 d3 with RRIMFLOW and T4: S/6 d3 with LET. Result: S/6 d3 with RRIMFLOW tapping system in young-tapping rubber tree provided significantly highest averaged latex yield per tapping. The average cumulative latex yield was no significant difference comparing with the traditional tapping system. Rubber girth increment had no significant difference among treatments (P>0.05). An averaged sucrose distribution in the trunk level of none stimulation treatments were high to very high sucrose values; however, it was medium sucrose values in the stimulation treatments. Inorganic phosphorus distribution in the trunk level showed medium to high values. Hence, the finding indicated that the use of ethylene stimulation together with tapping system should be considered for rubber tree and to control the balance of sucrose content in the trunk level of rubber tree. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]