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Assim na ficha aparecer?? da forma correta "Carvalho, Thiago Gomes de" Uma nova ficha deve ser elaborada em http://fichacatalografica.ufam.edu.br/ficha/create on 2020-08-25T19:04:14Z (GMT) Submitted by Thiago Carvalho (tgc_producoes@hotmail.com) on 2020-08-27T17:06:00Z No. of bitstreams: 4 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) cartaencaminhamento.pdf: 200108 bytes, checksum: eff487bac084c117341369c12fb2b9c8 (MD5) SEI_UFAM_0257168_Ata_de_Defesa_Mestrado_Thiago_Gomes_de_Carvalho.pdf: 95116 bytes, checksum: e372f09c3e0da63c16b8231a1ceed752 (MD5) Diss_Thiago_Final.pdf: 4329805 bytes, checksum: 6c0e471e5e82b7f26c3cff8a0e055378 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by PPGZOOL Zoologia (ppgzoo.ufam@gmail.com) on 2020-09-04T13:12:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 4 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) cartaencaminhamento.pdf: 200108 bytes, checksum: eff487bac084c117341369c12fb2b9c8 (MD5) SEI_UFAM_0257168_Ata_de_Defesa_Mestrado_Thiago_Gomes_de_Carvalho.pdf: 95116 bytes, checksum: e372f09c3e0da63c16b8231a1ceed752 (MD5) Diss_Thiago_Final.pdf: 4329805 bytes, checksum: 6c0e471e5e82b7f26c3cff8a0e055378 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Divis??o de Documenta????o/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2020-09-04T23:51:41Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 4 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) cartaencaminhamento.pdf: 200108 bytes, checksum: eff487bac084c117341369c12fb2b9c8 (MD5) SEI_UFAM_0257168_Ata_de_Defesa_Mestrado_Thiago_Gomes_de_Carvalho.pdf: 95116 bytes, checksum: e372f09c3e0da63c16b8231a1ceed752 (MD5) Diss_Thiago_Final.pdf: 4329805 bytes, checksum: 6c0e471e5e82b7f26c3cff8a0e055378 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2020-09-04T23:51:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 4 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) cartaencaminhamento.pdf: 200108 bytes, checksum: eff487bac084c117341369c12fb2b9c8 (MD5) SEI_UFAM_0257168_Ata_de_Defesa_Mestrado_Thiago_Gomes_de_Carvalho.pdf: 95116 bytes, checksum: e372f09c3e0da63c16b8231a1ceed752 (MD5) Diss_Thiago_Final.pdf: 4329805 bytes, checksum: 6c0e471e5e82b7f26c3cff8a0e055378 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020-07-30 Funda????o de Amparo ?? Pesquisa do Estado do Amazonas ??? FAPEAM Islands around the world are considered natural laboratories, occurring in many different ecological contexts such as oceanic, fluvial islands or even similar environments such as hydroelectric lakes or forest fragments. Such islands and similar environments are usually approached as indivisible units in biogeographic studies, that is, the physical limits of the island would represent the theoretical limits of the assemblies, even on large islands. In addition, the contribution of island environments to regional biodiversity remains largely unexplored, especially in tropical regions. For animals such as arthropods, it is possible that the processes that govern patterns of abundance, diversity and composition occur on a local scale, with interactions between organisms. Therefore, understanding the influence that the size of the island has on the assemblages in a smaller or grain area within this island is essential for more accurate interpretations of the ecological processes that occur in the assemblages of arthropods. In this study we investigated the effects of the size of the islands on the abundance, alpha diversity, dominance and composition of arboreal spiders (chapter 1), we also investigated the patterns of local diversity, abundance and composition of arboreal spiders, with comparisons between island and continuous environments ( chapter 2) on one of the largest sets of river islands in the world in the Anavilhanas National Park and surroundings, located on the lower course of the Rio Negro. We selected 30 islands in the archipelago and another 23 sites in areas of continuous forest (igap?? and terra firma forests). We collected the spiders using a technique of vigorously shaking the vegetation in a standardized time of 30 minutes at each sampling point. The assemblies were accessed using data of abundance, richness and composition of species / morpho-species, as well as the Simpson and Alpha Fisher diversity indexes calculated with the statistical software R. We relate the alpha diversity, abundance, dominance and composition with the area of ??????the islands with linear regressions, loess curves, piecewise models and proportion analysis by species. A total of 4905 spiders were collected between the fluvial islands (3278 individuals), igap?? forests (942) and terra firma forests (685). We identified 290 species / morphospecies among the 1404 adult individuals. We observed the influence of the area on alpha diversity for islands with an area between 0.01 to 0.1 km2, however for larger islands there was no relationship. Indicating that for arboreal spiders of a certain size, the island would be large enough that the total diversity of the island has little influence on the local number of species. We observed greater dominance in the small islands, indicating that the area would also have effects on the equitability of the species, with a pattern similar to that observed in the analysis of alpha diversity, where there is greater dominance on islands with a smaller area and no relationship on larger islands. There was no influence of the island area on the proportions of individuals per species or on the composition of species. The average number of species was similar between environments, ranging from 14.4 to 16.8 species per site. However, the alpha diversity represented by the Fisher's alpha index was greater in upland forests compared to other environments. The rarefaction curves also suggest that the marginal environments (igap?? and terra terra forests) have a greater total number of species than the fluvial islands. The species composition was different between the island and non-island environments with few shared species, the river islands have 12 species in common with the igap?? forests and only five with the upland forests. The ordering (NMDS) and similarity analysis (ANOSIM) revealed that the composition of spider species is significantly different. Only 11 of the 290 identified species were recorded in all sampled environments. Ilhas ao redor do mundo s??o consideradas laborat??rios naturais, ocorrendo em in??meros contextos ecol??gicos como ilhas oce??nicas, fluviais ou mesmo ambientes an??logos como lagos de hidrel??tricas ou fragmentos florestais. Tais ilhas e ambientes an??logos costumam ser abordados como unidades indivis??veis em estudos de biogeogr??ficos, ou seja, os limites f??sicos da ilha representariam os limites te??ricos das assembleias, mesmo em ilhas grandes. Al??m disso, a contribui????o dos ambientes insulares para a biodiversidade regional ainda permanece pouco explorada, especialmente em regi??es tropicais. Para animais como artr??podes ?? poss??vel que os processos que regem os padr??es de abund??ncia, diversidade e composi????o ocorram em escala local, a qual haja intera????es entre os organismos. Portanto, compreender a influ??ncia que o tamanho da ilha exerce sobre as assembleias em uma ??rea menor dentro desta ilha ?? essencial para interpreta????es mais acuradas dos processos ecol??gicos que ocorrem nas assembleias de artr??podes. Neste estudo investigamos os efeitos do tamanho das ilhas sobre a abund??ncia, diversidade alfa, domin??ncia e composi????o de aranhas arbor??colas (cap??tulo 1), tamb??m investigamos os padr??es de diversidade local, abund??ncia e composi????o de aranhas arbor??colas, com compara????es entre ambientes insulares e cont??nuos (cap??tulo 2) em um dos maiores conjuntos de ilhas fluviais do mundo no Parque Nacional de Anavilhanas e arredores, localizado no baixo curso do Rio Negro. Selecionamos 30 ilhas do arquip??lago e mais 23 s??tios em ??reas de floresta cont??nua (florestas de igap?? e de terra firme). Coletamos as aranhas utilizando uma t??cnica de chacoalhar vigorosamente a vegeta????o em um tempo padronizado de 30 minutos em cada ponto amostral. As assembleias foram acessadas utilizando dados de abund??ncia, riqueza e composi????o de esp??cies/morfoesp??cies, assim como os ??ndices de diversidade de Simpson e Alfa de Fisher calculados com o software estat??stico R. Relacionamos a diversidade alfa, abund??ncia, domin??ncia e composi????o com a ??rea das ilhas com regress??es lineares, curvas loess, modelos piecewise e an??lises de propor????o por esp??cie. Foram coletadas 4905 aranhas distribu??das entre as ilhas fluviais (3278 indiv??duos), florestas de igap?? (942) e florestas de terra firme (685). Identificamos 290 esp??cies/morfoesp??cies entre os 1404 indiv??duos adultos. Observamos influ??ncia da ??rea na diversidade alfa para ilhas com ??rea entre 0,01 a 0,1 km2, entretanto para ilhas maiores n??o houve rela????o. Indicando que para aranhas arbor??colas a partir de certo tamanho, a ilha seria grande o suficiente para que a diversidade total da ilha tenha pouca influ??ncia sobre o n??mero local de esp??cies. Observamos maior domin??ncia nas ilhas pequenas, indicando que a ??rea tamb??m teria efeitos sobre a equitabilidade das esp??cies, com um padr??o semelhante ao observado nas an??lises de diversidade alfa, onde h?? maior domin??ncia em ilhas com ??rea menor e aus??ncia de rela????o em ilhas maiores. N??o houve influ??ncia da ??rea das ilhas sobre as propor????es de indiv??duos por esp??cie nem sobre a composi????o de esp??cies. O n??mero m??dio de esp??cies foi similar entre os ambientes variando de 14.4 a 16.8 esp??cies por s??tio. Por??m a diversidade alfa representada pelo ??ndice alfa de Fisher foi maior nas florestas de terra firme comparada com os outros ambientes. As curvas de rarefa????o tamb??m sugerem que os ambientes marginais (florestas de igap?? e de terra firme) apresentam maior n??mero total de esp??cies que as ilhas fluviais. A composi????o de esp??cies foi distinta entre os ambientes insulares e n??o insulares com poucas esp??cies compartilhadas, as ilhas fluviais possuem 12 esp??cies em comum com as florestas de igap?? e apenas cinco com as florestas de terra firme. As ordena????o (NMDS) e an??lises de similaridade (ANOSIM) revelaram que a composi????o de esp??cies de aranhas ?? significativamente diferente. Somente 11 das 290 esp??cies identificadas foram registradas em todos os ambientes amostrados. Aus??ncia de op????es para documentos divididos em cap??tulos. O documento est?? dividido em dois cap??tulos, logo h?? dois resumos e dois abstracts. De forma a adequar ao formato do formul??rio h?? um resumo geral, e o abstract ?? a tradu????o para o Ingl??s deste resumo geral.