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Objective To examine the influence of varying articulations of the right to health under domestic constitutions, legislation and jurisprudence on the scope of legal protection for health. Methods We investigated legal recognition of the right to health, by conducting a three-level search. First, we searched databases containing constitutional texts. Second, we did a thematic analysis of those constitutional texts with explicit constitutional recognition of health rights, employing NVivo for coding. For the 54 World Health Organization (WHO) Member States without explicit constitutional provisions, we explored statutory paths, judicial constructions and instances where both methods contributed to the acknowledgement of health rights. Lastly, we confirmed evidence of jurisprudence constructing a right to health based on a combination of domestic law and international human rights norms incorporated directly into the text. Findings We identified 140 WHO Member States with a constitutionalized right to health. Our analysis suggests there are notable variations in the legal scope of protection for health, including breadth of entitlements and the possibility of enforcing these rights through the legal system. We also highlight the critical importance of constitutional acknowledgement, legislative measures, and judicial interpretations in shaping the legal entitlements to health-care services, affecting their accessibility and financial support. Conclusion The analysis offers insights for policy-makers to assess different approaches to health-related entitlements, with implications for health financing and the evaluation of Member States' strides towards universal access to comprehensive care. This analysis also illuminates how distinct formulations of the right to health have varied effects on reducing health disparities. [phrase omitted] Objectif Etudier l'impact de diverses formulations du droit a la sante selon les constitutions, la legislation et la jurisprudence nationales sur le champ d'application de la protection juridique en matiere de sante. Methodes Nous avons examine la reconnaissance juridique du droit a la sante en effectuant une recherche a trois niveaux. Tout d'abord, nous avons explore des bases de donnees contenant des textes constitutionnels. Ensuite, nous avons procede a une analyse thematique de ces textes constitutionnels reconnaissant explicitement les droits a la sante, en utilisant NVivo pour le codage. Pour les 54 Etats Membres de l'Organisation mondiale de la Sante (OMS) depourvus de dispositions constitutionnelles, nous avons passe en revue les parcours legaux, instances et interpretations judiciaires oU les deux methodes ont contribue a la reconnaissance de droits a la sante. Enfin, nous avons corrobore les preuves de jurisprudence formulant un droit a la sante fonde sur la combinaison, directement integree dans le texte, d'une legislation nationale et de normes internationales en matiere de droits humains. Resultats Nous avons identifie 140 Etats Membres de l'OMS ayant constitutionnalise le droit a la sante. Notre analyse suggere qu'il existe des variations considerables dans le champ d'application de la protection juridique en matiere de sante, notamment dans la portee de ces droits et la possibilite de les faire respecter par la voie legale. Nous soulignons en outre l'importance cruciale de la reconnaissance constitutionnelle, des mesures legislatives et des interpretations judiciaires dans la formulation des droits juridiques aux services de soins de sante, du fait de son impact sur leur accessibilite et sur le soutien financier. Conclusion La presente analyse fournit des informations aux responsables politiques afin qu'ils puissent examiner plusieurs approches relatives aux droits de la sante, avec des implications en termes de financement de la sante et l'evaluation des progres realises par les Etats Membres dans le cadre de l'acces universel a des soins complets. Elle met egalement en lumiere la diversite des effets qu'exercent les differentes formulations du droit a la sante sur la reduction des inegalites en la matiere. [phrase omitted] Objetivo Examinar la influencia de las diferentes articulaciones del derecho sobre la salud en las constituciones, la legislacion y la jurisprudencia nacionales sobre el alcance de la proteccion juridica de la salud. Metodos Se investigo el reconocimiento juridico del derecho sobre la salud mediante una busqueda en tres niveles. En primer lugar, se buscaron bases de datos que incluyeran textos constitucionales. En segundo lugar, se realizo un analisis tematico de los textos constitucionales con reconocimiento constitucional explicito de los derechos sobre la salud, utilizando NVivo para la codificacion. En el caso de los 54 Estados Miembros de la Organizacion Mundial de la Salud (OMS) sin disposiciones constitucionales explicitas, se exploraron las vias estatutarias, las construcciones judiciales y los casos en que ambos metodos contribuyeron al reconocimiento de los derechos sobre la salud. Por ultimo, se confirmaron los casos en los que la jurisprudencia habia establecido un derecho sobre la salud basado en una combinacion de legislacion nacional y normas internacionales de derechos humanos incorporadas directamente al texto Resultados Se identificaron 140 Estados Miembros de la OMS con un derecho sobre la salud constitucionalizado. El analisis sugiere que existen notables variaciones en el alcance juridico de la proteccion de la salud, incluida la extension de los derechos y la posibilidad de hacerlos valer a traves del sistema juridico. Tambien se destaca la importancia decisiva del reconocimiento constitucional, las medidas legislativas y las interpretaciones judiciales en la configuracion de los derechos legales a los servicios de atencion sanitaria, que afectan a su accesibilidad y apoyo financiero. Conclusion El analisis ofrece informacion para que los responsables de formular las politicas evaluen los diferentes enfoques de los derechos relacionados con la salud, con implicaciones para la financiacion sanitaria y la evaluacion de los avances de los Estados Miembros hacia el acceso universal a una atencion integral. Este analisis tambien aclara como las diversas formulaciones del derecho sobre la salud tienen efectos variados en la reduccion de las disparidades sanitarias., Introduction In 1946, the newly drafted Constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO) recognized the fundamental right to enjoy the highest attainable standard of health without distinction of race, religion, [...]

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Insurance industry is a knowledge-based industry by nature. Therefore, knowledge management strategy can be considered a factor for the success of insurance companies. Considering the importance of this issue, knowing its drivers and inhibitors in insurance will play an essential role in the successful implementation of knowledge management in insurance companies. Accordingly, the main goal of the research is to identify the driving and inhibiting factors of the implementation of knowledge management in insurance industry. METHODS: The current research is developmental-applied in terms of its purpose and is categorized as a qualitative research. The data collection tool was in-depth interviews and a purposive sampling method with a theoretical approach. In this research, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 executive and operational managers of insurance companies. A qualitative data analysis was done using the thematic analysis method. FINDINGS: In this research, 155 codes were identified in two main groups of drivers and inhibitors. These codes are in 17 driving themes, including improving organizational relationships and interactions, improving organizational atmosphere, creating and promoting knowledge culture, redesigning organizational structure, developing knowledge behaviors of the organization, databases, software and hardware infrastructure supporting knowledge management, general competence of human resources, specialized competence and professional, merit selection and retention of human resources, job and worker suitability, motivational and incentive policies, management insight and thinking, management approach to knowledge, onthe-job training based on job requirements, development of effective training, update training, knowledge evaluation, career advancement, pillars were placed in insurance industry. 45 codes were also categorized into 7 inhibiting themes, including human, job, knowledge-related, managerial, appointment, institutional, political, and economic factors. CONCLUSION: The results of this research can be used as a model for the implementation of knowledge management in insurance industry, and based on that, insurance companies can strengthen the drivers and weaken the inhibitors for this purose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blastomycosis is a rare but potentially fatal fungal disease caused by Blastomyces spp., a group of thermally dimorphic environmental mycoses found in moist soil and decaying organic matter. Human illness [...]

Purpose: The purpose of the research was to understand the cross media electronic marketing process. In fact, with the emergence of virtual organizations, social network media marketing has become a basic need for the possibility of movement and continued developmentMethod: this research conducted using Grounded theory analysis. Snowball or targeted sampling is utilized to gather the required data. The qualitative part of this study was conducted based on the viewpoints of 24 university professors, marketing activists, experts, elites, managers, and employees of insurance companies. Collected interviews were analyzed in MAXQDA software. To achieve this goal, the collected interviews are evaluated using different coding methods as the main process. The interviews were entered into the MAXQDA software. Coding in data theory methodology is a process of conceptual abstraction by assigning general concepts (codes) to individual occurrences in the data.Findings: Based on the analysis, 104 primary codes, 18 core categories have been identified in 6 categories of the foundation's data. With the emergence of electronic commerce, organizations are changing their business. The proposed model shows that the digital era has changed the expectations of customers from communication with brands. Before social networks, mass media communication channels such as television and radio to brand managers. It allowed them to communicate with consumersConclusion: In the present research, based on the participants' viewpoints, the categories of management factors challenge, financial potential, communication potential, customer characteristics and welfare and comfort, finally, marketing techniques have been identified and it has been related to another broader category called causal conditions. Information technology and targeted marketing were identified as background conditions. Environmental factors and psychological factors of the clients were identified as intervening conditions. Research strategies include business improvement, knowledge and education, and finally innovation and creativity. Outcomes include customer loyalty, sustainability in customer relationships with the product and social media, beneficial word-of-mouth and viral advertising, customer satisfaction, and purchase intent.

The Luxembourg-EIB Climate Finance Platform (LCFP) will provide EUR 5 million for impact investor BlueOrchard's innovative USD 100 million climate insurance fund, with the backing of the government of Luxembourg. [...]

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The capital market is one of the most influential institutions in the country when it comes to the economic improvement of society, and the optimal investment in this market has always been the main concern of investors and researchers in this field. Nowadays, a lot of research has been done to form an investment portfolio and various models have been introduced to optimize the investment portfolio. This study aims to investigate the performance of different investment portfolio optimization models under different scenarios in the insurance industry and pension funds as one of the main pillars of the capital market. METHODS: This study investigates the performance of different investment portfolio optimization models using variance, semivariance, standard deviation, semistandard deviation, conditional value at risk and conditional drawdown at risk under different scenarios. The optimized investment portfolio using the beta return-based meanvariance model and the CAPM model is also presented as an alternative consideration for investors with higher accuracy and as a basis for decision making. The data used for this research were collected from April to March 1401 on a daily basis from Tehran Stock Exchange. FINDINGS: Monthly stock returns indicate that the respective stocks were not stable and did not show a steady trend during the analyzed period. By forming an investment portfolio consisting of shares of insurance companies and pension funds, the return and risk of each investment model were determined, providing investors with comprehensive information. Depending on their risk appetite or risk aversion, investors can choose different investment strategies to maximize the benefits of their investment. CONCLUSION: This research shows that the portfolio formed with the Conditional Drawdown at Risk measure has a return of 22%, the highest return among the analyzed models in the insurance industry in the Tehran Stock Exchange market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact of climate risk on the insurance industry has attracted the attention of the industry and regulators. Based on data of the insurance industry in 31 provinces in China from 2005 to 2021, we use the fixed effects model to investigate the impact of climate risk on the asset side and liability side of China’s insurance industry. We find the following: First, the rise of climate risk is accompanied by the increase in the auto insurance premium share and the general life insurance premium share on the liability side, and the increase in the current assets ratio, the long-term investments ratio, and the fixed assets ratio on the asset side. Second, premium income and investment returns are two channels for the above impacts. Third, the impacts are greater in regions with catastrophe insurance pilot, lower public climate change concerns, and lower insurance payout ratios. Therefore, China’s insurance industry should optimize climate risk management on the asset and liability sides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on actuarial risk management practices (ARMP) and insurance firm performance has revealed inconsistent results. Therefore, a mediating factor such as innovation is needed to bridge between them. Studies exploring the relationship between ARMP and innovation have been largely qualitative. This study offered a quantitative model focusing on the mediating role of e-service innovation between ARMP and firm performance. The hypothesized relationships were tested using a structural equation model (SEM), with a sample from 98 Indonesian insurance companies and WarpPLS 7.0 as the analytical tool. The results indicated that ARMP significantly influenced e-service innovation but was insignificant for firm performance. Furthermore, the findings highlighted the significant role of e-service innovation in insurance firm performance, which implied that e-service innovation acts as a mediator in the relationship between ARMP and firm performance. The practical application of the research findings makes them directly relevant and beneficial to the insurance industry, especially in Indonesia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]