1. COVID-19, what could sepsis, severe acute pancreatitis, gender differences, and aging teach us?
- Author
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Wandong Hong, Emanuele Pausini, Giovanni Posabella, Claudio Gallo, Dario de Biase, Enrico Giampieri, Sirio Fiorino, Maddalena Zippi, Tommaso Guarniero, Lari Federico, Marco Zancanaro, Antonio Tropeano, Donato Antonacci, Ivan Corazza, Carlotta Pausini, Gallo, Claudio G., Fiorino, Sirio, Posabella, Giovanni, Antonacci, Donato, Tropeano, Antonio, Pausini, Emanuele, Pausini, Carlotta, Guarniero, Tommaso, Hong, Wandong, Giampieri, Enrico, Corazza, Ivan, Federico, Lari, de Biase, Dario, Zippi, Maddalena, and Zancanaro, Marco
- Subjects
Male ,Rantes, regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted ,Disease ,Review Article ,Biochemistry ,Pathogenesis ,sepsis ,IL-17, Interleukin 17 ,CoV-2 ,Immunology and Allergy ,MOF, Multiple organ failure ,ncMonocytes, non-classical Monocytes ,TGF-β, transforming growth factor β ,Sex Characteristics ,IL-1R, IL-1 Receptor ,ARDS, Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome ,Hematology ,CRP, C-reactive Protein ,IL-1RA, Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist ,gender differences ,CoV-2 Covid-19 Sepsis Acute pancreatitis Aging ,IL-6, Interleukin 6 ,Acute pancreatitis ,Female ,cMonocytes, classical Monocytes ,IL-1β, Interleukin 1β ,medicine.symptom ,Covid-19 ,medicine.medical_specialty ,acute pancreatitis ,Immunology ,Anosmia ,intMonocytes, Intermediate Monocytes ,CCL5, Chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 ,BALF, Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid ,Sepsis ,IL-8, Interleukin 8 ,Internal medicine ,ALI, Acute Lung Injury ,medicine ,Humans ,Molecular Biology ,Pathological ,ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate ,LDH, Lactate Dehydrogenase ,IL-10, Interleukin 10 ,SARS-CoV-2 ,business.industry ,aging ,SIRS, Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome ,Ageusia ,medicine.disease ,TNFα, Tumor Necrosis Factor α ,CARS, compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome ,Dysgeusia ,Pancreatitis ,TLRs, Toll-Like Receptors ,MCP-1, Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 ,business - Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causes a potentially life-threatening disease, defined as Coronavirus Disease 19 (COVID-19). The most common signs and symptoms of this pathological condition include cough, fever, shortness of breath, and sudden onset of anosmia, ageusia, or dysgeusia. The course of COVID-19 is mild or moderate in more than 80% of cases, but it is severe or critical in about 14% and 5% of infected subjects respectively, with a significant risk of mortality. SARS-CoV-2 related infection is characterized by some pathogenetic events, resembling those detectable in other pathological conditions, such as sepsis and severe acute pancreatitis. All these syndromes are characterized by some similar features, including the coexistence of an exuberant inflammatory- as well as an anti-inflammatory-response with immune depression. Based on current knowledge concerning the onset and the development of acute pancreatitis and sepsis, we have considered these syndromes as a very interesting paradigm for improving our understanding of pathogenetic events detectable in patients with COVID-19. The aim of our review is: 1)to examine the pathogenetic mechanisms acting during the emergence of inflammatory and anti-inflammatory processes in human pathology; 2)to examine inflammatory and anti-inflammatory events in sepsis, acute pancreatitis, and SARS-CoV-2 infection and clinical manifestations detectable in patients suffering from these syndromes also according to the age and gender of these individuals; as well as to analyze the possible common and different features among these pathological conditions; 3)to obtain insights into our knowledge concerning COVID-19 pathogenesis. This approach may improve the management of patients suffering from this disease and it may suggest more effective diagnostic approaches and schedules of therapy, depending on the different phases and/or on the severity of SARS-CoV-2 infection.
- Published
- 2021