Search

Introduction: Since intimacy is a fundamental human need within social relationships, and recognizing that a fear of intimacy correlates with various negative consequences, it becomes crucial to examine the origins and factors that contribute to addressing this issue. This research aimed to investigate the mediating roles of mentalization and integrative self-knowledge in the link between childhood trauma and the fear of intimacy. Methods: Conducted as correlational descriptive research, our study incorporates a total sample of 303 adult women and men participants aged 20 to 50 in Tehran using the convenience sampling method. They completed the Fear of Intimacy Scale (FIS), the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), the Mentalization Scale (MentS), and the Integrative Self-Knowledge Scale (ISK). To analyze the research data at the descriptive level, frequency, percentage, standard deviation, and Pearson's correlation coefficient were used, while path analysis tested our hypotheses in SPSS version 26 and AMOS version 24. Fit indices were used to check the model's fit, and the mediation test was performed using the bootstrapping method. The fit indices revealed an excellent fit of the model with the data (2 = 1.51, 2/df = 1.51, p = 0.219; RMSEA = 0.05; SRMR = 0.02; CFI = 0.99; NFI = 0.99; TLI = 0.99). Results: Results indicate mentalization fully mediates the childhood trauma-fear of intimacy relationship (ß = 0.14, p < 0.01). However, the indirect relationship between childhood trauma and fear of intimacy through integrative self-knowledge was insignificant. The results also showed that the path coefficient from mentalization to fear of intimacy was negative and significant (ß = -0.41, p < 0.001), while the path coefficient from integrative self-knowledge to fear of intimacy was not significant (ß = -0.02, p > 0.05). Discussion: Based on the current findings indicating the complete mediation of mentalization and the insignificance of the mediation of integrative selfknowledge, we can deduce that enhancing the capacity for mentalization holds promise in effectively addressing intimacy-related issues. Overall, the study suggests mentalization effectively predicts the relationship between childhood trauma and fear of intimacy. This, in turn, may mitigate the detrimental effects of challenging childhood experiences on an individual's ability to engage in intimacy and cultivate emotional closeness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The harmful effects of drug relapse have always been one of the major challenges in addiction treatment. The present study aimed to predict drug relapse in addicted men under treatment based on experiential avoidance, integrative self-knowledge, and basic psychological needs. Methods: The present study was a correlational one. The statistical population included all addicted men in Choubindar prison in Qazvin in 2021, among whom 200 individuals were selected randomly. Then, the participants filled out the Relapse Prediction Scale (RPS), Multidimensional Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire (MEAQ), Integrative Self-Knowledge Scale (ISK), and Basic Psychological Needs Scale (BPNS). Data were analyzed using stepwise regression via SPSS software (version 25). Findings: The results of the study demonstrated that some of the components of experiential avoidance including distraction, distress endurance, behavioral avoidance, and distress aversion could account for 14.0% of the variance of the relapse in the addicts (P < 0.05). Moreover, the obtained results considering the reflective self-knowledge component and the overall score of integrative self-knowledge could explain 15.0% of the variance in relapse in the addicts. Among the basic psychological needs, communication could predict 3.8% of the variance in relapse. Conclusion: Based on the results of the present study, it is suggested that through addiction treatment and prevention of relapse programs, psychologists reduce drug relapse in addicts by decreasing distractions and behavioral avoidance, increasing distress endurance, enhancing self-knowledge, and improving efficient relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Addressing numerous calls for understanding the theoretical mechanisms that explain the relationship between perceived social support and psychological well-being to enhance nursing students' mental health. Aims: This study focused on how integrative self-knowledge and self-integrity mediate the relationship between perceived social support and psychological well-being. Methods: The Structural Equation Model (SEM) was used to estimate the mediation effects on the relationship between perceived social support and psychological well-being among 487 undergraduate nursing students. To examine the directionality of effects, the present study also tested the reverse serial mediation model. Multi-group SEM (MGSEM) was used to test gender differences in the mediation model. Results: Integrative self-knowledge and self-integrity, in sequence, mediated the association between perceived social support and psychological well-being among nursing students. In addition, there was no gender difference in these associations. Conclusions: Improving nursing students' perceived social support, integrative self-knowledge, and self-integrity is beneficial for promoting their mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IntroductionSince intimacy is a fundamental human need within social relationships, and recognizing that a fear of intimacy correlates with various negative consequences, it becomes crucial to examine the origins and factors that contribute to addressing this issue. This research aimed to investigate the mediating roles of mentalization and integrative self-knowledge in the link between childhood trauma and the fear of intimacy.MethodsConducted as correlational descriptive research, our study incorporates a total sample of 303 adult women and men participants aged 20 to 50 in Tehran using the convenience sampling method. They completed the Fear of Intimacy Scale (FIS), the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), the Mentalization Scale (MentS), and the Integrative Self-Knowledge Scale (ISK). To analyze the research data at the descriptive level, frequency, percentage, standard deviation, and Pearson’s correlation coefficient were used, while path analysis tested our hypotheses in SPSS version 26 and AMOS version 24. Fit indices were used to check the model’s fit, and the mediation test was performed using the bootstrapping method. The fit indices revealed an excellent fit of the model with the data (χ2 = 1.51, χ2/df = 1.51, p = 0.219; RMSEA = 0.05; SRMR = 0.02; CFI = 0.99; NFI = 0.99; TLI = 0.99).ResultsResults indicate mentalization fully mediates the childhood trauma-fear of intimacy relationship (β = 0.14, p 0.05).DiscussionBased on the current findings indicating the complete mediation of mentalization and the insignificance of the mediation of integrative self-knowledge, we can deduce that enhancing the capacity for mentalization holds promise in effectively addressing intimacy-related issues. Overall, the study suggests mentalization effectively predicts the relationship between childhood trauma and fear of intimacy. This, in turn, may mitigate the detrimental effects of challenging childhood experiences on an individual’s ability to engage in intimacy and cultivate emotional closeness.

Introduction: Adjustment of patients with the challenges and tensions of Covid-19 using integrative self-knowledge, self-compassion, and emotion regulation can be associated with the level of Self-concept clarity. Therefore, the integrative self-knowledge, self-compassion, and emotion regulation of patients were compared based on the levels of Self-concept Clarity.Method: The present study had a Single-factor design. The population of the study was patients with Covid-19 and a sample included 162 participants. Based on the levels of self-concept clarity (low, middle, and high), three groups were defined, each consisting of 35 people. Data were collected using the self-concept clarity, integrative self-knowledge scale, emotion regulation questionnaire, and self-compassion scale. Data were analyzed using the MANOVA test and Bonferroni’s post hoc test.Result: According to the results, the mean integrative self-knowledge and self-compassion in the high Self-concept clarity group were significantly more than the other two groups, and in the middle group more than the low group. There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of reappraisal. The mean of suppression in the high self-concept clarity group was higher than the low self-concept clarity group.Discussion and conclusion: These findings imply that the higher levels of Self-concept Clarity can help to promote integrative self-knowledge and self-compassion and reduce suppression in the patients with Covid-19 that facilitates adjustment with the disease.

Background: COVID-19 pandemic has brought the world many different challenges. One of them is the increase in the traits of mental disorders, especially obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). OCD is one of the most disabling disorders for patients and families. One of the factors associated with OCD is self-regulation strategies. Investigating the associations between selfregulation strategies and OCD symptoms can help us find better ways in order to prevent and treat OCD. Additionally, in this critical period, preventive behaviors play a significant role in reducing COVID-19 cases worldwide. The present research aimed to investigate the association between self-regulation strategies, OCD traits, and preventive behaviors during COVID-19 pandemic.Methods: This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the relationship between OCD traits and self-regulation strategies, including expressive suppression, cognitive reappraisal, self-control, integrative self-knowledge, self-compassion, and preventive behaviors during COVID-19 pandemic in 2022. We recruited 380 Iranian adolescents aged 12 to 18 (15.32±2.13) through multistage sampling method and among the students in Shiraz schools in 2022. The sample size was determined based on the study primary objective. In order to gather data, Padua obsession and compulsion inventory, integrative self-knowledge questionnaire, self-control scale, preventive behaviors scale, self-compassionate scale, and emotion regulation questionnaire were utilized as research instruments. The data were analyzed by Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise regression analysis.Results: The obtained findings shed light on negative relationships between OCD (65.55±20.61) and self-compassion (35.38±6.35, P=0.001), self-control (39.78±10.83, P=0.001), integrative self-knowledge (38.74±6.72, P=0.01), cognitive reappraisal (27.93±6.01, P=0.01). Moreover, positive relationships were observed between OCD, preventive behaviors (5.95±0.92), and expressive suppression (15.04±4.52, P=0.03). The results also revealed that self-regulation strategies account for 62% of preventive behaviors.Conclusion: Self-regulation strategies were found to be important predictors for adolescents’ preventive behaviors during the pandemic. Therefore, paying further attention to self-regulation strategies in this critical period of life is of great necessity.

The purpose of this research was to determine the mediating role of integrative self-knowledge in the relationship between family emotional atmosphere and self-control among high school students in Naqadeh. This research had a descriptive design. The statistical population of the study was comprised of all senior high school students in Naqadeh in 2018-19 school year. The drawn sample (315 students) was selected via cluster random sampling method. The instruments included the Integrative Self-Knowledge Scale (Ghorbani et al., 2008), Family Emotional Condition Questionnaire (Hill Burn, 1964) and a Self-Control Scale (Tangney et al., 2004). Data analysis was performed utilizing structural equation modeling method in PLS3 program. The findings showed a positive, significant relationship between family emotional atmosphere, integrative self-knowledge, and self-control. Results also indicated that integrative self-knowledge played a mediating role in the link between family emotional atmosphere and self-control. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that the level of students' self-control was greatly correlated with family emotional atmosphere and integrative self-knowledge. Based on the research findings, it is suggested that family emotional atmosphere be addressed in interventions designed for the promotion of self-control and self-knowledge.

Background: One of the main challenges for parents during puberty is to tackle emotional problems in their teenagers, which may threaten their current and future health and affect the quality of parent-child relationships. Integrated parental self-awareness was assessed on the emotional regulation patterns of adolescents aged 13 to 15 years. This study was conducted to investigate the predictive role of parental awareness and self-awareness in emotion regulation patterns of 13 to 15 year olds. Methods: The research design was descriptive-correlational. The statistical population was 13 to 15-year-old adolescents of Parsian city and their mothers, 140 of whom were selected using appropriate random sampling method in years 2019-2020. The data were collected utilizing the Emotional Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ), the Mind/Conscious Mind Scale (MMS) and the Integrated Self-Knowledge Scale (ISK). Pearson correlation coefficient and stepwise regression were employed to analyze the data. Results: The obtained results revealed a significant inverse relationship between integrated self-cognition and cognitive repression (P

The purpose of this study was to investigate relationship between identity (emerging adulthood)، integrative self-knowledge, and academic help seeking behavior among female senior students in high school in Urmia. The research method is correlation and multivariable regression. The statistical population includes all female senior students of high schools of Urmia. The glomerulative sampling method was used and the sample size was 150 people according to the correlational research. To collect information, three types of questionnaires including Inventory of Dimensions of Emerging Adulthood (IDEA)، Reifman and et al (2007). integrative self-knowledge Scale (Ghorbani, 2003), and Academic help seeking behavior ( reian and pentrichT 1997). were used. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to organize, summarize and analyze the data. The results showed there was a positive and significant relationship between the identity (emerging adulthood) ، integrative self-knowledge, and academic help seeking behavior . The regression analysis showed that all caracteristics of identity predicted positively and significantly the integrative self-knowledge and help seeking behavior.

Background: Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) can negatively impact human functions and bother the close people around the patients. Perfectionism is among the factors associated with OCD. Investigating this relationship and other concepts such as self-regulation processes influencing this relationship can help us find better approaches to treat OCD. This study aimed to determine the moderating role of self-regulation processes in the relationship between perfectionism and OCD in 2019. Methods: In this correlational study conducted in Shiraz, Iran, we selected 535 10-to-18-year-old students with an average and SD of 14.15 and 2.75 by multi-stage sampling method. We selected 30 schools and three classes in each of them. Afterwards, six students in each class willingly filled the questionnaires. In order to gather the data, we made use of Tehran Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, Padua inventory for obsessive-compulsive disorder, integrative self-knowledge questionnaire, self-control scale, and self-compassion scale as research instruments. Data were analyzed by Pearson’s correlation coefficient and stepwise regression analysis. Results: Perfectionism was an important predictor of OCD (B=0.38, Beta=0.08, S.E=0.39, P=0.001), self-control was a major predictor of OCD (B=-0.18, Beta=0.08, S.E=-0.19, P=0.04), and the interaction between perfectionism and integrative selfknowledge was a significant predictor of OCD (B=-0.24, Beta=0.09, S.E=-0.24, P=0.03). Conclusions: Perfectionism and self-control are predictors of OCD, hence important mental concepts. Furthermore, integrative self-knowledge plays a moderating role in the relationship between perfectionism and OCD.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the mediating role of parents' coherent self-knowledge between parental attachment components and students' self-concept. The method of the study was descriptive-correlation of structural equation modeling. The statistical population of the study included all female high school students in Tehran and their parents in the academic year of 2021 from which 446 people were selected by the cluster sampling. Participants completed the questionnaires of Raj Kumar Sarasut' self-concept, Hazan & Shaver's attachment and Ghorbani's integrative self-knowledge. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and path analysis. The results showed that the direct effects of the attachment style (secure, avoidance and ambivalent) and coherent self-knowledge on self-concept were significant. Cohesive self-knowledge also played a mediating role in the relationship between parental attachment styles and students' self-concept. Accordingly, the parents' attachment styles can predict students' self-concept through the mediation of integrative self-knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a serious syndrome, which damages people’s psychological, communicative, social, and emotional lives. Therefore, the present study was conducted to compare integrative self-knowledge and impulsivity in patients with Irritable IBS and healthy individuals. Methods: This case-control study was conducted on patients with IBS referring to gastroenterologists and healthy individuals in the city of Isfahan in 2018. The sample size included 150 patients with IBS and 150 healthy people in Isfahan selected using non-random convenient sampling method. The integrative self-knowledge and impulsivity questionnaires were applied to collect the information. After collecting the questionnaires and extracting the raw data, SPSS23 software was used and t-test was run to analyze the data. Results: A significant difference was observed between patients with IBS and healthy participants with regard to integrative self-knowledge and impulsivity (P-value < 0.001), so that people with IBS had lower integrative self-knowledge and higher impulsivity in comparison with the healthy individuals. Conclusion: According to the findings, people with IBS had lower integrative self-knowledge and higher impulsivity due to their therapeutic and psychological involvement in the disease. So, third-wave psychological treatments such as mindfulness treatment and positivist psychotherapy are required in this area.

Background: The experience of stress disrupts the balance of human mental organization, as a result the individual experiences unpleasant emotions so that low capacity to regulate these emotions leads to psychological and physical symptoms. But whether could be help them to reduce the level of anxiety and enhance psychological capacity, which is assumed to be nurtured through self-regulation to better cope with their difficult experiences to have better function. Aims: This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of group self-regulation triple strategies training including integrative self-knowledge, self-control, and self-compassion(Ghorbani and colleague , 2012., Neff, 2009) on adverse physical and emotional consequences resulted from stress including physical symptoms, unpleasant emotions, and self-destructiveness. Method: This research was a quasi-experiment study with pretest-posttest design with control group. The statistical population included mothers with children suffering from cancer refering to Imam Reza hospital and Namazi hospital in the city of Shiraz in 2017. Among 245 mothers who completed the perceived stress scale (Cohen et al., 1983), the physical symptoms checklist (Bartone, 1995), the unpleasant emotions scale (Leary et al., 2007), and the chronic self-destructiveness scale (Kelley et al., 1985), 30 mothers were selected through convenience sampling and placed into three paired groups including experimental group, control group, and waiting list group. Data were analyzed at two levels of descriptive and inferential (multivariate analysis of covariance). Results: The results of MANCOVA showed that group self-regulation triple strategies training significantly reduced the mean scores of physical symptoms, unpleasant emotions, and self-destructiveness of experimental group in post-test compared to the control group and waiting list after controlling for pre-test scores. Conclusions: Based on the results, group self-regulation triple strategies training including integrative self-knowledge, self-control, and self-compassion could increase individuals’ mental capacity engaged in chronic stress to adaptive cope with stress and thereby reduce the devastating consequences of stress in these individuals.

Background: Self-regulating is a set of processes that controls or alters individuals' behavior, emotion, and performance. We aimed to evaluate the relation between three components of self-regulating including integrative self-knowledge, mindfulness, selfcontrol, and some variables of mental health and self-conscious emotions. Methods: A total of 233 Iranian university students voluntarily enrolled in the study. Seven questionnaire forms including Integrative Self-Knowledge Scale (ISKS), Attention Awareness Scale (MASS), Short Self Control Scale (SSCS), Costello & Comrey's Anxiety and Depression Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), Authentic Pride Scale (APS), and other as sham scale (OAS) were distributed to participants. The correlation between self-regulating variables, mental health, and self-conscious emotions were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient test. Results: We found a negative correlation between self-regulating variables, depression, and anxiety. Our data also revealed that self-esteem positively related to integrative self-knowledge, mindfulness, and self-control. Among self-conscious emotions variables, authentic pride had a positive correlation with self-regulating variables whereas feelings of shame appeared a negative relationship with them. Conclusion: Integrative self-knowledge, mindfulness, and selfcontrol as self-regulating components correlated to mental health and self-conscious emotions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mindfulness‐based stress reduction (MBSR) is an effective program for improving well‐being. A growing body of studies is exploring the mechanisms mediating its beneficial effects. Integrative self‐knowledge (ISK) is the construct of focus in this study. The primary goal of the current study was to investigate the mediating role of ISK in the relationship between improved mindful observing (MO), non‐judging inner experience (NJ), and well‐being following an MBSR program with an Iranian sample. Participants (n = 118) enrolled in MBSR and completed depression, anxiety, stress (DASS), Bartone Symptoms Checklist (BSC), Five‐Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire, and ISK scale before and after the program. Results showed significant reductions in BSC, DASS, and improvements in MO, NJ, and ISK at the end of the program. Mediation analyses revealed that changes in ISK significantly mediated the relationship between changes in MO and NJ and symptoms (MO indirect effect on DASS: β = 0.11, confidence interval [CI] [0.003, 0.29]; NJ indirect effect on DASS: β = 0.12, CI [−0.16, 0.45]; MO indirect effect on BSC: β = 0.08, CI [0.001, 0.27]; NJ indirect effect on BSC: β = 0.09, CI [0.01, 0.22]). Improvements in MO and NJ may provide a pathway to cultivating ISK in MBSR, which may lead to enhanced well‐being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The neurocognitive mechanisms underlying self-determined motivation have been examined from the perspectives of both PSI and SDT [e.g., Ryan ([30]), Quirin et al. ([29]), and Koole et al. ([13])]. 10.1002/per.2295 29 Quirin, M., Tops, M., Kuhl, J., (2019). Research within SDT has similarly sought to understand the neurocognitive substrates of volitional motivation and existing studies suggest some points of overlap with PSI theory (Ryan and Deci, [32]). J. Indiv. Diff. 39, 1-17. 10.1027/1614-0001/a000244 28 Quirin, M., Robinson, M. D., Rauthmann, J. F., Kuhl, J., Read, S. J., Tops, M., (2020). [Extracted from the article]

The aim of present study was to investigating the comparison of coherence self-knowledge and alexithymia in normal and divorce male students at Meshginshahr city in the2015-2016 academic year. The method of this study is causal-comparative. The population of this study included all divorced and normal male students students that from this population 120 students were selected as sample by using random cluster sampling method. Data was collected by using of Self-knowledge Coherence and alexithymia Scales. Data analyzed using multivariate analysis of variance.Results showed that there are a differences significant between the two groups in coherence self-knowledge and alexithymia (p

The mediating role of self-regulation processes in relation between perceived stress and destructive effects of stress in mothers with children suffering from cancer. The human mental organization has a behavioral regulative principle that operates based on certain conscious and unconscious needs. Experience of stress disrupts human mental structure and results in symptoms of psychological and physical disorders. One source of stress is caring for children with chronic diseases like cancer. Accordingly, this study investigates self-regulation mediational processes in the context of perceived stress in mothers of children diagnosed with cancer. The convenience sample of this study consisted of 245 mothers, who volunteered to participate and were administered the following questionnaires: Integrative self-knowledge; Self-control Scale; Self-compassion Scale; perceived stress and Chronic Self-Destructiveness Scale, body-symptoms checklist. Analysis of the survey data was carried out using structural equation modeling (SEM). The analysis suggests that perceived stress is mediated through self-regulation for self-destructiveness, physical symptoms, and unpleasant self-relevant through. Therefore, exposure to stress has destructive effects both in terms of physical symptoms and on an emotional and behavioral level. The authors concluded that self-regulation was a supportive variable, helping individuals cope better with unpleasant events, retrieve their ideal mental balance and maintain their mental organization. It is implied that based on a self-regulation model, effective management of one’s mental organization can improve an individual’s capacity to effectively cope with inevitable sources of stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Social Policy Studies / Sosyal Politika Çalismalari Dergisi is the property of Journal of Social Policy Studies / Sosyal Politika Calismalari Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The Psychology of "self" is defined as the ordering of human experience and behavior. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between childhood and attachment damages with the integrity of the "self" in people with borderline personality disorder. METHODS: This descriptive correlation study was conducted on 100 patients with borderline personality disorder referred to a psychiatric clinic in Sari hospital, aged 55-18, who were selected by convenience sampling method. Evaluation of the "cohesion" was done using 12-item questionnaire cohesive self-knowledge, 12-item childhood damages of Boglas Brimner and attachment styles of Hazan and Shaver. FINDINGS: The emotional damage had a negatively correlation with secure attachment (p

Elderly seems to be one of the most important stages of individuals’ life. Considering the growing number of elderly population, it appears necessary to have didactic and therapeutic interventions that affect their psychological well-being significantly and increase their life expectancy. Therefore, this research aimed to determine the effectiveness of gestalt therapy on depression, self-differentiation, integrative self-knowledge and positive psychological characteristics of the elderly in Isfahan. Iran. It was a semi-experimental study with pretest-posttest and control group design along with a follow-up. The statistical papulation included all the elderly above 60-year old living in Isfahan. Two centers were selected among education retirees organization using convenience sampling and then, 40 elderly people were recruited purposefully according to eligibility criteria and assigned randomly into two groups of experimental and control with equal numbers in each group (20 members). The experimental group underwent gestalt therapy for 11 90-minute sessions, while the control group received no intervention during this period. Used to collect data were scales of elderly depression (Yesavage et al.), self-differentiation (Skowron & friedlander), integrative self-knowledge (Gorbani et al.) and positive psychological characteristics (Rashid). The collected data were analyzed using SPSS-23. The results of analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) demonstrated that gestalt therapy results in improvement of depression, self-differentiation, integrative self-knowledge and positive psychological characteristics in the elderly (p < 0.05). According to the findings of this research, gestalt therapy can be applied as an efficient pattern in counselling and psychotherapy centers to decrease depression and to improve self-differentiation, integrative self-knowledge and positive psychological characteristics for the elderly. References Afshari, A., Rezaei, R., & Dadras, F. (2019). The Effectiveness of structured reminiscence on anxiety and depression in the elderly. Journal of Aging Psychology, 5(3), 201-215. [Persian] Agaziarati Farahani, Z., Zahrakar, K., & Azarmidokht, R. (2010). The Investigation of the effect of group gestalt therapy on mental health promotion of female students of Islamic Azad University, eslamshahr branch. Counseling Research, 31, 79-63. [Persian] Alizadeh Bazrafshan, F., & Pourheidari, S. (2017). The investigation of psychological resilience of elderly and its relationship differentiation of self and meaning of life. The 8th International Conference of Psychology and Social Sciences, 1-15. [Persian] Arabzadeh, M. (2017). Relationship between basic psychological needs and mental vitality in the elderly. Iranian Journal of Ageing (Salmand), 12 (2), 17-179. [Persian] Bahrant, F., SOdanT, M., & Mehrabi-zade Honarmand, M. (2010). The effect of gestalt therapy on self-esteem, depression and loneliness of depressed divorced women. Quarterly Journal of Women’s Studies Sociological and Psychological, 8(1), 129-145. [Persian] Brise, N., Camp, C., & Snclgar, R. (2012). Psychology data analysis by the application of SPSS. (A.Samadi & kh. Aliabadi, Trans.). Davarn Publication. (Original Language release date, 2006) [Persian] Cacioppo, J. T., Hughes, M. E., Waite, L. J., Hawkley, L. C., & Thisted, R. A. (2006). Loneliness as a specific risk factor for depressive symptoms: cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. Psychology and aging, 21(1), 140-151. Ciucurel, C., & Iconaru, E. I. (2012). Association between metabolic syndrome and depression in elderly. Procedia-social and behavioral sciences, 33, 994-997. Curvers, N., Pavlova, M., Hajema, K., Groot, W., & Angeli, F. (2018). Social participation among older adults (55+): Results of a survey in the region of South Limburg in the Netherlands. Health & social care in the community, 26(1), 85-93. Dehdari, T., Delvarianzadeh, M., Ariaeean, N., khosravi, F., & Bahar, A. (2019). Nutritional status and its related factors in older people residing in nursing homes in semnan province, Iran, 2017. Iranian Journal of Ageing (Salmand), 14(2), 224-235. [Persian] Emaminaeini, M., Bakhtiyari, M., Hatami, H., Khodakarim, S., & Sahaf, R. (2017).Depression and perceived social support in the elderly. Iranian Journal of Ageing (Salmand), 12(2), 192-207. [Persian] Fakhar, F., Navayinezhad, S., & Foroughan, M. (2008). The Role of group counseling with logo-therapeutic approach on the mental health of older women. Iranian Journal of Ageing (Salmand), 3(1), 58-67. [Persian] Farokhzadian, A. A., & Mirderekvand, F. (2018). The effectiveness of self-compassion focused therapy on increase of psychological well-being and reduction of depression in the elderly. Journal of Aging Psychology, 3(4), 293-302. [Persian] Fleiss, J. L., Levin, B., & Paik, M. C. (1981). The analysis of data from matched samples. Statistical Methods for Rates and Proportions. Third Edition, 373-406. Flint, S. W., Lam, M. H. S., Chow, B., Lee, K. Y., Li, W. H. C., Ho, E.,Yang , L., & Yung, N. K. F. (2017). A systematic review of recreation therapy for depression in older adults. Journal of Psychology and Psychotherapy, 7(2), 1-7. Frouzande, Z., Mami, Sh., & Amani, Q. (2020). The effectiveness of group logotherapy on resiliency, depression and quality of life in elderly. Journal of Gerontology, 4(4), 19-29. [Persian] Ghasemi Pirbalouti, M., Shariat, A., & Ghazanfari, A. (2019). A Meta-Analysis of exercise therapy on reducing depression among older adults in Iran. Quarterly Journal of Health Psychology, 8(30), 69-80. [Persian] Ghorbani, N., Cunningham, C. J. L., & Watson, P. J. (2010). Comparative analysis of integrative self-knowledge, mindfulness, and private self-consciousness in predicting responses to stress in Iran. International Journal of Psychology, 45(2), 147-154. Ghorbani, N., Watson, P. J., & Hargis, M. B. (2008). Integrative Self-knowledge scale: Correlations and incremental validity of a cross-cultural measure developed in Iran and United States. The Journal of Psychology, 142(4), 395-412. Ghorbani, Z., Banijamali, Sh., Ameri, F., Khosravi, Z., & Dehshiri, Gh. (2015). Investigating psychometric properties of the Persian version of positive psychotherapy inventory. Positive Psychology Research, 2(2), 15-26. [Persian] Ghorbanian, E., Mohammadlo, H., Rasooli, R., khoshpoor, F., Samarisafa, J., & kargarbarzi, H. (2017). Psychometric properties of the marital satisfaction questionnaire of the elderly and its components prediction through sexual inventory and mental health in the elderly in the one and six district of province Tehran. Journal of Gerontology, 1(3), 31-40. [Persian] Hariri, M., & Khodami, N. (2011). A study of the efficacy of teaching happiness based on the Fordyce method to elderly people on their life expectancy. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 30(Supplement C), 1412-1415. Holsti, L. R. (2019). Content analysis of humanity and social sciences. (N. Salarzadeh Amiri, Trans.) Alame Tabatabaee University Publication. [Persian] Hosseini, M., & Aftabsavar, D. (2015). The investigation of the effect of group gestalt therapy on increasing the differentiation of students.The Conference of Consistent Development in Educational Sciences and Psychology. Cultural and Social Studies, 1-9. [Persian] Jabarouti, R., Shariat, A., & Shariat, A. (2014). Effect of Persian classic poetry on the level of stress hormone in retired academicians. Jornal of Poetry Therapy, 27(1), 25-33. Javanmardi, F., Naeimi, E., & Moatamedy, A. (2020). The effectiveness of mindfulness model on improving intimate attitudes and elderly depression. Journal of Aging Psychology, 6(1), 39-52. [Persian] Khodabakhsh Pirkalani, R., Ramezan Saatchi, L., & Maleki Majd. M. (2018). The effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT) on depression, death anxiety and life expectancy in elderly women. Journal of Geronntology, 3(2), 11-20. [Persian] Lee, H. C. B., Chiu, H. F. K., Kwok, W. Y., Leung, C. M. (1993). Chinese elderly and the GDS short form: A preliminary study. Clinical Gerontologist: The journal of Aging and Mental Health, 14)2), 37-42. Majzoobi, M.R., Momeni, Kh., Amani, R. & Hojjat Khah, M. (2012) The Effectiveness of structured group reminiscence on the enhancement of the elderlyes life quality and happiness. Transformational Psychology: Iranian Psychologists, 9(4), 189-2020. [Persian] Malakouti, K., Fathollahi, P., Mirabzadeh, A., Salavati, M., & Kahani, S. (2006). Validation of geriatric depression scale (GDS-15) in Iran. Research in Medicine, 30(4), 361-369. [Persian] Malette, J., & Oliver, L. (2006). Retirement and existential meaning in the older adult: A qualitative study using life review. Counselling, Psychotherapy and Health, 2(1), 30-49. McDonald, W. M., Petrides, G., Aaronson, S. T., & Posse, P. R. (2018). The Assessment and management of treatment resistant depression in the elderly. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 26(3), S52-S53. Mohamadzadeh, M., Rashedi, V., Hashemi, M., & Borhaninejad. (2018). Relationship between activities of daily living and depression among older adults maneh and samalghan. Iranian Journal of Ageing (Salmand), (Accepted). [Persian] Mokhber, N. (2013). Depression in elderly age. Ghatreh Publication. [Persian] Momeni Maklavani, S., Foroughan, M., Yonesi, J., & Doladtshahe, B. (2017). The Efficacy of group counseling by using gestalt techniques on morale and loneliness of older adults living in nursing homes. Iranian Journal of Psychiatric Nursing, 5(1), 30-38. [Persian] Monirpour, N., Attari, B., & Zargham, M. (2019). Explaining forgiveness in the elderly through gratitude, happiness and acceptance with the mediating role of self-empowerment. Quarterly of Counseling Culture & Psychotherapy, 10 (39), 123-156. [Persian] Motamedi, A., Mostafapour, V., & Farokhi, H. (2018). The Effectiveness of hope group therapy on enhancement of happiness and quality of life in elderly women in tasouj. Iraninan of Aging Psychology, 3(4), 243-252. [Persian] Mui, A. C. (1996). Geriatric depression scale as a community-screening instrument for elderly Chinese immigrants. International Psychogeriatrics, 8(3), 445-458. Najaflouee, F. (2007). The role of »differentiation of self« in marital relations. Quarterly Journal of New Thoughts on Education, 2(4), 27-37. [Persian] Normohammadian Taj Abadi, M., Karimi, M., Mirzaie Shamsabad, H., & Manzari Takeli, V. (2018). The effectiveness of group gestalt therapy on hope and loneliness in older women. Middle Eastern Journal of Disability Studies, 8(53), 1-7. [Persian] O'Leary, E., Sheedy, G., O'Sullivan, K., & Thoresen, C. (2003). Cork older adult intervention project: outcomes of a gestalt therapy group with older adults. Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 16(2), 131-143. Pezent, G. D. (2011). Exploring the role of positive psychology constructs as protective factors against the impact of negative environmental variables on the subjective well-being of older adults. Texas A&M University. Punyakaew, A., Lersilp S., & Putthinoi, S. (2019). Active ageing level and time use of elderly persons in a Thai suburban community. Occupational Therapy International, 1-8. Rahimi, N., & Afsharinia, K. (2017). Prediction of psychological resilience based on degree of differentiation and frustration tolerance in the elderly. Journal of Aging Psychology, 3(2), 127-136. [Persian] Rashid, T. (2015). Positive psychotherapy: A strength-based approach. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 10(1), 25-40. Rasoolian, S., & Dasht Bozorgi, Z. (2018). The relationship between religious adherence, authentic personality, post-traumatic growth and flexibility with wisdom in elderly through the mediation of self-coherence. Journal of Aging Psychology, 3(4), 229-241. [Persian] Saadati, H., Younesi J., Foroghan, M., & Lashani, L. (2013). Effectiveness of gestalt therapy on happiness of elderly people. Iranian Journal of Ageing (Salmand), 8(2), 7-15. [Persian] Seligman, M. E. (2011). Flourish: A Visionary new understanding of happiness and well-being. Policy, 27(3), 60-68. Seydi, M.S., Mohebi, Z., & Rezaee, Kh. (2015). The mediating role of elderly abuse in the relationship between generativity and ego integrity. Journal of Aging Psychology, 1(2), 49-56. [Persian] Shahbazi, M. R., Foroughan, M., Salman Roghani, R.S., & Rohgozar, M. (2016). The relationship between disability and variables of depression, cognitive status, and morale among older people. Iranian Journal of Aging (Salmand), 11(1), 132-141. [Persian] Shariat, A., Ghamarani, A., & Abedi, A. (2014). Meta analysis of psychological interventions’ effectiveness on the rate of depression among elderly Iranians in 2000-2010. Iranian Journal of Aging (Salmand), 9(1), 46-53. [Persian] Shekaryazi, O., & Hayati, S. (2015). Comparative study of quality of life (quality of their communication and elderlies’ personality characteristics) among the elderly living in nursing home and in their family case study: elderly living in uremia. The Journal of Sociology Studies, 8(28), 77-94. [Persian] Skowron, E. A., & Friedlander, M. L. (1998). The differentiation of self-inventory: Development and initial validation. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 45(3), 235-246. Suchitra, S., Rajeswari, H., Indira, A., & Kalavathi, B. (2016). Effectiveness of gestalt therapy on level of alcohol dependence among adults in selected villages, Nellore. International Journal of Applied Research, 2(8), 784-793. Sutipan, P., Intarakamhang, U., & Macaskill, A. (2017). The impact of positive psychological interventions on well-being in healthy elderly people. Journal of Happiness Studies, 18(1), 269-291. Taghvaeenia, A., & Delavarizadeh, S. (2017). The effectiveness of group logotherapy on the increase of psychological well-being of the elderly retired women. Journal of Aging Psychology, 2(2), 115-124. [Persian] Yesavage, J. A., Brink, T. L., Rose, T. L., Lum, O., Huang, V., Adey, M., & Leirer, V. O. (1982). Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: a preliminary report. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 17(1), 37-49.

Iranian university (N = 153) and Islamic seminary (N = 143) students responded to a Muslim Experiential Religiousness measure of spirituality. This instrument correlated positively with Integrative Self-Knowledge, Self-Control, Mindfulness, and Satisfaction With Life. Muslim Experiential Religiousness also displayed direct associations with Muslim Attitudes Toward Religion and with Intrinsic and Extrinsic Personal Religious Orientations. At higher levels of Muslim Experiential Religiousness, Muslim Attitudes Toward Religion displayed stronger connections with psychological and religious adjustment. Islamic seminarians self-reported higher Islamic spirituality than university students. Overall, Muslim Experiential Religiousness appeared to assess a Muslim form of spiritual self-regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the results of a study carried out in a group of 80 women in early adulthood and 72 women in later adulthood. The primary goals were to examine the relationships of need for cognition and two forms of cognitive processing of self-related information (reflective self-focus and integrative self-knowledge) to multiple dimensions of sense of identity, and to test for life stage differences in the magnitude of these relationships. Significant differences were observed in the reflective self-focus levels and strength of sense of identity between the two groups of women. The obtained results also indicated that -- regardless of the stage of life -- a tendency to engage in and enjoy effortful cognitive tasks as well as a tendency to integrate past, present, and desired future self-experience into a meaningful whole favored the maintenance of sense of identity. The effects of reflection turned out to be more complicated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Married Iranian couples (N = 210) responded to the Integrative Self-Knowledge Scale along with a measure of marital satisfaction, the International Personality Item Pool (IPIP) Big Five, and an index of interpersonal problems. Integrative self-knowledge correlated positively with marital satisfaction, positively with all but the extraversion Big Five traits, and negatively with three indices of interpersonal problems. Integrative self-knowledge also mediated a number of personality relationships with marital satisfaction. Spouse-ratings of personality confirmed the adaptive implications of integrative self-knowledge for marriage. Linkages with questionnaire response styles supported the description of integrative self-knowledge as a measure of both self-insight and self-development. Results confirmed the potential of integrative self-knowledge for studying self-regulatory processes and suggested that the enhancement of self-knowledge may be a useful goal in efforts to strengthen marriages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Self-regulation presumably rests upon multiple processes that include an awareness of ongoing self-experience, enduring self-knowledge and self-control. The present investigation tested this multi-process model using the Five-Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire ( FFMQ) and the Integrative Self-Knowledge and Brief Self-Control Scales. Using a sample of 1162 Iranian university students, we confirmed the five-factor structure of the FFMQ in Iran and documented its factorial invariance across males and females. Self-regulatory variables correlated negatively with Perceived Stress, Depression, and Anxiety and positively with Self-Esteem and Satisfaction with Life. Partial mediation effects confirmed that self-regulatory measures ameliorated the disturbing effects of Perceived Stress. Integrative Self-Knowledge and Self-Control interacted to partially mediate the association of Perceived Stress with lower levels of Satisfaction with Life. Integrative Self-Knowledge, alone or in interaction with Self-Control, was the only self-regulation variable to display the expected mediation of Perceived Stress associations with all other measures. Self-Control failed to be implicated in self-regulation only in the mediation of Anxiety. These data confirmed the need to further examine this multi-process model of self-regulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined how mindfulness and integrative self-knowledge were related to health-related issues. Men in general population (n = 103) and coronary heart disease samples (n = 101) completed the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale, the Integrative Self-knowledge Scale, the Type 2 subscale of the Interpersonal Reactions Inventory, the Perceived Stress Scale, and the Anxiety and Depression Scales. In both samples, there was a moderate positive correlation between mindfulness and integrative self-knowledge and they were negatively correlated with all health-related variables. However, only integrative self-knowledge explained independent variance in health-related variables. Specifically, in both samples, the relationship between mindfulness and health-related variables was mediated by integrative self-knowledge. Mindfulness and integrative self-knowledge are related domains of self-awareness that are associated with a range of health-related variables. These relationships are robust across samples drawn from general population and patients with coronary heart disease. The finding that integrative self-knowledge explained additional variance in the health-related variables after the contribution of mindfulness had been accounted for suggests that reflective self-awareness in integrative self-knowledge may make a unique contribution to the explanation of individual differences in health variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the Harmony of Purpose model, teleological coherence is a unifying principle of immunological, neurological, and psychological functioning. The specific assumption is that these systems work together to promote the "telos," goals, or ends of the individual by differentiating between self and non-self. An Integrative Self-Knowledge Scale served as a plausible psychological measure of teleological coherence in Iranian Autoimmune, Non-Autoimmune, and Healthy Student groups (N = 264). Participants also responded to a measure of perceived stress and to the Levels of Self-Criticism Scales, Hopkins Symptom Checklist, and Inventory of Interpersonal Problems. Autoimmune patients displayed the lowest Integrative Self-Knowledge, highest perceived stress, and greatest evidence of psychological disharmony. Integrative Self-Knowledge correlated negatively with perceived stress and psychological disturbances and partially mediated the relationship of perceived stress with interpersonal problems. Integrative Self-Knowledge may usefully clarify the psychosomatic dynamics of autoimmune patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the ideological surround model of research, a more 'objective' psychology of religion requires efforts to bring etic social scientific and emic religious perspectives into formal dialog. This study of 245 Iranian university students illustrated how the dialogical validity of widely used etic measures of religion can be assessed by examining an emic religious perspective on psychology. Integrative Self-Knowledge and Self-Control Scales recorded two aspects of the 'Perfect Man' (Ensān-e Kāmel) as described by the Iranian Muslim philosopher Mortazā Motahharī. Use of these instruments in correlation and multiple regression procedures identified Intrinsic, Extrinsic Personal, Religious Interpretation, Extrovertive Mysticism, Prayer Fulfillment, Universality, Connectedness, and Religiosity Scales as adaptive in their implications for a Muslim psychology of religion. Religious Crisis had maladaptive and Extrinsic Social, Introvertive Mysticism, and Quest Scales had ambiguous implications. These data illustrated how etic forms of understanding can clarify and can be clarified by emic insights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research has established that awareness of self-experience is a stress resistance resource. The present study conducted an analysis of measures that record different aspects of self-awareness (private self-consciousness, mindfulness, and integrative self-knowledge) to explain this stress-resistance effect in a sample of Iranian university students (N = 186). These students responded to Mindfulness Attention Awareness, Private Self-Consciousness, Integrative Self-Knowledge, and Perceived Stress Scales just before the stress of a 20-day final examination period, and they then responded to Symptom Checklist and Vitality measures at four-day intervals during the final examinations. Prior to final examinations, the three self-awareness variables correlated positively with each other and negatively with perceived stress. Regression analyses of the data obtained during final examinations identified mindfulness to be a better operationalization of this stress-resistance resource than private self-consciousness. Specifically, mindfulness but not private self-consciousness was a positive predictor of vitality and a negative predictor of symptoms. Hierarchical regression analyses also demonstrated that mindfulness and integrative self-knowledge both explained resistance to physical symptoms, while integrative self-knowledge functioned as a protective factor toward one's vitality. These data confirm the positive impact that self-awareness has during stress and highlight the importance of considering both mindfulness and integrative self-knowledge in understanding stress-resistance processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An Integrative Self-Knowledge (ISK) Scale measures tendencies to engage in a cognitive process of uniting past, present, and desired future self-experience into a meaningful whole. In the present project, 288 Iranian university students responded to the ISK and Big Five scales and rated their dormitory roommates on these characteristics as well. These procedures most importantly revealed a positive correlation between self- and peer-reported ISK. Self-reported ISK also predicted higher levels of self-reported Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Emotional Stability, and Openness to Experience, and this pattern of relationships appeared with the peer-report data as well. In these results and also in correlations of the self- with peer-report scales, associations of ISK with greater Emotional Stability and Openness to Experience were especially noteworthy. This study confirmed the validity of the ISK scale and the adaptive behavioral significance of what it measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Keywords: willpower; volition; integrative self-knowledge; self-determination; personality systems interactions theory EN willpower volition integrative self-knowledge self-determination personality systems interactions theory N.PAG N.PAG 1 05/08/21 20210505 NES 210505 In the original article, there is a redundant heading at the start of the text that reads: I EFFORTLESS WILLPOWER? THE INTEGRATIVE SELF AS A NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL SYSTEM FACILITATING EFFORTLESS WILLPOWER THROUGH SELF-DETERMINED REGULATION i This heading should be removed from the article. Willpower, volition, integrative self-knowledge, self-determination, personality systems interactions theory. [Extracted from the article]