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Interleukin (IL)-3 has long been known for its hematopoietic properties. However, recent evidence has expanded our understanding of IL-3 function by identifying IL-3 as a critical orchestrator of inflammation in a wide array of diseases. Depending on the type of disease, the course of inflammation, the cell or the tissue involved, IL-3 promotes either pathologic inflammation or its resolution. Here, we describe the cell-specific functions of IL-3 and summarize its role in diseases. We discuss the current treatments targeting IL-3 or its receptor, and highlight the potential and the limitations of targeting IL-3 in clinics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer represents a collection of pathologies with different molecular subtypes, histopathology, risk factors, clinical behavior, and responses to treatment. "Basal-like" breast cancers predominantly lack the receptors for estrogen and progesterone (ER/PR), lack amplification of human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) but account for 10–15% of all breast cancers, are largely insensitive to targeted treatment and represent a disproportionate number of metastatic cases and deaths. Analysis of interleukin (IL)-3 and the IL-3 receptor subunits (IL-3RA + CSF2RB) reveals elevated expression in predominantly the basal-like group. Further analysis suggests that IL-3 itself, but not the IL-3 receptor subunits, associates with poor patient outcome. Histology on patient-derived xenografts supports the notion that breast cancer cells are a significant source of IL-3 that may promote disease progression. Taken together, these observations suggest that IL-3 may be a useful marker in solid tumors, particularly triple negative breast cancer, and warrants further investigation into its contribution to disease pathogenesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

* Context.--Unlike B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (ALL/LBL), there have been few therapeutic advances in T-cell ALL (T-ALL)/LBL, an aggressive ALL/LBL subtype. Objective.--To perform a focused tissue array study to elucidate tumor markers of therapeutic potential in T-ALL/LBL. Design.--Using immunohistochemistry, we evaluated expression of leukemic antigens of interest, specifically CCchemokine receptor 4 (CCR4), among others, on available remnant diagnostic material, including tumor tissue slides obtained from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded preserved tissues. Results.--Our analysis identified, for the first time, expression of CCR4 in T-ALL/LBL in 11 of 27 cases (40.7%) and confirmed common expression of BCL2, CD38, and CD47, as reported previously. We also identified the expression of CD123 in 4 of 26 cases (15.4%), whereas BCL6 and PDL1 were expressed in a small number of T-ALL/LBL cases. The potential novel target CCR4 was significantly more common in the Pre/Pro-T immunophenotypic subtype, 6 of 9 (66.7%, P = .01). No additional differences in clinical and epidemiologic variables were noted among positive or negative CCR4 cases. Conclusions.--These findings support preclinical and clinical testing of therapies targeting CCR4, CD47, BCL2, CD38, and CD123 in T-ALL/LBL, and may help guide the development of targeted clinical trials in T-ALL/LBL, a rare disease in urgent need of novel therapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interleukin (IL)-3 has long been known for its hematopoietic properties. However, recent evidence has expanded our understanding of IL-3 function by identifying IL-3 as a critical orchestrator of inflammation in a wide array of diseases. Depending on the type of disease, the course of inflammation, the cell or the tissue involved, IL-3 promotes either pathologic inflammation or its resolution. Here, we describe the cell-specific functions of IL-3 and summarize its role in diseases. We discuss the current treatments targeting IL-3 or its receptor, and highlight the potential and the limitations of targeting IL-3 in clinics.

Abstract Background Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a common mental ailment and is the primary reason for disability. It manifests a severe impact on moods, thoughts, and physical health. At present, this disorder has become a concern in the field of public health. Alteration of neurochemicals is thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of many psychiatric disorders. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate serum IL-3 and lipocalin-2 in MDD patients and healthy controls (HCs). Method We included a total of 376 participants in this study. Among them, 196 were MDD patients, and 180 were age-sex-matched HCs. MDD patients were recruited from the Psychiatry Department of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), but the controls were from different parts of Dhaka. All study participants were evaluated by a psychiatrist using the DSM-5 criteria. To assess the severity of the depression, we used the Hamilton depression (Ham-D) rating scale. Serum IL-3 and lipocalin-2 levels were measured using commercially available enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay kits (ELISA kits). Results According to this study, we observed elevated serum levels of IL-3 (1,024.73 ± 29.84 pg/mL) and reduced levels of serum lipocalin-2 (29.019 ± 2.073 ng/mL) in MDD patients compared to HCs (911.11 ± 20.55 pg/mL and 48.065 ± 3.583 ng/mL, respectively). No associations between serum levels of IL-3 and lipocalin-2 and depression severity were observed in patients. Conclusions According to the present findings, alterations of serum IL-3 and lipocalin might be associated with the pathogenesis of MDD. These results support that altered serum neurochemicals can serve as early risk assessment markers for depression. Further interventional studies are recommended for a better understanding of the role of IL-3 and lipocalin-2 in the pathophysiology of depression.

Tagraxofusp (or SL‐401) is a recombinant molecule composed of human interleukin‐3 that binds CD123 on neoplastic cells fused to a truncated diphtheria toxin (DT). Tagraxofusp's most significant success has come from studies involving patients with blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN), an aggressive disease that is usually refractory to conventional chemotherapy. Tagraxofusp had an acceptable safety profile and high efficacy in early phase I/II studies on patients with BPDCN. Another phase II study confirmed the good response rates, resulting in Food and Drugs Administration and European Medicine Agency approval of tagraxofusp for the treatment of BPDCN. Considering its high efficacy and its manageable safety profile, tagraxofusp has been suddenly explored in other myeloid malignancies with high expression of cell surface CD123, both in monotherapy or combination strategies. The triplet tagraxofusp‐azacytidine‐venetoclax appears to be of particular interest among these combinations. Furthermore, combination strategies may be used to overcome tagraxofusp resistance. The downregulation of DPH1 (diphthamide biosynthesis 1), the enzyme responsible for the conversion of histidine 715 on eEF2 to diphthamide, which is then the direct target of ADP ribosylation DT, is typically associated with this resistance phenomenon. It has been discovered that azacitidine can reverse DHP1 expression and restore sensitivity to tagraxofusp. In conclusion, the success of tagraxofusp in BPDCN paved the way for its application even in other CD123‐positive malignancies. Nowadays, several ongoing trials are exploring the use of tagraxofusp in different myeloid neoplasms. This review aims to summarize the actual role of tagraxofusp in BPDCN and other CD123‐positive myeloid malignancies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) ranks seventh among malignant tumors worldwide, with an estimated 500,000 new cases annually. Despite the development of early diagnosis technology, there are still 60% of patients already in the middle–late stages when they were first diagnosed with HNSCC. Despite advances in multidisciplinary synthetic therapy, the overall survival rate remains low, with a five-year survival rate of less than 50%. Thus, it is urgently needed to search for novel early diagnosis biomarkers and therapy targets. In this study, we revealed the role of SOX2-OT in HNSCC progression and metastasis by binding with ILF3, which may serve as a therapeutic target and prognostic biomarker to improve the early diagnosis and overall survival of HNSCC. Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) is involved in the progression of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). The molecular mechanism of lncRNA SOX2-OT in HNSCC remains unclear. Therefore, we aimed to elucidate the oncogenic role of SOX2-OT in HNSCC. QRT-PCR analysis was performed in 61 pairs of HNSCC cancer tissues, adjacent normal tissues, and 68 plasma samples confirmed that lncRNA SOX2-OT was overexpressed in cancer tissues and plasma samples, which served as a poor prognostic factor for HNSCC. The FISH assay demonstrated that SOX2-OT was localized in the nucleus and cytoplasm of HNSCC cell lines. Further, the cell function assay confirmed that SOX2-OT promoted cell proliferation and metastasis in vitro and in vivo. RNA pulldown and RIP assay results revealed that SOX2-OT bonds with ILF3 in HNSCC, and the rescue assay confirmed that SOX2-OT played an oncogenic role depending on ILF3 protein expression. Ingenuity pathway analysis and Western blotting indicated that SOX2-OT regulated HNSCC progression by promoting STAT3 phosphorylation and modulating the crosstalk between STAT3 and TGF-β signaling. These results reveal evidence for the role of SOX2-OT in HNSCC progression and metastasis by binding to ILF3, which may serve as a therapeutic target and prognostic biomarker in HNSCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) is a common mental ailment and is the primary reason for disability. It manifests a severe impact on moods, thoughts, and physical health. At present, this disorder has become a concern in the field of public health. Alteration of neurochemicals is thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of many psychiatric disorders. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate serum IL-3 and lipocalin-2 in MDD patients and healthy controls (HCs). Method: We included a total of 376 participants in this study. Among them, 196 were MDD patients, and 180 were age-sex-matched HCs. MDD patients were recruited from the Psychiatry Department of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), but the controls were from different parts of Dhaka. All study participants were evaluated by a psychiatrist using the DSM-5 criteria. To assess the severity of the depression, we used the Hamilton depression (Ham-D) rating scale. Serum IL-3 and lipocalin-2 levels were measured using commercially available enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay kits (ELISA kits). Results: According to this study, we observed elevated serum levels of IL-3 (1,024.73 ± 29.84 pg/mL) and reduced levels of serum lipocalin-2 (29.019 ± 2.073 ng/mL) in MDD patients compared to HCs (911.11 ± 20.55 pg/mL and 48.065 ± 3.583 ng/mL, respectively). No associations between serum levels of IL-3 and lipocalin-2 and depression severity were observed in patients. Conclusions: According to the present findings, alterations of serum IL-3 and lipocalin might be associated with the pathogenesis of MDD. These results support that altered serum neurochemicals can serve as early risk assessment markers for depression. Further interventional studies are recommended for a better understanding of the role of IL-3 and lipocalin-2 in the pathophysiology of depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We tested the postulates that (1) a fulvic acid (FA)-like substance is included in cigarette smoke and wood smoke particles (WSP) and (2) cell exposure to this substance results in a disruption of iron homeostasis, associated with a deficiency of the metal and an inflammatory response. The fluorescence excitation-emission matrix spectra of the water-soluble components of cigarette smoke condensate and WSP (Cig-WS and Wood-WS) approximated those for the standard reference materials, Suwanee River and Nordic fulvic acids (SRFA and NFA). Fourier transform infrared spectra for the FA fraction of cigarette smoke and WSP (Cig-FA and Wood-FA), SRFA, and NFA also revealed significant similarities (O-H bond in alcohols, phenols, and carboxylates, C═O in ketones, aldehydes, and carboxylates, and a significant carboxylate content). After exposure to Cig-WS and Wood-WS and the FA standards, iron was imported by respiratory epithelial cells, reflecting a functional iron deficiency. The release of pro-inflammatory mediators interleukin (IL)-8 and IL-6 by respiratory epithelial cells also increased following exposures to Cig-WS, Wood-WS, SRFA, and NFA. Co-exposure of the respiratory epithelial cells with iron decreased supernatant concentrations of the ILs relative to exposures to Cig-WS, Wood-WS, SRFA, and NFA alone. It is concluded that (1) a FA-like substance is included in cigarette smoke and WSP and (2) respiratory epithelial cell exposure to this substance results in a disruption of iron homeostasis associated with both a cell deficiency of the metal and an inflammatory response.

Abstract Background Dysfunction of glial cell communication is involved in Alzheimer’s disease (AD) pathogenesis, and the recent study reported that astrocytic secreted interleukin-3 (IL-3) participated in astrocyte–microglia crosstalk and restricted AD pathology in mice, but the effect of IL-3 on the pathological progression of AD in human is still unclear. Methods A total of 311 participants with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) IL-3, soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (sTREM2), and AD biomarkers were included from the Alzheimer’s disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI). We assessed the associations of IL-3 with sTREM2 and AD biomarkers at baseline, and with cognitive change in longitudinal study. The mediation models were used to explore the potential mechanism of how IL-3 affects AD pathology. Results We found that CSF IL-3 was significantly associated with CSF sTREM2 and CSF AD core biomarkers (Aβ42, p-tau, and t-tau) at baseline, and was also markedly related to cognitive decline in longitudinal analysis. Moreover, mediation analysis revealed that CSF IL-3 modulated the level of CSF sTREM2 and contributed to tau pathology (as measured by CSF p-tau/t-tau) and subsequent cognitive decline. In addition, Aβ pathology (as measured by CSF Aβ42) affected the development of tau pathology partly by modifying the levels of CSF IL-3 and CSF sTREM2. Furthermore, the effect of Aβ pathology on cognitive decline was partially mediated by the pathway from CSF IL-3 and CSF sTREM2 to tau pathology. Conclusions Our findings provide evidence to suggest that IL-3 is linked to sTREM2 and mediates the correlation between Aβ pathology to tau pathology. It indicates that IL-3 may be a major factor in the spreading from Aβ pathology to tau pathology to cognitive impairment.

Interleukin (IL)‐4 signals can modulate mast cells, which express the IL‐4Rα chain. The IL‐4Rα can heterodimerise with the common γ‐chain and utilizes JAK1 and JAK2 for signal transduction, while complexes of IL‐4Rα with IL‐13Rα1 subunit mediates signals via JAK2 and Tyk2. Here, we report that IL‐3 is an essential factor for the continuous expression of the IL‐4Rα chain on mast cells, which did not express the IL‐13Rα1 chain. We demonstrate that the signals induced by IL‐3 important for IL‐4Rα expression are mediated by Tyk2 and STAT6 activation and the subsequent maintenance of HSP90 levels. In line with that, inhibition of either Tyk2, STAT6 or HSP90 impaired the IL‐3‐induced IL‐4Rα upregulation. Consequently, the IL‐3 maintained IL‐4Rα surface expression via Tyk2 is essential for the costimulatory effect of IL‐4 on the IL‐33‐induced production of IL‐6 and IL‐13. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite recent advances in asthma management with anti-IL-5 therapies, many patients have eosinophilic asthma that remains poorly controlled. IL-3 shares a common β subunit receptor with both IL-5 and GM-CSF but, through α-subunit-specific properties, uniquely influences eosinophil biology and may serve as a potential therapeutic target. We aimed to globally characterize the transcriptomic profiles of GM-CSF, IL-3, and IL-5 stimulation on human circulating eosinophils and identify differences in gene expression using advanced statistical modeling. Human eosinophils were isolated from the peripheral blood of healthy volunteers and stimulated with either GM-CSF, IL-3, or IL-5 for 48 h. RNA was then extracted and bulk sequencing performed. DESeq analysis identified differentially expressed genes and weighted gene coexpression network analysis independently defined modules of genes that are highly coexpressed. GM-CSF, IL-3, and IL-5 commonly upregulated 252 genes and downregulated 553 genes, producing a proinflammatory and survival phenotype that was predominantly mediated through TWEAK signaling. IL-3 stimulation yielded the most numbers of differentially expressed genes that were also highly coexpressed (n = 119). These genes were enriched in pathways involving JAK/STAT signaling. GM-CSF and IL-5 stimulation demonstrated redundancy in eosinophil gene expression. In conclusion, IL-3 produces a distinct eosinophil gene expression program among the β-chain receptor cytokines. IL-3-upregulated genes may provide a foundation for research into therapeutics for patients with eosinophilic asthma who do not respond to anti-IL-5 therapies.

Schizophrenia, a complex disorder characterized by persistent psychosis and cognitive impairment, affects approximately 20 million people globally. Recent studies indicate that schizophrenia may be linked to immunological dysregulation in the central nervous system, challenging the traditional view of dopamine involvement. Microglia and astrocytes in the CNS regulate immune responses, and cytokines like interleukin-3 (IL-3) have neurotropic properties and are associated with neurological diseases, indicating their complex role in the CNS. The IL-3 receptor consists of alpha and beta subunits, with the cytokines granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), IL-3, and IL-5 sharing a common beta-chain receptor, while the alpha subunit is specific to IL-3. Notably, recent research has identified several schizophrenia-related SNPs and haplotypes in and around the gene for IL-3 (the ligand for IL3RA). Further research is needed to determine if the IL-3/IL-3 receptor system contributes to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, particularly in its abnormal development. This observational study follows a comparative case-control design. The case group included Bataknese individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia, while the control group consisted of healthy Bataknese individuals. Diagnoses in the case group were made according to DSM V criteria, and negative symptoms were evaluated using the Positive and Negative Symptom Scale. Genotype and allele frequency differences between the groups were analyzed using the chi-square test, while the relationship between polymorphisms and negative symptoms was examined using the ANOVA test. To be confirmed To be confirmed [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is an important dermatological disease involving severe itchy urticaria lesions and/or angioedema. Urticaria and angioedema occur in the community at a rate of 25–30%. Many factors, such as inflammation, have been implicated in the etiology of CSU. Irisin is a newly identified adipocytokine shown by research to exhibit anti-inflammatory properties in addition to its many other effects. The aim of the study was to investigate, for the first time in the literature, the significance of serum irisin levels in patients with CSU. Seventy-eight individuals were evaluated. The study group included 44 patients diagnosed with CSU, and the control group consisted of 34 healthy individuals. Serum samples were collected, and serum irisin, Interleukin-2 (IL-2), Interleukin-3 (IL-3), Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α), and Interferon-ɣ (IF-ɣ) levels were determined using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method. Irisin was studied for the first time in patients with CSU and exhibited a significantly higher level in the control group than in the patient group (p = 0.020). IL-2, IL-3, and IF-ɣ levels were higher in the CSU group than in the control group, although the results were not statistically significant. Only TNF-α results increased significantly. Correlation analysis was applied to determine the relationships between irisin and IF-ɣ and IL-3 levels. This revealed that the irisin parameter was significantly and positively correlated with IF-ɣ and IL-3 in patients with CSU (r = 0.518, p = 0.016 and r = 0.536, p = 0.022, respectively). This is the first report to evaluate irisin as an inflammatory biomarker in CSU. Irisin levels in patients with CSU were low, suggesting that irisin may pay a role in the pathogenesis of CSU and may be a marker showing the severity of the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In spite of consistent progress at the level of basic research and of clinical treatment, acute myeloid leukemia (AML) still represents an unmet clinical need for adult and pediatric patients. To improve the outcomes of these patients, it is necessary to identify new therapeutic targets. IL3RA (CD123, alpha subunit of the interleukin 3 receptor) is a cell membrane protein overexpressed in several hematologic malignancies, including AML blastic plasmocytoid dendritic cell neoplasms (BPDCN). Given the higher expression of CD123 on leukemic cells compared to normal hematopoietic cells and its low/absent expression on normal hematopoietic stem cells, it appears as a suitable and attractive target for therapy. Various drugs targeting CD123 have been developed and evaluated at clinical level: interleukin-3 conjugated with diphtheria toxin; naked neutralizing anti-CD123 antibodies; drug–antibody conjugates; bispecific antibodies targeting both CD123 and CD3; and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells engineered to target CD123. Some of these agents have shown promising results at the clinical level, including tagraxofusp (CD123 conjugated with diphtheria toxin) for the treatment of BPDCN and IMGN632 (anti-CD123 drug-conjugate), and flotetuzumab (bispecific anti-CD123 and anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody) for the treatment of AML. However, the therapeutic efficacy of CD123-targeting treatments is still unsatisfactory and must be improved through new therapeutic strategies and combined treatments with other antileukemic drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In this study, the conditions for the prokaryotic expression of mouse interleukin⁃3 (IL⁃3) were screened and optimized, in order to lay the foundation for effective culture of mouse bone marrow⁃derived mast cells (BMMCs) in vitro. Methods: Nucleotide sequences of mouse IL⁃3 were optimized according to the commonly used codons in Escherichia coli (E. coli) and it were then synthesized and cloned into the pET⁃28a (+) vector. The mouse IL⁃3 plasmid was transformed into E. coli BL21 (DE3) and the expression conditions was optimized. The recombinant mouse IL⁃3 was further purified and applied in the culture of mouse bone marrow ⁃derived mast cells (BMMCs) in vitro to confirm its bioactivity. Results: The plasmid of pET⁃28a (+) ⁃IL⁃3 was successfully constructed, and the recombinant mouse IL⁃3 was expressed at approximately 16 kDa by SDS⁃PAGE analysis. The finally purified mouse IL⁃3 combined with mouse stem cell factor could induce the differentiation of surface FcεRI and CD117 double positive BMMCs, which further exhibited the function of β⁃Hexosaminidase release. Conclusion: In this study, the recombinant plasmid for mouse IL⁃3 was constructed and the expression conditions in E.coli were optimized accordingly. The finally purified mouse IL⁃3 could be successfully utilized in the culture of BMMCs in vitro for the investigation of allergy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

RationaleSepsis, a global health burden, is often complicated by viral infections leading to increased long-term morbidity and mortality. Interleukin-3 (IL-3) has been identified as an important mediator amplifying acute inflammation in sepsis; however, its function in the host response to viral infections during sepsis remains elusive.ObjectivesTo investigate the role of IL-3 during viral pneumonia in sepsis.MethodsWe included septic patients from two different cohorts and used in vitro and in vivo assays. The obtained data were substantiated using a second model (SARS-CoV-2 infections).Measurements and main resultsLow plasma IL-3 levels were associated with increased herpes simplex virus (HSV) airway infections in septic patients, resulting in reduced overall survival. Likewise, Il-3-deficient septic mice were more susceptible to pulmonary HSV-1 infection and exhibited higher pulmonary inflammation than control mice. Mechanistically, IL-3 increases innate antiviral immunity by promoting the recruitment of circulating plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) into the airways and by enhancing pDC-mediated T cell activation upon viral stimulation. Interestingly, the ability of IL-3 to improve adaptive immunity was confirmed in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infections.ConclusionOur study identifies IL-3 as a predictive disease marker for viral reactivation in sepsis and reveals that IL-3 improves antiviral immunity by enhancing the recruitment and the function of pDCs.

Background: Dysfunction of glial cell communication is involved in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis, and the recent study reported that astrocytic secreted interleukin-3 (IL-3) participated in astrocyte–microglia crosstalk and restricted AD pathology in mice, but the effect of IL-3 on the pathological progression of AD in human is still unclear. Methods: A total of 311 participants with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) IL-3, soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (sTREM2), and AD biomarkers were included from the Alzheimer's disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI). We assessed the associations of IL-3 with sTREM2 and AD biomarkers at baseline, and with cognitive change in longitudinal study. The mediation models were used to explore the potential mechanism of how IL-3 affects AD pathology. Results: We found that CSF IL-3 was significantly associated with CSF sTREM2 and CSF AD core biomarkers (Aβ42, p-tau, and t-tau) at baseline, and was also markedly related to cognitive decline in longitudinal analysis. Moreover, mediation analysis revealed that CSF IL-3 modulated the level of CSF sTREM2 and contributed to tau pathology (as measured by CSF p-tau/t-tau) and subsequent cognitive decline. In addition, Aβ pathology (as measured by CSF Aβ42) affected the development of tau pathology partly by modifying the levels of CSF IL-3 and CSF sTREM2. Furthermore, the effect of Aβ pathology on cognitive decline was partially mediated by the pathway from CSF IL-3 and CSF sTREM2 to tau pathology. Conclusions: Our findings provide evidence to suggest that IL-3 is linked to sTREM2 and mediates the correlation between Aβ pathology to tau pathology. It indicates that IL-3 may be a major factor in the spreading from Aβ pathology to tau pathology to cognitive impairment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The generation of human macrophages from induced pluripotent stem cells (iMacs) is a rapidly developing approach used to create disease models, screen drugs, study macrophage–pathogen interactions and develop macrophage-based cell therapy. To generate iMacs, different types of protocols have been suggested, all thought to result in the generation of similar iMac populations. However, direct comparison of iMacs generated using different protocols has not been performed. We have compared the productivity, the differentiation trajectories and the characteristics of iMacs generated using two widely used protocols: one based on the formation of embryoid bodies and the induction of myeloid differentiation by only two cytokines, interleukin-3 and macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and the other utilizing multiple exogenous factors for iMac generation. We report inter-protocol differences in the following: (i) protocol productivity; (ii) dynamic changes in the expression of genes related to inflammation and lipid homeostasis following iMac differentiation and (iii) the transcriptomic profiles of terminally differentiated iMacs, including the expression of genes involved in inflammatory response, antigen presentation and lipid homeostasis. The results document the dependence of fine iMac characteristics on the type of differentiation protocol, which is important for further development of the field, including the development of iMac-based cell therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cytokines are small proteins that are critical for controlling the growth and activity of hematopoietic cells by binding to cell surface receptors and transmitting signals across membranes. The β common (βc) cytokine receptor family, consisting of the granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin (IL)-3, and IL-5 cytokine receptors, is an architype of the heterodimeric cytokine receptor systems. We now know that signaling by cytokine receptors is not always an "all or none" phenomenon. Subtle alterations of the cytokine:receptor complex can result in differential or selective signaling and underpin a variety of diseases including chronic inflammatory conditions and cancers. Structural biology techniques, such as X-ray crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy alongside cell biology studies, are providing detailed insights into cytokine receptor signaling. Recently, we found that the IL-3 receptor ternary complex forms higher-order assemblies, like those found earlier for the GM-CSF receptor, and demonstrated that functionally distinct biological signals arise from different IL-3 receptor oligomeric assemblies. As we enhance our understanding of the structural nuances of cytokine-receptor interactions, we foresee a new era of theranostics whereby structurally guided mechanism-based manipulation of cytokine signaling through rational/targeted protein engineering will harness the full potential of cytokine biology for precision medicine., (© 2025 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Th17 cells are powerful inflammation promoters in the pathogenesis of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs). Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) can promote the differentiation of Th17 cells in chronic inflammatory autoimmune injury. Here, we aim to examine whether MDSCs regulate the differentiation of Th17 cells to participate in the development of AAA. We demonstrated an abnormal accumulation of MDSCs in AAA patients, which was positively associated with Th17 cells. We established angiotensin II-induced apolipoprotein E knockout mice and found the impaired immunosuppressive function of M-MDSCs. After systemic injection of anti-Gr-1 antibody in AAA mice to deplete circulating MDSCs, AAA formation and the differentiation of Th17 cells were abolished, and the overexpression of inducible T-cell costimulator (ICOS) on Th17 cells was reversed accordingly. Regulating the expression of ICOS ligand (ICOSL) on MDSCs affects the differentiation of Th17 cells. The adoptive transfer of ICOSLlowMDSCs in AAA mice inhibited the differentiation of Th17 cells and the development of AAA. Meanwhile, rIL-3 promoted the survival and immunosuppressive dysfunction of MDSCs, upregulated ICOSL expression on MDSCs by inhibiting activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, and regulated MDSCs to promote the differentiation of Th17 cells via the ICOSL-ICOS axis. An increase in serum IL-3, ICOSL+MDSCs, and ICOS+Th17 cells was detected in AAA patients, and IL-3 levels were positively correlated with the proportion of ICOSL+MDSC cells. In conclusion, we uncovered a pivotal role of MDSCs in promoting the differentiation of Th17 cells through the IL-3-ICOSL-ICOS axis during AAA, providing an important theoretical basis for understanding the pathogenesis of AAA.

Human interleukin-3 (hIL-3) is a clinically important cytokine used to treat hematological malignancies, bone marrow transplantation, cytopenias, and immunological disorders. The cloning of hIL-3 gene was previously reported by our group, where its expression was optimized under methanol-inducible AOX1 promoter having N-terminal α mating factor signal sequence from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This study investigated the role of glycosylation pattern on its molecular stability, secretion efficiency, and biological activity using the mutagenesis approach. The two N-linked glycosylation positions at N15th (Asn15) and N70th (Asn70) were sequentially mutated to generate three recombinant hIL-3 variants, i.e., N15A, N70A, and N15/70A. Asparagine at these positions was replaced with non-polar alanine amino acid (Ala, A). The alteration of N-linked glycosylation sites was disadvantageous to its efficient secretion in Pichia pastoris, where a 52.32%, 36.48%, 71.41% lower production was observed in N15A, N70A, and N15/70A mutants, respectively, as compared to native control. The fully glycosylated native hIL-3 protein showed higher thermal stability over its deglycosylated counterparts. The biological activity of native, N15A, N70A, and N15/70A hIL-3 protein was evaluated, where N15/70A mutant showed slightly higher proliferation efficacy than other combinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

JAK1 is a critical effector of pro-inflammatory cytokine signaling and plays important roles in immune function, while abnormal JAK1 activity has been linked to immunological and neoplastic diseases. Specific functions of JAK1 in the context of hematopoiesis, and specifically within hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), have not clearly been delineated. Here, we show that conditional Jak1 loss in HSCs reduces their self-renewal and markedly alters lymphoid/myeloid differentiation in vivo. Jak1-deficient HSCs exhibit decreased competitiveness in vivo and are unable to rescue hematopoiesis in the setting of myelosuppression. They exhibit increased quiescence, an inability to enter the cell cycle in response to hematopoietic stress, and a marked reduction in cytokine sensing, including in response to type I interferons and IL-3. Moreover, Jak1 loss is not fully rescued by expression of a constitutively active Jak2 allele. Together, these data highlight an essential role for Jak1 in HSC homeostasis and stress responses.

Interleukin-3 (IL-3) induces emergency hematopoiesis in settings of acute inflammation. In this issue of Immunity , Kiss et al. find that IL-3 derived from astrocytes and CD4+ T cells is a key regulatory cytokine of the central nervous system, and increased IL-3 signaling exacerbates neuroinflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ischemic stroke is a leading cause of mortality and permanent disability. Chronic stroke lesions increase gradually due to the secondary neuroinflammation that occurs following acute ischemic neuronal degeneration. In this study, the ameliorating effect of a cytokine mixture consisting of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interleukin (IL)-3 was evaluated on ischemic brain injury using a rat stroke model prepared by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). The mixture reduced infarct volume and ameliorated ischemia-induced motor and cognitive dysfunctions. Sorted microglia cells from the ischemic hemisphere of rats administered the mixture showed reduced mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-1β at 3 days post-reperfusion. On flow cytometric analysis, the expression of CD86, a marker of pro-inflammatory type microglia, was suppressed, and the expression of CD163, a marker of tissue-repairing type microglia, was increased by the cytokine treatment. Immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry data showed that the cytokines increased the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-xL in neurons in the ischemic lesion. Thus, the present study demonstrated that cytokine treatment markedly suppressed neurodegeneration during the chronic phase in the rat stroke model. The neuroprotective effects may be mediated by phenotypic changes of microglia that presumably lead to increased expression of Bcl-xL in ischemic lesions, while enhancing neuronal survival. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of chemicals such as calcium carbide to ripen fruits instigates toxicity; inclusion of the chemically ripened fruits in the preparation of juices may induce blood cells depletion by altering hematopoiesis via declined functionality of erythropoietin, leukopoietin, thrombopoietin, interleukin-3, prostaglandins, hematopoietic stem cells; resulting to reduction in cellular components of blood. The blood cell depletion potentials of chemically ripened banana juice were investigated in 20 male Wistar rats categorized into four; Group A (control), Group B (administered naturally ripened banana juice), Group C & D (administered juices composed of 15mg/kg and 25mg/kg of calcium carbide ripened banana) (n=5). Following the administration protocol of the banana juice for 28days, data was obtained and statistically analyzed using GraphPad prism (version 8). Chemically ripened banana juices significantly decreased erythropoietin, leukopoietin, thrombopoietin, interleukin-3, prostaglandins (PGE2), hematopoietic stem cells and cellular components of blood in a dose-dependent manner. Reduction in packed cell volume (PCV), hemoglobin concentration and increase in erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR); which suggests indication of anemia and red blood cell inflammation were also observed. The study suggests that chronic consumption of calcium carbide ripened banana juices induces alteration of hematopoiesis which results to depletion of blood cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Until recently, there were no approved therapies for the aggressive blood cancer blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN). Survival for patients diagnosed with BPDCN is under two years, and improved treatments are needed. In 2018, tagraxofusp became the first approved drug for BPDCN. Tagraxofusp is an interleukin 3-dipththeria toxin recombinant fusion protein that targets CD123, a component of the interleukin 3 receptor, on the surface of BPDCN cells. Here, we discuss the development of tagraxofusp and other newer agents that also target CD123. We also present rationale for several other cell surface proteins, expressed on BPDCN, that are targets for therapies already in development for other cancers and that might be also considered for evaluation in BPDCN. Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN) is a rare and aggressive leukemia derived from plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). It is associated with a remarkably poor prognosis and unmet need for better therapies. Recently, the first-in-class CD123-targeting therapy, tagraxofusp, was approved for treatment of BPDCN. Other CD123-targeting strategies are in development, including bispecific antibodies and combination approaches with tagraxofusp and other novel agents. In other blood cancers, adoptive T-cell therapy using chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cells represents a promising new avenue in immunotherapy, showing durable remissions in some relapsed hematologic malignancies. Here, we report on novel and innovative therapies in development to target surface molecules in BPDCN currently in clinical trials or in preclinical stages. We also discuss new cell surface targets that may have implications for future BPDCN treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Sepsis is an extreme condition involving a physical response to severe microbial infection and causes fatal and life-threatening issues. Sepsis generates during the chemicals release with the immune system into the bloodstream for fighting against an infection, which causes the inflammation and leads to the medical emergency. A complexed longitudinal zeolite and iron oxide nanocomposite was extracted from coal mine fly ash and utilized to improve the surface characteristics of the capacitance biosensor to identify sepsis attacks. Anti-interleukin-3 (anti-IL-3) antibody was attached to the zeolite- and iron oxide-complexed capacitance electrode surface through an amine linker to interact with the sepsis biomarker IL-3. The morphological and chemical components of the nanocomplex were investigated by FESEM, FETEM, and EDX analyses. At approximately 30 nm, the longitudinal zeolite and iron oxide nanocomposite aided in attaining the limit of IL-3 detection of 3 pg/mL on the linear curve, with a regression coefficient (R 2) of 0.9673 [y = 1.638x − 1.1847]. A lower detection limit was achieved in the dose-dependent range (3–100 pg/mL) due to the higher amount of antibody immobilization on the sensing surface due to the nanomaterials and the improved surface current. Furthermore, control experiments with relevant biomolecules did not show capacitance changes, and spiked IL-3 in human serum increased capacitance, indicating the specific and selective detection of IL-3. This study identifies and quantifies IL-3 via potentially useful methods and helps in diagnosing sepsis attack.

BackgroundIntra-amniotic Candida albicans (C. Albicans) infection is associated with preterm birth and high morbidity and mortality rates. Survivors are prone to adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. The mechanisms leading to these adverse neonatal brain outcomes remain largely unknown. To better understand the mechanisms underlying C. albicans-induced fetal brain injury, we studied immunological responses and structural changes of the fetal brain in a well-established translational ovine model of intra-amniotic C. albicans infection. In addition, we tested whether these potential adverse outcomes of the fetal brain were improved in utero by antifungal treatment with fluconazole.MethodsPregnant ewes received an intra-amniotic injection of 10(7) colony-forming units C. albicans or saline (controls) at 3 or 5 days before preterm delivery at 0.8 of gestation (term ~ 150 days). Fetal intra-amniotic/intra-peritoneal injections of fluconazole or saline (controls) were administered 2 days after C. albicans exposure. Post mortem analyses for fungal burden, peripheral immune activation, neuroinflammation, and white matter/neuronal injury were performed to determine the effects of intra-amniotic C. albicans and fluconazole treatment.ResultsIntra-amniotic exposure to C. albicans caused a severe systemic inflammatory response, illustrated by a robust increase of plasma interleukin-6 concentrations. Cerebrospinal fluid cultures were positive for C. albicans in the majority of the 3-day C. albicans-exposed animals whereas no positive cultures were present in the 5-day C. albicans-exposed and fluconazole-treated animals. Although C. albicans was not detected in the brain parenchyma, a neuroinflammatory response in the hippocampus and white matter was seen which was characterized by increased microglial and astrocyte activation. These neuroinflammatory changes were accompanied by structural white matter injury. Intra-amniotic fluconazole reduced fetal mortality but did not attenuate neuroinflammation and white matter injury.ConclusionsIntra-amniotic C. albicans exposure provoked acute systemic and neuroinflammatory responses with concomitant white matter injury. Fluconazole treatment prevented systemic inflammation without attenuating cerebral inflammation and injury.

BACKGROUND: Bone defect and bone healing have always been two major clinical problems. In recent years, targeted cytokines such as Interleukin-3 have been used to treat certain bone diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and multiple myeloma. OBJECTIVE: To summarize the relationship between interleukin-3 and bone metabolism, and to understand the mechanism of interleukin-3 in osteogenesis, so as to provide theoretical reference for new osteogenesis programs. METHODS: PubMed and CNKI were retrieved by the first author for relevant articles published January 1990 to March 2021 and from January 1979 to March 2021, respectively. The search terms used were “interleukin-3, bone metabolism, osteoblast, osteoclast, bone formation, mesenchymal stem cells, vascularization” in English and Chinese, respectively. A total of 896 articles detailing the mechanism of interleukin-3 and osteogenesis related metabolism were initially searched, and finally 56 eligible articles were included for further review and analysis. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Different from other cytokines, interleukin-3 has multi-lineage targeting potential and plays an important role in hematopoietic system. Studies have shown that interleukin-3 can directly interact with mesenchymal stem cells and promote their osteogenic differentiation. In addition, interleukin-3 has been shown to positively regulate the osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells by stimulating the synthesis of bone morphogenetic protein-2. Although interleukin-3 has an effect on bone marrow stromal osteoblasts through inhibition of bone morphogenetic protein-2, no effects of interleukin-3 on the Runx2 and β-catenin pathways have been found. Bone absorption by osteoclasts can lead to bone loss. Early studies found that interleukin-3 could promote osteoclasts, while recent studies have shown that interleukin-3 could significantly inhibit c-Fms at mRNA and protein levels, and down-regulate the expressions of PU.1 and c-Fos, thus producing an inhibitory effect on osteoclasts. Therefore, the specific mechanism of interleukin-3 in osteoblasts and osteoclasts is thoroughly reviewed in this paper, with a view to providing references for future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective and design: Drug delivery to inflammatory cells is dependent upon poorly understood, complex endocytic processes. Berberine (BBR), a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid, binds to heparin and targets glycosaminoglycan-rich granules in mast cells (MC), but the mechanism of BBR internalization is unknown. Methods: BMMC were treated with various concentrations of BBR for different amounts of time and BBR internalization was assessed by flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. BMMC were pretreated with endocytic inhibitors or a growth factor (IL-3) prior to BBR exposure to access mechanisms of its internalization. Results: After 24 h, 48 ± 0.8% of BMMC internalized BBR and this process was dependent upon temperature and the presence of glucose in the medium. Methanol fixation reduced BBR internalization, suggesting the involvement of an energy-dependent active transport mechanism. To determine mode of internalization, BBR was encapsulated into Lipofectamine TM lipoplexes since these are known to circumvent classical endocytic pathways. Incorporating BBR into lipoplexes decreased BBR internalization by 26% and 10% (10 μg/ml and 100 μg/ml Lipo-BBR respectively) by BMMC. BBR endocytosis was significantly reduced by Latrunculin B (88%), Cytochalasin B (87%), Chloroquine (86.5%) and 3-methyladenine (91%), indicating that actin polymerization, lysosomal pH and lysosomal self-degradation via the autophagy pathway was involved. In contrast, IL-3 treatment significantly enhanced BBR endocytosis (54% by 40 ng/ml IL-3) suggesting that IL-3 signaling pathways play a role in internalization. Conclusions: Our data suggests that internalization of BBR by resting and IL-3-activated BMMC utilizes an energy-dependent pathway that is dependent upon glucose metabolism and temperature. Furthermore, this process requires actin polymerization and lysosomal trafficking. These data suggest internalization of benzylisoquinoline compounds is an active and complex process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Allergic asthma is a chronic airway inflammatory disease associated with airway mucus hyper-production. ILC2 cells, which express the Th2 transcription factor GATA3, have been associated with allergic asthma. The cytokine IL-3 is known to support eosinophil, basophil and mucosal mast cell differentiation and survival; however, its role on T regulatory cells as well as on lung ILC2 and in pediatric asthma needs further investigation. Objectives: To investigate the role of IL-3 in preschool children and to explore its therapeutic role in experimental asthma. Methods: In a cohort of preschool children with and without asthma, we analyzed the secretion of IL-3 in nasopharyngeal fluid (NPF) and IL-3 receptor (R) alpha chain mRNA expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). In a murine model of allergic asthma, we analyzed the phenotype of wild-type untreated and rIL-3 intranasally treated asthmatic mice. Results: IL-3 was found downregulated in the nasopharyngeal fluid of children with partially controlled asthma, as compared to control children. Moreover, IL-3 was found induced in phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-stimulated PBMCs from children with asthma and treated with steroids. Finally, IL-3 in NPF directly correlated with the anti-inflammatory molecule sST2 in steroid-treated asthmatic children. Intranasal rIL-3 delivery in vivo during the challenge phase decreased airway mucus production and inflammatory eosinophils. Moreover, rIL-3 given during the challenge phase, reduced lung ST2intGATA3+ILC2, accompanied by an induction of T regulatory cells in the airways. Conclusions: IL-3 was found associated with steroid-resolved asthma. Moreover, treatment with rIL-3 resulted in amelioration of airway eosinophilia and mucus production, two main pathophysiological conditions associated with asthma in a murine model of allergic asthma. Thus, rIL-3 opens new strategies for immunotherapy of this disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Basophil Activation Test (BAT) enables flow cytometry characterization of basophil reactivity against specific allergenic molecules. The focus now revolves around democratizing this tool, but, as blood sample stability could be challenging, after having developed a simplified approach, herein, we aimed to characterize two strategies for implementing BAT in multicentric studies: store and ship blood before or after sample processing. Fresh heparin- and EDTA-anticoagulated whole blood samples followed both BAT workflows: "collect, store, process & analyze" or "collect, process, store & analyze". Storage temperatures of 18-25 °C or 2-8 °C and preservation times from 0 to 7 days were considered. Interleukin-3 was also evaluated. With the "collect, store, process & analyze" workflow, heparin-anticoagulated blood and 18-25 °C storage were better than other conditions. While remaining possible, basophil activation exhibited a possible reactivity decay after 24 h. Under the conditions tested, interleukin-3 had no role in enhancing basophil reactivity after storage. Conversely, the "collect, process, store & analyze" workflow demonstrated that either heparin- or EDTA-anticoagulated blood can be processed and kept up to 7 days at 18-25 °C or 2-8 °C before being analyzed. Various strategies can be implemented to integrate BAT in multicentric studies. The "collect, store, process & analyze" workflow remains a simplified logistical approach, but depending on time required to ship from the clinical centers to the reference laboratories, it might not be applicable, or should be used with caution. The "collect, process, store & analyze" workflow may constitute a workflow improvement to provide significant flexibility without impact on basophil reactivity., (© 2024 International Clinical Cytometry Society.)

Humans are occupationally exposed to volatile petroleum hydrocarbons through inhalation and ingestion. To access the effect of exposure to volatile hydrocarbons, hematopoietic cytokines, haematological parameters and hepatic functions were assayed for in 100 subjects. Male participants showed significant increase (p < 0.05) in erythropoietin, interleukin-3, alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), mean cell hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), mean cell volume (MCV) and significant decrease (p < 0.05) in mean cell hemoglobin (MCH). Female participants showed significant increase (p < 0.05) in interleukin-3, ALT, AST, ALP, MCHC, MCV and significant decrease (p < 0.05) in MCH, platelets, hemoglobin and hematocrit compared to their controls. Exposure to volatile petroleum hydrocarbons raised the absolute red blood cell indices and liver enzymes and could stimulate combined increase in the release of erythropoietin and interleukin-3 leading to ineffective hematopoiesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autoimmune disorder is a chronic immune imbalance which is developed through a series of pathways. The defect in B cells, T cells, and lack of self-tolerance has been greatly associated with the onset of many types of autoimmune complications including rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), multiple sclerosis, and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy. The SLE is an autoimmune disease with a common type of lupus that causes tissue and organ damage due to the wide spread of inflammation. In the current study, twenty anti-inflammatory peptides derived from plant and animal sources were docked as ligands or peptides counter to proinflammatory cytokines. Interferon gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin 3 (IL-3), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) were targeted in this study as these are involved in the pathogenesis of SLE in many clinical studies. Two docking approaches (i.e., protein-ligand docking and peptide-protein docking) were employed in this study using Molecular Operating Environment (MOE) software and HADDOCK web server, respectively. Amongst docked twenty peptides, the peptide DEDTQAMMPFR with S -score of -11.3018 and HADDOCK score of − 10.3 ± 2.5 kcal/mol showed the best binding interactions and energy validation with active amino acids of IFN-γ protein in both docking approaches. Depending upon these results, this peptide could be used as a potential drug candidate to target IFN-γ, IL-3, and TNF-α proteins to control inflammatory events. Other peptides (i.e., QEPQESQQ and FRDEHKK) also revealed good binding affinity with IFN-γ with S -scores of -10.98 and -10.55, respectively. Similarly, the peptides KHDRGDEF, FRDEHKK, and QEPQESQQ showed best binding interactions with IL-3 with S -scores of -8.81, -8.64, and -8.17, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interleukin-3 (IL-3) is a cytokine belonging to the family of common β (βc) and is involved in various biological systems. Its activity is mediated by the interaction with its receptor (IL-3R), a heterodimer composed of two distinct subunits: IL-3Rα and βc. IL-3 and its receptor, especially IL-3Rα, play a crucial role in pathologies like inflammatory diseases and therefore are interesting therapeutic targets. Here, we have performed an analysis of these proteins and their interaction based on structural and evolutionary information. We highlighted that IL-3 and IL-3Rα structural architectures are conserved across evolution and shared with other proteins belonging to the same βc family interleukin-5 (IL-5) and granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). The IL-3Rα/IL-3 interaction is mediated by a large interface in which most residues are surprisingly not conserved during evolution and across family members. In spite of this high variability, we suggested small regions constituted by few residues conserved during the evolution in both proteins that could be important for the binding affinity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Macrophages (Mφ) derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iMphs) represent a novel and promising model for studying human Mφ function and differentiation and developing new therapeutic strategies based on or oriented at Mφs. iMphs have several advantages over the traditionally used human Mφ models, such as immortalized cell lines and monocyte-derived Mφs. The advantages include the possibility of obtaining genetically identical and editable cells in a potentially scalable way. Various applications of iMphs are being developed, and their number is rapidly growing. However, the protocols of iMph differentiation that are currently used vary substantially, which may lead to differences in iMph differentiation trajectories and properties. Standardization of the protocols and identification of minimum required conditions that would allow obtaining iMphs in a large-scale, inexpensive, and clinically suitable mode are needed for future iMph applications. As a first step in this direction, the current review discusses the fundamental basis for the generation of human iMphs, performs a detailed analysis of the generalities and the differences between iMph differentiation protocols currently employed, and discusses the prospects of iMph applications.

Chimeric proteins have been widely used to evaluate intracellular protein–protein interactions (PPIs) in living cells with various readouts. By combining an interleukin-3-dependent murine cells and chimeric proteins containing a receptor tyrosine kinase c-kit, we previously established a c-kit-based PPI screening (KIPPIS) system to evaluate and select protein binders. In the KIPPIS components, proteins of interest are connected with a chemically inducible helper module and the intracellular domain of the growth-signaling receptor c-kit, which detects PPIs based on cell proliferation as a readout. In this system, proteins of interest can be incorporated into chimeric proteins without any scaffold proteins, which would be advantageous for evaluating interaction between small peptides/domains. To prove this superiority, we apply KIPPIS to 6 peptide aptamer–polypeptide pairs, which are derived from endogenous, synthetic, and viral proteins. Consequently, all of the 6 peptide aptamer–polypeptide interactions are successfully detected by cell proliferation. The detection sensitivity can be modulated in a helper ligand-dependent manner. The assay results of KIPPIS correlate with the activation levels of Src, which is located downstream of c-kit-mediated signal transduction. Control experiments reveal that KIPPIS clearly discriminates interacting aptamers from non-interacting ones. Thus, KIPPIS proves to be a versatile platform for evaluating the binding properties of peptide aptamers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sepsis is an extreme condition involving a physical response to severe microbial infection and causes fatal and life-threatening issues. Sepsis generates during the chemicals release with the immune system into the bloodstream for fighting against an infection, which causes the inflammation and leads to the medical emergency. A complexed longitudinal zeolite and iron oxide nanocomposite was extracted from coal mine fly ash and utilized to improve the surface characteristics of the capacitance biosensor to identify sepsis attacks. Anti-interleukin-3 (anti-IL-3) antibody was attached to the zeolite- and iron oxide-complexed capacitance electrode surface through an amine linker to interact with the sepsis biomarker IL-3. The morphological and chemical components of the nanocomplex were investigated by FESEM, FETEM, and EDX analyses. At approximately 30 nm, the longitudinal zeolite and iron oxide nanocomposite aided in attaining the limit of IL-3 detection of 3 pg/mL on the linear curve, with a regression coefficient (R2) of 0.9673 [y = 1.638x − 1.1847]. A lower detection limit was achieved in the dose-dependent range (3–100 pg/mL) due to the higher amount of antibody immobilization on the sensing surface due to the nanomaterials and the improved surface current. Furthermore, control experiments with relevant biomolecules did not show capacitance changes, and spiked IL-3 in human serum increased capacitance, indicating the specific and selective detection of IL-3. This study identifies and quantifies IL-3 via potentially useful methods and helps in diagnosing sepsis attack. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Diseases related with allergy such as urticaria, asthma, and rhinitis have an effect on autoimmune system. Objectives: This study was planned and carried out to assess how the immunity affected in patients with allergy and urticaria, asthma, and rhinitis through measuring the total IgE and IL-33. Materials and Method: A collection of females and males (74 patients) with urticaria, asthma, and rhinitis were chosen in this research, 24 with urticaria, 26 with asthma, and 24 with rhinitis their ages were ranged from 30 to 45 years while their weight ranged from 69 to 92 kg, using immuno sorbent assay (ELISA), the IL-33 and IgE were calculated and evaluated respectively in the patients and the collected data were compared with healthy individuals (control). Results: The data that was gathered from the blood serum of urticaria, asthma, and rhinitis patients indicates considerable differences in levels of IL-33 which were tolerated from172 to 185 Ng/l, while the IgE ranged from 321 to 397 Ng/l comparing with healthy individuals (control). Also results of specifc IgE signify a existence for one or more inhalant allergens in urticaria, asthma, and rhinitis, especially in rhinitis patients, precisely in Weeds allergens (w6, w9), Tree allergens (t2, t3, t4, t7), and Grasse's allergens (g6, g12) and it was lower in females than males. Conclusion: The considerable changes in the IL-33, and IgE in the patients affect the immunity system in the patients due to the chronic infammatory diseases (urticaria, asthma, and rhinitis) and it will increased in patients with inhalant allergy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Aberrant expression of CD123 (IL-3Rα) was observed in various hematological malignancies including acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL), which is the most common malignancy in childhood. Although widely used for minimal residual disease (MRD) monitoring, the prognostic value of CD123 has not been fully characterized in pediatric B-ALL. This retrospective study aims to evaluate the association between the CD123 expression of leukemic blasts and the outcomes of the pediatric B-ALL patients. Methods: A total of 976 pediatric B-ALL, including 328 treated with CCLG-ALL-2008 protocol and 648 treated with CCCG-ALL-2015 protocol, were recruited in this retrospective study. CD123 expression was evaluated by flow cytometry. Patients with >50, 20–50, or <20% of CD123 expressing blasts were grouped into CD123high, CD123low, and CD123neg, respectively. The correlation between CD123 expression and the patients' clinical characteristics, overall survival (OS), event-free survival (EFS), and relapse-free survival (RFS) were studied statistically. Results: Of 976 pediatric B-ALL, 53.4% from the CCLG-ALL-2008 cohort and 49.2% from the CCCG-ALL-2015 cohort were CD123high. In the CCLG-ALL-2008 cohort, CD123high was significantly associated with chromosome hyperdiploidy (p < 0.0001), risk stratification (p = 0.004), and high survival rate (p = 0.005). By comparing clinical outcomes, patients with CD123high displayed favorable prognosis, with a significantly better OS (p = 0.005), EFS (p = 0.017), and RFS (p = 0.045), as compared to patients with CD123low and CD123neg. The prognostic value of CD123 expression was subsequently confirmed in the CCCG-ALL-2015 cohort. Univariate and multivariate cox regression model analysis showed that high CD123 expression was independently associated with favorable EFS (OR: 0.528; 95% CI: 0.327 to 0.853; p = 0.009) in this cohort. In patients without prognosis-defining genomic abnormalities, high CD123 expression strongly indicated superior survival rates and was identified as an independent prognosis factor for EFS and RFS in both cohorts. Conclusions: A group of B-ALL lacks prognosis-defining genomic aberrations, which proposes a challenge in risk stratification. Our findings revealed that high CD123 expression of leukemic blasts was associated with favorable clinical outcomes in pediatric B-ALL and CD123 could serve as a promising prognosis predictor, especially in patients without prognosis-defining genetic aberrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a crucial role in modulating the inflammatory response and participated in sepsis-related immune dysfunctions. However, little is known about the regulatory mechanisms by which Tregs are kept in check during immune responses. Here, we verified the simultaneous expression of interleukin-3 (IL-3) and its receptor (IL-3R) in Tregs. Then, by modulation of IL-3 expression via lentiviral transduction-mediated small interfering RNA, we demonstrated that IL-3 negatively regulated Tregs activity via an autocrine mechanism. Furthermore, we found that anti-IL-3 antibody treatment significantly diminished inflammatory cytokines and organ injury, and improved survival in septic mice, which was associated with enhanced Treg percentage and function. Collectively, these results suggest that IL-3 negatively regulates the activity of Tregs in a previously unrecognized autocrine manner, and plays an important role in the excessive inflammatory response in sepsis, which might be utilized as a therapeutic strategy for the treatment of complications in sepsis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a worldwide health threat. In a prospective multicentric study, we identify IL-3 as an independent prognostic marker for the outcome during SARS-CoV-2 infections. Specifically, low plasma IL-3 levels is associated with increased severity, viral load, and mortality during SARS-CoV-2 infections. Patients with severe COVID-19 exhibit also reduced circulating plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) and low plasma IFNα and IFNλ levels when compared to non-severe COVID-19 patients. In a mouse model of pulmonary HSV-1 infection, treatment with recombinant IL-3 reduces viral load and mortality. Mechanistically, IL-3 increases innate antiviral immunity by promoting the recruitment of circulating pDCs into the airways by stimulating CXCL12 secretion from pulmonary CD123+ epithelial cells, both, in mice and in COVID-19 negative patients exhibiting pulmonary diseases. This study identifies IL-3 as a predictive disease marker for SARS-CoV-2 infections and as a potential therapeutic target for pulmunory viral infections. Here, the authors identify interleukin-3 as a predictive marker for severity and outcome of SARS-CoV-2 infection in a multi-center, prospective study and find that patients with severe COVID-19 have reduced circulating plasmacytoid dendritic cell levels compared to non-severe COVID-19 patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interleukin 3 (IL-3) is a well-known pleiotropic cytokine that regulates the proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic progenitor cells, triggering classical signaling pathways such as JAK/STAT, Ras/MAPK, and PI3K/Akt to carry out its functions. Interestingly, the IL-3 receptor is also expressed in non-hematopoietic cells, playing a crucial role in cell survival. Our previous research demonstrated the expression of the IL-3 receptor in neuron cells and its protective role in neurodegeneration. Glutamate, a principal neurotransmitter in the central nervous system, can induce cellular stress and lead to neurotoxicity when its extracellular concentrations surpass normal levels. This excessive glutamate presence is frequently observed in various neurological diseases. In this study, we uncover the protective role of IL-3 as an inhibitor of glutamate-induced cell death, analyzing the cytokine's signaling pathways during its protective effect. Specifically, we examined the relevance of JAK/STAT, Ras/MAPK, and PI3 K signaling pathways in the molecular mechanism triggered by IL-3. Our results show that the inhibition of JAK, ERK, and PI3 K signaling pathways, using pharmacological inhibitors, effectively blocked IL-3's protective role against glutamate-induced cell death. Additionally, our findings suggest that Bcl-2 and Bax proteins may be involved in the molecular mechanism triggered by IL-3. Our investigation into IL-3's ability to protect neuronal cells from glutamate-induced damage offers a promising therapeutic avenue with potential clinical implications for several neurological diseases characterized by glutamate neurotoxicity., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

UnlabelledThe purposes of this study were to determine the occurrence rate for preoperative breast pain; describe the characteristics of this pain; evaluate for differences in demographic and clinical characteristics; and evaluate for variations in pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine genes between women who did and did not report pain. Patients (n = 398) were recruited prior to surgery and completed self-report questionnaires on a number of pain characteristics. Genotyping was done using a custom genotyping array. Women (28.2%) who reported breast pain were significantly younger (P < .001); more likely to be nonwhite (P = .032); reported significantly lower Karnofsky Performance Status scores (P = .008); were less likely to be postmenopausal (P = .012); and had undergone significantly more biopsies (P = .006). Carriers of the minor allele for a single nucleotide polymorphism in interleukin (IL)1-receptor 1 (IL1R1) (rs2110726) were less likely to report breast pain prior to surgery (P = .007). Carriers of the minor allele for a single nucleotide polymorphism in IL13 (rs1295686) were more likely to report breast pain prior to surgery (P = .019). Findings suggest that breast pain occurs in over a quarter of women who are about to undergo breast cancer surgery. Based on phenotypic and genotypic characteristics found, inflammatory mechanisms contribute to preoperative breast pain.PerspectiveIn women with breast cancer, preoperative pain may be associated with increases in inflammatory responses associated with an increased number of biopsies. In addition, differences in cytokine genes may contribute to this preoperative breast pain.

CD28 is the major costimulatory receptor required for activation of naïve T cells, yet CD28 costimulation affects the expression level of surprisingly few genes over those altered by TCR stimulation alone. Alternate splicing of genes adds diversity to the proteome and contributes to tissue-specific regulation of genes. Here we demonstrate that CD28 costimulation leads to major changes in alternative splicing during activation of naïve T cells, beyond the effects of TCR alone. CD28 costimulation affected many more genes through modulation of alternate splicing than by modulation of transcription. Different families of biological processes are over-represented among genes alternatively spliced in response to CD28 costimulation compared to those genes whose transcription is altered, suggesting that alternative splicing regulates distinct biological effects. Moreover, genes dependent upon hnRNPLL, a global regulator of splicing in activated T cells, were enriched in T cells activated through TCR plus CD28 as compared to TCR alone. We show that hnRNPLL expression is dependent on CD28 signaling, providing a mechanism by which CD28 can regulate splicing in T cells and insight into how hnRNPLL can influence signal-induced alternative splicing in T cells. The effects of CD28 on alternative splicing provide a newly appreciated means by which CD28 can regulate T cell responses.