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Bamboo, recognized for its rapid growth, high yield, and fiber performance is prominent in the fiber‐based bioproduct industry. However, the absence of US industrial bamboo plantations for fiber production necessitates reliance on imports or locally manufactured products using imported bamboo fibers, predominantly from China. This study evaluates the economic viability of cultivating bamboo in the Southern US for fiber production, with a case study on hygiene tissue products. The supply‐chain analysis was assessed to calculate bamboo chips' minimum selling price (MSP) at the farm gate for an 8% internal rate of return (IRR). The MSP, influenced primarily by land rental costs, ranges from USD 48 to 55 per bone‐dry metric ton (BDt). Despite an initial establishment cost of ~USD 2 000 ha−1 and profitability by year 5, bamboo is a viable, long‐term fiber alternative. Successful bamboo cultivation in the US could lead to a more sustainable implementation of alternative non‐wood fibers for hygiene tissue applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The investment potential for biochar production from low‐value forest biomass in the western USA is over USD 20 billion at current carbon prices. This investment could generate approximately 70 million carbon credits annual – roughly the same number currently generated globally by all forestry and agricultural carbon projects. Biochar production that utilizes woody biomass specifically from wildfire fuel thinning projects as a feedstock can contribute financially to much‐needed fuel thinning projects. Each coupled biochar and carbon credit production system has positive returns in certain scenarios. Light upgrades to existing biopower facilities have the highest returns, with internal rates of return generally between 10–30%. Mobile biochar production often had the lowest returns. However, land managers can subsidize mobile biochar production up to USD 150–300 per tonne of biochar and still save money in comparison with pile‐burning low‐value biomass while also generating approximately one carbon credit for every two bone‐dry tonnes of low‐value biomass turned to biochar. The critical barrier to industry growth is the lack of transparent biomass supply chains that enable long‐term contracting for feedstock, production schedules, and investment. Moving forward, there are three potential pathways for the biochar industry to scale and utilize biomass from forest management and fuel thinning projects. Either (1) the carbon market will need to sustain high carbon prices, (2) a subsidy or other mechanism will need to decrease the cost of feedstock biomass, or (3) production will need to take advantage of economies of scale to bring down biochar prices while increasing production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intangible capital is a key input to production that is distinct from tangible capital. Most forms of tangible and intangible capital have observable, pecuniary values. Their complement is non‐marketed capital. This paper studies non‐marketed capital from the points of view of an investor contemplating investing in a project and of a manager running the project. At the point of investment, an apparent positive net present value is realized through the marshalling of non‐marketed capital. When capital is viewed all‐inclusively, a full accounting reveals that (1) optimally timing investment serves to maximize the value of the non‐marketed capital eventually associated with an investment project, (2) the "full" net present value at investment is zero, (3) the internal rate of return is identically equal to the external interest rate, (4) Tobin's q is identically equal to one, and (5) marginal analysis is inapplicable to non‐marketed capital and thus to all capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to assess the feasibility of utilizing sweet potato waste for distilled beverage production in two process scenarios: (i) acid hydrolysis and (ii) enzymatic hydrolysis. Laboratory experiments were conducted using in natura sweet potato waste and the data obtained were used to design a production system capable of producing 1000 L of distillate per day. Net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), and discounted payback indicators were used for economic analysis, with a minimum attractiveness rate (MARR) of 15%. The initial investment for the projects was BRL 1 139 610.86 (USD 223 146.80) for enzymatic hydrolysis and BRL 1 314 824.54 (USD 257 455.36) for acid hydrolysis. Packaging costs were identified as the greatest expenses in the process. Assuming a selling price of BRL 14.50 (USD 2.84), the enzymatic hydrolysis process demonstrated an NPV of BRL 4 792 520.77 (USD 938 421.92) and IRR of 83.39%, and the acid hydrolysis process showed an NPV of BRL 2 191 636.78 (USD 429 143.68) and IRR of 42.49%. Consequently, establishing a production plant for distilled beverages proved to be more economically attractive when employing the enzymatic hydrolysis process and fermentation simultaneously, resulting in a return on investment within 1.46 years of operation. Upon scrutinizing the gain matrix, it became apparent that critical factors with the potential to affect the project's feasibility detrimentally, if increased, included the cost of acquiring packaging, the final volumetric fraction of the distilled beverage, and the tax rate. Nevertheless, an upturn in the selling price of the beverage and a process improvement yield both have the potential to underpin the project effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mechanical recycling and chemical upcycling by thermochemical reactions have been the major approaches for recycling end-of-life plastics. Herein, we report an electrified approach to upcycle waste plastics into carbon-negative commodity chemicals using greenhouse gas CO2 as the oxidant and additional carbon source. In this non-equilibrium plasma process, waste polyolefins were oxidatively depolymerized by plasma-activated CO2 to produce oleochemicals and hydrocarbon chemicals in a single-step process at high reaction rates. In addition, a mixture of CO2 and a small amount of O2 was employed as plasma gases to selectively produce fatty alcohols from polyolefins. Based on this atmospheric pressure, non-solvent, and non-catalyst process, up to 97.6% of fatty alcohols could be produced within minutes. In this article, the co-conversion approach was demonstrated using common polyolefins and real-world mixed waste plastics to obtain comparable results. The techno-economic analysis estimates the internal rate of return to be 42.2% and 43.5% for the plasma-based conversion of waste plastics, depending on the plasma gas composition. Lifecycle assessment indicates the global warming potential is between −3.33 and −3.07 kg CO2e per kg of plastic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Environmental & Social Management Journal / Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental is the property of Environmental & Social Management Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Bread wheat germplasm is accessed from the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Centre (CIMMYT) and the International Centre for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) by Australian wheat breeders and researchers through the CIMMYT Australia ICARDA Germplasm Evaluation (CAIGE) program. The CAIGE program coordinates the selection, importation, quarantine, dissemination, and evaluation of the imported bread wheat germplasm and the management of associated data and information. This paper describes the CAIGE model and assesses both the genetic and economic impacts of these materials on the Australian wheat industry after commercialisation of wheat breeding in the early 21st century and the establishment of CAIGE. The CAIGE concept was validated using data collected and analysed from multi-environment trials between 2017 and 2020. The impact of cultivars with and without CAIGE contribution to pedigree on yield was estimated using production-by-variety statistics. Net gain in yield, estimated as the yield difference between CAIGE and Non-CAIGE varieties, was multiplied by the percentage contribution to pedigree to estimate the additional yield. The CAIGE bread wheat program identified diverse, high-yielding, and disease-resistant germplasm and significantly improved the capture and dissemination of information. The benefit-cost ratio, calculated as the sum of benefits divided by investments, indicated that, for every dollar invested in CAIGE, a further $20 was generated in benefits. The internal rate of return was estimated at 163% and the modified rate at 18%. The benefits of these international materials to Australian wheat breeding remained significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For Egypt, ethane is a vital chemical precursor, with the potential to significantly attract financial resources and drive economic growth. Enhancing its added value necessitates efficient recovery of ethane before it enters the national grid without processing. This research investigates the technical and economic feasibility of integrating natural gas liquids (NGLs) from three Egyptian NGLs plants—South Western Desert NGLs (SWD NGLs), North Western Desert NGLs (NWD NGLs), and East Mediterranean NGLs (EMD NGLs)—to improve ethane recovery from natural gas fields. The study focuses on revamping these NGLs plants using various NGLs recovery techniques, conducting a comprehensive comparison to identify the most effective methods for processing rich feed gas. Detailed design of the NGLs recovery processes was developed using HYSYS V.14 simulation software and supplementary calculation sheets. The design criteria encompass both technical and economic parameters to ensure a holistic approach in meeting project requirements. Results indicate a significant increase in ethane recovery: 16% for SWD NGLs, 10% for NWD NGLs (A, B, C), and 85% for EMD NGLs. This improvement will boost ethane feedstock for petrochemical companies from 2000 ton/day to 3500 ton/day, enabling increased polyethylene production. Economic analysis for the base case shows an expected internal rate of return (IRR) of 26%, a net present value (NPV) of USD 73 million, and a payback period of approximately 3 years. Sensitivity analysis on product prices, feed gas prices, and total capital investment confirms the project's economic viability, with all cases showing feasibility (IRR ≥ 15%) except when product prices fall below USD 225/ton for propane, USD 215/ton for liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and USD 25/bbl for condensate. This study highlights the potential for enhanced ethane recovery, offering substantial economic benefits and supporting the growth of Egypt's petrochemical industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ecuador, like every country in the world, urgently requires a conversion of transportation to electric power, both for economic and environmental reasons. This paper focuses on the technical and economic feasibility of a solar-powered electric charging station equipped with battery storage in Cuenca, Ecuador. By reviewing current literature, we assess the environmental impact of electric mobility and its potential to reduce fossil fuel dependence and generate energy savings. The analysis encompasses various factors, including EV energy consumption, solar energy system sizing, energy production, and battery storage capacity. Key findings indicate that integrating solar PV systems with EV charging stations efficiently supports a reliable and sustainable energy supply. Simulation results reveal seasonal variations in solar generation, highlighting the importance of proper system sizing to maintain charging supply reliability and manage surplus generation. The economic analysis of three scenarios underscores the financial viability of implementing PV systems without battery storage, yielding a positive Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and Net Present Value (NPV). However, scenarios with battery storage present negative NPV and long investment return periods, impacting economic viability negatively. These insights underscore the need for a balanced design to ensure sustainability and economic feasibility in the transition to electric mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High investments and low economic efficiency of agricultural biogas plants operating on farms are two of the main barriers to the development of the biogas plant sector. Identification of economic and financial problems related to the operation of such facilities allows for the reduction of entry barriers for private investors, especially farmers. The aim of this research was to analyze the economic efficiency of investing in an agricultural biogas plant operating at a dairy farm. For the analysis, the case study method was applied. The economic efficiency of investment in a biogas plant was assessed using six different cash flow options. The NPV (net present value) and IRR (internal rate of return) methods were applied to assess the economic efficiency of the investment. It was found that the investment project for an agricultural biogas plant with a capacity of 0.499 MW located at a dairy farm required a subsidy of approximately 40–60% of the value of to ensure satisfactory economic efficiency. It has been shown that a particularly important aspect in assessing the economic efficiency of an investment in an agricultural biogas plant is the use of an economic calculation that takes into account the valuation and quantification of all positive external effects of such projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study evaluates the financial viability of investing in solvent printing machine units for producing two products--flexible material and sticker material--targeted at the MSME sector. The research uses capital budgeting techniques to determine project profitability, focusing on net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), payback period (PP), and profitability index (PI). The analysis finds that the project is financially viable, with an initial investment of IDR 281 million yielding an NPV of IDR 288.4 million and an IRR of 69.84%. The investment is projected to be recouped in under two years, with a profitability index of 5.13. Based on these findings, the research recommends increasing marketing efforts for flexible materials, supporting community initiatives, and offering free design services as strategies to enhance profitability and community engagement. These recommendations align with the financial analysis, suggesting ways to maximize returns and build customer loyalty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pit J is a new pit at Binungan 8 that will be developed to the west in 2024 and has a mine life of 9 years. The initial plan was to develop Pit J, which produced around 23 million tons of coal. However, there is a second alternative that can increase Pit J production to 28 million tons. Therefore, a project investment analysis of these two alternatives was conducted to determine which mining scheme to take and which is more profitable. This research uses a method of conducting investment valuation of the Pit J mine project, namely discounted cash flow (DCF). A deterministic approach using DCF was first conducted to determine the value of economic feasibility parameters, including net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), and payback period. This was followed by the identification of variables that most affect the NPV value through sensitivity analysis. Based on the research, both mining alternatives were declared financially feasible through the discounted cash flow method, with the first alternative having an NPV of 65.8 million USD, IRR of 60%, and a payback period of 4.77 years, while the second alternative resulted in an NPV of 88.4 million USD, IRR of 65%, and payback period 4.55 years. Sensitivity analysis shows that the variable change in Coal price is the most sensitive variable to the valuation of Pit J. Therefore, the second alternative is chosen as the best alternative to run. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of electricity infrastructure is an important part of the planning of the electric power system in order to ensure that the condition of the electricity system can meet the load growth plan while still paying attention to safety and economic factors. The 500 kV Cikande Extra High Voltage Substation (GITET) and its 150 kV Outlet are one of the infrastructures that will be built by PT PLN (Persero) with an operational target in accordance with the General Plan for the Provision of Electricity (RUPTL) for 2021 - 2030 in 2025. To be able to carry out the infrastructure development, PT PLN (Persero) needs to prepare a large enough investment fund so that it is necessary to carry out a financial feasibility analysis at the time the investment will be carried out, but the financial feasibility analysis currently carried out still uses a deterministic method, where the input parameters used in the calculation of financial feasibility have not considered the element of uncertainty/risk that will affect the output of the calculation of the financial feasibility study. In this study, the Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and Payback Period (PbP) values will be tested against the required investment value by simulating changes in several input parameters simultaneously using the Monte Carlo method. This research aims to ensure that the investment issued by PT PLN (Persero) meets the parameters of financial feasibility by considering the element of uncertainty/risk in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taiwan's encouragement of installing solar photovoltaic power plants (SPPPs) on warehouse rooftops is a step towards sustainability and profitable investment. This study, analyzing the installations of STY Company, found that rooftop SPPPs significantly boost revenue, with rates increasing from 2.0088% to 6.8681% over 20 years. The break-even point is in the 7th year, with a return rate ranging from 2.0088 to 2.1748%. This shows that SPPP investments are a benefit for investors, shortening construction times and allowing warehouses to sell solar energy at an earlier date. This research utilized a fuzzy nonlinear multi-objective programming model to examine trade-offs between construction time, cost, quality, and revenue (TCQR) to optimize SPPP construction. The findings suggest that reducing construction time is an effective strategy to lower carbon emissions despite potential cost increases. However, time and quality costs are inversely proportional, highlighting the importance of efficient project management in minimizing the impacts of this trade-off. Adjusting funding can maintain quality while speeding up construction. Completing projects early also heightens revenue from green energy sales, offsetting higher initial investments. The TCQR focuses on investment revenue, managing time efficiently, and making data-driven decisions to expedite SPPP development. This model improves project profitability and promotes sustainable growth by reducing construction time and optimizing financial strategies. This study's contribution includes: 1. Optimizing the installation process of warehouse rooftop SPPPs, which provide significant long-term revenue and environmental benefits. 2. Combining the different research methods of scholars into fuzzy methods that can solve complex systems with high uncertainty. The nonlinear model put forth by this study is closer to the actual situation and can handle balancing complex problems in multi-objective programming. 3. Improving the efficiency of time management to make it feasible to reduce construction time to lower carbon emissions. 4. Concocting a comprehensive approach integrating financial, environmental, and operational factors for successful SPPP development. This study addresses an academic gap. Previously, scholars conducted research independently, focusing solely on financial investment or time, cost, and quality (TCQ) issues without considering the two together. By combining financial investment with TCQ, this study fills a significant gap in academic research. According to this study, better investment returns could improve the promotion of solar energy. Unlike previous research, this study integrates the analysis of TCQ with that of revenue by assessing costs and revenues together. This approach allows decision-makers to derive judgments from the TCQR model quickly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agriculture is extremely vulnerable to climate change. Changes in precipitation and temperature patterns will result in long-term declines in production and short-term crop failures. These short- and long-run impacts are projected to be particularly severe in developing countries because of high exposure to climate change impacts and dependence on rain-fed agriculture. To overcome the challenges of a changing climate on agricultural production in West Africa, farmers implement a range of adaptation strategies. Using a systematic review of spatial–temporal empirical literature published on climate change adaptation in the West African ecological region and data collected from semi-structure interviews to farmers, we identified adaptation strategies in West Africa and explored their efficiency computing their cost–benefit ratio to examine farmers' private returns per dollar spent. Our results show that 91 adaptation strategies are employed by farmers in the sub-region, classified into six categories: cultural practices, forest management strategies, land management practices, water management strategies, risk management strategies and the use of improved technologies. Our results show that planting of trees, increased use of fertilizers, use of resistant varieties, mixed farming and crop diversification are the strategies that generate the highest returns, with highest annual mean net benefits. Mulching was also found a financial attractive as it generates the greatest returns per dollar spent ($3.2) and internal rate of return due to its low associated cost. The adaptation options that generate net mean annual losses were water harvesting, erosion control and making of big mounds. In a scenario with a 10% annual increase in annual benefits and costs over a period of five years, all the adaptation strategies, apart from water harvesting, will yield positive net present value benefits for the farmers. Since any climate change adaptation will inevitably have heterogenous financial implications to farmers, result from this study sheds light on farmers' private incentives to embark on adaptation strategies and provides information needed for decision support on adaptation measures choice selection, policy and planning across the sub region with relevance to other areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article studies Rotating Savings and Credit Associations (ROSCAs) in late imperial and Republican‐era Shanxi province, China, from the eighteenth to the twentieth centuries. It investigates how communal finance fostered pre‐industrial economic growth and commercial activity. Drawing on previously unused, original materials from historical Shanxi ROSCAs and households, it makes several important discoveries. First, it finds widespread ROSCA participation, estimating no fewer than 7.1 per cent of Shanxi households participated in ROSCAs. Second, it estimates expected internal rates of returns on ROSCA membership at 2.55–6.01 per cent annually. This suggests that ROSCAs were economically competitive with other Chinese traditional financiers, which often charged more for loans and offered less to savers. Third, it finds a surprising degree of liquidity for ROSCA shares. Finally, it uncovers commercial entities participating in ROSCAs, suggesting ROSCAs could be useful to for‐profit enterprises. The article concludes that ROSCAs and communal finance may have played an important role in supporting pre‐industrial economic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on designing a solar thermal system utilizing parabolic trough collectors to replace conventional heat requirements in industrial processes. The research also assesses the impact of implementing this system on reducing CO2 emissions and provides economic analysis for industrial cities from two geographically different islands in Indonesia: Java and Sulawesi. This study uses a parabolic trough collector to absorb energy from sunlight. Based on the calculation of the energy balance of the solar collector, the average heat absorbed by the collector is 545.5 kJ m−2 h−1 in Java and 606.5 kJ m−2 h−1 in Sulawesi. As a result, approximately 67.55 tonnes of CO2 per day will be mitigated by transitioning from conventional processes. The economic analysis indicates a payback period of 3.54 years, a net present value of 1.4 million USD, and an internal rate of return of 12 % based on fuel savings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid microgrids, integrating local energy resources, present a promising but challenging solution, especially in areas with limited or no access to the national grid. Reliable operation of off-grid energy systems necessitates sustainable energy sources, given the intermittent nature of renewables. While fossil fuel diesel generators mitigate risks, they increase carbon emissions. This study assesses the viability of integrating a very small modular renewable energy reactor into a microgrid for replacing conventional diesel generators, substantially curbing greenhouse gas emissions. A comprehensive analysis, including design and economic evaluation, was conducted for an off-grid community microgrid with an annual generation and load of 8.5 GWh and 7.8 GWh, respectively. The proposed microgrid configurations incorporate very small modular reactors, alongside solar, wind, and battery storage systems. MATLAB modeling and simulation across eight cases, accounting for seasonal variations, demonstrate the technical and economic feasibility of case 7. This configuration, integrating modular reactors, photovoltaics, wind turbines, and battery storage, satisfactorily meets load demands. Notably, it boasts a high internal rate of return up to ~31% and a shorter payback period of around 4 years compared to alternative scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the applicability and added value of acetylated starches, it is necessary to find technological variants to obtain them with favorable technical-economic results and energetic and environmental compatibility. The objective of the work is to optimize economic and dynamic indicators of profitability of acetylated starch production, by considering as optimization criteria the productive capacity, the degree of substitution and the temperature of the drying air, establishing the design of the installation in optimal conditions. Technologies adopted from the mechanized native starch processes were selected, and the design and development of the slurry heating, acetylation, and pneumatic drying stages were proposed. A composite central experimental design was generated for profit (P), net present value (NPV), and internal rate of return (IRR), and the quadratic models obtained through the Response Surface Methodology were optimized. For the evaluation of the indicators, the economic indexes of the process were determined, after technological selection, material and energy balances, and technological design. The optimum operating parameters are achieved at a production capacity of 12.57 tcassava/d, degree of substitution of 0.505 and 124.98 °C in the air supply to the pneumatic dryer. Under these conditions, the production of acetylated starch requires larger volume acetylators than for acetylated gelatinized starch process, but the technological requirements of gelatinized pulp are eliminated, achieving remarkable energy efficiency with pneumatic drying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technological advancements have improved solar energy generation and reduced the cost of installing photovoltaic (PV) systems. However, challenges such as low energy-conversion efficiency and the unpredictability of electricity generation due to shading or climate conditions persist. Despite decreasing costs, access to solar energy generation technologies remains limited. This paper proposes a multi-criteria decision support system (MCDSS) for selecting the most suitable PV set (comprising PV modules, inverters, and batteries) for microgrid installations. The MCDSS employs two multi-criteria decision-making methods (MCDM) for analysis and decision-making: AHP and TOPSIS. The system was tested in two case studies: Barreiras, with a global efficiency of 14.4% and an internal rate of return (IRR) of 56.0%, and Curitiba, with a worldwide efficiency of 14.8% and an IRR of 52.0%. The research provided a framework for assessing and selecting PV sets based on efficiency, cost, and return on investment. Methodologically, it integrates multiple MCDM techniques, demonstrating their applicability in renewable energy. Managerially, it offers a practical tool for decision-makers in the energy sector to enhance the feasibility and attractiveness of microgeneration projects. This research highlights the potential of MCDSS to improve the efficiency and accessibility of solar energy generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To identify the costs and benefits attributable to the “Healthy Water for La Laguna” project, quantifying and evaluating them throughout their useful life, with the aim of judging the convenience of conducting this project. Design/methodology/approach: An Economic-Financial Evaluation was conducted determining the main economic indicators: Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Net Present Value (NPV), and Cost-Benefit Rate (C/B R). Results: The project “Healthy Water for La Laguna” was profitable given the following indicators: Social Net Present Value of $26’819,451,175 in a horizon of evaluation of 34 years considering a discount rate of 10%, an Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 35.29%, and a Benefit-Cost Rate of 2.8. In the sensitivity analysis, it was determined that the project shows a low sensitivity to the increase in investment and operation costs. However, it was seen that the variable that could have the most significant impact is that of benefits, since a reduction of more than 64.33% would make the Net Present Value (NPV) lower than zero. Limitations on study/implications: The one limitation found in the study was the lack of information, since some missing data had to be estimated. Findings/conclusions: It can be concluded that the execution of the project is essential and necessary to achieve an immediate increase in the consumption of drinking water in the locations covered by the project, in addition to serving as a departure point to improve the quality of the water used and to reduce the impacts of overexploitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The continuous use of fossil fuels has prompted scientists and researchers to convert to renewable sources for powering water pumps. By converting sunlight into electrical energy, the photovoltaic (PV) panels can drive the water pump or produce electricity through an inverter. Over the past few years, scientists have been working on developing more efficient solar-powered water pumps. A summary of existing research and development activities for developing a dependable and cost-effective solar irrigation system is described in this study. The paper outlines Bangladesh's present irrigation scenario, the problems associated with solar irrigation systems, and government policies and actions promoting solar irrigation. The main objectives and goals of the proposed project are to develop an efficient standalone hybrid solar PV–pyro-oil generator-based water pumping system for the Barind tract and off-grid remote areas. Moreover, the techno-econo-environmental feasibility of the proposed project has also been evaluated. The total life cycle cost and investment payback period of the 20-year project were found to be 14,377.32 dollars and 7.04 years, respectively. Moreover, the project's internal rate of return and CO2 reduction potential were found to be 21% and 197.1 tons, respectively. Therefore, the project is sustainable and feasible, which provides a guideline for researchers and investors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fisheries sector provides livelihood to about 25 million fishers and fish farmers at the primary level and almost twice the number along the value chain. The purse-seiner and trawlers are major means of large-scale harvest of marine fishery resources along Karnataka coast. Gangolli landings centre is one of the key marine fish landing centre of Udupi district of Karnataka. The present study evaluated the economic performance of both single day trawler and purse-seiner operated from the landing centre. The key economic indices like Benefit-cost (BC) ratio, operating ratio (OR), net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR) and cost efficiency were estimated to evaluate the economic performance. The BC ratios for purse-seiner were estimated at 1.20, whereas it was 1.12 for the single day trawlers. The respective operating ratio were 0.56 and 0.67. The estimated IRR for the purse-seiner was 37.18%, a slightly higher IRR was observed for single day trawler (39.01%). The cost efficiencies for purse-seiner were 0.847 and 0.939 at constant and variable return to scale, respectively. Similar cost efficiencies were also observed for the single day trawlers. It was observed that the mechanized fishing sector is operating under narrow profit margin. The declining revenue due to decrease in quantum of high valued fishes in catches and escalating fuel prices have been identified as the major factor leading to deteriorating economics of the mechanized sector in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present new estimates of the internal rate of return to early childhood education. Utilizing the nationwide expansion of preschool education in Japan between 1960 and 1980, we initially assess the impact of preschool attendance on high school graduation and college enrollment for men. Subsequently, we compute the social rate of return to preschool attendance for men by drawing upon national wage statistics to project expected wage trajectories and referencing government documents to account for the social cost of preschools. Our findings indicate a social rate of return ranging from 5.7% to 8.1%, consistent with previous estimates in the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mixture of cotton straw and plastic mulch film is co-treated by mobile pyrolysis technology for co-production of biochar, bio-oil and electricity, which shows good economic benefits and CO 2 emission reduction capacity while controlling environmental pollution. [Display omitted] • Co-pyrolysis approach resolves the application of high-ash straw and film mixture. • TEA and LCA perform the comparison of mobile pyrolysis and concentrated pyrolysis. • Mobile pyrolysis achieves short PBP of 4.32 years and low GWP of −1.298 kgCO 2 -eq. The widespread use of plastic mulch film (PMF) has led to significant environmental pollution, with PMF residues dispersed and mixed with straw and soil, posing challenges for recycling. Here, we proposed the mobile pyrolysis facility for the cotton straw and mulch film mixture (CMM) to mitigate the collection, storage, and transportation costs, while the application of co-pyrolysis technology for CMM conversion could improve the added value of products. Additionally, centralized combustion power generation and centralized pyrolysis systems were also established to evaluate and compare their sustainability from economic and environmental perspectives. Results showed that mobile pyrolysis has better economic performance than the centralized scenarios, due to its high internal rate of return (31 %) and significant net present value (29.21 M USD). Meanwhile, the mobile pyrolysis facility achieved a GWP of −1.298 kgCO 2 -eq/kg, reducing emissions by 70.79 % and 38.82 % compared to the two centralized scenarios. In conclusion, mobile pyrolysis technology provides a promising solution for PMF residue recycling because of its economically competitive approach with a lower carbon footprint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to monitor various available methods for evaluating the efficiency of economic business projects, to determine their advantages and disadvantages, as well as to develop a number of recommendations for improving these methods. The objectives of the research are: to analyze the existing methods for evaluating the efficiency of economic projects; determination of the advantages and disadvantages of each of the methods; development of recommendations for improving the practice of evaluating the efficiency of economic projects. The article discusses the theoretical and practical aspects of evaluating the efficiency of business projects. The authors emphasize that the evaluation of efficiency of the project is an important stage in its development and implementation, as it allows you to determine the feasibility of its implementation and make optimal decisions on its financing and the functioning of the business as a whole. The practical aspects of evaluating the efficiency of economic projects are analyzed in detail. Efficiency evaluation is an important stage in the project life cycle, which involves a detailed consideration of the financial, economic and social aspects of its implementation. The authors also highlight the methods and tools that are used to conduct the evaluation, describe in detail the financial models that allow calculating efficiency indicators, such as NPV (net present value), IRR (internal rate of return) and some others. In the context of making informed decisions on the implementation of the project, it is emphasized that practical efficiency evaluation is becoming a key tool for management and investors. It provides specific numerical data and analytical information that serves as the basis for deciding whether to proceed with a project. In general, the evaluation of the efficiency of economic projects is an important tool for decision-making on the implementation of projects. Under martial law, this evaluation becomes even more relevant, as it is necessary to ensure the efficient use of limited resources and the compliance of projects with the needs of the population. To improve the practice of evaluating the efficiency of economic projects, it is necessary to develop new evaluation methods that take into account the time value of money, the ability to compare projects with different capital intensity and ease of use in practice. We believe that the implementation of the recommendations presented in the article will improve the quality of evaluating the efficiency of economic projects in Ukraine and will contribute to the effective use of limited resources for the country’s recovery.

Continuous natural gas flaring wastes significant energy resources and increases greenhouse gas emissions, contributing to global warming. Our work provides an overview of a technique to recover flare gas and reduce CO2 emissions to a minimum level. There are two methods to recover flare gas: the recovery of natural gas liquids and sales gas production by existing LPG unit and the production of liquid fuels by mini-GTL unit (gas to liquid). This study was conducted using real data from the field. All cases were simulated using Aspen HYSYS software. The mini-GTL unit is modeled using an autothermal reforming method. CO2 emissions will be reduced by 107.68 tonne/day in both methods. Economic analyses revealed that the NGL and sales gas product has a net present value (NPV) of 77.03 MMUSD, while the mini-GTL product has an NPV of 73.7 MMUSD. The study showed that we could extract natural gas liquids (NGLs), including propane, LPG, and sales gas, from the flare gas or convert it to liquid products, including gasoline and diesel. The expected internal rate of return (IRR) and payout time (POT) for NGL and sales gas method are 150.73% and 0.27 years, respectively. The mini-GTL method is recommended due to Egypt's petroleum fuel shortage and the best solution without an entry point to the Egyptian national gas grid in the plant. However, the IRR and POT for the mini-GTL method are 30.09% and 1.19 years, respectively, and it needs more CAPEX than the NGL and sales gas method. Highlights: • A model has been developed to recover stranded associated gas through a flare gas recovery system (FGRS). • Natural gas liquids are recovered in addition to sales gas production. • Mini-GTL unit (gas to liquid) is studied as an option for flare gas recovery. • Financial modeling parameters and what-if analysis techniques are reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid oxide fuel cell power generation systems are devices that utilize solid electrolytes to transfer ions for electrochemical energy conversion. A wide range of gases can be used as fuel gas, including hydrogen, natural gas, and carbon monoxide. Considering the high cost of pure hydrogen, hydrogen production from natural gas reforming has become a hot research area. In this study, the 4F-LCA method was employed to construct an evaluation framework, with a particular emphasis on the cost analysis of solid oxide fuel cell power generation systems, and uses a bottom-up approach to build a system economic analysis model to visualize the major costs involved in the system. An economic benefit analysis and sensitivity analysis were carried out for the 2 kW natural gas solid oxide fuel cell as a case by taking the financial net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR) and payback period into account. In this study, the investment cost and payback period of a 2 kW solid oxide fuel cell system are obtained, which can provide a reference for the project construction and operation of solid oxide fuel cell systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study proposed a spatially explicit non-linear function for estimating the benefits following the release and establishment of the koinobiont endoparasitoid, Fopius arisanus at a landscape scale in Kenya to control the oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis. The proposed model relates the bioecology of the parasitoid to its impacts on fruit growers' economic benefits per fruit farm. In addition, we used financial information attributed to the cost of importation, conducting associated research, and the release of F. arisanus to estimate the return on investment from the parasitoid's release in Kenya. We observed distinct variations in potential annual benefits across the diverse mango cultivation regions throughout Kenya. In Kenya, the potential benefits range from negligible benefit to high benefit per acre (US$201- US$255) annually when classical biological control is applied. Furthermore, the cost-benefit ratio analysis showed that in Kenya, for every US$1 invested, the return benefit was US$33.92. In addition in Kenya, the investment yielded a significant net present value of US$13.7 million over a 16-year period and an attractive internal rate of return of 73% compared to the reference discount rate of 12%. The study suggests the need to facilitate further release of the parasitoid (F. arisanus) across major fruit production regions of countries affected by the invasive fruit fly (B. dorsalis). Highlights: This study presents a spatially explicit non-linear function for estimating the economic benefits at scale following parasitoid release and establishment to control an invasive fruit fly. Costs incurred in the exploration, importation, lab research, and field release were employed to estimate the return on investment in the bio-control of fruit flies using F. arisanus as an agent in Kenya. The findings will stimulate government investment in mass rearing of the parasitoid for up-scaling sustainable biological control techniques of invasive agricultural pests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Waste generated from community life activities continues to increase along with economic development and population growth. Systematic, comprehensive, and sustainable waste management is needed to overcome problems related to waste generation, both through efforts to reduce and handle waste. One waste management innovation is using fuel waste, called Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF). Utilization of RDF can process waste on a large scale and can be a substitute for fossil fuels for industry, one of which is the cement industry. This research analyzes the financial feasibility of processing waste into RDF for cement factories. The case study was carried out at a landfill in Ogan Komering Ulu Regency - South Sumatra Province, with PT Semen Baturaja Tbk as offtaker of RDF. Financial feasibility analysis uses Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Payback Period (PP), and Profitability Index (PI) indicators. A sensitivity analysis of financial feasibility was carried out on changes in RDF selling prices and operational costs. This analysis of the scenario 1 (70% equity : 30% debt) and the scenario 2 (30% equity : 70% debt) shows that the Project of RDF Plant is feasible to implement. Sensitivity analysis of scenario 1 and 2 are not feasible at 20% decrease in selling price and scenario 2 is not feasible at 20% increase in investment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the economic analysis of the architectural part of the building, the use of both the solar thermal and solar electric systems in a poultry farm were discussed. In this economic analysis, the implementation of architectural solutions as well as the utilization of the solar thermal system considering the global gas price and the current gas rates in the country and finally the use of solar electric system with different subsidies were analyzed. Economic analysis was conducted using RETSCREEN software. The results showed that the internal rate of return (IRR) for the architectural solutions of using double-glazed windows and wall insulation, considering the global gas price, was estimated as 53.1% and, the investment return, taking into account the inflation and discount rates, was equal to 2.6 years, which is the breakeven point of investing in this solution. Utilizing the solar thermal system and without considering the cost of the underfloor heating system, the IRR value is equal to 34.1%, and considering the cost of the underfloor heating system, the IRR value is equal to 27.9%, which is economic in terms of these solutions. This option proves to be cost-effective. When employing the solar electric system with an IRR of 4.4%, this solution proves uneconomical under all circumstances due to the IRR falling below the bank rate and yielding a negative Net Present Value (NPV). However, when considering a 50% government subsidy and a 1.5-fold increase in the electricity purchase tariff for the solar electric system, this solution approaches the threshold of economic viability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coupling of biogas upgrading and power‐to‐X is challenging due to the intermittent cheap energy availability. A system was designed that overcomes the technical challenges in this coupling. This is possible by alternating biogas upgrading and methanol synthesis in a reactor operating both as sorption‐enhanced synthesis reactor and as upgrading unit by pressure swing adsorption. It was observed that this concept is feasible in both fixed‐ and fluidized‐bed reactors, and the potential for economic performance improvement was quantified in approximately 20 % increase of the internal rate of return. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A model was composed that integrated demand for railway services, systemic capacity design of production factors, operating efficiency, and the financial viability of the designed railway operations of a dedicated rail freight project. The design model incorporated efficiency measures essential to successfully developing new railway systems. The investment in rail infrastructure concerning the geometric parameters and their effect on the project’s viability was deduced. A relationship between the geometric layout of track alignment and the hauling process of freight was determined. Results from simulation work to ascertain the operating efficiency informed the design of train-crossing capacity. The effect of inefficiencies on the performance of the production factors and the influence thereof on the rail tariff and the internal rate of return was determined. The design model covered the range of demand from low volumes of dedicated freight to the advent of heavy-haul operations, and will find its application in cases of new green-field projects. The design parameters applied in sub-models were correlated with the results of field tests and individual new railway projects undertaken in Southern Africa. The results of the effect of systemic operating efficiency on the capacity of the rolling stock fleet were illustrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Przegląd Elektrotechniczny is the property of Przeglad Elektrotechniczny and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: Public–Private Partnerships (PPPs) are crucial to the procurement of global infrastructure projects. Moreover, a price mode based on a cluster of core concessionary items is key to the delivery of value-for-money and successful project outcomes. However, existing research has yet to fully identify PPP concessionary items, nor yet described the range of practical price modes. This study provides taxonomy of core concessionary items impacting PPP projects, systematically classifies price modes, and assesses the applicability and risk impacts of those price modes on PPP projects. Design/methodology/approach: This study adopts a comparative case study method in analyzing core concessionary items and alternative price modes. China is taken as the context, as it is one of the world's largest PPP markets. In ensuring research validity and reliability, diverse data sources are utilized, with a graphic content analysis tool developed to capture the structure of price modes. Findings: Eight PPP price modes are identified. These are: (1) UP (Unit Price) mode, (2) ALS (Annual Lump Sum) mode, (3) IRR (Internal Rate of Return) mode, (4) RP (Return for Investing Capital (RIC) - Profit Rate of O&M (PROM)) mode, (5) RFP (RIC - Financing Interest Rate (FR) - PROM) mode, (6) RFPL (RIC - FR - PROM - Lower Limit of User Charge (LLoUC)) mode, (7) RFL (RIC - FR - Lump Sum/Fixed Unit Price O&M Contract (LSOM/FUP)) mode, and (8) RFLL (RIC - FR - LSOM/FUP - LLoUC) mode. Other main findings are as follows: (1) Five risk allocation configurations can be achieved via these price modes. Yet while different price modes enable the allocation of specific risks, these do not always align with contracting parties' original intentions. (2) IRR and RP modes may be less applicable in general because of their vulnerability in allocating critical risks and capacity for spurring opportunistic behavior. Originality/value: By depicting the paths by which concessionary items in price modes affect cash flow, a systematic analysis of price modes was conducted exposing structural characteristics, along with risk allocation choice implications. The study is unique in: (1) Providing a systematic classification of PPP price modes used in PPP projects, (2) Presenting a comprehensive identification and streamlining of concessionary items in PPP practice, and (3) Analyzing the risk effects of different price modes. Together, these outcomes offer a hitherto unavailable perspective on PPP project risk management. The value of the study lies in the following: (1) Existing studies employ diverse concessionary items, but their applicability varies. This study offers an overarching framework facilitating decision-making in selecting appropriate PPP price modes and in determining concessionary items. (2) This study adds to the understanding of PPP price modes in significant ways that will aid local governments and potential sponsors in crafting and administrating more workable contract designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using data collected from more than 5.8 million high school and college graduates ages 18 to 65 years who participated in the American Community Survey between 2009 and 2021, the authors estimate the internal rates of return (IRRs) for individuals with college degrees in 10 broad majors compared with high school graduates. The analysis shows significant differences in the age-earnings trajectories and IRRs across college majors. Furthermore, quantile regression analyses show that IRR is generally higher at the high end of the earnings distribution compared with the low end. Finally, the authors observed a slight decrease in IRR during the study period, which is consistent with the flattening and even decline in college wage premiums following the 2008 Great Recession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Mining Magazine is the property of China Mining Magazine Co., Ltd. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The utilization of solar organic Rankine cycle (ORC) technology in Nepal shows promise due to its ample solar radiation. This technology should be harnessed for the purpose of generating solar energy. The academic version of engineering equation solver was used to develop simulation models, which predict the potential of solar ORC power generation across the country. The study is limited to areas with solar irradiance of 5.5 kWh/m2/day and excludes certain regions. The installation of the plant requires open land with access to water, and a 10 km2 land area was considered for the solar collector. The working fluids for the solar ORC plant are R245fa, R11, and R123. The simulation results showed a maximum overall system efficiency of 6.8%. The power output for various districts was also simulated, with Jumla having the highest power output, followed by Baitadi and Surkhet. The power output for different temperatures (90–120°C) using R245fa as the working fluid was 270, 320, 350, and 380 MW. Additionally, the study determined the cost of electricity production for the system with working fluids. The cost of electricity production was found to be 164.11$/MWh, and the levelized cost of electricity ranged from 220–265$/MWh. The payback period for the investment varies from 18 to 12 years with an internal rate of return of over 10%. Furthermore, a sensitivity analysis was conducted to ascertain the feasible investment strategies for the solar ORC system. Therefore, the study concludes that a solar ORC plant is technically feasible in Nepal for electrical power generation, with promising potential for clean energy generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study highlights the importance of integrating organic resources, such as vermicompost and biofertilizers with inorganic fertilizers to sustain coconut yields and manage costs. The experimental trial was conducted from 2016 to 2020 in a 47-year-old East Coast Tall coconut garden at Coconut Research Station in South India. The research evaluated four nutrient management treatments viz., T1 (75% Recommended Dose of Fertilizer (RDF) + 25% N organic), T2 (50% RDF + 50% N organic), T3 (100% N organic) and a control (100% RDF). Intercrops included black pepper (Piper nigrum), banana (Musa acuminata) and cocoa (Theobroma cacao). Organic manure significantly improved soil physical properties, water retention and overall soil health. The T2 treatment achieved the highest yields for coconut, cocoa, banana and black pepper. The added soil health parameters supported to these findings, with T2 showing the highest fungal (15.27 × 103 cfu/g of soil) and bacterial populations (17.25 × 105 cfu/g of soil), along with a significant earthworm population (26/m2), indicating enhanced soil ecosystem health. Additionally, soil moisture content was highest under T3 (100% organic) across various depths, followed by T2, highlighting the critical role of organic matter in improving soil moisture conservation. The economic feasibility analysis, including a net present value (NPV), benefit/cost ratio (B/C ratio) and an internal rate of return (IRR), revealed T2 to be the most economically viable nutrient management strategy. This study highlights the economic benefits of intercropping coconuts using an integrated nutrient management (INM) approach, demonstrating its superiority over traditional monocropping practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agroforestry systems have grown significantly in popularity in Bangladesh during recent years due to their favorable effects on the environment and human health. These systems are essential for supporting sustainable agriculture because they increase diversity, improve food security, and provide revenue. This study's main objective is to show how agroforestry is a widely used ecological and climate‐resilient practice in Bangladesh. The research explores investment analysis, adoption‐influencing factors, and a strength, weakness, opportunities, and threats (SWOT) analysis of agroforestry practices. A total of 340 respondents were chosen for this extensive study using a multistage random selection technique. The results showed a discrepancy in practice, with farmers exhibiting a high degree of awareness but limited application. Financial analysis employing metrics such as benefit‐cost ratio, net present value, and internal rate of return favored agroforestry, indicating its economic viability and potential benefits for adopters. Additionally, the adoption of agroforestry was found to be significantly influenced by a binary logistic regression model that highlighted several important features, including larger farm sizes, younger age groups, greater education levels, training experiences, frequent extension visits, and enhanced market access. The study also identified barriers to adoption, such as a lack of trained labor, poor technical assistance, and education. This thorough analysis clarifies the opportunities and constraints for agroforestry implementation in Bangladesh. It suggests broad adoption by means of focused training initiatives that empower farmers, provide observable advantages, and promote nationwide acceptance. Core Ideas: This study explores how agroforestry is a widely used ecological and climate‐resilient practice in Bangladesh.Important features such as age, education, farm size, and training as key factors for agroforestry are highlighted.Barriers of agroforestry, such as a lack of trained labor, poor technical assistance, and so on are identified.This study suggests broad adoption by means of focused training initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While technical optimization focuses on maximizing the annual energy yield of utility-scale PV parks, the ultimate goal for power plant owners is to maximize investment profit. This paper aims to bridge the gap between technical and economic approaches by using simulation data from a real-case utility-scale PV park. It analyzes how changes in configuration parameters such as the DC–AC ratio and string length and PV technologies like solar tracking systems and bifacial modules impact the economic metrics of the project, i.e., net present value (NPV) and internal rate of return (IRR). PVSyst software was utilized as a simulation tool, while in-house developed software implementing appropriate technical and economic models served as a comparison platform and was used to validate the outputs generated through PVSyst. Results indicate that the commonly used horizontal single-axis tracking configuration may economically underperform compared with fixed-tilt setups. The optimal DC–AC ratio fell within the range of 1.30 to 1.35. Extending the string length from 25 to 28 modules improved economic indexes. Additionally, fixed-tilt bifacial modules can enhance project economics if a 10% cost premium compared with standard monofacial PV modules is considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]