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In the current conditions of globalisation of economic relations, it is important to study the impact of economic theories on the formation and development of customs and accounting of international transactions. Dynamic changes in the economic environment require constant analysis and evaluation of the impact of various economic concepts on the practical activities in the field of customs policy and accounting of international transactions. The article provides the in-depth analysis of the impact of various economic theories on the evolution of customs policy and international accounting. To achieve the goal of the article, the methods of system analysis, literature review and synthesis of scientific information were used. The paper provides a systematic review of the main economic concepts, such as mercantilism, the classical school of political economy, neoclassical and modern theories, in the context of their impact on the practical aspects of customs and accounting for international transactions. The results of the analysis indicate that economic theories have had a significant impact on the formation of customs tariffs, the development of international trade relations and the practice of accounting for international transactions in different historical periods. The study shows that different approaches of economic thought play a key role in determining international business strategies and shaping the economic policies of states. The article will help both students and researchers studying economic sciences and international business professionals to expand their knowledge and understand the importance of theoretical approaches in practical use. Takinginto account the diversity of views and concepts covered in the article, it is possible to gain an objective view of the evolution of customs and accounting in the international context and understand their potential impact on the economic development of a country.

The relevance of the study of economic and diplomatic communication between Ukraine and the USA is determined by the modern dynamic world political situation, full of conflicts and economic instability. The dialogue between the two countries acquires new realities that call into question the traditional norms and strategies of exchange. In the conditions of geopolitical upheavals, such as growing Russian aggression, the Ukrainian crisis and the changing situation in the world, the importance of economic and diplomatic cooperation acquires strategic importance. If Ukraine can effectively defend its position, protect its own interests and mobilize the support of the international community, this will directly affect its security, stability and future. Russia's full-scale military aggression against Ukraine led to the destruction and damage of civilian and critical infrastructure, which caused external and internal migration of the working population. Under such circumstances, the national economy faced an economic crisis. After a period of adaptation, world trade has built new logistics chains, but global food security remains in a precarious position. However, wars tend to end, so participation in international cooperation, including with the USA, is of great importance for the recovery of the national economy. The problem of post-war reconstruction of the country after the war is not a new practice in world history. The manner in which cooperation takes place, in particular in the context of reconstruction, is largely influenced by the peculiarities of individual states. Therefore, the use of specific economic instruments can have both positive and negative effects. The study of this issue will provide an opportunity to better understand how international cooperation affects economic recovery and will help the state to return to the international trade arena as soon as possible. Ukrainian-American cooperation always attracts the attention of both scientists and practitioners. First of all, due to its strategic nature, this cooperation requires greater responsibility and meaningfulness of the actions of both states. Also, an effective diplomatic and economic dialogue with the USA has a direct impact on the formation of Ukraine as an active member of the world community. The purpose of the work is to research the economic and diplomatic cooperation between Ukraine and the United States of America, and to identify on this basis the prospects for further cooperation in the process of post-war reconstruction of our state in the context of the Russian invasion. To achieve the goal of the scientific work, the following general scientific research methods are applied: logical, comparison, synthesis and analysis, generalization, classification, explanation, as well as statistical, tabular and graphic methods. The practical significance of the results obtained in the research process is that its conclusions and recommendations can be used for further scientific research on this topic and will help to analyze aspects that will directly affect the recovery of the Ukrainian economy in the process of developing Ukrainian-American cooperation in post-war conditions with the help of modeling the effectiveness of the formed decisions involving the resource potential of Ukraine.

The goal of the article is to explore the potential of explicatory Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) and its specifications for measuring the shadow economy (SE). This is done from the perspective of various approaches in selected countries. The article is a review and conceptual paper. The study is divided into three stages: a comprehensive description of the nature of the SE and the difficulties associated with measuring it; a comparative analysis of the approaches applied in selected EU countries (with particular emphasis on Italy and Poland), and finally, the concept of SE estimation based on SEM model is proposed. One of the most important limitations regarding the SE is that it is not possible to measure the extent of this phenomenon directly. This leads to the use of non‑standard estimation techniques based on latent variable models. The innovation of this approach is that it considers three factors that are not directly observable, i.e., tax morality, concealing salaries, and regulation of the economy. The proposed model allows us to capture and explain empirical SE phenomena more precisely and effectively than with classical statistical and econometric methods. However, we are aware that it is highly probable that many SEMs will need to be tested and modified to achieve the final result.

The paper seeks to construct analytical categories based on the study of innovation and production systems to systematize the analysis of the dynamics and processes of technological change in South America. To this end, based on the survey and analysis of a set of input and output indicators, together with the categorization and study of the structure of foreign trade, the article proposes a typology ordered according to the innovation capabilities of each economy, the type of product that guides its international insertion, and the degree of concentration and complexity in technological terms of the export basket.

The study aims to investigate the relationships between the volume of net migration and the economic development of individual European countries, which will make it possible to forecast the level of GDP and strengthen their migration policy. Correlation-regression analysis was used based on statistical data from Eurostat and the State Statistics Service of Ukraine for the period 2014−2021 for selected European countries (the EU-27 member states, Switzerland, and Ukraine). The correlation-regression analysis showed a relationship between the volume of net migration and the level of GDP. The linear correlation equations forecasted the value of the GDP level depending on the influence of a single factor – the volume of net migration. The attention is focused on the importance of migration, which ensures economic growth for Poland. It is attractive due to a simpler mechanism for moving immigrants than in other EU-27 countries, ease of language learning and easier adaptation, territorial proximity, and a higher standard of living compared to neighboring countries that were part of the Soviet Union. Thus, an increase in net migration to Poland by 1% will lead to an increase in gross domestic product by 1.43 million euros. Due to Russia’s war against Ukraine, net migration from Ukraine to Poland has increased significantly, potentially increasing Poland’s GDP in 2023 by 0.08% or 529.54 million euros.

This study investigates the relationship between proxies of the international economy and inequality. We focus on 17 Latin American countries during the period of 1991 to 2017. The results suggest the inexistence of a relationship between inequality and the independent variables, with some exceptions that reveal an indirect effect for upper income economies associated to trade and foreign direct investment, after redistributive policies. In the case of upper-middle income economies, findings show an indirect effect between inequality and economic complexity before taxes and transfers. In the end, the policy implications suggest that Latin American countries could openly participate in the international economy process without increasing the levels of inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Purpose. To conduct a comprehensive analysis of investment relations, particularly in the context of investing in civil construction in Ukraine under martial law. It involves comparing financial models and restoration strategies successfully applied in other countries and determining their applicability in the Ukrainian context. Methodology. The study employed statistical analysis and the “case-study” method, which involves planning the future based on past cases. This approach helped identify common challenges faced by all investors and explore possible solutions. The use of these methods yielded well-founded results and practical recommendations for improving investment relations in civil construction in Ukraine during wartime between different investment classes. Findings. The study explored opportunities to attract international investments in civil construction amid the largest military conflict since World War II, which is a key element of effective housing recovery. Initiatives facilitating the adoption of eco-friendly technologies were examined, with financial support from the World Bank and IMF serving as essential resources. In the near future, the application of the “case-study” method, utilizing Ukraine’s experience and analyzing intellectual assets and developments, is proposed. Sources of funding that can contribute to civil construction development were also investigated and analyzed. The direct impact of military actions on the financial flows of each region was identified, indicating a significant outflow of funds from the country. Originality. It is recommended to implement EU initiatives at the state level, providing opportunities for the application of eco-friendly technologies. New strategies for effective financial management during wartime are proposed for consideration by government agencies. This approach expands scientific knowledge in the fields of finance and construction management and enhances civil construction management overall. Practical value. The research results can be utilized by private and public institutions, including the International Organization for Migration (IOM) in Ukraine, for the development of further emergency housing recovery projects for population use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study focuses on the issue of neo-colonization of Africa, identifying the main actors and beneficiaries, as well as their impact on the African region. Two approaches used by foreign states in the process of influencing the African region are singled out: security-military and economic-investment. It was determined that there is a certain correlation between the use of military force and investment activity in the region. The influence of Russian, British, German, French and American private military companies on the countries of the African region is considered. Countries such as the USA and China have advantages in terms of investments and ensuring the security of the governments of African states have several military bases in the region. This is justified by two aspects: the weakness of the governments of African states and the wealth of the region in natural resources. On the other hand, France, due to its inability to pursue an aggressive policy in the African region, actively loses to the propaganda and activities of Russian mercenaries. Lobbying the interests of countries at the UN platform, as shown by the example of voting by countries friendly to Russia, is a rather valuable resource. Therefore, in general, the continent is turning into a battle ground between the West and the East, and it is proven that the West is gradually losing this battle for a new African colonization. Europe and the USA are weak in the struggle for Africa, hoping to win their support with democratic values and investments in the self-sufficiency of African countries. The security-military aspect of the development of Ukrainian-African relations is promising and can solve such issues as providing employment for ex-military personnel and ensuring the national interests of the state.

This research aims to analyze the impacts of the new COVID-19 pandemic on Brazilian exports of fresh beef. For this purpose, time series econometrics was used, based on the Vector Auto-Regression (VAR) model, from 1999 to 2021. In general, there is a direct variation between Brazilian beef exports and the domestic price of beef and the exchange rate. However, an inverse relationship is observed with the foreign income and pandemic proxies. The results indicate that the variables related to beef exports, internal prices, exchange rate, external income and the pandemic are significant at the 5% level. The relationship is direct for the internal price and exchange rate variables and inverse for the external income and pandemic variables. With regard to the pandemic, it was found that although the shock has an effect on exports, this effect is limited, and the behavior of the series oscillates around the original trajectory of its historical average. Likewise, from the variance decomposition, the observed impact was uniform over the quarters, being reduced in the last two estimated quarters. In the future, the determinants of Brazilian exports, specifically to the Chinese market, the segment's main trading partner in the last five years, with an important relative share in total exports, should be explored in more depth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Iberoamericana de Estudios de Desarrollo is the property of Revista Iberoamericana de Estudios de Desarrollo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The priorities for Ukraine’s post-war reconstruction in preparation for its membership in the European Union are to ensure integration, efficient use of resources, socio-economic growth, and sustainable development. Finding ways to effectively develop the economic and other sectors, adapt to European norms and create a sustainable framework for integration into the European space was the purpose of this study. The methodology is based on the empirical research method. The reform priority coefficient was calculated using a formula for determining the priority areas for improving the economic, demographic, and political sectors of Ukraine. The study identified priority areas for Ukraine’s post-war development, including mechanisms such as ensuring sustainable economic growth, modernising infrastructure, developing trade relations with EU countries, supporting innovation and entrepreneurship, improving the quality of education and healthcare, which can be used by scientists and the state to ensure the country’s effective development and obtaining the status of a full EU member. The importance of ensuring social protection of the population, including raising living standards and ensuring access to basic social services, was identified. The study found that effective economic diplomacy and the expansion of international relations with EU member states are crucial factors for Ukraine’s successful preparation for EU membership. The focus is on ensuring strategic orientation, efficient use of resources and achieving the country’s socio-economic development in line with European standards and values. In practice, these results can become the basis for developing strategic decisions and programmes in line with EU criteria

Copyright of Economic Researcher Review is the property of Association of Arab Universities and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The energy problem in the conditions of modern economic development has acquired a particularly large scale: this is due to the elevated level of environmental pollution from conventional energy sources and their limited amount in the Earth’s interior. This has forced countries to develop new, renewable energy sources. However, it is relevant to consider the prospects for the development of energy exporting countries, namely oil supplier states. Thus, the purpose of this study is to forecast the development trends of these countries, considering the current pace of introduction of renewable energy sources in the world. Main methods for authoring the paper were modelling and forecasting, considering the model of the future development of the oil market designed in this paper. The authors conclude that the demand for oil, at least in the short and medium term, will increase. This is due to a considerable projected increase in global energy demand, which cannot be met only through the development of renewable energy sources. In this case, most oil-exporting countries may experience an increase in cash receipts over the future. However, authors believes that it is better for these countries, especially the OPEC member states and Azerbaijan, to start pursuing a policy of export diversification to become less dependent in their economic well-being on trends in the energy market and have more sources of income in case of problems in this market. The paper allows taking a fresh look at current changes in the oil market and the role of renewable energy sources in its development

The article offers a reassessment of the optimal currency area in the European Union and elaborates on the prospects for its expansion in the modern economic conditions. The assessment builds on the example of Central and Eastern European countries that have joined the euro zone in the recent years. The aim of the study is to compare the performance of the euro-zone countries with that of the non-euro-zone countries in order to determine whether the implementation of the common currency and centralized monetary policy helps to protect national economies from external shocks (balance-of-payments crises) better than keeping national currencies and pursuing independent monetary policy. This would, in turn, help to determine whether the optimum currency area in the European Union is still in existence today and whether it has potential to expand and generate benefits for its future members. The findings of the study prove that the euro zone remains to be an optimum currency area in the given borders with a potential for further expansion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subject of the study is public relations in the field of administrative and legal regulation of the customs and tariff mechanism of foreign economic activity. Methodology. The instrumental and methodological apparatus of the research is formed by the applied methods of economic analysis of the activities of organizations, statistical methods, selective observation, the method of economic modelling, grouping, generalization, expert assessments, methods of economic theory, marketing, etc. The aim of the article is to analyse the administrative and legal aspects of the mechanism of customs and tariff regulation in modern conditions in Ukraine and the world. The research results in a comprehensive consideration of the system of administrative and legal regulation of the customs tariff mechanism in Ukraine and the world, within which: the impact of the customs tariff mechanism on foreign economic activity is assessed; the modern foundations and principles of tariff benefits and protectionism policy are highlighted; the analysis of the administrative legislation of the studied area is carried out; weaknesses and problems of administrative and legal support of the customs tariff mechanism are identified, and ways of their solution are proposed. Conclusion. Customs and tariff regulation acts, on the one hand, as an effective regulator that promotes greater openness of the market, on the other - as the most common foreign trade instrument of protectionism. Therefore, improving the problems of customs and tariff regulation in modern conditions is simply necessary to overcome the crisis phenomena in the domestic economy and ensure the economic security of the state. After all, it requires the determination of the maximum level of tariff rates of import duties, which, under the normal functioning of the economy, will not increase and may be reduced in the future. Such plans may shock many sectors of the domestic economy. These primarily include agriculture, the food industry, the pharmaceutical industry, and the leather and shoe industry. Customs and tariff regulation is designed to promote the goals and objectives of foreign economic activity, as well as ensuring the security of the country and protecting national interests. The methods of customs and tariff regulation are more consistent with the nature of market relations and therefore play a major role in regulating foreign economic activity. In modern conditions, customs and tariff regulation can and should become an effective tool for mitigating and gradually overcoming crisis phenomena in the economy.

The purpose of this article is to analyze the emergence of a new and different field for economic action. This new field is called the world economy, which is beyond the international economy, and its nature and the fundamental forces affecting it differ from those affecting the international economy. Due to this new environment, phenomena such as global capital and the global value chain have emerged, without which it is impossible to obtain a correct picture of the construction of economics, both within countries and globally. Policy-making will also be different in this new environment. This article is meant to demonstrate how the development of new global phenomena contributed to the emergence of a new global economic climate that has transformed the behavior and position of nations within the new global order. Despite the many differences between theories, in the first part of this article, we will try to highlight the fact that they agree on the formation of the world economy and the world entering a new stage. Based on the data gathered from sources such as the annual reports of the World Trade Organization, the UNDP, and the International Monetary Fund, we present in the second section that the change has actually occurred and the world has entered a new space.

The paper deals with the analysis of indicators of changes in investment in the oil sector in Iraq to study the traditional patterns and the current patterns developed for oil investment in the extractive, transformational and distributive fields that were employed in Iraq to redraw the map of the economy in general and the oil industry in particular. The paper proceeds from the premise that the licensing rounds that took place in the Iraqi oil sector did not show their tangible results for internal and external reasons that were diagnosed. The study reached the main conclusion that the real performance and progress in the Iraqi oil sector was unbalanced and slow in some areas and that investment in it would create a balance between the urgent needs for expansion of investment projects and their capital requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Forty years ago, Albert Hirschman emphasized that, in its decline, the theory of economic development had become fragmented into very different disciplines. At present, given the resurgence of both the problem and the theory of economic development, this fragmentation nourishes with very diverse elements (which are analyzed in depth) this theoretical resurgence. However, recovering a general conception of the problem without losing those specific contributions represents a significant intellectual challenge. The purpose of this paper is to review some of these topics, so as to contribute to the current path of economic thinking, which is revitalizing the concept of economic development.

Copyright of Galician economic journal is the property of Ternopil Ivan Puluj National Technical University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Abstract This article’s main objective is to examine the political economy of the economic reforms implemented in the 1990s and examine the main factors which explain India’s economic rise in the 21st century. We argue that the productive investments and the country’s opening to the global economy have contributed to economic growth, but that this rise leads to the formation of a “dual economy.” Continuing reforms thereby become necessary for India in order to achieve inclusive growth and structural transformation, overcome the dual economy challenge and gain strength in the international system.

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This article's main objective is to examine the political economy of the economic reforms implemented in the 1990s and examine the main factors which explain India's economic rise in the 21st century. We argue that the productive investments and the country's opening to the global economy have contributed to economic growth, but that this rise leads to the formation of a "dual economy." Continuing reforms thereby become necessary for India in order to achieve inclusive growth and structural transformation, overcome the dual economy challenge and gain strength in the international system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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One of the most important concepts and indicators in the Islamic Economic System is fairness. The present study intends to examine this important rule in the economics literature and Islamic texts in order to analyze its various dimensions and aspects. In the present study, the functions of fairness are described in four field in the legal system of economy, international trade, transactions and banking. The added value of the present research is that fairness is one of the policy instruments for evaluating and monitoring the Economic System performance. Finally, some teachings of this important rule are presented to improve domestic and international Economic Systems. Institutionalizing and realizing fairness in the Economic System leads to the justice of the information system, reduce the control cost, realize the fair system of information flow in order to secure the right, fairness in determining the production profit or the added value of commodity, resolve the problem of transparency and symmetry of information in financial markets, the social balance in economic issues, improve the accountability in Economic System.

Eastern Mediterranean has had geopolitical, geoeconomic and geostrategic significance in every period from past to present. It has never lost its feature of being central in issues such as transportation and trade. Lately, the fact that the significant amount of hydrocarbon reserves increased the potential of the region to become an energy hub and the absence of exclusive economic zones with which all parties have agreed show that the fierce competition for this region will gradually increase. Situated in the global energy mobility as geographical location, Turkey is also a part of this competition. In line with this, of course, Turkey also aims to become a regional energy hub. However, this aim brings with it various risks. Based on this perspective, the results of recent developments in the region will be analyzed with geopolitical, geostrategic, geoeconomic and international security dimensions and solutions will be proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Cheng, B., 2020. Promotive effect of port trade on the international economy considering the effect of industrial clusters. In: Gong, D.; Zhang, M., and Liu, R. (eds.), Advances in Coastal Research: Engineering, Industry, Economy, and Sustainable Development. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 106, pp. 221–224. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208. China's foreign trade mainly relies on marine transportation, and the port trade develops rapidly and synchronously with the economy. With the continuous increase of the number of port-based enterprises, the effect of industrial clusters of port enterprises is becoming increasingly obvious, and its promotive effect on the international trade is getting stronger. With Shanghai Port as an example and taking the effect of industrial clusters into consideration, this paper explores the promotive effect of port trade on the international economy and conducts related analysis. The research results show that with the progress of foreign trade, industries that are closely related to port industrial clusters are also developing continuously. The economic effects of port industrial clusters are divided into two aspects: the micro-aspect and the macro-aspect. As an example, the industrial cluster effect of the Yangtze River Delta Region and the industrial clusters of port-based enterprises would enhance the promotive effect of Shanghai Port on the international economy. The study in this paper aims to provide a theoretical basis for promoting the effect of port industrial clusters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The changing networks of world production and trade as well as the measurement needs of international economic strategies challenge the generally used databases and indicators. Thus, the study aims to draw the attention of researchers focusing on the international economy, to the international input-output projects and tables. The author gives an overview of the rise and fall of input-output analyses as well as their rebirth and the demand to extend them internationally. One path of internalisation is the harmonisation of national tables at regional level, another thread is the creation of international input-output data bases, which are discussed and compared in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of 3C Empresa is the property of Area de Innovacion y Desarrollo, SL and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)