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Qu'est-ce qu'une psychothérapie aujourd'hui ? Pourquoi en évaluer les mécanismes thérapeutiques ? Comment enseigner ces pratiques ? Telles sont les trois questions essentielles et complémentaires auxquelles la revue L'Évolution Psychiatrique nous invite à répondre. L'élucidation des mécanismes thérapeutiques, « Pourquoi et Comment une psychothérapie produit-elle des effets ? », est déjà un axe de questionnement des pratiques et des théories au début du vingtième siècle. Pierre Janet et Sigmund Freud cherchent l'un et l'autre une réponse scientifique à cette question. Janet l'aborde à partir d'une étude historique des méthodes de psychothérapies et de leurs résultats. Elles sont justifiées par des mécanismes très divers. À partir de 250 cas qu'il a lui-même traités par la suggestion hypnotique, il considère qu'il ne s'agit pas de créer des ressources nouvelles mais d'utiliser celles que la pensée possède déjà. Freud, à la même période, situe la psychothérapie comme un processus qui permet de rendre l'inconscient conscient. Il précise que, s'il a abandonné l'hypnose, cela a été pour découvrir à nouveau la suggestion sous la forme du transfert. Il doute de l'accueil qui serait fait à l'évaluation et prédit l'importance prochaine de la biologie. L'élucidation des processus de changement et de leurs mécanismes devient la question centrale de la recherche sur les psychothérapies au début des années 2000. La psychopathologie développementale et les méthodologies applicables à des psychothérapies menées dans des conditions naturelles y sont incluses. Les méthodologies médicales et psychologiques de la recherche évaluative sont rapidement distinguées. Deux évolutions majeures sont à souligner au cours de cette période. La première est l'élargissement du champ d'application de la psychothérapie à des troubles de l'enfance, à des troubles graves de la personnalité ainsi qu'à des troubles psychotiques et psychosomatiques. Les uns et les autres se révèlent être des troubles multifactoriels complexes. La seconde est le développement de la recherche en biologie puis sur le cerveau en relation avec le contexte de la réalité incluant les phases précoces du développement, le stress et les traumatismes. Quelles sont les conséquences de cette évolution sur les théories actuelles et les pratiques ? Pour répondre à ces questions, nous avons abordé cette évolution en associant à l'historique des méthodes de la psychothérapie (P. Janet) quatre acteurs majeurs du champ neuroscientifique qui ont publié sur : l'évolution et le développement et la conscience (G.M. Edelman), la biologie moderne et la psychanalyse (E. Kandel), la psychothérapie clinique et neurobiologique des troubles complexes (A.R. Schore) et la socialisation des contingences sensorimotrices (A. Lübbert). Ces cinq auteurs se sont engagés dans une approche pluridisciplinaire ouverte à la psychothérapie. Leurs travaux apportent une consistance importante aux conditions qui interviennent dans l'effet et les mécanismes d'une psychothérapie. Ils éclairent les changements qu'elle produit et contribuent à en saisir l'origine et une partie de la cause. La biologie et la psychologie font bon ménage. Leur influence réciproque apporte au clinicien des informations sur ce qui intervient concrètement non seulement dans l'alliance thérapeutique mais aussi dans le passage d'une actualité développementale et d'un niveau de conscience à un autre. Un principe majeur en est l'importance de l'attachement et des phases précoces du développement, mais aussi des possibilités qui se trouvent ouvertes par la neuroplasticité ajustée à l'expérience. Elle accompagne la recaractérisation des groupes neuronaux dans les expériences actuelles, incluant celle de la psychothérapie. Les connaissances concernant l'influence des expériences précoces négatives et des traumatismes relationnels, mais aussi celles de la possibilité d'un réaménagement positif sont suffisamment parlantes et confirmées pour pouvoir être enseignées et incluses dans la pratique. Beaucoup reste à faire dans le domaine de la formation et des pratiques. What is psychotherapy today? Why evaluate its therapeutic mechanisms? How can these practices be taught? These are the three essential and complementary questions that the journal L'Évolution Psychiatrique invited us to answer. The elucidation of therapeutic mechanisms, "Why and how does psychotherapy produce effects?" has already been a focal point for questioning practices and theories at the beginning of the twentieth century. Pierre Janet and Sigmund Freud both sought a scientific answer to this question. Janet approached it through a historical study of psychotherapy methods and their results, justified by various mechanisms. Based on 250 cases that he himself treated through hypnotic suggestion, he considered that it was not about creating new resources but rather about using those that the mind already possesses. Freud, during the same period, saw psychotherapy as a process that allows the unconscious to become conscious. He noted that although he had abandoned hypnosis, he rediscovered suggestion in the form of transference. He expressed doubts about the reception that evaluation might receive and predicted the upcoming importance of biology. The elucidation of change processes and their mechanisms became the central question in psychotherapy research in the early 2000s (Kazdin, Kraemer et al.). Developmental psychopathology and methodologies applicable to psychotherapies conducted in natural settings are included. Medical and psychological methodologies for evaluative research are quickly distinguished. Two major developments are noteworthy during this period. The first is the broadening of psychotherapy's scope to include childhood disorders, severe personality disorders, as well as psychotic and psychosomatic disorders. These are revealed to be complex multifactorial disorders. The second is the development of research in biology and then on the brain in relation to the context of reality, including early developmental phases, stress, and trauma. What are the consequences of this evolution on current theories and practices? To answer these questions, we approached this evolution by associating the history of psychotherapy methods (P. Janet) with four major actors in the neuroscientific field who have published on: evolution, development, and consciousness (G.M. Edelman); modern biology and psychoanalysis (E. Kandel); clinical and neurobiological psychotherapy of complex disorders (A.R. Schore); and the socialization of sensorimotor contingencies (A. Lübbert). These five authors have engaged in a multidisciplinary approach open to psychotherapy. Their work significantly contributes to understanding the conditions that influence the effects and mechanisms of psychotherapy. They shed light on the changes it produces and help grasp their origin and part of the cause. Biology and psychology work well together. Their reciprocal influence provides clinicians with information about what concretely intervenes not only in the therapeutic alliance but also in the transition from one developmental reality and level of consciousness to another. A major principle here is the importance of attachment and early developmental phases, as well as the possibilities opened by neuroplasticity adjusted by experience. Neuroplasticity accompanies the re-characterization of neuronal groups in current experiences, including that of psychotherapy. The knowledge regarding the influence of early negative experiences and relational traumas, as well as the possibility of positive reorganization, is sufficiently compelling and confirmed to be taught and included in practice. Much remains to be done in the field of training and practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This conceptual paper discusses 'unseen observation' as an alternative model of classroom observation to support teachers' professional learning. The paper starts with a critical synopsis of how observation has been appropriated principally as a performance management tool for monitoring teacher effectiveness in the UK. It argues that the overreliance on assessment-based models has led to the hegemony of observation as a performative tool and its subsequent dilution as a catalyst for professional learning to develop teachers' pedagogic thinking and practice. As a counter narrative, this paper proposes an alternative, peer-based model, unseen observation, which reconceptualises and reconfigures observation for professional learning by prioritising collegial meaning-making and reflexive dialogue. Drawing on the concept of intersubjectivity to theorise unseen observation, the principles, purpose and practical application of this model are discussed, along with its benefits and challenges. The paper argues that unseen observation offers a structured approach for stimulating and channelling opportunities for teachers to engage in honest introspection, participatory sensemaking and reflexive dialogue of their practice. Meaningful and sustainable improvements in professional learning are arguably more likely to flourish by creating such opportunities, though further research is needed to investigate the application and impact of unseen observation as a model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When we undertake the project of a phenomenology of pain, and even a deconstruction of the experience of pain, we discover that pain is not merely something that is felt by a subject, but rather pain—and chronic pain, especially—causes the subject to live in a new world. This essay is an investigation of that world. Moving from questions of mind/body dualism to whether or not pains are subjective representations of some material-physical state of the body, a philosophical and physiological analysis of pain is undertaken in an attempt to show how a world of pain emerges and then functions once established. Along the way, issues concerning the measurement of pain, the value of pain, the mystery of the phantom limb in pain, the use of placebos to treat pain, and the question of whether or not pain is necessarily a private experience are taken up, ultimately leading to the conclusion that an established world of pain can usher in a collapse of the distinction between subjects and their pain such that chronic pain sufferers might meaningfully be said to become their pain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims to demonstrate how concepts from Stanley Cavell’s ethical and epistemological reflections can enhance discussions within trauma and reenactment studies by providing a valuable philosophical framework. A case study is presented through two documentaries by Joshua Oppenheimer, which focus on the Indonesian mass killings of 1955-1966. The article argues that, when considered in relation to film theory issues such as realism, spectatorship, and performance, the unique first-person reenactments in these documentaries can be effectively analyzed using Cavell’s Wittgenstein-inspired concepts of aspect-seeing, soul-blindness, and imagination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the relevance of intersubjective recognition and the 'recognition theoretical turn' to our understanding of nonsuicidal self-injury. While previous research has demonstrated that self-injury possesses an important social dimension alongside its intrapsychic characteristics, a major challenge for any social approach to self-injury has been to find a way to describe and analyse this dimension without reductively implying that self-injury is a form of 'attention-seeking', where this describes a pejorative accusation of social manipulation. One possible solution to this challenge lies in the concept of intersubjective recognition and the idea that what some have interpreted as 'attention-seeking' behaviour is perhaps better understood as recognition-seeking. As such, we draw on data from a 2016–2017 English pilot study to examine three basic questions: (1) does self-injury constitute, at least in some cases and amongst its many other observed intrapsychic and social functions, a form of recognition-seeking? (2) if so, how does self-injury work as a claim to recognition? and (3), how do we solve the apparent contradiction of using a stigmatic mark as a means of claiming a normative status? Our study suggests that one of self-injury's intersubjective imperatives is the need to be listened to and taken seriously, to have one's feelings and experiences confirmed by others as being legitimate and valid. As such, intersubjective recognition does appear to form a distinct part of the overdetermined complex of meanings and effects associated with self-injury and may be an important factor in a number of cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psychotherapy is broadly concerned with secrets. Often our clients bring us things which they have never told anyone, subjects they have felt unable to broach. What happens in the relationship when a secret is uncovered? In this article, I discuss how one's secrets finally being uncovered can invoke shame. However, the shame of being seen in a new way can also create an opening that allows for a deeper intersubjective experience to unfold. Using Sartre's concept of the gaze of the other alongside Merleau‐Ponty's ideas of dehiscence, visibility/invisibility and intertwining, I explore the meaning of secrecy, guilt and shame for both therapist and client within the therapeutic relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates 10th-grade students' experiences with physical education (PE) units informed by a pedagogical model called the practising model (PM). We apply a theoretical framework that integrates core concepts from phenomenology with empirical investigations of experience by focusing on structures of human existence, such as embodiment, intentionality, intersubjectivity, affectivity, and temporality. Based on qualitative data from observations of 21 PE sessions, 22 student interviews, and the students' diaries, we discuss three key findings: First, we look into the relational aspect of practising and discuss how three levels of intersubjectivity – primary, secondary, and narrative – affect students' experiences. Second, we investigate the bodily aspect of practising by discussing how a dialectic orientation between deliberation, conscious reflections, and embodied actions led to a creative and awakened goal-directedness that nurtured future-oriented and meaningful repetitions. This supported the development of new movement capabilities and helped students discover new ways of experiencing meaning in movement landscapes. Lastly, we address the emotional aspects of practising, where we found that affective modes such as excitement, joy, and uncertainty worked as affordances that provided direction and meaning. Uncertainty turned out to be the essential mode to handle for both students and the teacher. Agency, just right challenges, in-depth reflections, creativity, problem-solving strategies, felt progress, and active repetitions over time emerged as crucial components for keeping uncertainty within the productive span. In short, the findings from this study qualify our knowledge of the experience of practising and throw new light on the process in which educative and meaningful experiences can grow from the practising of capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper intends to present the personal, lived experiences of embodiment and describe how transition in AM has enlarged my perception of intersubjectivity. We all transition throughout different stages of life and I have struggled through many forms of transition. Personal therapy and writing poetry aid transitions and have also taught me that this self is a process which interacts with myself, others and the world we inhabit. Transition in AM after moving adds to this process for during this time the possibility of experiencing non-duality opens up, for writing with metaphors and moving are brought together. There is a strong link between moving and metaphor for both emanate from the body and metaphors act as a distinct link between the physical and thinking self for they connect us to ourselves and make us whole. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This editorial outlines the outcome of an interdisciplinary session on collective sense-making through dance improvisation, which took place during the 'Neural and Social Bases of Creative Movement' workshop. We argue that joint improvisation practices place the scientist in a privileged position to reveal the nature of cognitive and creative behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the use of honorification for inanimate subjects in Korean, a linguistic phenomenon that, although traditionally ungrammatical, has been increasingly used in recent years. Despite negative perceptions and deliberate national campaigns to discourage it, its continued use requires a systematic investigation. Thus, to explore its social and linguistic functions, we conducted a questionnaire and a self-paced reading experiment. The questionnaire results suggest that native Korean speakers are well aware of the grammatical irregularity of such expressions. Nonetheless, these expressions are rated more positively only in the presence of an honorifiable addressee, indicating speakers' sensitivity to the social nuances of inanimate honorification within interpersonal relations. The self-paced reading experiment further suggests that this sensitivity is particularly pronounced during real-time language processing, as no processing difficulty was observed for sentences with inanimate honorification when the addressee was honorifiable. The findings indicate that the contemporary use of inanimate honorification in Korean likely serves as a politeness strategy, where speakers intentionally deviate from grammatical norms to convey respect and garner positive evaluation from their interlocutors. • We examined the perception and processing of inanimate honorification in Korean. • Inanimate honorification was rated to be highly unnatural in a questionnaire study. • Yet, the ratings significantly improved when the addressee was honorifiable. • The effect of honorifiable addressee was stronger during online sentence processing. • A politeness strategy could lead to intentional violation of grammaticality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Frantz Fanon's Black Skin, White Masks opens with a discussion of language in the colonial setting. I argue that this is at least in part due to Fanon's background in phenomenology, and the crucial role that intersubjectivity plays in the phenomenological account of the subject. I begin by demonstrating the phenomenological underpinnings of Fanon's chapter on language. I then further develop the background phenomenological account of the subject, showing how this informs Fanon's project. I then develop a sonic account of the subject, arguing that metaphors of sound best represent the phenomenological account of the subject. Finally, I build on this sonic account to draw out the implications for our thinking about communication and liberation in Fanon's work and beyond. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Existing challenges to the legitimacy of mental health nursing in the United Kingdom and beyond have stimulated a critical self‐reflection and discourse around the mental health nursing role, forcing the profession to question its identity and critically re‐evaluate its position within the wider healthcare arena. In this discussion paper, I suggest that the current difficulties in conceptualising mental health nurse identity arise from our role being inherently interwoven with distinctive challenges and unique needs of our service users. Emerging from this idea is that the 'being' (and the 'doing') of mental health nursing is firmly situated within the sphere of intersubjective relations. Drawing upon Hegel's ideas of reciprocal recognitive relations, to support the notion that our profession's role and purpose are better understood when defined in relation to the work that we do with our service users, I argue that it is in the understanding (and even embracing) of intersubjectivity as a core principle of mental health nursing, where we might not just better understand ourselves but also know how to shift asymmetric relations with our service users towards those which are more commensurate and mutually beneficial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In two recent papers Khrennikov [1-2] uses what he calls Ozawa’s intersubjectivity theorem [3] to claim that intersubjectivity is necessarily verified in quantum mechanics and to criticize QBism and more generally all interpretations that are perspectival. In agreement with two previous QBist’s papers [4-5], I explain here why Khrennikov’s proof is not valid but in contrast with one of these papers [5], I criticize the way intersubjectivity is dealt with in QBism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During scenic opera rehearsals, the participants create performance bodies – fictive behaviours that portray the characters in the libretto. They use depictions – interactional practices comprised of short scenes staged for the other participants – to propose and negotiate performance bodies that suit the developing aesthetics of the production. In this paper, we focus on non-serious proposal depictions: depictions that become treated as laughable and not suitable for the performance. Non-serious depictions can accomplish joint fictionalizations, especially with teasing (Cantarutti, 2022), and are used in contrast with an ideal performance (Keevallik, 2010). Building on this work, we analyze how non-serious depictions are used to decide what the wished performance will be. We discuss two types of non-serious depictions in the workplace setting of the opera rehearsal process and show how negotiations over the seriousness of depictions achieve aesthetic intersubjectivity among the colleagues. The ambiguity between serious and non-serious proposals is exploited as a resource when navigating the unknown territories of a piece of art under development. The material consists of 20 h of video-recorded opera rehearsals in Swedish and English, with an Italian libretto. • Opera rehearsal participants use depictions in proposals to create a performance. • Depictions can be designed as either serious or non-serious. • This paper focuses on how depictions are designed and treated as non-serious. • Non-serious depictions can be treated as tangential to the interactional agenda. • They can also be a tool to manage aesthetic intersubjectivity and affiliation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Current IR theories bring ontological and temporal complications into the IR studies due to incompatibilities between the very act of theorising and the purely intersubjective nature of the IR field. In the absence of direct correspondence of IR entities, phenomena and events in the self-standing objectivity, the IR theorising, even in contrast to social sciences, tends to become its own ontological anchor. It tends to "precede" the pre-theoretical, intersubjective, immediate givenness and to attempt to fit it to its pre-postulated axiomatic grounds, constructs and narratives, thus altering and re-shaping it. This includes narrating geneses and their imposition on post-genetically given study objects, thus ensuring the coherence of the theoretical construct yet extending the alteration toward the temporality of study objects. However, it is possible to conduct the IR study on the ground of the pre-theoretical, intersubjective immediacy of the entity, phenomenon and event in their synthetic unity, as a phenomenological inquiry. This article attempts to outline such a study on NATO, focusing on its substance (identity) and the temporality in its relationship with its immediate intersubjective environment including its transformations. In this sense, NATO's adjustment to the post-bipolarity through a double-identity and double-temporalisation setup appears to have been obstructing a new adjustment dictated by further changes in the interstate intersubjectivity. The systemic crisis created by Russia's ongoing aggression toward Ukraine, which was facilitated by this obstruction, is likely to provide it with an end as well, the form of which being dependent on how the current war ends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We address how to ethically evaluate workplace practices when workplace behavioral norms conflict with employees' attitudes toward those norms, which, according to research on psychological contract violations, regularly occurs. Drawing on Scanlonian contractualism, we introduce the intersubjective reflection process (IR process). The IR process ethically evaluates workplace practices according to whether parties to a workplace practice have intersubjectively valid grounds to veto the practice. We present normative and empirical justification for this process and apply the IR process to accounts of workplace moral dilemmas. We end by identifying future directions for research related to the IR process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, I aim to clarify some of the ways in which the auditory dimension of the self is constituted through the mediation of technology. I show that by excluding our immediate surroundings with mobile personalized and private auditory technologies, we are increasingly laying down a personal, inner spatial grid of acoustic memories that get integrated into our narrative identity and co-constitutes the space of familiarity and belonging that gives us a sense of who we are. To do so, I first lay out a clear ontological ground. Next, I outline how the auditory dimension of the self is constituted and subsequently mediated technologically. Finally, I bring to bear Erving Goffman’s theatrical framework of performative self-constitution as a useful framework to illustrate how, on one hand, the culturally available repertoire on which the imagination draws to constitute the self has augmented thanks to the contributions of other people in distal spatiotemporal contexts; on the other, the reconfiguration of how we listen to the world and the other people in it entails muting or blocking out of other voices. This can stunt how we conceive of ourselves, producing an epistemic bubble involving a tunnel “vision” or echo-chamber effect. In addition, due to the coupling of bodily and cognitive structures with mobile, privatized auditory technologies that thereby become transparent in experience, others, by listening in on us, acquire the ability to privilege certain types of behavior while suppressing others. Thus, there is a danger that the individual autonomous agency so important to self-constitution can be compromised.

This article explores the intersubjective relationships between clients and workers on two digital domestic work platforms in Bogotá, Colombia. Drawing on feminist social studies of science and technology, it investigates the control, auditing, and subordination mechanisms affecting workers, with clients playing a key role in setting performance conditions. While much of the literature on digital labor focuses on technological intermediation and algorithmic management—used to track, monitor, and rate domestic workers—this article looks at the relationships with clients and how these shape the work process and technologies involved. Based on over thirty in-depth interviews with workers and clients, the study examines three areas: (i) clients’ expectations of mechanical efficiency; (ii) the use of rating systems; and (iii) domestic work as emotional labor. The article concludes by reflecting on the dual subordination experienced by workers due to digital service intermediaries and emphasizes the need for fair technologies that consider workers’ experiences and perspectives

This paper makes the case that an operation whose function expresses subjectivity can be formalised outside of identity stipulations. This operation is best characterised by poetic computation: a function that maps modes of expression to their respective contexts of application, i.e. from a domain of selection to one of composition. This move, I feel, eludes the failings endemic to the presuppositions required by and that undergird traditional logics of identity: one-to-one correspondence between name and thing, regardless of context. This expressive mechanism, indicative of the activity of the subject in itself, is non-representational. This framing accounts for how its operation goes on to produce the various ‘representations’ that are identified as, but not interchangeable with, that subject. These expressions are dependent upon the multitude of contexts that subject inhabits. I ask, how is it possible to present a theory of subjectivity without a reliance on identity? My hope is to show how something non-representational can be understood by way of the representations it produces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mia, an Asian-American adoptee, began treatment unaware of the themes of her identity. When race, identity, and anti-Asian violence moved into the national foreground during the pandemic, Mia’s identity became a focus in therapy. A twinship transference allowed Mia to develop an awareness of being Asian in a white world, as well as reckon with the prejudice she has known. How did Mia come to appreciate being Asian in twinship with her white therapist? How did her white therapist offer twinship responsiveness? Intersubjective Self Psychology, with its focus on diverging and overlapping trailing and leading edges of patient and therapist, illuminates the answer. Mia’s trailing edge insistence on mirroring and defensively maintained assumption of sameness needed to give way to a leading edge yearning to belong, complete with the fullness and specificity of her own experience. The therapist’s trailing edge reluctance to experience twinship needed to give way to a leading edge yearning to revel in shared humanity, different as patient and therapist might be. Responding to Mia’s twinship yearnings with reference to difference allowed Mia to claim her identity, and provided new ways to understand twinship yearnings for shared experience that also celebrates the specificity of difference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The digital technological revolution shifted the balance of world perceptual experience, increasing exposure to digital content, introducing a new quality to our perceptual experiences. Embodied cognition offers an ideal vantage point to study how digital technologies impact on selves and their social relations for at least two reasons: first, because of the bodily performative character of the relations and interactions these new media evoke; second, because similar brain-body mechanisms ground our relations with both the physical world and its digital mediations. A closer look is taken at the possible effects of digitization on social communication, on politics, as well as on the constitution of the self and its world relations, especially in the context of the ever-increasing amount of time spent online, with a focus on digital natives. As we explore the complexities of the digital age, it is imperative to critically examine the role of digital technologies in shaping social life and political discourse. By understanding the interplay between content, emotional context, delivery methods, and shareability within digital media landscapes, we can develop strategies to mitigate the negative effects of misinformation and promote informed decision-making in our increasingly digital world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Game studies' engagement with the phenomenology of Maurice Merleau-Ponty has until this point been used to produce an account of the experience of video game play. This article demonstrates a different orientation toward phenomenology, using it as a critical apparatus to articulate a speculative historical materialism and philosophy of interrelation that we call the after-human. Through comparative close readings of two video games that follow the end of the human species—Backbone (EggNut, 2021) and SOMA (Frictional Games, 2015)—we articulate this concept using the Merleau-Pontian concept of "flesh," or the simultaneous production of the subject and object, to levy a critique of (post)humanism and offer a futurist vision of solidarity through the intersubjective after-human. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The body is one of the main themes in Staubmann's Sociology in a New Key: Staubmann wants to establish a sociology that is grounded in the body and that does justice to the bodily dimension of sociality. In what follows, I will examine Staubmann's theory of the body from a philosophical viewpoint. I will discuss his main claims and relate them to recent developments in philosophy. First, I will outline Staubmann's position. Then, I will explore the similarities between this position and the interaction theory of social cognition, as developed by Gallagher, De Jaegher, Fuchs, and other philosophers. My main focus, however, will be on the relation between Staubmann's theory of the body and that of Thompson and Merleau-Ponty: I will point out the differences between their approaches but also highlight their similarities. In the end, I will make a plea for a non-reductive conception of life, which, I believe, is very much in line with Staubmann's Sociology in a New Key. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The phenomenon of empathy is an intersubjective process of feeling and a particular form of intentionality. Moral empathy refers to a type of empathy that can trigger moral action, with the embodied intersubjectivity laying the foundation for its emergence. This paper attempts to propose a comprehensive theoretical model of moral empathy from the perspective of intersubjective phenomenology, which includes the following. (1) The moral dimension of perceptual empathy: at the subpersonal, unconscious, and perceptual–motor level, embodied empathic practices are essential for the formation of moral consciousness and the emergence of moral empathy. (2) The moral dimension of situational empathy: following the development of shared attention mechanisms, children can direct towards the intentional objects of others through embodied situational cues to perceive the psychological state of others and generate the moral empathy of "ought", leading to dyadic morality that promotes cooperative behavior. (3) The moral dimension of narrative empathy: the narrative practices of moral empathy refer to the processes by which children could perceive and understand the moral situation of characters within an embodied narrative structure, subsequently generate prosocial motives such as empathic concern, and then accept the "objective" moral norms of the group consciousness embedded in the narrative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article expands my previous work on omnisubjectivity, the divine property of having a complete and perfect grasp of the subjective states of all beings who have such states. By a subjective state I mean a conscious state as that state is experienced by the one who has it. I argue that only a being with subjectivity can be omnisubjective, and therefore, God has subjective states. The article explores the subjectivity of God as it applies to the Christian doctrines of the Trinity and the Incarnation, focusing on the important difference between a person and an instance of a nature. I propose that the uniqueness of persons is grounded in their unique subjective states, not their objective nature. Each person of the Trinity has a unique point of view and unique subjectivity even though they share an objective divine nature instantiated in a single divine being. The Son has a single set of subjective states before, during, and after the Incarnation. Each member of the Trinity is omnisubjective and fully grasps the unique subjective states of each other person of the Trinity. The perfect comprehension of each other while remaining unique persons is a model of perfect love within a community of persons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this conversational interview with Jessica Benjamin, who herself is a grandmother of feminist and relational psychoanalysis, we explore the scopic field of grandmaternal subjectivity. Starting with Benjamin's recognition theory and thirdness, we consider how interrelated these positions are with maternal subjectivity, and then expand out to other layers of recognition by and of grandmothers, emphasizing where the grandmaternal can foster a sense of innate goodness in the mother through recognition. Benjamin is clear to not exclude fathers or grandfathers in her recognition of multiple subjectivities. She also considers the ways in which generational distance and age play a role in emotional regulation around young children, and broader social issues pertaining to recognition. We conclude with a consideration of lineage and relating through differentiation on both a personal and professional register. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper places maternal subjectivity in an embodied, intersubjective context through the use of personal narrative. In response to the work of Helena Vissing (this issue), who lodges a critique of how psychoanalysis has negated aspects of maternal experience, it both extends and challenges her ideas, reacting to the disembodied nature of her critique and relocating it into the realm of an autobiographical story. It also problematizes cis-heteronormative biases in scholarship around maternal subjectivity through the inclusion of queer experience and queer family configurations in the narrative. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How can we understand the phenomena of loss and mourning in the Heideggerian framework? There is no established interpretation of Heidegger that gives an elaborate account of the phenomena of loss and mourning, let alone gauges its importance for our understanding and assessment of authentic existence in Heidegger. This paper attempts to do both. First, I give a detailed exposition of Heidegger's analysis of the phenomena of mourning and loss and show that Heidegger's analysis of mourning in his early and late work is strikingly in line with his collectivist understanding of Being-with. This demonstrates, contrary to what some of his proponents argue, that Heidegger does not follow the kind of dynamic understanding of Being-with that places the other within fine-grained spaces of possibility. Second, with reference to Heidegger's existential philosophy, I construct a phenomenology of mourning and grief. Though Heidegger himself fails to explain the relationships in which one mourns after a close other, we can develop a unique phenomenology of mourning with reference to Heidegger, which shows that each loss is singular and can be equiprimordial with one's own death in opening one to the possibility of an authentic existence. In this new understanding of authenticity, loss is regarded as a powerful force, akin to death, in leading one toward their self-owned existence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper tackles Husserl's early analysis of alien experience and its relation to the methodological framework of the Logical Investigations (LI). Since intersubjectivity first becomes a central theme for Husserl in his writings of 1905 (Seefeld Blätter), less attention is usually paid to his analysis of our experience of other minds in the LI. In this context, I attempt to highlight both the fundamental insights gained by Husserl in this analysis that will also remain key for his later accounts of empathy, as well as the challenges alien experiences raises for the theoretical framework of LI. I begin by discussing the main relevant traits of the phenomenological project of LI as a preparatory endeavor for the elucidation of logical objectualities, and the radical way in which Husserl defines its domain, i.e., the sphere of immanent content. Then I analyse Husserl's understanding of alien experience in terms of an indicative unity based on associative motivations. I argue that, in doing this, Husserl accounts for a non-inferential intuitive access to other minds and, at the same time, maintains their essential alienness. Finally, I show that this account rests on what I call an "intentional contamination" of Husserl's reductive method of LI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study provides a framework for assessing doctors' verbal engagement during medical consultations. It quantifies doctors' degrees of resonance (Du Bois, 2014), a form of interactional alignment (Pickering and Garrod, 2021) that occurs when speakers imitate and re-use words and constructions uttered by their interlocutors. Resonance often involves creativity and active participation in others' speech, overtly signalling that what they said is relevant for continuing the interaction (Tantucci and Wang, 2021). We looked at Chinese naturalistic consultations and explored whether resonance produced by Chinese doctors with a background in Western medicine (WM) differs from Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) doctors. Our data includes 60 online medical consultations and shows that TCM doctors' resonance is remarkably higher. This reflected stronger involvement in patients' speech in combination with other interactional indicators of engagement such as sentence peripheral markers of intersubjectivity (Tantucci, 2021) and strategies of relevance acknowledgement (Tantucci, 2023). The pragmatics of TCM doctors is also characterised by a more directive language geared towards a healthy lifestyle, whereas WM doctors favour etiological assessment, with a predominant use of assertive speech acts. • This study provides a replicable framework to assess verbal engagement in dialogue and health communication. • It analyses Chinese doctors' verbal engagement with patients during consultations. • Resonance involves re-using an interlocutor's expressions and contributes to verbal engagement. • Traditional Chinese medicine doctors engage with their patients more than Western Medicine doctors. • Their speech is geared towards advice-giving; Western medicine doctors favour etiological assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Video Interaction Guidance (VIG) is a relationship-based, strengths focused intervention based on theories of intersubjectivity and attachment. Originally developed within family work, the evidence investigating the application of VIG within different relationships and settings is growing. Educational psychologists (EPs) are amongst practitioners who are electing to train in VIG and apply it in practice. This study sought to investigate how a VIG model of delivery has been developed within one educational psychology service (EPS). A case study design was implemented in which seven members of the EP team, all of whom are VIG trained, were interviewed and the data were thematically analysed. Findings illustrate the participants' perceptions of factors and the infrastructure that have influenced the development of a VIG model of delivery at the service level, and which factors have sustained it over time. Implications for EP services, EP practice, and future research are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores Verena Stefan's images of non-oppositional relationality, relations between the self and other beings in the world, and Leib, the living body in her 2007 novel Fremdschläfer which is presented as an assemblage of sections with little temporal and spatial continuity. I examine relationality with reference to a nexus of ontological questions pertaining to non-oppositional models of relational selfhood, alterity and immanence and the relation between empirical experience and the conditions of experience. My analysis of the multilayered imagery in Fremdschläfer focuses on how these poetic images engender self-world relationality, being together with others, heteronomy and intersubjectivity, while also foregrounding the experience of immigration, multilingualism and living with a poor medical prognosis. I argue that Stefan figures the Leib (living body) as a sensible transcendental. It is the touch of and embodied listening by other material embodied selves that give shape to the self's changing boundaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In multi-lingual workplace interaction involving L2-speakers with different levels of proficiency, L1-speakers can be seen to use self-translation of their own prior contributions as a repair-practice to restore intersubjectivity. This paper shows that self-translations are produced in three environments: (a) in response to repair-initiation by recipients, (b) in response to inadequate or missing responses, (c) after disaffiliative responses in order to elicit a more favorable uptake. Self-translations therefore are not only used to deal with linguistic understanding problems, but can also use linguistic diversity as a resource for dealing with lack of affiliation and alignment. Self-translations are produced by a switch to the addressee's L1 or to a lingua franca. They are only partial, being restricted to a translation of the core semantic content of the turn to be translated, thus relying heavily on a shared understanding of the pragmatic context and being designed so as to support interactional progression. Data come from video-taped meetings in Finland involving Finnish and Russian L1-speakers and various kinds of professional trainings in Germany involving instructors with German as L1 and refugees with various linguistic backgrounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to understand university professors' perspectives on the learning assessment process, including its importance during teaching and learning, their conceptualization, and their considerations in their practices. The research used a grounded theory approach to recognize evaluation as a dialogical and intersubjective space. The methodology consisted of an open survey and a semi-structured interview with faculty professors from a university in northern Mexico. The findings highlighted the importance of educational institutions, emphasizing that faculties prioritize evaluating quality based on relevance, alignment with learning objectives, continuity throughout the process, and feedback. These aspects align with recent approaches that consider evaluation as a process that promotes learning, as evidenced by the high saturation rate in the theoretical sampling. Furthermore, the study revealed that the institution's educational model, curricular design, and evaluation policies significantly influence the faculty members' perspective. As a result, educational institutions must consider these factors when formulating an evaluation model, thereby making the research directly applicable to the work of educational policymakers and university professors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In contemporary philosophy, philosophical anthropology focuses more on the human person and the value of a concrete individual subject. Amid consumerism, materialism, and technological advancement, more philosophers focus on the dignity and value of the human person. By studying the human person, what he is, his concerns, intentions, and relationships with the world, God, and others, we can fully understand his essence as a concrete individual and relational subject. One of those thinkers who focused on the human person as a relational subject is the Jewish religious existentialist philosopher, Martin Buber. This paper highlights Buber's philosophical anthropology and philosophy of dialogue, based on an existential and relational or intersubjective character of human existence, man's relation with God as the eternal Thou, the distinction between the two fundamental types of human relations (I--It and I--Thou), and the realm of the "between." The main focus of this paper thus are Buber's notions of man as a relational subject and thou, intersubjectivity that is anchored on his notion of dialogue, the distinction between the two types of relations and their primal movements, genuine dialogue, the interhuman and its elements, and also social relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the COVID-19 pandemic, many DeafBlind children were left without access to educational services when schools went remote. This article presents findings from a project that brought DeafBlind adults into the homes of DeafBlind children during a historically unprecedented time, when a new language was emerging among DeafBlind people who call themselves "Protactile". In analyzing interactions between the DeafBlind adults and children, we have gained new insights into how novel communication channels are forged intersubjectively. We focus our analysis on Jelica, a DeafBlind member of the research team and experienced Protactile educator, and her interactions with two DeafBlind children. Grounding her extensive field notes in an anthropological theory on intersubjectivity, her insights show how they gradually became attuned to each other and their environment, thereby laying the foundation for intention attribution and joint attention. Jelica does this, in part, via frequent use of "Protactile taps", which have attention-modulating and demonstrative functions among adults. Jelica's taps perform a "meta-channel" function to direct the child to use particular parts of their bodies for communication and exploration. This study shows how Jelica establishes an operable environment, within which the vocabulary and grammar she exposes them to will take on situated meaning. This research builds on previous work on language emergence by showing that both children and adults contribute to language emergence as they adjust to one another in the unfolding of interaction. Finally, this research calls attention to the need for DeafBlind adults to have institutional authority to shape communication practices for DeafBlind children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Danzy Senna explores the challenges of racialized intersubjectivity in transracial mothering in her 1998 novel Caucasia. Transracial mothering pertains to mothers who possess a different racial identity from that of their children, most often in mixed-race families. The literature on mixed-race identity and experience is notably limited, particularly concerning motherhood in mixed-race settings. This article addresses this gap and explores racialized intersubjectivity in mother-daughter relationships by analyzing motherhood in Danzy Senna’s novel Caucasia. Racialized intersubjectivity describes how racial differences affect the interchange of thoughts and feelings, both conscious and unconscious, that provide a shared perception of reality between two or more persons. This paper builds upon the literature regarding the effect of race on maternal competence by looking further into racial dynamics in mixed-race families. A careful analysis of the text demonstrates how racial differences between mothers and daughters inherently impact their intersubjectivity, thus complicating their reality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This reflective article addresses the role and power of accounting in creating, perpetuating and, potentially overcoming, inequalities. Such inequalities may be based on personal characteristics, including gender, or relate to the global effects of neo‐liberalism and broader structural inequalities resulting in colonialism, slavery, and repression. The article illustrates how accounting operates in society, its power and effects, particularly the role of accounting as a calculative practice and as a profession in creating and perpetuating inequalities. However, accounting can also subvert or overcome inequalities, when positioned with critical and emancipatory intent. Three areas of going beyond accounting's current confines are discussed where it is proposed that accounting research and practice can contribute to an enhanced understanding of intersectional perspectives and systemic inequalities, and, importantly, ways of overcoming them. These are: going beyond disciplinary orientation to embrace feminist interdisciplinarity; going beyond borders to embrace reflexive intersubjectivity and contextualized knowledge; and going beyond stasis towards academic activism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This systematic review identified qualitative and mixed-methods empirical studies on psychotherapy from dialogical and narrative approaches, aiming to address the following questions: (1) How are subjectivity and intersubjectivity qualitatively understood in dialogical and/or narrative psychotherapies studied using dialogical and narrative approaches? (2) How do therapeutic changes occur, including their facilitators and barriers? (3) What psychotherapeutic resources are available for psychotherapists in these types of studies? Method: The articles were selected according to the Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and the eligibility criteria proposed by the PICOS strategy (participants, interventions, comparators, outcomes, and study design) from 163 records identified in the Web of Science Core Collection databases. Results: The systematic review process allowed the selection of 16 articles. The results provided insights into the understanding of subjectivity, intersubjectivity, change in psychotherapy, its facilitators, and barriers from these perspectives. It also offered some therapeutic interventions that can be implemented in psychotherapies, integrating dialogical and/or narrative aspects. Discussion: The centrality of dialogical exploration of patient/client resources, therapists as interlocutors fostering client agency, polyphony serving as scaffolding for change, and interconnection with the sociocultural environment are discussed. The integration of this latter topic has been a challenge for these types of studies, considering the active construction of shared meanings. The dialogical and narrative approaches focus psychotherapy on transforming meanings through dialogue and re-authoring stories, evolving within cultural and historical contexts. Thus, this study highlights the relevance of these perspectives in contemporary psychotherapy, emphasizing dialogue in co-creation within an intersubjective framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beginning with "The Psychoanalytic Situation and Infancy," I consider Joe Lichtenberg's legacy of creating an experience-near holistic psychology of the self in terms of a larger attempt to make psychoanalysis a more possible profession. By grounding developmental theory in an empirical-phenomenological science of subjectivity, Lichtenberg not only helped give self psychology a more "clinically relevant baby" (Stern) – he also widened the scope of analytic theory to include both the non-dynamic unconscious and the bodily subject, which Freud had abandoned in his search for a purely psychological science of subjectivity. In this sense, "The Psychoanalytic Situation and Infancy" represents the first major installment in Lichtenberg's decades-long project toward what we might call, the restoration of the bodily self. Furthermore, by freeing psychoanalysis from its pathomorphic developmental theory – which construed adult psychopathology in disembodied terms, as evidence of the fragmented, conflicted nature of infant experience – Lichtenberg helped catalyze an "enactive" turn in psychoanalysis, opening the way for re-conceptualizing mental pathology in adaptive terms as "varieties of self-disorder" (Sass) – ensuring psychoanalysis' relevance to the understanding and treatment of conditions long considered outside of its purview. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the mechanisms that lead to a destructive tendency in the formation and functioning of the psychic apparatus, to the characteristic states of subjects who are drawn to non-life. The dynamics of the primary mother-child relationship involve a structural interaction between mind and body, subject and object. The dialectic between the life drive and the death drive is conceptualized as the structuring of homeostatic dynamic equilibria, in which both drives belong to the living, provided they are kept in a non-isolated system. This conception has analogies with other disciplines that have changed their paradigms, such as neurobiology, which, for living beings in open systems, hypothesises a continuous interconnected Becoming of undivided separation and of discontinuity. In unitary psyche-soma functioning, a dynamic homoeostatic balance marks the state of health of the relating subject; or if, instead, the system is isolated, a pathological dysregulation depending on the emotional-affective vicissitudes it undergoes. Two clinical cases illustrate these dynamics. For this tendency on the level of the somatopsychic unit, the name alloiosis has been put forward, in analogy with cellular apoptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In continental and analytical philosophy, which developed in parallel in the 20th century, there was a turn to language, which in particular was marked by the creation of a philosophy of dialogue in continental philosophy and dialogical logic in analytical. Despite their significant differences, these two directions have much in common and can significantly complement each other. The philosophy of dialogue considers reality as the subject of dialogue between persons—I, Thou, He/She, We. World, activity and culture are dialogic and interpersonal in nature. Languages and texts are the basis for understanding reality and activity. Dialogical logic describes reality as an object of a dialogical game. This allows us to consider rationality, activity and communication from a unified perspective. The article compares these two directions of dialogical thought with each other and examines the aspects in which they can complement each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When we listen to mo'olelo (stories) of specific places and spaces in the Hawaiian Islands, we see 'wāhine (women) traits of strength and resilience in how they perform their kuleana (obligation) to the 'āina (land). By strengthening the ties of sovereignty within the Hawaiian Islands, the 'wāhine are teaching ways to secure food for the lāhui (nation). Using narrative inquiry and Kānaka Ōiwi methodology, this body of work draws broader parallels through the lenses of intersubjectivity to understand the implications of coloniality and the continued rise of women's presence in their efforts to strengthen the food sovereignty for the lāhui. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I elucidate how lived space is transformed in social anxiety disorder. The cognitive–behavioral framework that dominates the field conceptualizes the disorder as an intrapsychic dysfunction and sidelines concrete experience. The omnipresent sense of threat as it expresses itself "out there" in the patient's experiential world thus remains unexplored. Looking to first-person descriptions of social anxiety, I argue that the felt presence of the Other constantly threatens the patient's sense of autonomy and ownership of the places they inhabit. They experience others violating the boundaries of their intimate spaces and banishing them from public spaces. These experiences point to an altered mode of inhabiting space I term intersubjective overdetermination. The patient is condemned to live in the space of the Other. I compare this conceptualization to the commonplace cognitive–behavioral account. I end by discussing the treatment implications of this account of socially anxious lived space. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human–horse relationships can be experienced in many ways and the horse companion can be given various roles, from a partner in action to a tool or commodity. How humans experience connection with horses and what kinds of roles are assigned to them may reflect or even depend on the real-life co-actions and environments. In this study, we assessed experiences of intersubjectivity in human–horse relationships, focusing particularly on whether and how agency and emotional and embodied intersubjectivity with the horse were discussed by horse owners. We conducted the study in two different stable environments, namely box stables and open-shed stables, that differ particularly in the horses' possibilities to execute independent decision-making in their daily lives. We conducted semi-structured interviews of 25 horse owners and analyzed them using theory-guided qualitative content analysis for notions of agency and intersubjectivity. Overall, while there were only a few explicit accounts of embodied intersubjectivity in action, it was most explicitly apparent in descriptions of hacking and doing other things than riding. Additionally, intersubjectivity was apparent in descriptions of horse emotions. There were several differences in the horse owners' accounts at the different stable environments. Respondents at the open-shed stables assigned agency more often to the horse or simultaneously themselves and the horse, discussed more often horse emotions, and emphasized hacking, playing, or just being with the horse as meaningful co-actions. At the box stables, accounts emphasizing competing, self-evidence of riding as the main activity, and human agency in co-action were more common. These results show that the management environment and forms of co-action are connected to the thoughts and views equestrians have on agency and experiences of intersubjectivity in horse–human relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marriage is an institution known for both its virtues and challenges. This study examines marriage not merely as a sociological or theological construct but as a lens to explore the profound philosophical problems of intersubjectivity and interpersonality. By examining both the relational and sacramental dimensions of marriage, we gain insights into how two distinct individuals can form a deep, enduring bond that transcends individual isolation, thus offering a model for understanding both intersubjectivity and interpersonality. The unique perspective offered by Christian theology, which regards marriage as a sacrament, entails a fundamental and irreversible transformation in the individuals involved. This provides a unique venue to address intersubjectivity and interpersonality using unconventional sources and analysis. The objective is not to advocate for Catholic doctrine or any specific religious perspective but to deploy the sacramental understanding of matrimony and its conceptual framework to address these intertwined philosophical issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]