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Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)) is primarily a respiratory illness. However, various extrapulmonary manifestations have been reported in patients with severe forms of COVID-19. Notably, SARS-CoV-2 was shown to directly trigger white adipose tissue (WAT) dysfunction, which in turn drives insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and other adverse outcomes in patients with COVID-19. Although advanced age is the greatest risk factor for COVID-19 severity, published data on the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on WAT in aged individuals are scarce. Here, we characterized the response of subcutaneous and visceral WAT depots to SARS-CoV-2 infection in young adult and aged golden hamsters. In both age groups, infection was associated with a decrease in adipocyte size in the two WAT depots; this effect was partly due to changes in tissue’s lipid metabolism and persisted for longer in aged hamsters than in young-adult hamsters. In contrast, only the subcutaneous WAT depot contained crown-like structures (CLSs) in which dead adipocytes were surrounded by SARS-CoV-2-infected macrophages, some of them forming syncytial multinucleated cells. Importantly, older age predisposed to a unique manifestation of viral disease in the subcutaneous WAT depot during SARS-CoV-2 infection; the persistence of very large CLSs was indicative of an age-associated defect in the clearance of dead adipocytes by macrophages. Moreover, we uncovered age-related differences in plasma lipid profiles during SARS-CoV-2 infection. These data suggest that the WAT’s abnormal response to SARS-CoV-2 infection may contribute to the greater severity of COVID-19 observed in elderly patients., La maladie à coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19, causée par le syndrome respiratoire aigu sévère-coronavirus 2 (SRAS-CoV-2)) est principalement une maladie respiratoire. Cependant, diverses manifestations extrapulmonaires ont été signalées chez des patients atteints de formes graves de COVID-19. Il a notamment été démontré que le SRAS-CoV-2 déclenche directement le dysfonctionnement du tissu adipeux blanc (TAC), qui entraîne à son tour une résistance à l'insuline, une dyslipidémie et d'autres effets indésirables chez les patients atteints de COVID-19. Bien que l'âge avancé soit le facteur de risque le plus important pour la gravité de la COVID-19, les données publiées sur l'impact de l'infection par le SRAS-CoV-2 sur le tissu adipeux des personnes âgées sont rares. Nous avons caractérisé ici la réponse des dépôts de WAT sous-cutanés et viscéraux à l'infection par le SRAS-CoV-2 chez des hamsters dorés jeunes adultes et âgés. Dans les deux groupes d'âge, l'infection a été associée à une diminution de la taille des adipocytes dans les deux dépôts de WAT ; cet effet était en partie dû à des changements dans le métabolisme des lipides du tissu et a persisté plus longtemps chez les hamsters âgés que chez les jeunes adultes. En revanche, seul le dépôt de WAT sous-cutané contenait des structures en forme de couronne (CLS) dans lesquelles les adipocytes morts étaient entourés de macrophages infectés par le SRAS-CoV-2, certains d'entre eux formant des cellules syncytiales multinucléées. Il est important de noter que l'âge avancé prédisposait à une manifestation unique de la maladie virale dans le dépôt sous-cutané de WAT pendant l'infection par le SRAS-CoV-2 ; la persistance de très grandes CLSs indiquait un défaut associé à l'âge dans l'élimination des adipocytes morts par les macrophages. De plus, nous avons mis en évidence des différences liées à l'âge dans les profils lipidiques plasmatiques au cours de l'infection par le SRAS-CoV-2. Ces données suggèrent que la réponse anormale du WAT à l'infection par le SRAS-CoV-2 peut contribuer à la plus grande sévérité du COVID-19 observée chez les patients âgés.

Resume Le travail en equipe est defini par la multidisciplinarite : il regroupe des personnes de categories socioprofessionnelles, formations et origines differentes, reunies pour atteindre un objectif commun. Nous questionnons dans cet article la notion du « faire-equipe » dans le domaine de la recherche en sciences de la vie et de la sante, domaine ayant subi de profonds changements au cours des dernieres annees. En effet, la diminution des ressources financieres recurrentes, les pressions a la productivite, la precarisation de l’emploi et les echeances a court terme reduisant les delais d’execution des tâches interviennent a un moment ou les institutions de recherche insistent sur la valorisation des travaux effectues ; introduisant une forme d’injonction contradictoire. Dans ce contexte, la place de chacun au sein de l’equipe (responsabilites, prerogatives), les aspirations professionnelles (engagement, reconnaissance/visibilite, projection dans l’avenir) et la qualite des interactions humaines (confiance, solidarite, echanges) apparaissent destabilisees et mouvantes, affectant le sens meme du metier de chercheur. Nous proposons une vision ethique du « faire-equipe » qui pourrait permettre de retrouver le partage de visions convergentes au sein de l’equipe de recherche en limitant les effets nefastes resultant des processus organisationnels actuels. En redonnant du sens au travail mene par chacun des membres de l’equipe, une reflexion ethique sur le « faire-equipe » suscitera un mode de fonctionnement plus harmonieux de la recherche dans le domaine des sciences de la vie et de la sante.

International audience

International audience; Mitochondrial dysfunctions are implicated in several pathologies, such as metabolic, cardiovascular, respiratory, and neurological diseases, as well as in cancer and aging. These metabolic alterations are usually assessed in human or murine samples by mitochondrial respiratory chain enzymatic assays, by measuring the oxygen consumption of intact mitochondria isolated from tissues, or from cells obtained after physical or enzymatic disruption of the tissues. However, these methodologies do not maintain tissue multicellular organization and cell-cell interactions, known to influence mitochondrial metabolism. Here, we develop an optimal model to measure mitochondrial oxygen consumption in heart and lung tissue samples using the XF24 Extracellular Flux Analyzer (Seahorse) and discuss the advantages and limitations of this technological approach. Our results demonstrate that tissue organization, as well as mitochondrial ultrastructure and respiratory function, are preserved in heart and lung tissues freshly processed or after overnight conservation at 4 °C. Using this method, we confirmed the repeatedly reported obesity-associated mitochondrial dysfunction in the heart and extended it to the lungs. We set up and validated a new strategy to optimally assess mitochondrial function in murine tissues. As such, this method is of great potential interest for monitoring mitochondrial function in cohort samples.

International audience; Along with respiratory tract disease per se, viral respiratory infections can also cause extrapulmonary complications with a potentially critical impact on health. In the present study, we used an experimental model of influenza A virus (IAV) infection to investigate the nature and outcome of the associated gut disorders. In IAV-infected mice, the signs of intestinal injury and inflammation, altered gene expression, and compromised intestinal barrier functions peaked on day 7 postinfection. As a likely result of bacterial component translocation, gene expression of inflammatory markers was upregulated in the liver. These changes occurred concomitantly with an alteration of the composition of the gut microbiota and with a decreased production of the fermentative, gut microbiota-derived products short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Gut inflammation and barrier dysfunction during influenza were not attributed to reduced food consumption, which caused in part gut dysbiosis. Treatment of IAV-infected mice with SCFAs was associated with an enhancement of intestinal barrier properties, as assessed by a reduction in the translocation of dextran and a decrease in inflammatory gene expression in the liver. Lastly, SCFA supplementation during influenza tended to reduce the translocation of the enteric pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and to enhance the survival of doubly infected animals. Collectively, influenza virus infection can remotely impair the gut's barrier properties and trigger secondary enteric infections. The latter phenomenon can be partially countered by SCFA supplementation.

Introduction: Smoking and unhealthy diet (SCUD) are risk factors involved in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or obesity. Our aim is to better describe the impact of cigarette smoke (CS), associated with High Fat Diet (HFD), on pulmonary, intestinal and metabolic homeostasis and to identify physiopathologic mechanisms. Methods: C57Bl6 mice were subjected for 18 weeks to a HFD at 45% Kcal vs Low Fat Diet (LFD) at 10% Kcal. After 4 weeks, mice were exposed to CS or to filtered air. Lung function, anatomic, inflammatory and immune alterations as well as multi-omics studies were performed in these compartments. Results: SCUD revealed cumulative effect on the lung, with emphysema, tissues damage and immune cell recruitment. HFD induced weight gain, insulin resistance and glucose intolerance whereas CS limited these negative effects. However, SCUD induced visceral fat accumulation and inflammation vs HFD alone, associated with a specific metabolomics signature in the serum. Transcriptome analysis essentially revealed a HFD-related signature. Colon damage was moderate. However, metagenomics and metabolomics analyses in the caecum showed a specific signature due to SCUD, associated with some modifications in the colon transcriptoma. Conclusion: These results identify SCUD impacts on lung, metabolic and intestinal functions and reveal specific signatures related to combined exposure to unhealthy diet and CS. Bioinformatic analysis is ongoing to decipher the interactions between these compartments. These data will also allow to identify targets for preventive/therapeutic tools controling lung, intestinal and metabolic disorders due to SCUD.

Unhealthy lifestyle choices, such as bad eating behaviors and cigarette smoking, have major detrimental impacts on health. However, the inter-relations between obesity and smoking are still not fully understood. We thus developed an experimental model of high-fat diet-fed obese C57BL/6 male mice chronically exposed to cigarette smoke. Our study evaluated for the first time the resulting effects of the combined exposure to unhealthy diet and cigarette smoke on several metabolic, pulmonary, intestinal, and cardiac parameters. We showed that the chronic exposure to cigarette smoke modified the pattern of body fat distribution in favor of the visceral depots in obese mice, impaired the respiratory function, triggered pulmonary inflammation and emphysema, and was associated with gut microbiota dysbiosis, cardiac hypertrophy and myocardial fibrosis.

Background: Cigarette smoking (CS) and obesity are leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide and are frequently associated. Both behaviors provoke inflammation and induce lung, metabolic, intestine and cardiovascular dysfunctions leading to e.g. chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and metabolic syndrome. However, the effect of combined exposure is not well unraveled. Objectives: We aimed to define the effect of combined exposure to CS and high fat diet (HFD) on the cardiovascular, metabolic, respiratory and intestinal functions. Moreover, we evaluate if smoking cessation may limit the dysfunctions due to this exposure. Methods: C57BL6 mice were exposed to 4 weeks of HFD followed by 12 weeks of combined exposure to CS and HFD. Then, some mice were submitted to CS cessation during 8 weeks. Metabolic, immunological and inflammatory parameters were evaluated. Results: Conjugated exposure increases lung inflammatory cell recruitment and activation as well as tissue lesions compared with exposure to CS and HFD alone. CS limits the body weight, affects adipose tissue repartition and reduces HFD-induced glucose intolerance. CS/HFD combination leads to cardiomyocyte hypertrophy. CS decreases colonic inflammation and the number of commensal bacteria in the caecum. Smoking cessation was not able to reverse these effects. Conclusion: Our murine model reproduced the human situation. While combined exposure leads to strong cardiovascular and lung dysfunctions, it had a mild impact on metabolic and intestinal compartment. In this context, CS cessation is not able to reverse the lesions related to combined exposure. We will now focus on the role of oxidative stress on these effects.

Alterations in gut microbiota composition and diversity were suggested to play a role in the development of obesity, a chronic subclinical inflammatory condition. We here evaluated the impact of oral consumption of a monostrain or multi-strain probiotic preparation in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. We observed a strain-specific effect and reported dissociation between the capacity of probiotics to dampen adipose tissue inflammation and to limit body weight gain. A multi-strain mixture was able to improve adiposity, insulin resistance and dyslipidemia through adipose tissue immune cell-remodelling, mainly affecting macrophages. At the gut level, the mixture modified the uptake of fatty acids and restored the expression level of the short-chain fatty acid receptor GPR43. These beneficial effects were associated with changes in the microbiota composition, such as the restoration of the abundance of Akkermansia muciniphila and Rikenellaceae and the decrease of other taxa like Lactobacillaceae. Using an in vitro gut model, we further showed that the probiotic mixture favours the production of butyrate and propionate. Our findings provide crucial clues for the design and use of more efficient probiotic preparations in obesity management and may bring new insights into the mechanisms by which host-microbe interactions govern such protective effects.

Adipose tissue is a complex organ that comprises a wide range of cell types with diverse energy storage, metabolic regulation, and neuroendocrine and immune functions. Because it contains various immune cells, either adaptive (B and T lymphocytes; such as regulatory T cells) or innate (mostly macrophages and, more recently identified, myeloid-derived suppressor cells), the adipose tissue is now considered as a bona fide immune organ, at the cross-road between metabolism and immunity. Adipose tissue disorders, such as those encountered in obesity and lipodystrophy, cause alterations to adipose tissue distribution and function with broad effects on cytokine, chemokine, and hormone expression, on lipid storage, and on the composition of adipose-resident immune cell populations. The resulting changes appear to induce profound consequences for basal systemic inflammation and insulin sensitivity. The purpose of this review is to synthesize the current literature on adipose cell composition remodeling in obesity, which shows how adipose-resident immune cells regulate inflammation and insulin resistance—notably through cytokine and chemokine secretion—and highlights major research questions in the field.

Melanoma is one of the most aggressive and extremely resistant to conventional therapies neoplasms. Recently, cellular resistance was linked to the cancer stem cell phenotype, still controversial and not well-defined. In this study, we used a Rhodamine 123 (Rh123) exclusion assay to functionally identify stem-like cells in metastatic human melanomas and melanoma cell lines. We demonstrate that a small subset of Rh123-low-retention (Rh123low) cells is enriched for stem cell-like activities, including the ability to self-renew and produce nonstem Rh123high progeny and to form melanospheres, recapitulating the phenotypic profile of the parental tumor. Rh123low cells are relatively quiescent and chemoresistant. At the molecular level, we show that melanoma Rh123low cells overexpress HIF1α, pluripotency factor OCT4, and the ABCB5 marker of melanoma stem cells and downregulate the expression of Cyclin D1 and CDK4. Interestingly, a short treatment with LY294002, an inhibitor of the PI3K/AKT pathway, specifically reverts a subset of Rh123high cells to the Rh123low phenotype, whereas treatment with inhibitors of mammalian target of rapamycin, phosphatase and tensin homolog or mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling does not. This phenotypic switching was associated with reduced levels of the HIF1α transcript and an increase in the level of phosphorylated nuclear FOXO3a preferentially in Rh123low cells. Moreover, the Rh123low cells became less quiescent and displayed a significant increase in their melanosphere-forming ability. All the above indicates that the Rh123low melanoma stem cell pool is composed of cycling and quiescent cells and that the PI3K/AKT signaling while maintaining the quiescence of Rh123low G0 cells promotes the exit of cycling cells from the stem cell compartment.

The adipose tissue (AT) is an endocrine organ secreting numerous proteins—i.e., adipokines—with potent metabolic, hormonal, and immune properties. Adipokines can either act locally to regulate AT function and/or reach the periphery through the bloodstream to exert a wide range of biological actions on distant tissues/organs such as brain, liver, pancreas, heart, bone, intestine, reproductive organs, and lungs. Thereby, the AT is a central node in the interorgan communication network. Since adipokines are either pro- or antiinflammatory, their respective production has to be tightly regulated to maintain systemic homeostasis. Obesity is the most studied illustration of unbalanced adipokine secretion, which induces a state of chronic subclinical inflammation contributing to the pathogenesis of obesity-associated disorders, e.g., insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, atherosclerosis, fatty liver, certain types of cancer, and dementia, as well as, respiratory inflammatory diseases.

Human obesity is characterized by chronic low-grade inflammation in white adipose tissue and is often associated with hypertension. The potential induction of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase-1 (IDO1), the rate-limiting enzyme in tryptophan/kynurenine degradation pathway, by proinflammatory cytokines, could be associated with these disorders but has remained unexplored in obesity. Using immunohistochemistry, we detected IDO1 expression in white adipose tissue of obese patients, and we focused on its contribution in the regulation of vascular tone and on its immunoregulatory effects. Concentrations of tryptophan and kynurenine were measured in sera of 36 obese and 15 lean women. The expression of IDO1 in corresponding omental and subcutaneous adipose tissues and liver was evaluated. Proinflammatory markers and T-cell subsets were analyzed in adipose tissue via the expression of CD14, IL-18, CD68, TNFα, CD3ε, FOXP3 [a regulatory T-cell (Treg) marker] and RORC (a Th17 marker). In obese subjects, the ratio of kynurenine to tryptophan, which reflects IDO1 activation, is higher than in lean subjects. Furthermore, IDO1 expression in both adipose tissues and liver is increased and is inversely correlated with arterial blood pressure. Inflammation is associated with a T-cell infiltration in obese adipose tissue, with predominance of Th17 in the omental compartment and of Treg in the subcutaneous depot. The Th17/Treg balance is decreased in subcutaneous fat and correlates with IDO1 activation. In contrast, in the omental compartment, despite IDO1 activation, the Th17/Treg balance control is impaired. Taken together, our results suggest that IDO1 activation represents a local compensatory mechanism to limit obesity-induced inflammation and hypertension.

Cancer cells are unequal in a tumor mass and in established cultures. This is attributable to cancer stem cells with the unique ability to self-renew and to generate differentiating progeny. This ability is controlled at the level of asymmetric division by mechanisms that are yet not well defined. We found that normal and cancer keratinocyte fate was linked to the asymmetric distribution of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) during mitosis. Although essential for epithelial cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival, this receptor was not present on the surface of cells satisfying criteria for stem cells such as quiescence, competence to produce functionally distinct daughters, high proliferative and clonogenic potential, sphere formation ability, and expression of stem cell markers. In contrast, keratinocytes displaying EGFR acquired a more differentiated phenotype, suggesting that EGFR may be involved in a switch from stem to transient amplifying cell fate. This switch was associated with changes in the expression profile of cell cycle, survival, and mitochondria controlling proteins that varied between normal and cancer cells. In conclusion, it appears that an unequal distribution of EGFR at mitosis controls keratinocyte fate by balancing quiescence and cycling of EGFR(-) cells, clearly malfunctioning in cancer. We believe that our findings provide mechanistic insights into the development of resistance to anti-EGFR therapies.

INTRODUCTION Interleukin-7 (IL-7) is a cytokine involved in energy homeostasis as demonstrated in rodents. Anorexia nervosa is characterized by restrained eating behavior despite adaptive orexigenic regulation profile including high ghrelin plasma levels. Constitutional thinness is a physiological condition of resistance to weight gain with physiological anorexigenic profile including high Peptide YY plasma level. Healthy obesity can be considered as a physiological state of resistance to weight loss with opposite appetite regulating profile to constitutional thinness including low Peptide YY plasma level. No studies in IL-7 are yet available in those populations. Therefore we evaluated circadian plasma levels of IL-7 in anorexia nervosa compared to constitutional thinness, healthy obese and control females. MATERIALS AND METHODS 10 restrictive-type anorexia nervosa women, 5 bingeing/purging anorexia nervosa woman, 5 recovered restrictive anorexia nervosa women, 4 bulimic females, 10 constitutional thinness women, 7 healthy obese females, and 10 normal weight women controls were enrolled in this cross-sectional study, performed in endocrinology unit and academic laboratory. Twelve-point circadian profiles of plasma IL-7 levels were measured in each subject. RESULTS 24h mean IL-7 plasma levels (pg/ml, mean±SEM) were decreased in restrictive-type anorexia nervosa (123.4±14.4, p

The in utero environment is critical for initiating the ontogeny of several physiological systems, including the immune surveillance. Yet, little is known about adverse early experiences on the offspring's immunity and vulnerability to disease. The present work aimed at investigating the impact of restraint prenatal stress (PS) on the development and responsiveness of in vitro and in vivo cellular and humoral immunity of male progeny aged 7 weeks and 6 months. In adult 6-month-old rats, we detected increased circulating CD8(+)-expressing and NK cells in PS rats as compared to controls, associated with higher mRNA expression of IFN-gamma. In addition, in vitro stimulation with phytohemagglutinin-A induced an increase in both the proliferation of T lymphocytes and the secretion of IFN-gamma in PS rats. Interestingly, these alterations were undetectable in younger PS rats (7-week old), except for a slight increase in the mRNA expression of several pro-inflammatory cytokines in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Moreover, in vivo neutralization of IFN-gamma in young rats had no effects in PS group. In conclusion, we report for the first time long-lasting pro-inflammatory consequences of PS in rats.

The incidence of obesity and related metabolic disorders such as cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes, are reaching worldwide epidemic proportions. It results from an imbalance between caloric intake and energy expenditure leading to excess energy storage, mostly due to genetic and environmental factors such as diet, food components and/or way of life. It is known since long that this balance is maintained to equilibrium by multiple mechanisms allowing the brain to sense the nutritional status of the body and adapt behavioral and metabolic responses to changes in fuel availability. In this review, we summarize selected aspects of the regulation of energy homeostasis, prevalently highlighting the complex relationships existing between the white adipose tissue, the central nervous system, the endogenous microbiota, and nutrition. We first describe how both the formation and functionality of adipose cells are strongly modulated by the diet before summarizing where and how the central nervous system integrates peripheral signals from the adipose tissue and/or the gastro-intestinal tract. Finally, after a short description of the intestinal commensal flora, rangingfrom its composition to its importance in immune surveillance, we enlarge the discussion on how nutrition modified this perfectly well-balanced ecosystem.

The "mechanistic target of rapamycin" (mTOR) is a central controller of growth, proliferation and/or motility of various cell-types ranging from adipocytes to immune cells, thereby linking metabolism and immunity. mTOR signaling is overactivated in obesity, promoting inflammation and insulin resistance. Therefore, great interest exists in the development of mTOR inhibitors as therapeutic drugs for obesity or diabetes. However, despite a plethora of studies characterizing the metabolic consequences of mTOR inhibition in rodent models, its impact on immune changes associated with the obese condition has never been questioned so far. To address this, we used a mouse model of high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice with and without pharmacologic mTOR inhibition by rapamycin. Rapamycin was weekly administrated to HFD-fed C57BL/6 mice for 22 weeks. Metabolic effects were determined by glucose and insulin tolerance tests and by indirect calorimetry measures of energy expenditure. Inflammatory response and immune cell populations were characterized in blood, adipose tissue and liver. In parallel, the activities of both mTOR complexes (e. g. mTORC1 and mTORC2) were determined in adipose tissue, muscle and liver. We show that rapamycin-treated mice are leaner, have enhanced energy expenditure and are protected against insulin resistance. These beneficial metabolic effects of rapamycin were associated to significant changes of the inflammatory profiles of both adipose tissue and liver. Importantly, immune cells with regulatory functions such as regulatory T-cells (Tregs) and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) were increased in adipose tissue. These rapamycin-triggered metabolic and immune effects resulted from mTORC1 inhibition whilst mTORC2 activity was intact. Taken together, our results reinforce the notion that controlling immune regulatory cells in metabolic tissues is crucial to maintain a proper metabolic status and, more generally, comfort the need to search for novel pharmacological inhibitors of the mTOR signaling pathway to prevent and/or treat metabolic diseases.

Epidermal Langerhans cells (LCs) play a key role in immune defense mechanisms and in numerous immunological disorders. In this report, we show that percutaneous infection of C57BL/6 mice with the helminth parasite Schistosoma mansoni leads to the activation of LCs but, surprisingly, to their retention in the epidermis. Moreover, using an experimental model of LC migration induced by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, we show that parasites transiently impair the departure of LCs from the epidermis and their subsequent accumulation as dendritic cells in the draining lymph nodes. The inhibitory effect is mediated by soluble lipophilic factors released by the parasites and not by host-derived antiinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-10. We find that prostaglandin (PG)D2, but not the other major eicosanoids produced by the parasites, specifically impedes the TNF-α–triggered migration of LCs through the adenylate cyclase–coupled PGD2 receptor (DP receptor). Moreover, the potent DP receptor antagonist BW A868C restores LC migration in infected mice. Finally, in a model of contact allergen-induced LC migration, we show that activation of the DP receptor not only inhibits LC emigration but also dramatically reduces the contact hypersensitivity responses after challenge. Taken together, we propose that the inhibition of LC migration could represent an additional stratagem for the schistosomes to escape the host immune system and that PGD2 may play a key role in the control of cutaneous immune responses.

Interleukin (IL)-7 is produced early in Schistosoma mansoni infected human and murine skin and was recently shown to favour parasite development. In the present work, we investigated the participation of keratinocyte-derived IL-7 in this process. Keratinocytes are the predominant cellular constituents of the epidermis and the first tissue encountered by the parasite when it infects the vertebrate host. We therefore infected IL-7 cutaneous transgenic mice and compared several parasitological and immunological parameters to those of infected littermate controls. In transgenic mice, an increased number of total adult worms was observed while egg number and female fecundity remained unchanged. Additionally, transgenic animals displayed a more intensive hepatic fibrosis. In parallel, infected IL-7 transgenic animals showed a dominant Th2-type humoral response towards egg antigens. The results presented here confirm and reinforce the key role play by IL-7 in S. mansoni –vertebrate host interplay, beginning with keratinocyte-derived IL-7.

A single intradermal administration of recombinant interleukin-7 (IL-7) has been shown to aggravate the course of murine schistosomiasis, to favor the development of Th2-associated antibodies specific for the parasite, and to alter migration kinetics and/or migratory route of the parasite within its vertebrate host. Here we show that after infection of IL-7-deficient mice with Schistosoma mansoni , the predominant parasite-specific humoral response follows a Th1 pattern, and the development of the parasite is greatly impaired. In IL-7-deficient mice, increased numbers of larvae reach the lungs and fewer larvae reach the liver, compared to control mice. In the absence of IL-7, female worms show an altered fecundity, leading to decreased numbers of eggs trapped in the tissues and to an amelioration of the pathology of the infected host. The most striking observation is the blockade of parasite growth in an IL-7-defective environment, leading to dwarf male and female worms. The results of this study have important implications for the role of IL-7 in the host-parasite relationship and show how parasites can disable or evade the host immune response.

A recently reported epidemic of Schistosoma mansoni infection in Senegal provided an opportunity to study the dynamics of the development of immunity to human schistosomiasis. We report here on the cell-mediated immune response in a population of 99 females and 95 males, with particular emphasis on the relationship between intensity of infection and age. We found that the intensity of infection correlated negatively with age in females but not in males. In men and women, both Th1- and Th2-type cytokines were detected upon in vitro stimulation of PBMCs with soluble egg antigen (SEA) or soluble adult worm antigens (SWAP). In the female group, SEA-induced PBMC proliferation was associated with the production of IFN-gamma, IL-2 and IL-5, all of which correlated negatively with intensity of infection. Most cytokine production correlated positively with age. Spontaneous production of TNF-alpha, IL-6 and IL-10 was higher in the infected population than in an uninfected control group. Our results suggest that immunity to infection could be more pronounced in the female population and associated with a Th0/1 + 2 pattern of cytokine secretion mediated by soluble egg antigen (SEA).

The parasite Schistosoma mansoni infects its definitive mammalian host through an obligatory cutaneous penetration. In this work, we studied early immune response following migration of larvae through human skin, the first immunocompetent organ encountered by the parasite. For this purpose we used an experimental model of severe combined immunodeficient mice engrafted with human skin and injected with autologous PBL. Six days after percutaneous infection, we observed an infiltration of lymphocytes within the human skin, predominantly composed of CD4+ T cells. Moreover, among the cytokines potentially present in the infected skin, immunohistochemistry analysis revealed an in vivo expression of IL-7 in the epidermal layers and strikingly at the level of vascular endothelium. Using an in vitro coculture system, we showed that the S. mansoni larvae directly trigger IL-7 production by human dermal microvascular endothelial cells but not by keratinocytes. Finally, measurements of IL-7 concentrations in plasma of 187 S. mansoni-infected individuals showed that the youngest, which are also the most infected, displayed the highest IL-7 levels. Together, these findings describe dermal endothelial cells as a novel source of IL-7, a cytokine particularly important in schistosomiasis.

The contribution of B lymphocytes to immunity towards the parasite Schistosoma mansoni has been investigated in a mouse strain rendered genetically B-cell deficient (the muMT mouse). These studies demonstrated that T cells primed in vivo in B-cell-deficient mice proliferate less efficiently in vitro in response to parasite antigenic extracts except at 10 weeks of infection. In addition, analysis of the cytokine profiles (IL-2, IL-4, IL-5 and IFN-gamma), investigated using RT-PCR, showed that spleens of muMT animals displayed a predominant Th1-like profile compared to control, B-cell-intact infected mice. This showed that B cells, either per se or through their secretions, are involved in the in vivo generation and/or maximal expansion of Th2-type T lymphocytes during the course of murine S. mansoni infection. Interestingly, the data showed that B-cell-deficient mice display an increased hepatic fibrosis at 10 weeks postinfection (p.i.), whereas they behaved like infected controls, with regard to the other assessed parasitological parameters (e.g. worm burden estimation). This demonstrated that even if B lymphocytes are not essential for the development of the general immune response towards S. mansoni in the mouse, they may nevertheless be involved in the correct immunoregulation of the granulomatous reaction around the eggs.

Resume En depit de leur faible nombre dans le compartiment sanguin (ruminants exceptes), les lymphocytes T γδ sont susceptibles de participer a une reponse immune. En effet, ils presentent toutes les caracteristiques fonctionnelles des lymphocytes T, et leur participation a deja ete reconnue dans plusieurs types d'infections. Dans cette revue, nous nous proposons de dresser un bilan des connaissances acquises concernant l'implication de ces cellules au cours de maladies causees par des parasites. Nous presenterons ainsi les differents modeles d'infections parasitaires pour lesquels une augmentation du nombre de ces cellules a ete observee, en tenant compte du statut intra- ou extracellulaire du parasite, des organes ou a ete decelee cette augmentation, ainsi que du processus parasitaire. Nous presenterons ensuite les fonctions susceptibles d'etre assurees par les lymphocytes T γδ au cours d'une reponse antiparasitaire. Nous terminerons par l'analyse des donnees relatives a la specificite et au repertoire de ces cellules dans un tel contexte.

Index Descriptors and Abbreviations: Schistosoma mansoni ; trematode; optical microscopy; coloration

The interleukin (IL)17A-producing T cells (Th17) play an essential role in maintaining tissue homeostasis and in repelling enteropathogenic infections. Aberrant IL17A-dependent signalling has been linked to the pathogenesis of Crohn’s disease (CD), thereby prioritising IL17A as a potential therapeutical target in such common and incurable inflammatory bowel disease. Despite preliminary encouraging results in mice, blocking of either IL17A or IL17 receptor (IL17R) was inefficient in induction and maintenance of response or remission in CD patients. Herein, we shall review current paradigms on the regulation of pathogenic and protective Th17 functions, through the innate lymphoid cell (ILC)-derived IL22 and/or the NKG2D regulatory pathway.

Free fatty acids provide an important energy source as nutrients, and act as signalling molecules in various cellular processes. Several G-protein-coupled receptors have been identified as free-fatty-acid receptors important in physiology as well as in several diseases. GPR120 (also known as O3FAR1) functions as a receptor for unsaturated long-chain free fatty acids and has a critical role in various physiological homeostasis mechanisms such as adipogenesis, regulation of appetite and food preference. Here we show that GPR120-deficient mice fed a high-fat diet develop obesity, glucose intolerance and fatty liver with decreased adipocyte differentiation and lipogenesis and enhanced hepatic lipogenesis. Insulin resistance in such mice is associated with reduced insulin signalling and enhanced inflammation in adipose tissue. In human, we show that GPR120 expression in adipose tissue is significantly higher in obese individuals than in lean controls. GPR120 exon sequencing in obese subjects reveals a deleterious non-synonymous mutation (p.R270H) that inhibits GPR120 signalling activity. Furthermore, the p.R270H variant increases the risk of obesity in European populations. Overall, this study demonstrates that the lipid sensor GPR120 has a key role in sensing dietary fat and, therefore, in the control of energy balance in both humans and rodents., 脂肪センサーGPR120が食事性肥満の原因遺伝子であることの発見. 京都大学プレスリリース. 2012-02-20.

International audience; Although interleukin (IL)-7 is mostly known as a key regulator of lymphocyte homeostasis, we recently demonstrated that it also contributes to body weight regulation through a hypothalamic control. Previous studies have shown that IL-7 is produced by the human obese white adipose tissue (WAT) yet its potential role on WAT development and function in obesity remains unknown. Here, we first show that transgenic mice overexpressing IL-7 have reduced adipose tissue mass associated with glucose and insulin resistance. Moreover, in the high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obesity model, a single administration of IL-7 to C57BL/6 mice is sufficient to prevent HFD-induced WAT mass increase and glucose intolerance. This metabolic protective effect is accompanied by a significant decreased inflammation in WAT. In lymphocyte-deficient HFD-fed SCID mice, IL-7 injection still protects from WAT mass gain. However, IL-7-triggered resistance against WAT inflammation and glucose intolerance is lost in SCID mice. These results suggest that IL-7 regulates adipose tissue mass through a lymphocyte-independent mechanism while its protective role on glucose homeostasis would be relayed by immune cells that participate to WAT inflammation. Our observations establish a key role for IL-7 in the complex mechanisms by which immune mediators modulate metabolic functions.

Consecutive sera from before and after treatment were collected from 23 patients with a Schistosoma mansoni infection, seven of whom had an early infection. All sera were analysed for IgGl, IgG3 and IgG4 antibody activity against three peptides from the protein Sm 28 GST (24–43, 115–131 and 140–153 aa). In addition, sera from 14 patients, four with an early infection and 10 patients with a chronic infection, were analysed for IgG and IgA antibody activity using seven peptides derived from the protein Sm 28 GST. This molecule has previously demonstrated protective activity against infection in various experimental models. The results are indicative of a subclass-related epitope specificity of the antibodies. Moreover, reactivity to one of the peptides (158–175 aa) was significantly associated with a chronic infectious status.

Immunization with a single dose of 50 micrograms of recombinant Schistosoma mansoni 28-kDa glutathione-S-transferase (rSm28GST) was able to induce a reduction in the worm burden, the number of eggs, and the degree of hepatic fibrosis as quantified by the measurement of collagen content in the liver of S. mansoni-infected mice. No relationship was found between anti-Sm28GST immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin A titers and the levels of protection obtained. Adoptive transfers of Sm28GST-specific total, CD4+, or CD8+ T cells reproduced the protective effect obtained with the recombinant molecule. Moreover, experiments studying in vivo T-cell depletion demonstrated that anti-CD4- or anti-CD8-treated mice showed a significant decrease in the protective effect conferred, suggesting a role of the two T-cell subpopulations in the expression of Sm28GST-mediated protection against hepatic damage. Sm28GST-specific cells produced little interleukin-4 and high levels of gamma interferon. Treatment of immunized mice with anti-gamma interferon antibody totally suppressed the Sm28GST-induced protective effect and led to the rapid death of infected animals, suggesting a role for this cytokine in the expression of the protective immunity obtained after immunization with rSm28GST.

We have previously shown that a mAb that inhibits the enzymatic activity of the Schistosoma mansoni 28-kDa glutathione S-transferase (Sm28 GST) also reduces female worm fecundity and egg viability in vivo and in vitro. By peptidic epitope mapping and an activity reconstitution assay, the carboxyl terminus (CT) amino acid residues 190-211 and to a lesser extent the truncated amino terminus (NT) residues 10-43 of the enzyme were identified as mAb recognition sites. Sera from rats immunized with the NT (10-43) and CT (190-211) peptides showed a partial inhibitory effect on Sm28 GST activity in a late phase (6 to 7 wk) but not in an early phase (2 to 4 wk) after immunization. Passive transfer of Sm28 GST-inhibiting anti-N- and C-terminal sera, but not of the noninhibitory sera, protected the infected mice by reducing tissue egg deposition and the ability of eggs to hatch. In active immunization experiments, the CT peptide significantly decreased the worm burden (37 to 40%) in mice as did the rSm28 GST (28 to 52%). In terms of tissue egg deposition and egg-hatching ability, immunization with both the NT and CT peptides reproduced the reduction observed after immunization with rSm28 GST. A constant reduction in egg numbers was noted in the small intestines and the livers of the immunized mice. A clear reduction in the ability of intestinal or hepatic eggs to hatch was observed. The results are discussed in terms of the conformational participation of the NT and CT of Sm28 in the expression of GST activity.

Introduction Le diagnostic des lipodystrophies non-HIV est difficile, d'autant que des formes frontieres avec le diabete de type 2 et l'obesite sont decrites (Strickland Diabetes Care 2013). Objectif : Identifier les parametres clinicobiologiques permettant de differencier les sujets lipodystrophiques des obeses et des temoins (T). Patients et methodes Cette etude prospective (PHRC 2009_09/0941) porte sur une population initiale de 108 patients, reduite a 94 apres ajustement sur l'âge et le sexe, et repartis en 3 groupes : 52 lipodystrophiques (32 avec composante lipoatrophique dont 16 laminopathies (LM vs. non-LM) et 22 autres types de lipodystrophies), 28 obeses (dont 12 diabetiques) et 13 temoins. Les caracteristiques cliniques, anthropometriques (DEXA, IRM), metaboliques et immunoinflammatoires ont ete recueillies. Resultats Les 3 groupes different par la masse grasse (MG) (p Conclusion Les 4 rapports qui differentiaient le mieux les sous-groupes par rapport aux temoins (GIA/GAT, MG/MM du tronc, leptine/GAT et FMR) ont ete identifies, afin de quantifier le type de desequilibre adipo-musculaire entre les 4 groupes pathologiques. Les LM sont caracterises par un rapport GIA/GAT et un FMR augmente, un rapport leptine/GAT diminue et un rapport MG/MM tronculaire normal par rapport aux temoins. Les anomalies immuno-inflammatoires contribuent probablement au determinisme de ces desequilibres dont la comprehension pourrait ouvrir de nouvelles perspectives.

The aim of this study was to compare the antigenicity and the immunogenicity of five constructs of a peptide, including the peptide in single copy, a tandem repeat containing three copies, a copolymer with glutaraldehyde and two constructs based on the MAP (Multiple Antigenic Peptide) model, one containing two copies (MAP-2) and the other, eight copies of the peptide (MAP-8). The peptide used in this test was the 115-131 sequence derived from the rSm28-GST antigen of Schistosoma mansoni. All constructs were recognized by rSm28-GST specific antibodies in solid phase immunoassays. However, the binding was higher when the MAP-8 was used as antigen at least partly because of its better coating on the microtiter plates. In vitro lymphoproliferative assays showed that polymer was mitogenic, repeat and MAP-2 did not stimulate rSm28-GST specific T cells while MAP-8 induced a slight response. The injection of MAP-8 to rats led to important antibody and T cell responses higher than those obtained with the other constructs. The IgG2a (cytotoxic antibody in schistosomiasis)/IgG2c (blocking antibody) ratio was independent of the immunogen. Taken together these results demonstrate that both the antigenicity and the immunogenicity of a peptide containing T and B cell epitope(s) are strongly related to the molecular form whereby it is presented and that the MAP-8 construct can be useful in serodiagnosis or in vaccination trials using synthetic peptides.

Biological agents have profoundly changed the therapeutical management of Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, the major clinical subentities of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In the gut mucosa, the interleukin (IL)-23 drives the development of the effector Th17 lineage, which plays an essential role in maintaining tissue homeostasis and in repelling enteropathogenic infections. Conversely, aberrant IL-17- and IL-23-dependent signaling have been recently linked to the predisposition of IBD, prioritizing IL-17 and/or IL-23 signaling as potential therapeutical targets in such common immunopathologies. Clinical trials are currently evaluating the safety and efficacy of fully human recombinant immunoglobulins neutralizing IL-12p40 or IL-17. Consistent with a physiopathological role of IL-17 and IL-23 in Crohn’s disease, preliminary data showed encouraging results in regards to tolerability and beneficial effects. Long-term follow-up monitoring is now eagerly awaited to provide evidence of a durable protective role of IL-12/IFN-? in host defense against pathogens, as well as additional clinical trials to assess the efficacy of anti-IL-23p19 treatment.

A member of the glutathione S-transferase family, Sm28GST has previously demonstrated a good ability to protect rodents against experimental infection with Schistosoma mansoni. In order to evaluate its efficacy in a model closer to man, two different protocols of immunization with recombinant Sm28GST were tested on baboons in a large-scale trial. Three injections in the presence of aluminium hydroxide as adjuvant resulted in a significant 38% reduction in the adult worm burden together with a trend for a lower percentage of inflammatory tissue in the liver. Individual levels of protection, ranging from 0 to 80%, underlined the heterogeneity of the immune response to this purified molecule in outbred primates. On the other hand, two injections of Sm28GST in the presence of aluminium hydroxide and Bordetella pertussis reduced female schistosome fecundity by 33%, with a more pronounced effect (66%) on faecal egg output; there was also a trend, in this protocol, for decrease of the mean granuloma surface in the liver. Individual anti-Sm28GST IgG antibodies were apparently unrelated to levels of immunity, but there was partial evidence that cytophilic IgE might play a role in the immune mechanisms affecting worm viability, but not fecundity. In the mouse model, Sm28GST vaccination resulted in a lower hatching ability of tissue eggs recovered from immunized mice whereas passive transfer of specific anti-Sm28GST T-lymphocytes, one day before infection, significantly reduced the number of eggs in the liver of mice. We propose that different protocols of immunization with a recombinant molecule can impede Schistosoma mansoni worm viability and fecundity, but can also affect miracidium physiology, with important consequences for disease transmission and granuloma-derived pathology.