Search

The author seeks to demonstrate that the price system proposed by Piero Sraffa in his major work Production of Commodities by Means of Commodities - Prelude to a Critique of Economic Theory is compatible with both David Ricardo and Karl Marx’s labour embodied theory of value and with Adam Smith’s labour-commanded theory of value. In reality, Sraffa’s measure of prices, the Standard Commodity, satisfies rigorously the mathematical condition of invariability in relation to income distribution between wages and profits. In this sense, it offers a consistent solution to the transformation problem of embodied labour values into production prices. Besides, the Standard ratio or the maximum rate of profits R can be used to analyse the evolution of the three major types or forms of technical progress in a capitalist economy, as follows: labour-using, neutral and capital-using techniques. RESUMO O autor procura demonstrar que o sistema de preços proposto por Piero Sraffa na sua obra Produção de Mercadorias por meio de Mercadorias - Prelúdio a uma crítica da Teoria Econômica é compatível com teoria do valor-trabalho incorporado de David Ricardo e de Karl Marx e com a teoria do valor-trabalho comandado de Adam Smith. Na realidade, a medida de preços de Sraffa, isto é, a Mercadoria-Padrão, satisfaz rigorosamente a condição matemática de invariabilidade em relação à distribuição de renda entre salários e lucros. Neste sentido, ela oferece uma solução consistente para o problema da transformação de valores-trabalho incorporado em preços de produção. Adicionalmente, a razão Padrão ou taxa máxima de lucros R pode ser usada na análise da evolução das três principais formas de progresso técnico na economia capitalista, a saber: intensivo em trabalho direto, neutro e intensivo em capital.

This paper complements research on how {\em love of wealth} bears on key variables in a Ramsey-Cass-Koopmans growth framework. It is shown that for an optimum the social planner cannot have an excessive {\em love of wealth}. If the planner has the `right' {\em love of wealth} an optimum exists and implies higher long-run per capita capital, income and consumption relative to the standard optimal growth model. The optimum implies dynamic efficiency with the possibility to get arbitrarily close to the Golden Rule where long-run per capita consumption is maximal. It is shown that the optimal path is attaining its steady state more slowly. Thus, the beneficial effects of {\em love of wealth} materialize later than in the standard model. Furthermore, the economy can be decentralized as a competitive private ownership economy. One can then identify {\em love of wealth} with the ``spirit of capitalism''. The paper, hence, implies that one needs a 'right' level of the ``spirit of capitalism'' to realize any beneficial effects for the long run.

Mit der fortschreitenden Digitalisierung von Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft wächst die Bedeutung von Big Data Analytics, maschinellem Lernen und Künstlicher Intelligenz für die Analyse und Pognose ökonomischer Trends. Allerdings werden in wirtschaftspolitischen Diskussionen diese Begriffe häufig verwendet, ohne dass jeweils klar zwischen den einzelnen Methoden und Disziplinen differenziert würde. Daher soll nachfolgend ein konzeptioneller Überblick über die Gemeinsamkeiten, Unterschiede und Interdependenzen der vielfältigen Begrifflichkeiten im Bereich Data Science gegeben werden. Denn gerade für Entscheidungsträger aus Wirtschaft und Politik kann eine grundlegende Einordnung der Konzepte eine sachgerechte Diskussion über politische Weichenstellungen erleichtern. Due to the ongoing process of digitisation, Big Data Analytics and Artificial Intelligence are becoming more and more relevant for the analysis of economic processes, trends and the future competitiveness of German industry. However, these technical terms are often applied in economic policy discussions without clearly differentiating between the various disciplines, methods and instruments that make up modern Data Science. Therefore, this article aims to give a conceptual overview covering commonalities, differences and linkages between Big Data, Data Mining, Machine Learning und Predictive Analytics. Political decision-makers and top managers will benefit from a fundamental understanding of the different concepts and technological applications when discussing strategic decisions.

We live in a digital era, a period when information travels with fulminant speed and goes from one side of the world to the other in only a few minutes. The general interest information has a strong impact on the mankind and is transmitted rapidly especially through the internet and through news televisions, which take over the information directly from the area where the event occurs or by the intermediary of other media channels, such as news agencies or other TV stations. Therefore, it is extremely important for the journalists to grant a particular importance to the research of a piece of news before broadcasting it as news alert or breaking news and to analyze the impact that the information has on the audience. This because, at present, we reached the situation of creating 10-12 breaking news per day, fact that leads to a decline in journalists’ credibility and it can cast ridicule on the journalist concepts of breaking news or news alert.

In this article we analysed a new fast-growing phenomenon – Telejustice which seems to spread more and more in Romania and we proposed a solution - the open justice system. In our opinion, if the open-justice system would be adopted in Romania, it would be a gain both for Justice, which could provide the evidence of transparency, as well as for journalists, who could provide exact information, not taken from sources.

The main objective of this paper is to analyze the main aspects of the olfactory metaphor in online perfume reviews and to identify its main characteristics in the non-specialized perfume discourse. Using as a starting point the approach whose overall view is guided by conceptual metaphor theory, we will identify, analyze and classify the main elements of the metaphorical schema associated with the olfactory metaphor related to fragrance perception and description. We will illustrate this category by examples taken from a corpus of excerpts of online non-specialized perfume discourse. Managing the issue of perception and description of fragrance in the online environment allows us an orientation of the research by multiple approaches of the semantics of perfume-speak: the recognition of essential aspects of perfume imaginary, with a focus on the olfactory metaphor in our research corpus; the analysis of sensory impressions and representations in online non-specialized discourse about fragrance. Our main aim is to organize conceptualizations of perfume notes into several categories, following the model inspired by the research of Lakoff and Johnson (Metaphors we live by, 1980).

This paper is an extension of "(t, i, f)-Neutrosophic Structures" applicability , where were introduced for the first time a new type of structures, called (t, i, f)-Neutrosophic Structures, presented from a neutrosophic logic perspective. In any field of knowledge, each structure is composed from two parts: a space, and a set of axioms (or laws) acting (governing) on it. If the space, or at least one of its axioms (laws), has some indeterminacy of the form (t, i, f) ≠ (1, 0, 0), that structure is a (t, i, f)-Neutrosophic Structure. If the structure is applied to social environment, we have (t, i, f)- Neutrosophic Social Structures. The (t, i, f)- Neutrosophic Social Structures [based on the components t = truth, i = numerical indeterminacy, f = falsehood] are exponential remodeled in social space from the perspective of social actor. The social structure allows an infinite freedom of opinion, that is, everybody believes what he wants. The neutrosophic effervescence of social space is more powerful than of scientific environment for the case of natural sciences.

The definition of organizational culture must start from humans, from their historical existence, the psychology of the people they belong to, because, as everybody knows, organizational culture is an integral part of national culture. The values, symbols, histories of a nation become starting points in shaping the cultures of organizations operating in that geographic area.

The given study is circumscribed by anthropology and communication and its purpose is to research the perception and the social-anthropological concept of a political party. If we analyze the meta-analytical method and quality method, we will achieve three modes of reporting to the thought of what a political party means. The article is organized in three primary sections: the political party as a scene, the political party as a dispossession of a person, and the political party as a metamorphosis of freedom. This blend of transformation contains a multistructure in which anthropological reasoning guarantees the best possible measurements of liminality. The political party represents a social irradiation through the idea of liminality.

The objective of this study is to examine the relation between economic and medical circumstances of people and thereby to give suggestions and remarks which can be incorporated into the researches in order to increase the benefits and efficiencies of research outcomes as well as their implementation. Genetically modified foods, arsenic contaminated water, hormonal fruit and vegetables, genetically modified organisms, biological and chemical weapons, radioactive equipment, unsanitary living habitations, malnutrition, mental health complications and burnout are the major source of health problems of a large part of society. All these challenges of modern society are directly linked to the economic status of the people. Hence it is significant to take the health circumstances of people in terms of their economic situation in the foreground. Most importantly, scientists must always keep the externalities of their research outcomes into consideration. For that reason, this project is an attempt to design a common strategy between physicians and economists.

What are the reasons for which firms exit markets? In today's world the processes by which firms enter and exit markets are becoming more and more complex due to the fine networking system globalization and communication create at every level. To find and point out the reasons for which firms or their branches disappear off the market, we stylized and simplified market concepts and developed them in an agent-based model. Using NetLogo, we created an artificial market model where firms and their branches enter or exit the market, produce and sell goods and hire the people inhabiting this world.

This piece is intended to call the attention of directors, businessmen and company managers to a fact of great relevance. With the enactment of Law 12,846/13, its first and second articles imposed the accountability, administrative and civil liability of legal entities when of the perpetration of acts against the domestic or foreign Public Administration, meaning a relevant risk as the companies will liable regardless of guilt in the practice of corruption committed in its own interest or benefit.Keywords. law, anti-corruption, companies.

In the modern world of globalization, we speak of a “global village”, but there always remain some regional fix points. Therefore we do not know exactly what role we have in the future as a society in a globalized world. The globalized world is like a small village: On the one hand, everyone knows what happens in the village, but in other hand, other social differences remain in the same sizes. Therefore in the future some components will always remain in the same form, such as poorness, richness, good, evil, war and peace. Today, prosperity of population in Western societies shows an increasing drift. But no one can guarantee that they will remain so forever in the future. The statistics and existing conflicts show that many problems in the world will always remain. Humanity will be able to realize their dreams of space only in part. And yet, many things will remain as in the Stone Age. The focus of this paper is to consider this matter from a realistic and humanistic point of view.Keywords. Immigration, Cultural Clashes,Human Rights, Integration, Globalization, Poverty, Slavery

Significant indicator of economic progress of the country is the specific income per capita. Experts consider such indicator important from the point of view of forecasting of economic development. Influence of various factors is presented in references, but influence of psychological indicators, in particular, influence of personal characteristics of the population isn't considered. On material of the population of various countries of the world features of formation of the national specific income per capita are considered. The assumption that a measure of professional qualities is linear superposition of level of competence, creative abilities and specific national wealth is made. For simplification of the analysis the sum of these indicators were used as a superposition prototype to a first approximation. It is established that the sum of competence-based indicators, factors of creative opportunities and an indicator of national wealth per capita forms a specialized indicator. It is revealed that this indicator is connected with specific GNP per capita on dependence with high coefficient of correlation. Dependence linearization increases this coefficient to 0.949. It is established that in process of the movement in a zone of the countries with more considerable development of economy, influence of this indicator increases as dependence in an initial look has square character.Keywords. Specific GNP per capita, Competence, Ccreative abilities, Specific national wealth per capita.JEL. A10, C00, E25, O15.

Pakistan army as a institution has been playing various role in the development of the country. The history shows that army has played a very significant role in coping up the emergencies facing the nation. Government often turn to military, when there is a natural or man induced disaster in Pakistan. The Armed forces obviously need to be involved in humanitarianemergencies and disaster management operations. The Pakistan army plays a vital role in the disaster management in history of Pakistan. Pakistan army is full equipped with organized management to assist the government in the emergencies in medical services, rescueoperation and support activities. Army has well trained personnel with professional skills to provide assistance in the emergency situation facing the country in collaboration with National Disaster Management Authority. Moreover, as an army organization, it has an enormous to serve as an additional instrument for effective delivery of emergency assistance. The objective of this research paper is to describe the role of the army institution in providing a coordinated and prompt response to any disaster situation a country is facing. The paper examines the types of disasters, a country is facing and highlights the role of Pakistan army in coping the types of disasters that may be natural disasters or man-made disaster. The research paper a covers following areas in details, Hazards profile of Pakistan, Disaster management system in Pakistan and role of Pakistan Army in disaster Management and concluded with the Recommendations. In the end, the paper provides recommendations for building up an effective coordination between the related agencies in coping with the disasters.

Book Review

Scientific knowledge of different aspects related to conjugal violence is highly important for people directly involved, such as researchers, practitioners and the entire society. In this respect, globally, specialised studies continue to advance, offer correct definitions, clear descriptions, convincing assessments to certain issues, encouraging thus long-term research, since some specialists have managed to overcome restrictive or ideological methods and explanations. Moreover, in practice, debates reach almost all social, political and legal dimensions regarding appropriate and efficient forms of preventing conjugal violence. Unfortunately, in Romania there are fewer research and prevention approaches of this social problem. In general, attention is directed to domestic violence and conjugal violence is dealt with only implicitly. Considering the given context, the aim of the paper is to outline, by analysing specialised literature, a new research direction and implicitly, social intervention. I specify that this article represents a stage in the ongoing postdoctoral research project, entitled "Conjugal homicide. Aggressors and victims".

A new theory of capitalism is suggested. Its key moments and general logic are presented. This theory is based on the distinction between two market types – the simple commodity market and the capitalist one. Disequilibrium and "imperfect competition" are admitted to be a functional norm of capitalism. Respectively, an equilibrium and "perfect competition" are admitted to be a functional anomaly; crises are considered as the result of such an anomaly. General principles and concrete measures of crisis-proof policy and crisis-proof behavior are suggested.

This study emphasises critical health literacy and as a consequence, the importance of media literacy in establishing health consciousness. Health litreacy is examined with critical view by this descriptive study and emphasizes the strategic role of media literacy in the development of health literacy. Turkey ranks as the second most active country in social media penetration and the study treats media literacy in Turkey exclusively with regards to “social media” use in Turkey and explains the reasons behind this preference with statistics. Furthermore, this study discusses the development and the spreading of critical health literacy and includes suggestions toward the goal.

Taking into account that the structure of a specialized field is never homogeneous, in order to interpret or translate a term, we should define and know its different possible "semantic manifestations" (Martin, 1972: 125). In order to facilitate understanding and to ensure translation accuracy, we analyze - from the perspective of an internal polysemy - the terms of the medical lexicon which constitute a specific and restrictive use of the common language lexicon. Through the study of a selection of terms extracted from a specialized dictionary (Dicţionar Medical, Rusu V. 2010), this communication illustrates the restrictions and the extensions of meaning in a double translation: the terms taken from the common language with a restrictive meaning in the specialized field; the terms belonging to related disciplines and various fields adopting a specific meaning in the medical area. All these directions of change of meaning are thus envisaged to facilitate the practice of translation which raises both general and specific difficulties.

The 19th century was a century where the Balkans were reshaping by ideological and cultural polarisation. Until this century, the Ottoman Empire have maintained its multireligious, multilingual and multicultural structure without a problem. However in this century, the nationalist uprisings have caused a change in the Empire’s borders, leading to a Balkan region where Ottoman Empire has almost no presence. Notions that came with the French revolution such as freedom, motherland, nation and the policies of major European states have also affected the separation process. It would be possible to divide Ottoman foreign policy at the time into three eras. The first era is the time until 1865 was the time where the Empire was no longer unrivalled. The second era until 1878, was the era where the Empire guaranteed its territorial integrity and independence via Paris Peace Treaty in 1856. And finally the third era between 1878 and 1908 mainly focused on the balance policies to preserve its territorial integrity. In this era where the Empire was unsettled and vulnerable against interference the policies were based on integrity of the state. Ottoman state governors have tried to attune to the European system which was formed by 1815 Vienna Congress. They have seen internal and external administration as a whole and seeked for a new political culture and identity that can coexist with traditional and western values. They have tried activating the connective power of religion and use religion as a common bonding factor against attacks from Europe. As an external policy, a balance policy that works with the rising powers of the era and makes use of the adverse interests masterfully was being followed. After the 1877-1878 Ottoman Russian War, as a result of the immigration policies, the situation of the Muslim community was a determinant in the formation of new policies. Railways were used both as a tool of development and external policy. While keeping diplomacy in the foreground, blocks, polarisation and wars were avoided. These policies were not enough to save the state, however extended the life of it. This study primarily puts emphasis on notions related to nationalism. Furthermore it aims to explore the Balkan nationalism, which led to the end of the Ottoman Empire and characteristics of the Ottoman state policies at the time.

Book Review.

Immigration movement from Turkey, which began with Labor Migration Aggrement which was signed in the year of 1961 between Turkey and Federal Republic of Germany and still continued today, is accompanied by many important factors which shape and change both countries’ nation in the international area. This study brings forward important features of family identity within the development processes of the Turkish origin people who have lived in Germany for more than half century.[i]This study, which summarizes the data of field research conducted in Berlin, presents the identifical development direction with comparisons among the age groups. The most important finding which depends on the research data is the fact that Turkish culture, values, norms and Islam religion are important factors on identifical developments of the third generation youths who live in Berlin while religion factor has decreasing importance and common culture of Turkish and German and values have increasing importance for the first and second generations.Keywords.Turkish identity, Turish people in Germany, immigration identity, family identity, Turkish people in Berlin.

Discourse analysis is a synergy of social science disciplines, including linguistics, education, sociology, anthropology, social work, cognitive psychology, social psychology, area studies, cultural studies, international relations, human geography, communication studies, and translation studies, subject to its own assumptions, dimensions of analysis, and methodologies. The aim of this paper is to present the applicability of (t, i, f)-Neutrosophic Social Structures, introduced for the first time as new type of structures, called (t, i, f)-Neutrosophic Structures, and presented from a neutrosophic logic. Neutrosophy theory can be assimilated to interpret and evaluate the individual opinion of social structures. This type of analyse already tested and applied in mathematics, artificial inteligence as well can be applied in social sciences by reseachers in social sciences, communication, sociology, psycology.

Over the last millennium, the clan and the corporation have been the loci of cooperation in China and Europe respectively. This paper examines - analytically and historically - the cultural and institutional co-evolution that led to this bifurcation. We highlight that groups with which individuals identify are basic units of cooperation. Such loyalty groups influence institutional development because intra-group moral commitment reduces enforcement cost implying a comparative advantage in pursuing collective actions. Loyalty groups perpetuate due to positive feedbacks between morality, institutions, and the implied pattern of cooperation.

Network - as a comprehensive structure - can be considered "unconventional formula" and intercessory actions to reduce transaction costs between operators of composition. Elements of analytical indicators for the business at the new economy concerns: network company related new economy; potential network; internal resources of knowledge; networked learning facilities; external sources of knowledge; network relationships; new intellectual capital; complementarities of knowledge; network global indicators and indicators for corporate networking. In this context, the aim is conceptual preoccupations for commitment guarantee for the establishment in the scientific, economic and managerial Romania's competitive advantage in absolute terms compared to relativity concerns only obtain comparative advantages.

The paper presents the role of PWPW, as a company with some attributes of a natural monopoly, in contemporary Polish economy. It shows that commercial companies – performing special tasks which are necessary for the functioning of state and which concern identification as well as transactional security and at the same time take advantages of the economy of scale and range as a condition of their presence and development – have a logically justified place in the economy. They are a source of benefits for shareholders in the form of taxes, dividends and other economic benefits, as well as the value of the company itself. Moreover, they are creators of domestic employment and they enrich the national potential of technology. Also, such firms provide a right level of identification and transactional security, which influences the stability and reliability of legal and economic relations. The necessary conditions in order to realize the benefits coming from owning a company such as PWPW by the state are the company’s business continuity, the stability of its domain of action and the financial stability. These conditions can be fulfilled through a certain partnership between the state and PWPW in the form of a legal monopoly or lasting and stable commercial contracts.

The article deals with issues related to the crisis, recession, economical of Romania. By this paper I did not present an anti-crisis plan but I have exposed a number of measures that may cause the settlement of this phenomenon as stimulating the economic growth, protecting citizens and creating jobs. In this context, the article provides and highlights the main markets affected by the economic crisis, these debuting with the estate market, auto market, list that continues until field of education. I have also highlighted the main causes of it, and not least I presented the impact of the crisis upon the most counties in Romania.

The global economy plays an important role in the development of a region or a county/district as it promotes the exploitation of resources and space in a logical and rational manner. The trend of global economic uniformity allows opportunities and risks to Botosani County since globalization involves economic development and rising living standards, but loss of cultural values, traditions and customs. The area of study currently confronts with socio-economic and demographic changes that may be addressed by globalization, but at the same time spatial development according to global standards will cause the loss of Botosani County’s authenticity.

The first three decades of the previews century have been strongly marked by ideological, political and existential disputes between countries, social classes and groups. Marxist ideas were being intensely promoted at the time, while the biggest dispute was more related to the way in which wealth was distributed across different social classes rather than the way in which value was created. However, the main theme of this study has a contemporary part; The attempt to make a comparison analysis between the economic situation of the 1930s and the current situation of the global economy can be justified using the social, economic, political and other related perspectives that an economic crisis can induce upon countries, organizations and individuals alike. The policies adopted eight decades ago by various governments, central banks and other public institutions, including the population’s reaction along crisis years at the time could lead to a better understanding of such phenomena and the finding of further solutions in an attempt to overcome the current global economic crisis.

Cooperative game theory instruments application to the corporate finance M&A research issues provide an ability to extend the field considered and conclusions obtained. The paper presents the M&A cooperative games modeling and its empirical implementation to analyze the airline strategic alliance as M&A deal.

The paper deals with corporate management which is the set of processes and systems implemented to organize, direct and control firms, with the objective of increasing their value and performance or eliminate barriers and obstacles to development. In fact, there is a concentration of attention on the efficient management systems, the concern being found on improving business board of directors, leading the company to operational non-sustainability. It concludes that, in fact, the worst situation is seen when officials from outside partners (strategic investors) can not understand how far advanced the classic structure of local economic interests, to what kind of market economy is heading Romania, as this framework does not feel attracted to develop business and significant investment in modernization.

In 1993, the WTO negotiations to create a working group of experts from the Max Planck Institute (Germany), proposed the establishment of an International Antitrust Code. This code was intended to pursue the creation of a competition laws based on a "minimum standard", the substantive obligations and the establishment of support structures and dispute settlement. Provides international antitrust authority who have the power to take action against authorities national competition when they refused to take the necessary measures and other actions to support efforts against anticompetitive practices. This code proved too ambitious, which was the major cause of its failure. However, it will remain a useful document for future discussions on international rules of competition.

This paper deals with the management of welfare maximization problems about New Economy etween knowledge and risk. Integrative systemic perspectives are analyzed between knowledge economy and risk. Also describes the prerequisites for formalization utilitarian jurisprudence regarding integrative systems outlook for the economy between knowledge and risk. In this context, it is estimated that in management, economics and law may be formalized utilitarian jurisprudence. Freedom and efficiency of governance, distribution of rights and obligations regarding registration report completes the study of phase between freedom of cyber-space and legal normativity.

Historically, Romanian modern economic life in all its aspects was under the influence of Western models and experiences. Thus, in the second half of the eighteenth century, Romanian countries have been substantial changes in all areas of materials caused by the collapse of the old feudal relations of production and the emergence of capitalism that were to develop in the first half of the century next .

Since the beginning of the political transformation in Poland, it's been more than twenty years, however, the situation on the labor market in rural areas is not the best. Deteriorating statistics on the labor market in Poland, manifested by high unemployment and a growing number of people in rural areas is the main reason for the formulation of the main as: analysis of the supply side of the labor market in rural areas in Poland in the years 20o0-2011. Discussion is focused on the employment and unemployment rates in Poland and the total isolation of rural areas. The presented figures were derived from calculations made on the basis of Polish Statistical Yearbooks, Annals of rural population censuses and agricul-tural Census available at the Central Statistical Office in Warsaw and Olsztyn, and the Foundation for the Development of Polish Agriculture.

The aim of this paper refers to the potential connection between Business Intelligence (B.I.) solutions considered as an Intelligent Solution (I.S.) used in the modern marketing activities and Customer Relationship Management (CRM) solutions, „working together” on influencing the consumer behaviour. We study the effect on how the consumer behaviour is influenced by the new marketing 3.0 strategies by using B.I. solutions and compare the results with other similar studies carried out by other researchers. The authors will explain how a Business Intelligence solution becomes a method of innovation when used together with Customer Relationship Management solutions and explain how we can improve the economic environment based on the results we obtain.

In 1961, in the earlier stage of the European integration, Bela Balassa proposed a five successive phase model about it as a foresight. Today, the half century experience on integration and corresponding literature issued just lets us see rather two big phases (instead of five). The one would be the incipient integration, that came to enlarge the economic openness and internationalization and shaped on: (i) free trade area (FTA) and (ii) customs union; the other would be the advanced integration, in which internationalization would be replaced by the unique-common market and other two commandments would replace or just reshape the older FTA and customs union into: (iii) economic convergence and (iv) optimal currency area. This paper limits its focus on the economic convergence, its current description-analysis in the literature and condition inside the EU.

At the level of the Romanian economy, Gross Domestic Product is one of the most important indicators. Analyzing its evolution we observe that the effects of the economic and financial crisis strongly influenced it, the year 2009 representing the proof that the Romanian economy was not stable. Along with the Gross Domestic Product variation, in this paper we present school life expectancy indicator, one of the components of the education indicator in the Human Development Index. The link between the two indicators is analyzed using regression for the period 2002-2012. The independent variable is considered school expectancy and the dependent variable is Gross Domestic Product. The calculations led to the conclusion that the variation of Gross Domestic Product is explained at a rate of 41% by the variation of school expectancy.

The present study was used to examine the main theoretical and practical ideas about taking processes of accumulation, concentration and amplification (concentration / accumulation) of chemical compounds , potentially affect on humans and outside, at least in the vicinity. The article shows that, in fact, concentration, accumulation and gain back health sustainability model management, under bio equivalentconfigure the procedural areas of bioconcentration, bioaccumulation and biomagnification. It concludes that in order to minimize the biochemical and biophysical risk, the socio-economic value of the perpetual nature must be protected, and use of knowledge in the economy on quasi-continuous and dense net management control for optimized structures. That is fully legitimate pragmatic, positive.

Physical infrastructures are a set of interconnected structural elements whose function is to participate in attracting capital flows in order for the economy to function efficiently. They transfer capital flows that are able to ensure growth and stability. They also constitute a major challenge for growth and development. We have attempted in this paper to study the influence of physical infrastructures and financial development on foreign direct investments (FDIs) in the context of Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries by combining two theoretical approaches (the Paradox of Lucas and the external-internal factors), and by integrating the correlation between the components of capital flows. Our regressions show the importance of non-linear effects in the explanation of the determinants of private capital. This analysis also emphasizes the more important role physical infrastructures play in attracting FDIs despite perverse effects.

The paper presents conceptual aspects of corporate management on the reformulation of the economy. The central aim of the reformulation process management Romanian and European economy is entering into economic science and practice of corporate logic, modal logic as part of trust and distrust, to operate the new network economy based on knowledge. It concludes that, in fact, the utmost importance of corporate social responsibility proves practical and effective in the management of the economy reformulation. It is said that success and key future performance of the Romanian economy is a model integrated eneralized corporate management, the project outlined in the article, regarding conceptual and practical regulatory alignments new modern enterprises corporate behavior.

Scientific Investigation of sustainability sanitary herein, matters to a) define the structure of the health sector; b) knowing the contents of the local health systems, c) to obtain information about the properties and characteristics associated with health in Romania; d) obtaining views on the mission, objectives, goals and targets pursued by health services; e) scheduling results, effects and positive consequences among human communities to ensure sustainable health in the framework of sustainable development of the country and, last but not least; f) it is intended to measure people's participation and the rule management process, based on biochemical and biophysical control structures. Mainly, it is considered that the sustainability and health have depicted conceptual content that must be secured effectively recovered, concrete operational activities of health systems in laboratories and hospitals.

Student’s association with politics can be found in Bangladesh before its inception as a nation. While many notable contributions made by student politicians in the history of Bangladesh, the present situation is far away from that glorious past. Now the influence of political parties is criticized heavily by the students. The study analyzes the reasons behind student politics by ranking six major reasons to join student politics according to various student groups. This study exposed that student do not like the political parties. The study concludes with the issue of reformation of the current model of student politics where disconnection of the link between student and national politics is emphasized.

This research aims to explore students’ awareness about Accreditation in Lebanon. Researchers tested many variables among students. The research adopts a quantitative approach by collecting primary data through a 14 items-questionnaire given to students at different Universities in Lebanon. Researchers used SPSS software to analyze data and derive appropriate conclusions and implications. After conducting correlation and regression analysis, the study reaches four main conclusions. First, there is high awareness of Accreditation in higher education. Second, students are willing to pay higher tuition fees if the university is internationally accredited. Third, Accreditation makes it easier for students to transfer between majors and/or between colleges. Finally, rich students are less interested in accreditation. Some conclusions are not definite and need more research to detect the factors lying behind. There is not much research done in Lebanon targeting the Education sector and investigating the importance of student’s awareness regarding accreditation .Therefore, this study is vital because it explores a managerial sector of great importance in a country in which research is seldom conducted.

Since the beginning of the political transformation in Poland, it's been more than twenty years, however, the situation on the labor market in rural areas is not the best. Deteriorating statistics on the labor market in Poland, manifested by high unemployment and a growing number of people in rural areas is the main reason for the formulation of the main as: analysis of the supply side of the labor market in rural areas in Poland in the years 20o0-2011. Discussion is focused on the employment and unemployment rates in Poland and the total isolation of rural areas. The presented figures were derived from calculations made on the basis of Polish Statistical Yearbooks, Annals of rural population censuses and agricultural Census available at the Central Statistical Office in Warsaw and Olsztyn, and the Foundation for the Development of Polish Agriculture.

Different regions, countries or areas have identified the development of the tourism industry as a strategic objective in their policies, at both the microeconomic and macroeconomic levels. These regions, obviously, expect the tourism industry to generate economic effects to residents (both households and local businesses.) Over time, our country was considered an important tourist destination for the market in South-East Europe, supporting and promoting Romania's image and especially coastal tourism, spas, cultural programs and monasteries in Bucovina. The Romanian tourist offer did not do profound changes in relation to the tourism demand and to the requirements of comparative tourism products on the international market, requirements that, over time, proved to be increasingly demanding. There are several approaches that aim at diagnosing the business of accomodation industries but a method commonly used for this is the SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats), i.e. the analysis of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and risks or threats of a company.

Book Review.

The paper analyses some of the challenges that economic sciences face during the global crisis. Ideologically, the crisis caused a fierce debate between the adherents of the ultraliberal theory regarding Adam Smith's "invisible hand" and the supporters of state interventionism suggested by John Maynard Keynes in order to overcome recession. The crisis therefore, generated a change in the post-WW II development paradigm. Due to the functions assumed, in order to respond best to an economic model considered to be infailible and immuable, based on growth, a model that ignored nature's laws, the state pushed to moral hazard both entrepreneurs and consumers. The new generations can be characterized with one word - ignorance. Whether we cultivate or not this ignorance, this is another story. It is however certain that the "prosperity generations" have their sense of measure atrophied. They cannot conceive the world outside the comfort they have been used to. The conclusion is that the existing paradigm led to increased instability in the economic system, which led to a crisis.

Carlos Daniel (pero para todos, Daniel) Heymann nació en Buenos Aires, el 30 de diciembre de 1949. Es licenciado en economía, y también en física, por la Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA), y doctor en economía por la Universidad de California, Los Ángeles (UCLA). Es profesor en la UBA, Universidad Nacional de La Plata y Universidad de San Andrés. Fue profesor en la Universidad Nacional del Sur y en la Universidad Torcuato Di Tella, dictando también cursos en la Universidad Autónoma de México, en la UCLA y en Lund (Suecia). Entre mediados de la década de los '70 y 2010 se desempeñó en la oficina que la Comisión Económica para América Latina (CEPAL) tiene en Buenos Aires. Desde octubre de 2001 es miembro de la Academia Nacional de Ciencias Económicas (ANCE). Es autor o editor de ocho libros y varias decenas de monografías, publicadas tanto en el país como en el extranjero. Su currículum completo se puede consultar en la página web www.iiep-baires.econ.uba.ar