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Sexual objectification is related to various negative attitudes and outcomes, including rape proclivity and reduced moral concern for the objectified, which suggests that objectification has implications for aggression. Our study examined the relationship between objectification and general aggressive behaviour in adolescents, including gang-affiliated youth. We hypothesized that (1) objectification would correlate with aggression towards girls, (2) gang affiliation would correlate with objectification and aggression towards girls, and (3) objectification and gang affiliation would interact such that strongly affiliated participants who objectified girls would be most aggressive towards them. We also hypothesized that sexual objectification would be a significant predictor of aggression above and beyond other factors, such as trait aggression. As predicted, objectification correlated with aggression towards girls and with gang affiliation, which also correlated with aggression. In addition, objectification predicted aggression towards girls, after controlling for other relevant factors. Further, we found an objectification × gang affiliation interaction, which differed from our original predictions. Among participants low in gang affiliation, objectification of girls predicted levels of aggression towards them. Among those high in gang affiliation, however, objectification did not predict aggression. We discussed the implications of our findings for general aggression. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Human aggression is any behavior directed toward another individual that is carried out with the intent to hurt him (Bushman & Anderson 2001). The present paper is focused on juvenile aggression, which has an increasing effect on society. Also, the childhood aggression is the factor that predicts more of the variation in adult aggression (Loeber and Stouthamer-Loeber, 1998). The purpose of this article is to review research on juvenile aggression, focusing on important findings in previous general reviews and in current empirical research. It presents the development of main topics and controversies related to juvenile aggression, and then, an examination of the risk factors that explain children and youth violence, organized in individual, social and environmental sets of factors. The paper focuses on relevance of knowledge structure models for the topics and risk factors discussed before. The implications of theory and research in optimal treatment, interventions and preventions for potentially violent children and adolescents are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human aggression is any behavior directed toward another individual that is carried out with the intent to hurt him (Bushman & Anderson 2001). The present paper is focused on juvenile aggression, which has an increasing effect on society. Also, the childhood aggression is the factor that predicts more of the variation in adult aggression (Loeber and Stouthamer-Loeber, 1998). The purpose of this article is to review research on juvenile aggression, focusing on important findings in previous general reviews and in current empirical research. It presents the development of main topics and controversies related to juvenile aggression, and then, an examination of the risk factors that explain children and youth violence, organized in individual, social and environmental sets of factors. The paper focuses on relevance of knowledge structure models for the topics and risk factors discussed before. The implications of theory and research in optimal treatment, interventions and preventions for potentially violent children and adolescents are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In species showing delayed natal dispersal, broodmates vary in natal dispersal timing and strategy, where some choose to disperse early while others delay. In the cooperatively breeding red-cockaded woodpecker, Picoides borealis, typically only one juvenile male per brood delays dispersal despite the lifetime fitness benefits associated with delayed dispersal. We sought to determine whether adult favouritism or intrabrood competition over the distribution of natal food resources provides a mechanism for the persistence of individual variation in natal dispersal strategies. We show that fledgling red-cockaded woodpeckers form male-biased, linear dominance hierarchies as a result of frequent aggressive conflicts. For males, high nestling condition relative to male broodmates was a strong predictor of future dominance, and this condition–rank relationship persisted after individuals reached nutritional independence. Adults were never observed interfering with broodmate conflicts, and were only rarely aggressive towards fledglings. Adults showed no overt favouritism towards offspring when targeting individual fledglings during provisioning early in the postfledging period. However, conflict rates increased with decreasing targeted-feeding rates, suggesting that access to resources is an important function of dominance hierarchies. After fledglings were developmentally able to compete for positions near foraging adults, first- and second-ranking males were fed more often than subordinate females. Of the juvenile males surviving to spring, subordinates were more likely to disperse during their first year than were their dominant broodmates. Together, our findings suggest that for young red-cockaded woodpeckers, intrabrood social rank provides a mechanism for prioritized access to natal resources and variation in natal dispersal strategy. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• Neural mechanisms of juvenile aggression are poorly understood. • Tadpoles of many South American poison frogs are aggressive and cannibalistic. • We explored neural correlates of fighting in Dendrobates tinctorius tadpoles. • Generalized patterns of neural activity differ between winners, losers, and controls. • Increase activity specifically in preoptic area nonapeptide neurons in winners. Aggressive competition for resources among juveniles is documented in many species, but the neural mechanisms regulating this behavior in young animals are poorly understood. In poison frogs, increased parental care is associated with decreased water volume of tadpole pools, resource limitation, and aggression. Indeed, the tadpoles of many poison frog species will attack, kill, and cannibalize other tadpoles. We examined the neural basis of conspecific aggression in Dyeing poison frog (Dendrobates tinctorius) tadpoles by comparing individuals that won aggressive encounters, lost aggressive encounters, or did not engage in a fight. We first compared patterns of generalized neural activity using immunohistochemical detection of phosphorylated ribosomes (pS6) as a proxy for neural activation associated with behavior. We found increased neural activity in the medial pallium and preoptic area of loser tadpoles, suggesting the amphibian homologs of the mammalian hippocampus and preoptic area may facilitate loser-associated behaviors. Nonapeptides (arginine vasotocin and mesotocin) and dopamine have been linked to aggression in other vertebrates and are located in the preoptic area. We next examined neural activity specifically in nonapeptide- and tyrosine-hydroxylase-positive cells using double-label immunohistochemistry. We found increased neural activity specifically in the preoptic area nonapeptide neurons of winners, whereas we found no differences in activity of dopaminergic cells among behavioral groups. Our findings suggest the neural correlates of aggression in poison frog tadpoles are similar to neural mechanisms mediating aggression in adults and juveniles of other vertebrate taxa. Image, graphical abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is believed that sports, as a social institution, are one of the most critical extracurricular activities for adolescent as they teach the rules and disciplines. However, the effects of sports participation on adolescent development are still controversial at the level of theoretical and empirical perspectives in sociology and psychology. For this reason, this study focused on the causal relationships among sports activity, social and environmental factors, and juvenile aggression based on empirical research to examine the effects of sports on adolescents. For this purpose, this research used the Korean Children & Youth Panel Survey (KCYPS) which surveyed 2378 adolescents by multi-stage stratified cluster sampling from 98 schools across South Korea. The data was analyzed by reliability analysis, correlation analysis, exploratory factor analysis, multiple regression, and path analysis with SPSS ver. 23.0 program for Windows. The results were as follows: Firstly, sports activity had a statistically significant effect on the sustainable social environmental factors, and teacher and friend relationships. Secondly, it was found that sustainable social environment had a statistically significant effect on juvenile aggression toward others and oneself. Lastly, sports activity also showed an indirect effect on juvenile aggression toward others and oneself. This means that sports activity affects juvenile aggression through a sustainable social environment. In detail, more sports activity could positively improve one's relationships with teachers and friends and then reduce aggression toward both others and oneself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]