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Countries prone to significant earthquakes often develop disaster refuge and relief urban park systems to enhance urban open green spaces, which serve as temporary shelters for evacuation after seismic events. This paper examines the disaster refuge sites and urban open green space system in the center of Hatay following the February 6, 2023 earthquake. The findings provide insights into the resilience of Turkish cities after seismic events. Subsequently, the refuge sites and green space systems in Istanbul, a metropolis expected to experience a major earthquake, were analyzed in light of the Hatay example. Using ArcGIS, the service areas of shelter sites and urban open green spaces (within a 15-minute walking distance) were calculated and compared. Results indicate that the service areas for emergency shelters in the center of Hatay and Istanbul's Fatih district are insufficient. This highlights the need for better-planned urban open green spaces for evacuation purposes. This study makes significant contributions to improving shelter and evacuation processes after earthquakes in the fields of disaster management and urban planning.

As a result of increasing population density, problems in residential areas have emerged in cities in recent years. With the development of technology, engineers have turned to the construction of taller buildings to meet the increasing demand. As a result, heat island formation becomes inevitable if there is not enough distance between buildings. In this study, it is aimed to numerically investigate the heat island formation and wind effects in buildings. The Ansys Cfx software program was used for the modeling process. Six different building configurations were analyzed to investigate heat island formation. Building heights and inter-building distances were varied for different aspect ratios. As a result of the study, more heat islands formed when the distance between buildings was smaller. As a result of the study, more heat island formation was observed in the first four cases (C1-C4) C5 and C6 were found to be the most suitable building sequences. drag coefficients (Cd) were obtained in the range of 1.35 to 1.65 for different building sequences. As a result of the cooling effects of the wind on the building, a decrease of 2 to 5 degrees in the average temperature of the building was observed. The average heat transfer coefficient is (68 W/mK) when only concrete is used in buildings. The best insulation was realized when glass wool was used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cities are under increasing pressure from many factors such as the growing population, expanding service area, the emergence of new services in cities due to conjunctural developments, migration, climate change, resilience and many other factors. Due to the increasing pressure in cities, city administrations are faced with many problems. In this situation, in order to respond to the problems and needs of cities, they need to resort to innovative and sustainable methods instead of traditional methods in service delivery. Smart city applications constitute the new solution partner of cities with the innovative and sustainable solutions they offer to the problems and needs of cities. This study examines the use of the digital twin as a smart city application in cities and its contributions. The digital twin, which is directly or indirectly involved in the services provided in many areas such as infrastructure, transportation, environment, energy management, etc., contributes to effective service delivery with the solutions it produces and prevents wrong investments. Examples of good practices regarding the digital twin used in the world and in Turkey show that solutions are produced in accordance with the needs of cities in urban service areas. From this point of view, it is seen that digital twin technology is utilized at many stages from the planning of cities to the implementation and development of urban services. The conclusion of this study is therefore that the digital twin plays an active role in the planning and management of cities. In the conclusion part of the study, the problems and obstacles that may be encountered in the use of the digital twin are given and some solution suggestions are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, urbanization, infrastructure development, industrial processes and climate change have significant impacts on environmental degradation. It is essential to identify policies and general trends to be implemented in line with the possible negative effects of these reflections. The policies and trends identified also provide important information for urban planning and human development. On the other hand, studies in the field of health and well-being to protect both natural resources and the global ecosystem, as well as raising a high level of environmental awareness to support urban is a pioneer in providing access to information on sustainability and sustainable human development. Based on this approach, the study aims to explore the relationship between ecological footprint and various factors affecting environmental sustainability using the STIRPAT (Stochastic Impacts by Regression on Population, Affluence, and Technology) model. The model includes variables representing population, technology, and affluence, as well as the Kyoto variable and dummy variables added for regional and income-level examinations. For this aim, the analysis focuses on the estimation of a Semiparametric Panel Binary Choice Model-SPBCM, which allows the determination of the functional form that the data set actually has through the probability density function, avoiding the hypothetical limitations of the parametric approach. The SPBCM a global analysis was estimated with 2565 observations for 135 countries with a global scale data set covering the period 2000-2018. According to the estimation results, Latin America and the Caribbean, the Middle East and North Africa, sub-Saharan Africa, high-income countries and the year 2017 have a statistically significant and positive effect on the probability of ecological footprint reduction, while European and Central Asian countries, low- and lower-middle-income countries and the Kyoto variable have a statistically significant and negative effect. In line with the findings, the need to develop waste management strategies and climate-friendly activities such as recycling, the productive nature of the economy including efficient technology and resource allocation are emphasized, and the results provide guidance to reduce the uncertainty surrounding the current decision-making process on sustainable urban redevelopment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Architectural Sciences & Applications (JASA) is the property of Journal of Architectural Sciences & Applications and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Administrative Sciences / Yonetim Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Canakkale Onsekiz Mart Universitesi, Terzioglu Kampusu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Strategic plans are more participatory, more responsive, more integrated and more empowering when compared to the traditional plans. It has been nearly 20 years since the Financial Management and Control Law in Turkey required public institutions, including municipalities, to prepare strategic plans and to apply strategic management techniques. It has been observed that most of the metropolitan municipalities in Turkey just conduct surveys in the preparation process of strategic plans without organising workshops with the participation of various stakeholders. It seems that through surveys the legal requirement of ensuring the participation of stakeholders in the preparation process is met. It is considered that the local authorities in Turkey need to revise their approach to the strategic planning process in terms of good principles of governance, especially participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of GRID - Architecture, Planning & Design Journal is the property of GRID - Architecture, Planning & Design Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Determination of the optimal route in transportation activities is one of the major problems in transportation. Therefore, efficient techniques deserve our utmost attention to detect optimal routes. In this study, a novel method called Cluster Path Covering (CPC) has been developed and introduced to identify a route based on a sequence of location points on a network. There are already models to minimize the total path cost between the pair of nodes following a kind of sequence. However, our method aims to minimize the path cost, including the neighbourhood accessibility of the path nodes on the network. One of the major challenges for the new model is to reveal the accessibility costs between the nodes. The methodology presents the CPC method clustering the location points on a network and indicating the optimum point for each cluster. Then, the CPC method generates the best path by connecting the specific location points representing the clusters. Moreover, the shortest covering of the neighbourhood path problem (SCNPP) is introduced in this study. The novel CPC method is utilized for SCNPP, a distinctive version of the shortest covering path problem (SCPP). The performance of the CPC method is then tested on two different benchmark networks. According to the results, it provides robust and efficient outcomes for decreasing the routes' transportation costs (e.g., distances). The issues that can be solved via the CPC method include the accessibility costs of public transportation paths and the locations of stops by minimizing the costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Landfills are among the important parameters in the disposal and recycling of solid wastes. In many countries, in the management of solid wastes, with the transition from the wild storage method to the regular landfill system, it has aimed to protect the natural environment, reduce the risks of infectious diseases that will endanger the health of all living things, and provide positive economic contributions by recycling wastes. In this study, it is aimed to examine the Solid Waste Landfill Facility in Balıkesir province and to investigate its impact on the environment. In this regard, the information obtained from the relevant institutions and field researches at the disposal and recycling of urban solid wastes has been examined. As a result of the study, it was concluded that, by converting domestic wastes into energy with appropriate technical processes, a total of 43,747 MW/month of energy was produced in 2020 and 56,272 MW/month in 2021, and the energy needs of 50,000 households were met with this energy. When the vegetable solid wastes are examined at the facility, a total of 615.80 kg of compost was produced in the first eight months of 2022. In the study, it was also seen that domestic and medical wastes increased between 2019-2021 and the most important reason for this increase was the COVID-19 pandemic process. In the examinations made, it was revealed that the carbon footprint that emerged during the transportation of solid wastes to the facility increased every year. Along with all these results, the positive and negative effects of Balıkesir Regular Solid Waste Facility on the city are clearly stated at the end of the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Academic Journal of Agriculture / Akademik Ziraat Dergisi is the property of University of Ordu, Faculty of Agriculture, Academic Journal of Agriculture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Management & Economics Research is the property of Journal of Management & Economics Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Journal of Life Sciences & Biotechnology (2651-4621) is the property of International Society of Academicians and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Ege Universitesi, Ziraat Fakultesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Today, in cities, parallel to technological developments, there is a search to solve problems such as global warming, population growth and depletion of resources and to strengthen public service provision. Innovations in information and communication technologies are essential in producing effective solutions. The digital twin city phenomenon has emerged as a result of these technological searches and innovations. Although there are many studies about smart cities in the Turkish literature, there are no studies on digital twin cities, which are on the agenda of international literature and are accepted as a new starting point in the construction of smart cities. Starting from the said deficiency, the study aims to reveal the digital twin city phenomenon with theory and practice dimensions. This study used a qualitative research design and employed a method of document analysis and literature review. In this context, the concepts of digital era governance, digital twin, and digital twin city are discussed in this study. Afterward, digital twins' cases from various world cities are included in the study. Finally, the current situation and trends in digital twin cities in Turkey were evaluated. As a result, it can be said that digital twin cities have the potential to affect the sustainability of urban life positively. Nonetheless, it should be noted that what is realized in practice within the framework of digital twin city technology is not yet reached the level that meets the expectations in theory. There are technical and economic inadequacies as well as security concerns in the background of this. However, the development of digital twin cities in parallel with technological innovations and the increasing importance and interest in this phenomenon indicates that the gap between theory and practice will close. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Journal of Life Sciences & Biotechnology (2651-4621) is the property of International Society of Academicians and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Kentler ve kent makroformları dönemsel değişken dinamiklerden etkilenen, form arayış sürecinde sürekli bir değişim içinde olan ve bu değişim sonucunda da kendini sürekli yenileyen ve geliştiren canlı organizmalardır. Bu bağlamda kent formları, dış sınır çizgileri ile kentlerin kültürel, ekonomik ve sosyolojik yapıları hakkında bilgi vermektedirler. Ayrıca kent makroformları kentlerin okuma ve incelenmesinde planlayıcı ve tasarımcılara yardımcı olan bir kavram olarak da karşımıza çıkmaktadırlar. Kentler çevresel (iklim, coğrafya, topoğrafya), fiziksel (kent planlamaları, yapı adası düzenlemeleri, yapılaşma düzeni) ve sosyo-ekonomik (nüfus, kültür, yönetim biçimi) faktörlerin etkisinde kent mekânlarına ve dinamiklerine bağlı olarak çeşitli formlarda gelişme göstererek büyümektedirler. Bu doğal dinamiklere ek olarak kentlerin gelişimini etkileyen diğer bir etken ise deprem, sel, heyelan, kasırga ve tsunami gibi doğal afetlerdir. Kentin gelişimini etkileyen bir doğal afet olarak depremler, kentlerin sadece fiziksel görünümünü etkilemekle kalmayıp aynı zamanda o kentte yaşayan insanların psikososyal yapılarını, kültürlerini, ekonomik durumlarını ve yasayış biçimlerini de etkilemektedirler. Düzce kentinin hem stratejik bir konumda olması itibariyle hem de 1999 yılında geçirmiş olduğu depremler nedeniyle Düzce kenti ve kent makroformunun tarihsel gelişimi çalışmada incelenecek çalışma alanı olarak belirlenmiştir. Bu çalışmada kentsel değişim ve dönüşüm bağlamında kent makroformunun gelişimi kent planlamalarının tarihsel süreci içerisinde ele alınarak incelenmiştir. Düzce kent makroformu; kentsel gelişimde ve kent formunun şekillenmesinde etkili olan ve belediyenin ilk imar planı olarak bilinen1987 planı, deprem sonrası durumun analiz edilmesine olanak tanıyan 2001 yılına ait plan ve şu an halen kullanılmakta olan 2016 yıllına ait imar planları üzerinden üç dönem şeklinde irdelenmiştir. Çalışmanın materyalleri imar durumları, haritalar ve hava fotoğraflarından oluşmaktadır. Araştırmada kent makroformunun geçirdiği değişim ve dönüşüm süreçlerinin bu materyaller üzerinden incelenmesi ise çalışmanın yöntemini oluşturmaktadır. Çalışma sonucunda; deprem öncesi, deprem sonrası ve mevut duruma ait üç farklı dönemin imar planları incelenmiş ve kentsel süreçlere bağlı olarak özgün kent formunun ve değişen kentsel dokunun nasıl ortaya çıktığı ortaya konulmuştur. Ayrıca kentin var olan karakterinin, fiziksel ve kültürel formunun oluşum ve değişim dinamikleri belirlenmiştir.

Turkey has developed various policies for the problems caused by the unplanned urbanization process for many years. Urban transformation, which is at the forefront of these policies, to achieve these goals, practices must have a certain level of flexibility. As a matter of fact, each period produces its own urban policy and understanding of architecture. One of the remarkable examples of this understanding in recent years is resilient cities. Resilient cities are explanatory in terms of flexibility and capacity to adapt to changes in practices such as urban transformation, which have physical and social dangers and risks at various levels. In recent years, urban planning literature reveals that walkable neighborhoods are an important variable in creating resilient cities. In this study, walkability was evaluated in the context of the city's resilience and considered as a variable in supporting urban resilience. The study comparatively examines different residential areas that have undergone an urban transformation and not in the same neighborhood in terms of walkability and resilience. For this purpose, first of all, Eskisehir Karapinar Neighborhood, where the study was carried out, was observed in the context of walkability, and different areas of the neighborhood were photographed. Then, questions were asked to the participants regarding walkability in the context of distance, convenience, and basic needs. As a result of the study, it has been determined that the residents' expectations from walkability were left behind compared to other structural problems caused by the transformation in both residential areas undergoing urban transformation and the area that has not transformed. In addition, as a result of the interviews, it was concluded that drawing the framework of walkability is very important in creating guidelines for planning resilient cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Megaron is the property of KARE Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study was carried out to determine how the PM10 concentrations changed in the Izmir metropolitan area during the days when curfews were imposed because of Covid-19 Pandemic. In this context, data of eight air quality measurement stations were taken as basis. Within the scope of the study, days when curfew was strictly imposed were compared with other days, specifically between January 1, 2020 and July 31, 2020. Besides, by comparing daily measures taken between 2015-2020 on same days, it has been tried to determine how air quality has changed on an annual basis. While analyzing, Independent Sample t-test was used for daily data. For annual data, Friedman test was used to determine which stations had a statistically significant difference, and then Wilcoxon test was applied to determine in which years there was a statistically significant difference compared to 2020 measurements. All in all, it was found that there was an improvement in air quality in terms of PM10 concentrations on the days of curfew. This study revealed that our daily mobility in the city as urban dwellers negatively affect air quality of environment we live in, and showed the need to consider air pollution when planning our cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Disasters such as earthquakes, floods, droughts, pandemics, and wars, which have affected societies throughout history, have led to the change and cities' transformation, which are living spaces. This change has brought with its studies on how cities can be more livable and resilient. The size, scope, and speed of the Covid-19 pandemic, which has recently affected the whole world, causes cities to enter a deep transformation process. As a solution to these problems, it is necessary to develop an antivirus-supported approach. The study’ scope, this approach offers various suggestions to reduce the potential risks of the pandemic on the city and urban design and to stop its spread. With the "Slow City" that emerged as both an urban and a social movement in the 1980s, common characteristics and principles were tried to be determined for creating an alternative city model to the "Antivirus city" approach. Constructed with the literature, Antivirus, which is suggested as the city strategies of the future after the pandemic, shows that the Slow City criteria are largely appropriate in the formation of cities. Thus, it will be able to guide new proposals to be developed in healthy urban life after the Covid-19 pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, urban open and green areas (OGA) have an important role in the creation of sustainable and livable cities due to their versatile services and contributions to the urban people and urban ecosystem. In particular, the amount of green areas per person owned by cities is accepted as an indicator of civilization. It is known that the population, geographical location, socio-economic characteristics of the city and the use of existing green areas are effective in determining the urban green space standards. The location, types, analysis, spatial distribution, capacity, functionality and adequacy of urban OGA etc. features are considered the most important components of planning and design. Planning and management of the OGA in Turkey; It is implemented as defined in the Development Law and related regulations. In this study, in the current legislation in Turkey, OGA has been examined and interpreted in 5 different dimensions as "Conceptual Framework and Typological Classification", "Standards", "Projecting and Implementation", "Professional Duty and Responsibility" and "Corporate or Managerial Authority and Responsibility". In this context, in the current legal regulations, the conceptual framework for open and green areas, definitions, standards, project design, implementation etc. It has been determined that there are deficiencies and deficiencies in the issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Planlama is the property of TMMOB Sehir Plancilari Odasi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Electronic Turkish Studies is the property of Electronic Turkish Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu's novel Ankara was written in 1934 as a utopian narrative that represents the hope for an ideal society arising from political and ideological connotations of the revolutionary transformations in 1930s. Aim of this paper is to discuss the connections and contradictions between utopian elements of the novel and socio-spatial context of the early Republican period with reference to the city of Ankara. Ankara is composed of three chapters. The first chapter represents the spirit of national struggle through the experiences of a young woman, Selma, in Ankara during the Independence War; whereas the second chapter represents the negation of this spirit after the constitution of the Republic through Selma's disappointment in her new life in Yenişehir. The novel satirizes the construction period of Yenişehir around 1926 as a community of superficial individuals, who pursue their individualist desires of money and rent; thus the main theme of the utopia appears as the elimination of the individualist ambitions for private interest from the Republican revolution. Along this theme, Karaosmanoğlu describes an imaginary community with its elements at different scales, such as industrial and agricultural development based on Statism, urban and rural interaction, workers and peasantry, arts, media, education, cinema and theatre, etc. Furthermore, he depicts the spatial implications of these elements in cultural and public life through the daily activities of the protagonists Selma and Neşet Sabit in Ankara. In this way, the city Ankara emerges as the spatial representation of the author's imaginary community. Its streets, public places, squares are depicted as the embodiment of the national solidarity, unity, hope and happiness. Analysis of the utopian characteristics of these social and spatial elements reveals that Ankara is written as a literary expression of the ideas of Kadro [Cadre] Movement, in which Karaosmanoğlu has a key role. In this respect, the novel Ankara reflects the Kadro's attempt to reformulate Kemalist ideology as a systematic doctrine of the Republican revolution and it functioned as a pedagogical narrative that aimed to disseminate the perspective of Kadro into the public agenda. However, the conflicts between Kadro's ideological activity and the government party led to the "elimination" of Kadro Movement from the political agenda in 1934. The utopian dimension of the novel reflects its authors' idealist viewpoint in which the existing class conflicts in the political community of the early Republic is negated by the means of its imaginary community. Nevertheless, its utopian impulse is still worth reading as an expression of social hope inspired by its historical period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

'Urban Transformation Practises' that are realized in big cities of our country has spread out to many of the towns of Anatolia in the past years and a great number of urban interventions have also been made in these towns under the name of 'Transformation'. Nevertheless, while 'Urban Transformation Practises' that happen to be realized in big cities and evaluations related to these works take their parts in the order of the day, other practises that take place in smaller and developing towns such as Elazığ are usually kept away from the agenda. Especially, when the literature of 'Urban Transformation' that was given shape after the year 2000 is paid attention, it can be seen that all the discussions are principally over the big cities. However, it can also be observed that not so many projects are produced for other towns in Turkey, especially for the ones in the Eastern and South-Eastern parts of Turkey. By the way, towns like Elazığ where the 'Transformation' process takes place, whose population rate is about to reach the number of 350.000 and who continues to let in immigrants from the surrounding rural areas and surrounding cities, this 'Transformation' needs to be researched in terms of not only economically but also socially and politically. In the investigation, with the help of the case of Elazığ, a clearer analysis of nationally and/or regionally political and economical operators which have an effect on the transformation takes place in the city-space will be practicable, and which dynamics socio-cultural preferences use while transforming the city space will be much clearer. In this context, first of all, an information about projects of 'Urban Transformation' that is experienced in the World and in Turkey will be given. On the back of this, it is aimed to discuss the to-day urban intervention works in Elazığ, the potentials that these works reveals, troubles caused by these works and solutions offers to these troubles. During this study, the data obtained by the technique of literature scanning related to the 'Urban Transformation' will be evaluated and other data attained from the similar 'Transformation' projects in Elazığ will be resolved in terms of economical, social and political aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Academic Journal of Agriculture / Akademik Ziraat Dergisi is the property of University of Ordu, Faculty of Agriculture, Academic Journal of Agriculture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Turkish Journal of Business Ethics is the property of Economic Enterprise & Business Ethics Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)