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Provedenim pokusom u Istočnoj Slavoniji, Vukovarsko-srijemskoj županiji, u razdoblju 2021. godine analizirano je nicanje, rast, cvatnja i prinos kiwana (Cucumis metuliferus E. Meyer Ex. Naudin). Predmet istraživanja bio je utvrditi agro-morfološke razlike u sustavu proizvodnje kiwana uzgajanog pri različitim sustavima kontrole korova i različitim rokovima sjetve. Pokus je postavljen u obliku 3 × 3 faktorskog plana sa tri ponavljanja. Faktori su uključivali tri načina suzbijanja korova (primjena pšenične slame kao malča, kultivacija i kontrolna zakorovljena varijanta) te tri roka sjetve, tj. rani, srednji i kasni. Za vrijeme provođenja pokusa razvila se tipična zajednica ljetnih okopavinskih korovnih svojti gdje su dominaciju preuzeli pršljenasti muhar [Setaria verticillata (L.) P.Beauv.] i oštrodlakavi šćir (Amaranthus retroflexus L.). Ostale korovne svojte bile su niske relativne gustoće i frekvencije po jedinici površine te slabog utjecaja na uzgajane biljke. Tretmani suzbijanja korova bili su izrazito učinkoviti u usporedbi sa zakorovljenom kontrolom. Međutim, pokazalo se da je rok sjetve presudan faktor za uspješnu proizvodnju kiwana i imao je utjecaja ne samo na nicanje, rast i cvatnju, već i na broj i veličinu plodova. Zaključno, srednji rok sjetve i kultivacija kao mjera suzbijanja korova pokazali su najveći agronomski potencijal za kultivaciju kiwana, a sljede srednji i rani rok sjetve uz primjenu malča za suzbijanje korova., Seed germination, growth, flowering, and yield of kiwano (Cucumis metuliferus E. Meyer Ex. Naudin) were examined in eastern Slavonia, Vukovarsko-Syrmia county, during the 2021 growing season. The objective of this research was, therefore, to determine agromorphological diversity within kiwano grown under different weed management practices and sowing dates. The experiment was arranged as a 3 × 3 factorial design with three replications. Factors included three weed management options (e.g., wheat straw mulch, cultivation, and weeded control) and three sowing dates (i.e., early, mid and late May). A typical summer weed community that had developed during the experiment was dominated mainly by the brist y foxtail [Setaria verticillata (L.) P.Beauv.] and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.). Other weed species had lower relative density and frequency per unit area, hence, the lower impact on the crop. Kiwano yield decreases due to the presence of weeds by 71 % and 74 % in comparison with the permanently weeded treatments (mulch and cultivation throughout the vegetation season, respectively). Weed control measures were highly effective compared to weedy control plots. However, the sowing date appears to be a limiting factor in kiwano production, thus influencing not only emergence, growth, and flowering, but also fruit number and size. This study concluded that mid-sowing date and cultivation as a weed control measure are of the highest agronomic potential for kiwano production, followed by mid and early sowing date along with mulch as a main weed control measure, respectively.

Seed germination, growth, flowering and yields of kiwano (Cucumis metuliferus E. Meyer Ex. Naudin) were examined in eastern Slavonia during 2021 growing season. The objective of this study was to determine agro-morphological diversity within kiwano growing under different weed management practices and sowing time. The experiment was arranged as a 3 x 3 factorial design with three replications. Factors included three weed management options (wheat straw mulch, cultivation and un-weeded control) and three planting dates (early, mid and late May). A typical summer weed community that develops during experiment dominated with bristly foxtail (Setaria verticilata (L.) P. Beauv.) and redroot pigweed (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) while the others were with lower relative density and frequency per unit area and with the lower impact on the crop. Weed control was very effective compared to weedy check. However, sowing date appears as a critical factor in kiwano production, influencing not only emergence, growth and flowering, but also fruit number and size. This study concluded that mid sowing time and cultivation as a weed control measure has a highest agronomic potential for a kiwano production following by mid and early sowing time with mulch as a weed control measure., U pokusu provedenom u istočnoj Slavoniji tijekom 2021. godine analizirano je nicanje, rast, cvatnja i prinos kivana (Cucumis metuliferus E. Meyer Ex. Naudin). Cilj istraživanja bio je utvrditi agromorfološke razlike pri proizvodnji kivana uzgajanog s različitim sustavima kontrole korova te različitim rokovima sjetve. Pokus je postavljem kao 3 x 3 faktorski plan s tri ponavljanja. Faktori su uključivali tri varijante suzbijanja korova (primjena slame kao malča, kultivacija i kontrolna zakorovljena varijanta) te tri roka sjetve (rani, srednji i kasni). Tijekom pokusa se razvila tipična zajednica ljetnih korova u kojoj su dominirali pršljenasti muhar (Setaria verticilata (L.) P. Beauv.) i oštrodlakavi šćir (Amaranthus retroflexus L.), dok su ostali korovi bili niske relativne gustoće i frekvencije po jedinici površine i slabog utjecaja na uzgajane biljke. Tretmani suzbijanja korova bili su vrlo učinkoviti u usporedbi sa zakorovljenom kontrolom. Međutim, vrijeme sjetve pokazalo se kao kritičan faktor u proizvodnji kivana, i imalo je utjecaja ne samo na nicanje, rast i cvatnju, već i na broj i veličinu plodova. Zaključno, srednji rok sjetve i kultivacija kao mjera suzbijanja korova pokazali su najveći agronomski potencijal za proizvodnju kivana, a slijede srednji i rani rok sjetve uz primjenu malča za suzbijanje korova.

Recent studies reveal that numerous non-edible parts of fruits and vegetables, as well as food wastes, are a good source of phytochemicals that can be extracted and reintroduced into the food chain as natural food additives. Horned melon or kiwano (Cucumis metuliferus E. Mey. Ex. Naudin) is a fruit rich in various phytochemical components important in the daily diet. After primary processing, horned melon non-edible parts (e.g., peels and seeds) can represent raw materials that can be utilized in numerous applications. Among under-researched fruits, this study aims to present the potential of using horned melon edible and non-edible parts based on current knowledge on nutritional value, phytochemicals, biological activity, as well as biological benefits. Overall, this review concluded that the biological properties of horned melon are associated with the phytochemicals present in this fruit and its waste parts. Further studies should be conducted to identify phytochemicals and valorize all horned melon parts, assess their biological efficacy, and promote their potential uses in different health purposes.

Consumers in Croatia only recently got the opportunity to buy exotic fruits and vegetables. Until now offer was limited to the already known species which could be found on the shelves for decades, and this types can generally be cultivated in Croatia (except bananas, pineapples and several types of citrus). The demand for exotic fruits and vegetables and its cultivation in Western Europe is growing, and this trend is coming to Croatia. In the study conducted for the city of Zadar the correlation of the interest in buying exotic fruit/vegetables and familiarity with the product, the exact definition of the product and the most significant characteristics of kiwano/sweet potatoes was explored. Regression analysis results showed that all three independent variables significantly predict purchase of both kiwano and sweet potatoes. Three segments of consumers with respect to their demographic characteristics were identified using cluster analysis. A more detailed analysis of these groups could serve future researchers in order to segment the market and determine the marketing approach to each of the segments.

O pepino africano (Cucumis metuliferus) é uma planta nativa do continente africano, com potencial para comércio internacional, destinado tanto ao consumo, na forma de sucos, como ao uso farmacêutico. Todavia, pouco se sabe sobre seu manejo cultural, em nossas condições, sobretudo quanto à adubação nitrogenada. Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, avaliar o efeito de doses de nitrogênio sobr e o crescimento da planta, a produtividade e a qualidade de frutos. O trabalho foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, em vasos de 10 L. Constou de seis tratamentos, correspondentes às doses de N de 0, 40, 80, 120, 160 e 200 kg ha-1, distribuídas no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com 11 repetições. Avaliaram-se: produção de frutos, massas de matéria seca de parte aérea e de raízes e características físicas e químicas de frutos. O número de frutos e a massa de matéria fresca de frutos apresentaram valores máximos estimados de 2,24 frutos/planta e de 516,41 g/planta, respectivamente, com as doses de 122,50 e de 154,44 kg ha-1 de N. A massa média de fruto estimada foi de 240,27 g/fruto, obtida com a dose máxima testada (200 kg ha-1 de N). A massa seca de parte aérea teve máximo estimado de 39,12 g/planta, com a dose de 144,0 kg ha-1 de N. As doses de N não interferiram na qualidade dos frutos. Para o cultivo do pepino africano, sugere-se a dose de 154,44 kg ha-1 de N, que proporciona 2,18 frutos/ planta, com massa média de 237,07 g/fruto, e produtividade estimada de 516,41 g/planta. African horned cucumber (Cucumis metuliferus) is native from Africa and has great potential for international trade of both juice consumption and pharmaceutical uses. However, little is known about the crop management in our conditions, particularly in terms of nitrogen fertilization. This study aimed to evaluate the optimal N level for plant growth and fruit yield as well as fruit quality. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse using 10 L pots. The experimental arrangement was a completely randomized design with six treatments corresponding to the N rates 0, 40, 80, 120, 160, 200 kg ha-1, with 11 replications. The variables evaluated included fruit yield, shoot dry matter, root dry matter and physical and chemical characterization of the fruits. The number of fruits and weight of fresh matter of fruits per plant presented maximum values of 2.24 fruits/plant and 516.41 g/plant, respectively, for the rates of 122.50 and 154.44 kg ha-1 N. The average weight of fruit was estimated at 240.27 g/fruit at the maximum N level tested (200 kg ha-1 N). The highest shoot dry matter was 39.12 g/plant at 144.00 kg ha-1 N. The N levels did not influence the quality of the fruits. For the cultivation of African cucumber, we recommend the rate of 154.44 kg ha-1 N that provides 2.18 fruits/ plant with average mass of 237.07 g/fruit and yield estimated at 516.41 g/plant.

U ovom radu obrađena je mogućnost uzgoja kiwana u Zagrebačkoj županiji na dva lokaliteta; Zaprešić i Donja Bistra. Kiwano, je uobičajen naziv za biljku Cucumis metuliferus, voćnog je okusa, porijeklom iz suptropskih i tropskih predjela Afrike. U posljednih dvadesetak godina može se pronaći u uzgoju u Hrvatskoj, uglavnom na privatnim obiteljskim gospodarstvima te u sklopu kooperantske proizvodnje tvrtke Šulog d.o.o. Većina parcela s uzgojem kiwana nalaze se u Bjelovarsko-Bilogorskoj i Sisačko-Moslavačkoj županiji. Tijekom uzgoja na pokusnim parcelama, prikupljani su različiti podaci, kako o vanjskim uvjetima uzgoja, tako i o karakteristikama uzgojenog kiwana. Rezultati na pokusnim parcelama pokazuju potrebu primjene agrotehničkih mjera i procedura pobliže opisanih u radu, što može osigurati dobre rezultate za eventualni komercijalni uzgoj., This paper deals with the possibility of growing kiwano in County of Zagreb, on two locations; Zaprešić and Donja Bistra. Kiwano, is the common name for the plant Cucumis metuliferus, that has fruity taste and originates from tropical and subtropical regions of Africa. In the last twenty years kiwano can be found in Croatia, mostly on private family farms and in the cooperative production of company Šulog d.o.o. Most of the breeding grounds are in Countyes Bjelovarsko-Bilogorska and Sisak-Moslavina. During the cultivation on experimental plots, there were collected various information, both about the external conditions of cultivation, and on the characteristics of farmed kiwano. Results on experimental plots show the need to apply practices and procedures described in more detail in the paper, which can provide good results for eventual commercial production.

Virtual worlds attract millions of users and these popular applications --supported by gigantic data centers with myriads of processors-- are routinely accessed. However, surprisingly, virtual worlds are still unable to host simultaneously more than a few hundred users in the same contiguous space.The main contribution of the thesis is Kiwano, a distributed system enabling an unlimited number of avatars to simultaneously evolve and interact in a contiguous virtual space. In Kiwano we employ the Delaunay triangulation to provide each avatar with a constant number of neighbors independently of their density or distribution. The avatar-to-avatar interactions and related computations are then bounded, allowing the system to scale. The load is constantly balanced among Kiwano's nodes which adapt and take in charge sets of avatars according to their geographic proximity. The optimal number of avatars per CPU and the performances of our system have been evaluated simulating tens of thousands of avatars connecting to a Kiwano instance running across several data centers, with results well beyond the current state-of-the-art.We also propose Kwery, a distributed spatial index capable to scale dynamic objects of virtual worlds. Kwery performs efficient reverse geolocation queries on large numbers of moving objects updating their position at arbitrary high frequencies. We use a distributed spatial index on top of a self-adaptive tree structure. Each node of the system hosts and answers queries on a group of objects in a zone, which is the minimal axis-aligned rectangle. They are chosen based on their proximity and the load of the node. Spatial queries are then answered only by the nodes with meaningful zones, that is, where the node's zone intersects the query zone.Kiwano has been successfully implemented for HybridEarth, a mixed reality world, Manycraft, our scalable multiplayer Minecraft map, and discussed for OneSim, a distributed Second Life architecture. By handling avatars separately, we show interoperability between these virtual worlds.With Kiwano and Kwery we provide the first massively distributed and self-adaptive solutions for virtual worlds suitable to run in the cloud. The results, in terms of number of avatars per CPU, exceed by orders of magnitude the performances of current state-of-the-art implementations. This indicates Kiwano to be a cost effective solution for the industry. The open API for our first implementation is available at \url{http://kiwano.li}.; La réalité mixe, les jeux en ligne massivement multijoueur (MMOGs), les mondes virtuels et le cyberespace sont des concepts extrêmement attractifs. Mais leur déploiement à large échelle reste difficile et il est en conséquence souvent évité.La contribution principale de la thèse réside dans le système distribué Kiwano, qui permet à un nombre illimité d'avatars de peupler et d'interagir simultanément dans un même monde contigu. Dans Kiwano nous utilisons la triangulation de Delaunay pour fournir à chaque avatar un nombre constant de voisins en moyenne, indépendamment de leur densité ou distribution géographique. Le nombre d'interactions entre les avatars et les calculs inhérents sont bornés, ce qui permet le passage à l'échelle du système.La charge est repartie sur plusieurs machines qui regroupent sur un même nœud les avatars voisins de façon contiguë dans le graphe de Delaunay. L'équilibrage de la charge se fait de manière contiguë et dynamique, en suivant la philosophie des réseaux pair-à-pair (peer-to-peer overlays). Cependant ce principe est adapté au contexte de l'informatique dématérialisée (cloud computing).Le nombre optimal d'avatars par CPU et les performances de notre système ont été évalués en simulant des dizaines de milliers d'avatars connectés à la même instance de Kiwano tournant à travers plusieurs centres de traitement de données.Nous proposons également trois applications concrètes qui utilisent Kiwano : Manycraft est une architecture distribuée capable de supporter un nombre arbitrairement grand d'utilisateurs cohabitant dans le même espace Minecraft, OneSim, qui permet à un nombre illimité d'usagers d'être ensemble dans la même région de Second Life et HybridEarth, un monde en réalité mixte où avatars et personnes physiques sont présents et interagissent dans un même espace: la Terre.

International audience; Kiwano is a distributed infrastructure to scale virtual worlds developed within our team. OpenSim is an open source, enhanced implementation of Second Life servers. Combining these two systems we have designed OneSim, a distributed system to allow an unlimited number of users to be together in one sim: all players run a OpenSim instance of the same region populate with their respective neighboring avatars.

O kino (Cucumis metuliferus E. Mey) é uma olerícola de ampla distribuição geográfica, com aumento significativo em relação à comercialização no mundo inteiro, devido não só à sua vida útil ser muito longa em temperatura ambiente, como também pela constante busca do mercado consumidor por produtos exóticos. Assim, a demanda e a comercialização de suas sementes estão aumentando, gerando a necessidade do estabelecimento de padrões estaduais e federais e do desenvolvimento de metodologias adequadas para a avaliação da qualidade delas. Dessa maneira, o objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a metodologia quanto ao substrato, temperatura e tempo de contagem para o teste de germinação em sementes de kino. As avaliações constaram de quatro substratos: rolo de papel, sobre papel, entre areia e sobre areia e quatro temperaturas: 20, 25 e 30°C constantes e 20-30°C alternada. O efeito dos substratos e temperaturas sobre o desempenho das sementes foi avaliado pelo teste de germinação, índice de velocidade e tempo médio de germinação. O experimento foi instalado em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com os tratamentos distribuídos em esquema fatorial 4 x 4 (substratos x temperaturas), com quatro repetições. O teste de germinação em sementes de kino deve ser realizado no rolo de papel, à temperatura constante de 25°C ou alternada de 20-30°C, com a contagem inicial e final, no quinto e décimo dia, respectivamente. The kiwano (Cucumis metuliferus E. Mey) is a cop of wide geographical distribution, with a significant increase in relation to marketing worldwide due not only to his life being too long at room temperature, as well as to the constant search market consumer for exotic products. Thus, demand and marketing of its seeds are increasing, creating the need for the establishment of state and federal standards and the development of appropriate methodologies for evaluating the quality of them. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine the methodology for the substrate, temperature and time count for the germination test on Kiwano seeds. The evaluations consisted of four substrates: paper roll, on paper, in sand and on sand at four temperatures: 20, 25 e 30°C constant and 20-30°C alternating. The effect of substrate and temperature on seed performance was evaluated using germination, speed index and mean germination time. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with treatments arranged in a factorial 4x4 (substrates x temperatures) with four replications. The test germination in seeds of kiwano should be done on the paper roll at constant temperature of 25°C or alternating 20-30°C, with counting starting and ending in the fifth and tenth day, respectively.

International audience; Minecraft is a popular game with more than 20 million paying users and many more playing the free version. However, in today's multiplayer mode, only a few thousand users can play together. For a common setting, when players cannot modify the map, we have designed a distributed system to scale the number of users. The Manycraft software runs on users' machines which communicate through Kiwano infrastructure. This paper describes its architecture and implementation. Manycraft node is available for download at http://manycraft.net, so we expect players to participate and join the demonstration at the given time slot.

International audience; Minecraft is a popular game with more than 20 million paying users and many more playing the free version. However, in multiplayer mode, only a few thousand users can play together. Our measurements show that, even reducing the landscape, i.e., the map, to a uniform flat land, a server cannot host significantly more users. For a common use case, when players cannot modify the map, we have designed and implemented Manycraft, an architecture to scale the number of users. Minecraft protocol messages are of three kinds: control, entity and map. In our approach, Kiwano, a distributed infrastructure for scaling virtual worlds, takes care of the entity related messages while the others are processed by a Minecraft server assigned to the player.

Kiwano (Cucumis metuliferus) je tropska biljka koja pripada porodici Cucurbitaceae te se nalazi u tropskim i subtropskim regijama Afrike. Plod kiwana je bogat različitim biološkim aktivnim spojevima poput glikozida, alkaloida, tokofereola, saponina i nešto manje polifenolima. Određivanje ukupnih polifenola i flavan-3-ola provedeno je spektrofotometrijskim metodama, a za određivanje antioksidacijsekog kapaciteta se koristila FRAP metoda. Najveću koncentraciju polifenola ima ekstrakt liofilizirane pulpe u 80%tnoj otopini etanola, a najmanje ekstrakt liofiliziranih sjemenki u 80%tnoj otopini acetionitrila. Najveća koncentracija flavan-3-ola postignuta je pri ekstrakciji liofilizirane pulpe u 80%-tnoj vodenoj otopini acetona. Najviši antioksidacijski kapacitet je određen u ekstraktu liofilizirane pulpe u 80%-tnoj otopini acetonitrila, a tim otapalom je estrahirano manje polifenola, što dokazuje da osim polifenola antioksidacijskom kapacitetu doprinose i drugi bio9loški aktivni spojevi koji se nalaze u sjemenkama i pulpi.

Cucumis metuliferus Mey. (bodljikavi afrički krastavac ili dinja, kiwano, melano) je kultura (povrtna ili voćna) semiaridnih područja južne Afrike. Zreli plodovi su svijetložute do narančaste boje, oblika male dinje ili kratkog debelog krastavca. Nose na sebi rjeđe, ali jake kao trn razvijene bodlje. Mezokarp ploda je zelene boje, sočnog, blago aromatičnog osvježavajućeg okusa, kombinacije: banana, kivika, limun, dinja. Koristi se kao osvježavajući napitak zajedno s drugim voćem ili sokovima. Dodaje se jogurtu, mliječnim kremama, sladoledu. U plasteniki ljeti 1994. godine testirana su potomstva 23 linije kiwana američkog podrijetla. Praćen je vegetativni rast i pojava generativnih biljnih organa. Određena su morfološka svojstva ploda i prinos po biljci. Na temelju praćenja skladišnih spoobnosti plodova i testova degustacije predložit će se linije za selekciju.