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The diploma thesis focuses on the analysis of the nutritional level of dairy cows and its influence on selected qualitative indicators of milk production. The aim of the work is to carry out a comprehensive assessment of the impact of feed ration and its composition on the quality and quantity of milk production, with an emphasis on identifying optimal nutritional conditions for achieving the highest utility and ensuring good health and living conditions for dairy cows. In the first part of the work, a theoretical review of current knowledge about dairy cow nutrition and milk quality was carried out, focusing on energy and nutrient needs of dairy cows, quality and optimal representation of feed, individual phases of lactation, milk quality, microbiological and hygienic value of milk, and factors affecting its quality. In the second part of the work, an analysis of the nutritional level in the selected breeding was performed. Mixed feed rations and individual components contained in them were evaluated here. Furthermore, utility and qualitative indicators of milk (fat content, protein, lactose, somatic cells, and total number of microorganisms) were assessed.

The objective of this thesis was to evaluate the production efficiency of feeds which were designed with the intention of developing a special aquaponic feed. Further, to evaluate the content of nutrients in water, sludge and nutrient solutions and their influence on plant growth and finally suggest possible modifications to the feed composition. Aquaponic feed should respect nutritional requirements of fishes and plants, not put burden on the environment by not used nutrients and with regards to sustainability, use alternative sources of protein instead of marine fish meal. Because of that, three experimental isoprotein and isocaloric feeds were proposed. Feed A contained conventional ingredients including marine fish meal. Feed B used freshwater fish meal and exclusively plant proteins not regarding its origin. Feed C was made of sustainable and local sources of protein. The experiment was conducted in the aquaponic hall of Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia. As experimental material was used Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and lettuce (Lactuca sativa). Feed B shown similar values of all production indicators as conventional feed A. Weight of fishes in system A after thirteen weeks increased by 143,68 % and in system B by 136,56 %. Weight of fishes in system B was at the end of experiment inconclusively lower by 4,08 %. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) of feed B (1,92?0,10) was inconclusively higher by 8,47 % against FCR of feed A (1,77?0,13). Average weight of aerial parts of plants growing in nutrient solution created from mineralized sludge gathered from system B, supplemented with missing nutrients reached value 221,8?33,9 g after four weeks. That was inconclusively more by 44,21 % than average weight of plants grown in special hydroponic solution and by 8,62 % more than weight of plants grown in enriched solution gathered from system A. Experimentally it was proven that in aquaponic feeds it is possible to substitute marine fish meal by alternative source of protein and using these feeds ensure an effective nutrition for fish and plants in a two-loop aquaponic system.

The theoretical part of the diploma thesis entitled "Assessment of the use of mixed feed wagons on cattle farms" deals with the development of feed feeding and the use of new trends in their feeding. In the diploma thesis we also deal with the basic technology of production of bulk and core feeds, including modern technology for their distribution, characteristics and method of loading individual components of feed rations. The next part of the diploma is focused on the selection of self-propelled and towed mixer feed wagons, evaluation of the operating time and vo-lume of the feed fed, finding out the financial costs of mixer feed wagons and their operation. Evaluation of the use of monitored feed mixers in practice.

This bachelor's thesis deals with the nutrition of dairy cows during lactation. There is characterized feeding of dairy cows in the whole meantime. Work contains of recommended feed rations with optimum amount nutrients during phases of lactacion. A brief description is also given to the nutrients, feeds and diseases caused by incorrect nutrition.

This master thesis focuses on factors affecting the quality of the diet in dairy cows and its relation with milk production. On the analysed farm breeding Holstein cattle, the feed rations are evaluated in terms of diet composition and optimal supply of energy and nutrients for milk production. The diet composition during the followed period and its optimisation, diet analyses and metabolic tests of the cattle are evaluated in this work.

This thesis deals with the Nutrition of sport horses. It is divided in 4 parts. First part is dedicated to digestive system and physiology of horses; next chapter describes the importance of individual macronutrients, vitamins and mineral substances. Third part informs about particular feed. Last chapter is the most comprehensive part expanding the basic knowledge about horses and specifically describes the equine nutrition of young sport horses and sport horses focused on show jumping. Last but not least, this chapter describes required care, feeding technique, balanced nutrition and training plan.

This bachelor work describes methods of animal feed processing which represent an important step in animal feed. Emphasis is put on the description of feed processing technologies and their use in animal feed. Nowadays, thermal feed processing methods play a crucial role among feed processing methods. Thermal feed processing methods can significantly influence the economy of the farming practice and quality of the feed. Furthermore, the bachelor work describes the influence of the feed processing on the quality of feed, primarily on the content of nutritional and antinutritional factors, feed palatability and its suitability for particular groups of livestock.

This bachelor thesis is about different types of poultry that are kept for fattening. It informs about differences of their digestive tract. It also states which hybrids are most often fattened and what fattening parameters we follow. It deals with individual feeds that are used in fattening poultry nutriotion. Furthermore, their processing, complete feed mixtures and sorting according to individual developmental stages to which they are fed. It is also about conveyor systems for the transport of feed used in farms. The following chapters deal with antinutritional substances and antibiotics contained in feed for fattened poultry and their impact on their health. These substances include mycotoxins, dioxins and heavy metals and other. The work also sets out two nutritional standards for fattening broilers. One standard lists the nutritional values for fattened broilers from 2007. The second standard lists the nutritional values for the COBB 500 from 2018. We are comparing standards in the work and present the changes at the end.

The aim of this thesis was to summarize in the theoretical part the issue of genetic modifications and their main use. Another task was to describe various methods used for detection of genetically modified plant products and their properties. The practical part is focused on the isolation of DNA from various foods and feeds containing soy. Using the PCR method, samples were tested for the presence of soy DNA, the CaMV promoter, and the Roundup resistance transgene. A total of 42 samples were tested and 5 of them contained transgenic soy.

Continuous growth of human population, combined with the changes in eating habits, calls for an intensification of agricultural production. However, apart from the increase in food production, its nutritional composition is important as well, particularly in terms of microelements. In diets of over two thirds of the world’s population, there is a lack of more than one microelement. Insufficient concentrations of microelements, which are important for proper growth, development and health of humans and domestic animals, can be eliminated with diverse nutrition, microelement supplementation and by increasing the concentration and bioavailability of microelements in feeds used in animal nutrition, or biofortification. By reviewing the literature, the factors that influence the increase in microelement concentration in fodder crops are presented. Agronomic and genetic approach to biofortification is advocated as an immediate strategy to eliminate the lack of microelements most commonly lacking in diets: iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), iodine (I), selenium (Se). The nutrition of animals containing biofortified fodder aims to increase the concentration of the aforementioned microelements in blood and improve their growth, development and health. By increasing the concentrations of microelements in tissues and milk of domestic animals, the ultimate goal is to meet the microelement needs in humans., Neprestanim rastom ljudske populacije i promjenom prehrambenih navika ljudi rastu zahtjevi za intenziviranjem poljoprivredne proizvodnje. Međutim, osim rasta proizvodnje hrane važan je i njen nutritivni sastav, osobito u pogledu mikroelemenata. U hrani dvije trećine svjetske populacije ljudi prisutan je nedostatak više od jednoga mikroelementa. Nedostatak mikroelemenata, koji su važni za pravilan rast i razvoj te zdravlje ljudi i domaćih životinja, može se ukloniti raznovrsnošću hranidbe, dodavanjem mikroelemenata u hranu te povećanjem koncentracije i bioraspoloživosti mikroelemenata u krmivima koja se koriste u hranidbi domaćih životinja, odnosno biofortifikacijom. Pregledom dostupne literature, prikazat će se čimbenici o kojima ovisi povećanje koncentracije mikroelemenata u krmnim kulturama, kao i agronomske te genetske načine biofortifikacije, kojima se nastoji ukloniti nedostatak najčešćih mikroelemenata u hrani: selena, željeza, bakra, cinka i joda. Hranidbom domaćih životinja biofortificiranim krmivima nastoji se povećati koncentracija navedenih mikroelemenata u krvi istih te poboljšati njihov rast, razvoj i zdravlje. Porastom koncentracije mikroelemenata u tkivima i mlijeku domaćih životinja nastoje se zadovoljiti njihove potrebe u ljudi.

Bachelor thesis Basic aspects of nutrition of sport horses deals with the nutrition and feeding of racehorses. In the thesis, digestive system of a horse is described. The characteristic of basic nutrients and most common feed, used in the nutrition of sport horses, are described as well. Then, the rules of feeding horses are also described, as well as the feed used for racehorses in the time period of racing season, according to energetic needs of horse's organism. Mentioned are also diseases caused by incorrect nutrition, also the constantly increasing number of cases of horse-doping. The prerequisite for healthy grow, correct development and horse's performance is good nutrition.

This Ph.D. thesis was focused on animal feeding. Field experiments were carried out in the field blocks running in the system of organic farming, where it was not possible to use any chemical protection. The plant selection was based mainly on the field/soil conditions and the particular kind of animals to be fed. The experiment was focused primarily on the year-round use of wild animal feeding, in other words, on allowing the forest animals to eat high quality nutritious food in the field during all seasons. In experimental boxes for forest animals selected crops were grown and the nutritional and feeding value was measured together with the health quality. Another part of the doctoral thesis deals with the evaluation of laboratory and food samples with respect to their nutritional value and hygienic quality in different growing seasons. In the thesis, different ways of storing and evaluating stocks were been mentioned too.

The aim of the present study was to identify nutritional risk factors for the occurrence of displaced abomasum (DA) in Holstein dairy cattle raised in regions with highly variable nutritional management. Feeding program data were collected from 30 dairy farms throughout Kosovo via use of a standardized questionnaire, and an AgriNIR™ Analyser was used to analyze the nutrient composition of forage (hay, corn silage) fed to cattle on those farms. A diagnosis of DA was made via auscultation/percutation in the area of the last rib and hearing of a ping sound. Multivariate linear regression models were used to determine risk factors associated with the incidence of DA. The overall incidence of DA in this study was 4.9% (38 cases among 769 cows). Of cows diagnosed with DA, 81.6% (31/38) had left side DA and 18.4% (7/38) had right side DA. Nearly all DA occurred during the first month of the postpartum period - 92.1% (35/38); only 7.9% (3/38) were observed in the pre-partum period. Risk factors that elevated the occurrence of DA included increased intake of concentrate feed after parturition (P, Cilj istraživanja bio je identificirati čimbenike rizika u hranidbi koji doprinose pojavi dislokacije sirišta (DS) kod mliječnih goveda holštajnske pasmine, uzgajanih u područjima s različitim uvjetima hranidbe. Podatci o programu hranidbe prikupljeni su pomoću standardnog upitnika na 30 farmi za proizvodnju mlijeka širom Kosova, a analiza nutritivnog sastava u krmivima (sijeno, kukuruzna silaža) koja su na tim farmama korištena za hranidbu goveda obavljena je AgriNIR™ analizatorom. Dislokacija sirišta dijagnosticirana je osluškivanjem timpaničnog zvuka, uz primjenu metoda auskultacije/perkusije u području posljednjeg rebra. Modeli multivarijantne linearne regresije korišteni su za određivanje čimbenika rizika koji su povezani s incidencijom dislokacije sirišta. Ukupna incidencija dislokacije sirišta u ovom istraživanju bila je 4,9 % (38 slučajeva od 769 krava). Među kravama s dijagnosticiranom dislokacijom sirišta 81,6 % (31/38) krava imalo je dislokaciju u lijevu stranu, a 18,4 % (7/38) u desnu stranu. Gotovo sve dislokacije (92,1 %; 35/38) dogodile su se tijekom prvog mjeseca nakon teljenja, a samo 7,9 % (3/38) u razdoblju prije teljenja. Čimbenici rizika koji doprinose pojavnosti dislokacije sirišta uključivali su povećani unos koncentriranih krmiva nakon teljenja (P

The bachelor thesis "Marketing Communication of Royal Canin in 2014-2016" describes the marketing communication of Royal Canin which manufactures super-premium food for dogs and cats. Descriptive analysis was applied in the thesis. The thesis in the first part describes basic information about Royal Canin, its history, essence and identity, market placement and defines its main competitors (Hill's, Purina Pro Plan and Brit). The second part describes marketing communication of Royal Canin and also describes its marketing mix. The third part deals with a brand communication mix that includes printed and outdoor advertising, on-line communications (websites, social networks), sales support (shop events, loyalty program), fairs, exhibitions and PR activities (sponsorship, donations, events and media relations). The fourth part compares the brand's communication mix with the activities of competing brands Hill's, Purina Pro Plan, and Brit. In the fifth part of the thesis, the Royal Canin communication mix is evaluated and there are suggested possible changes in communication for the future.

Mycotoxins may contaminate food of animal origin due to the carry-over effect and represent a potential risk to human health. The problem of Fusarium mycotoxin contamination becomes an issue especially during rainy years characterised by substantial temperature changes. The aim of this study was to investigate into the level of Fusarium mycotoxins zearalenone (ZEN), deoxynivalenol (DON) and fumonisins (FUM) in maize silage (n=21), concentrated dairy cattle feeds (n=56) and cow milk samples (n=105), taken during 2015 from households located in four Croatian regions. The presence of mycotoxins was determined using validated ELISA methods. A high level of feedstuffs’ contamination was evidenced, especially with ZEN, with values higher than recommended observed in 9.5 % of maize silage samples. Fourteen point three percent (14.3 %) of milk samples were DON positive, with the toxin concentrations ranging from 5.4 to 67.3 μg/L. ZEN was determined in 94.3 % of milk samples, ranging from 0.3 to 88.6 μg/L. FUM were not detected in any of the analysed milk samples. Given the tolerable daily intakes (TDIs) defined for these mycotoxins, human health risks arising from the consumption of cow milk can generally be considered low, even in times characterised by weather conditions that facilitate the production of Fusarium mycotoxins in cereals subsequently used as dairy cattle feed. The exception represents particular milk samples in which high ZEN concentrations were found., Mikotoksini mogu kontaminirati hranu životinjskog podrijetla putem carry-over efekta i predstavljaju potencijalni rizik za ljudsko zdravlje. Problem kontaminacije mikotoksinima iz roda Fusarium izražen je naročito tijekom kišovitih godina, koje ujedno karakteriziraju i značajne promjene temperature. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je ispitati razinu fuzarijskih mikotoksina zearalenona (ZEN), deoksinivalenola (DON) i fumonizina (FUM) u kukuruznoj silaži (n=21), koncentriranoj hrani za mliječne krave (n=56) i uzorcima kravljeg mlijeka (n=105), uzorkovanih tijekom 2015. godine sa obiteljskih poljoprivrednih gospodarstava iz četiri hrvatske regije. Prisutnost mikotoksina određena je primjenom ELISA validiranih metoda. Utvrđena je visoka razina kontaminacije stočne hrane posebno za ZEN, s vrijednostima većim od preporučenih u 9,5 % uzoraka kukuruzne silaže. Na DON je bilo pozitivno 14,3 % uzoraka mlijeka, s koncentracijom u rasponu od 5,4 do 67,3 μg/L. ZEN je određen u 94,3 % uzoraka mlijeka, u rasponu od 0,3 do 88,6 μg/L. FUM nije određen u niti jednom od analiziranih uzoraka mlijeka. S obzirom na prihvatljiv dnevni unos (TDI) definiran za ove mikotoksine, zdravstveni rizik za ljude koji proizlazi iz konzumacije kravljeg mlijeka općenito se može smatrati niskim, čak i tijekom razdoblja koja karakteriziraju vremenski uvjeti pogodni za proizvodnju fuzarijskih mikotoksina u žitaricama, a koje se nadalje koriste kao hrana za muzne krave. Izuzetak predstavljaju pojedini uzorci mlijeka u kojima su određene visoke koncentracije ZEN.

The aim of this thesis was to evaluated the content of mycotoxins in bulky feed. It was evaluated samples of bulky feed of perennial ryegrass, hybrid of italian ryegrass, orchard grass, red clover, hybrid of red clover and lucerne. The content of zearalenon and deoxynivalenol was established by metod ELISA. The difference was in content of mycotoxins in green fodder ang silages. On the content of deoxynivalenol had conclusive influence the type and the preservation (P less 0,05). In green fodder of the grass content of the deoxynivalenol was moveing between 0,14 and2,23 mg/kg, in silages was reduced. In clovers was conclusive influence of preservation (P less 0,05) on the content of the deoxynivalenol, when the green forred contained higher amount between 0,47 and 1,31 mg/kg. The content of the zearalenon was in grasses similar like in green fodder and silage, except for variant křížence jílku, which in the silage achieved values up to 959,98 microg/kg. On the content of zearalenon in clovers had influence the base, when in Troubsko was recorded higher ammount of mycotoxins in silages, while in Vatín the content was higher in green fodder.

Mikotoksini, kao sekundarni toksični metaboliti plijesni, čest su uzrok kontaminacije hrane i hrane za životinje. U ovom radu prikazane su količine mikotoksina određene u krmivima i krmnim smjesama sa hrvatskih farmi u razdoblju od 2010. do 2015. godine. Ukupno je uzorkovano 2364 uzoraka te su primjenom imunoenzimskih metoda određene količine aflatoksina B1 (AFB1), okratoksina A (OTA), zearalenona (ZEA), deoksinivalenola (DON), fumonizina (FUM) i T-2/HT-2 toksina (T-2/HT-2). Značajno veće količine AFB1 od dopuštenih zakonodavstvom određene su 2013. godine. Po pitanju ostalih mikotoksina, za koje su od strane Europske unije definirane najveće preporučene količine, najveća razina kontaminacije fuzarijskim mikotoksinima ZEA i DON određena je tijekom 2015. godine. Tijekom cijelog petogodišnjeg razdoblja količine OTA i FUM u svim analiziranim uzorcima bile su u skladu sa preporučenim vrijednostima. Rezultati govore da je kukuruz krmivo najpodložnije kontaminaciji te općenito ukazuju na snažnu ovisnost pojavnosti mikotoksina o klimatskim uvjetima po godinama istraživanja.

The main aim of this thesis is to create literary study and evaluate aspect of nutrition of horses. The thesis deals with physiology of digesting horses, import of nutrients, mineral supplements and vitamin in feeding batch. This thesis analyses using feeding and deals with need of energy and technology of nutrition of sports horses.

The thesis concerns on physiology of digestive tract, digestion and absorpting feed in the individual section of digestive tract and caecotrophy. Another part is about demands of rabbits on dry matter, fiber and crude protein. There are also mentioned suitable feed for rabbits, feeding individual classes and prin-ciples of feeding rabbits. The last part of thesis is about phytogenic feed aditives, important species of herbs and utilization of active subtance of herbs in rabbits nutrition.

Karakteristika VDLUFA metode je da se pri higijenskoj ispravnosti krmiva i krminh smjesa ne uzima u obzir samo ukupan broj mikroorganizama mikroorganizama (cfu/g) već i njihova potencijalna patogenost. Prema stupnju potencijalne patogenosti bakterije, kvasnice i plijesni razvrstani su u sedam skupina. Na osnovu broja mikroorganizama u pojedinim skupinama krmiva i krmne smjese razvrstavaju se u četiri kategorije. U razdoblju od 2010. do 2013. VDLUFA metodom analizirana su 80 krmiva i krmnih smjesa za različite vrste i kategorije životinja. Rezultati mikrobiloške analize prema VDLUFA metodi metodi ukazuju na relativno visoke udjele krmiva i krmnih smjesa s povišenim brojem mikroorganizama koje su stoga kategorizirane u kategorije 14 (18%) i 8 (10%). Hranidba životinja ovim kategorijama krmiva i krmnih smjesa predstavlja potencijalan problem za zdravlje i produktivnost životinja. S obzirom da je u Republici Hrvatskoj na snazi još uvijek Pravilnik o kakvoći stočne hrane iz 1998. godine koji regulira higijensku ispravnost krmiva i krmnih smjesa a nije usklađen sa suvremenim normama Europske unije, VDLUFA metoda mogla bi u budućnosti biti dobra smjernica u osuvremenjavanju higijeskih standarada krmiva i krmnih smjesa u Republici Hrvatskoj

In my bachelor's thesis we have collected materials about the systems of energy evaluation in cattle feed. The equations for feed evaluation come from the Czech Republic (NELCZ), Finland (FUF), Denmark (FUD), Great Britain (MEMAFF, MEARC), Sweden (MESW), the Netherlands and Norway (NELNL), France (NELFR), the United States of America (NELUS) and Rostock (NEFRO). The first part describes general rules of feed evaluation including the most commonly used abbreviations, feed analysis, division of energy and energetic requirements of cattle. The second part deals with the description of systems of cattle feed evaluation used in Europe and the USA and their differences. The next part addresses a more detailed description of American, Czech and Slovakian systems, their equations, calculations and process of evaluating feeds. Finally we have calculated a feeding dosage according to the norms used in the Czech Republic for a milk cow weighing 550 kilograms, producing 36 litres of milk with the use of the figures of NEL according to the Czech and Dutch systems of feed evaluation of corn silage and barley. While comparing the feed dosage according to our system and the system used in the Netherlands we have found differences in the need of nutrients coverage. It is clear that it is not possible to use foreign declaration about the content of energy in feeds and insert these figures into computer programs used in the Czech Republic without danger of the final dose being deficient in the content of energy.

Bachelor thesis is focused on the technology used for feeding cattle for after - recent 50 years. The aim is to evaluate the technical development of this technique. There are also mentioned physiological requirements for cattle. Category cattle and their nutrition. Further comprehensively evaluated using the food. There are mentioned machines which are used for cleaning, processing, production and silage to the feed trough. Part of the work deals with agrotechnical requirements mentioned machines. These requirements followed by appropriate selection of the feed technique. The last chapter deals with the development of feeding chosen. In conclusion evaluates tech-nological progress in the development of feeding.

This diploma thesis deals with the problem of aflatoxin in selected organs of fallow game, roe deer and for comparation of petty game with hare. The aim was to evaluate the free and preserve breeds at a sufficient amount of samples and to assess the suitability of a feeding.There were assessed the parenchymal tissues and kidneys and liver. It evaluated 176 collected biological tissues, including 118 from free places and 58 samples from specialized preserve.After the screening method RIA complemented by gas chromatography, were evaluated concentrations of aflatoxin B1. Diferences of feeding, which were assessed on based of results of evaluation in preserves.Subsequently the problem of submitting feeds was solved, and it was made a manual for submission of a feed.

Karakteristika VDLUFA metode je da se pri higijenskoj ispravnosti krmiva i krminh smjesa ne uzima u obzir samo ukupan broj mikroorganizama mikroorganizama (cfu/g) već i njihova potencijalna patogenost. Prema stupnju potencijalne patogenosti bakterije, kvasnice i plijesni razvrstani su u sedam skupina. Na osnovu broja mikroorganizama u pojedinim skupinama krmiva i krmne smjese razvrstavaju se u četiri kategorije. U razdoblju od 2010. do 2013. VDLUFA metodom analizirana su 80 krmiva i krmnih smjesa za različite vrste i kategorije životinja. Rezultati mikrobiloške analize prema VDLUFA metodi metodi ukazuju na relativno visoke udjele krmiva i krmnih smjesa s povišenim brojem mikroorganizama koje su stoga kategorizirane u kategorije 14 (18%) i 8 (10%). Hranidba životinja ovim kategorijama krmiva i krmnih smjesa predstavlja potencijalan problem za zdravlje i produktivnost životinja. S obzirom da je u Republici Hrvatskoj na snazi još uvijek Pravilnik o kakvoći stočne hrane iz 1998. godine koji regulira higijensku ispravnost krmiva i krmnih smjesa a nije usklađen sa suvremenim normama Europske unije, VDLUFA metoda mogla bi u budućnosti biti dobra smjernica u osuvremenjavanju higijeskih standarada krmiva i krmnih smjesa u Republici Hrvatskoj

The main aim of this thesis is to create literary study and evaluace fundamental aspects of horse nutrition. The thesis deals with physiology of digestion, muscle metabolism and energy needs of performance horses. It analyzes feed and techniques used for equine nutrition. The thesis describes significance of individual nutrients, minerals and vitamins, their digestability and utilization by the body and proportional respiration in the feeding dosage.

Za život na Zemlji kakav poznajemo bitni su mnogi čimbenici među kojima klima spada u najvažnije. Poljoprivredna proizvodnja ili kako ju često volimo zvati «tvornica na otvorenom» gotovo potpuno ovisi o vanjskim uvjetima odnosno o klimi. Svako odstupanje od prosjeka odnosno promjene klime imaju izravan utjecaj na biljnu i stočarsku proizvodnju. Izravan utjecaj na biljnu proizvodnju svakako je smanjenje ili čak potpuni gubitak prinosa u dugotrajnim sušnim ili poplavnim razdobljima, te promijenjen kemijski sastav odnosno smanjen udio pojedinih nutrienata u biljci. Izravan utjecaj na stočarsku proizvodnju treba spomenuti toplinski stres te s njim povezano smanjenje proizvodnje uslijed istog. Osim direktnog utjecaja na biljnu proizvodnju, kroz kakvoću konzumirane hrane, vremenske prilike imaju i indirektan utjecaj na stočarstvo. Ekstremne vremenske pojave, kao što su suše i poplave, utječu na rast krmiva u takvim uvjetima, što se pak odražava na promjene njihove hranjivosti i korištenja kao hrane za životinje. Osim promjena u hranjivosti krmiva, koje se odražavaju na proizvodnju i sastav kozjeg mlijeka, klimatski čimbenici, preko povećane izloženosti krmiva lošim vremenskim prilikama, mogu utjecati i na zdravstvenu ispravnost takvih krmiva, odnosno, na sigurnost hrane za životinje. Stoga je i cilj ovog rada istražiti utjecaj klimatskih promjena na proizvodnju i sastav kozjeg mlijeka, kao posljedice promjene hranjive vrijednosti krmiva u Međimurskoj županiji. Tijekom istraživanog razdoblja 2012.-2014. došlo je do značajnih promjena (p≤0, 05) u kemijskom sastavu kozjeg mlijeka, odnosno, do smanjenja mliječne masti, proteina i ukupne suhe tvari mlijeka, što može biti ; osim kvalitativnih promjena krmiva, i posljedica povećanja ukupne proizvodnje kozjeg mlijeka. Nadalje, promjene kemijskog sastava krmiva koja su koze u istraživanom periodu jele nisu u očekivanom obimu utjecale na proizvodnju i sastav mlijeka, na temelju čega se može zaključiti da je većina uzgajivača držala koze u odgovarajućim uvjetima, te prilagodila obroke potrebama koza.

The main aim of this thesis is to create literary study and evaluate aspect of nutrition of horses. The thesis deals with physiology of digesting horses, import of nutrients, mineral supplements and vitamin in feeding batch. This thesis analyses using feeding and deals with need of energy and technology of nutrition of sports horses.

This bachelor thesis deals with tools of marketing . The goal of thesis is to raise the saleability of pet supplies. The theoretical part defines basic concepts, respective tools of the marketing, definition and specification of pet supplies, which are used in practical part. In the practical part are designed recommendations to increase the effectiveness of using the sales promotion of pet supplies, based on the analyses of marketing mix and saleability of the products.

The nutrition of dairy cattle in relation to milk production forms an integral part of bigger businesses with livestock farming. This Bachelor thesis introduces a division of dairy cattle to categories according to the milk production and the number of days during the dry period at the same time. Furthermore, the nutrients needed for the milk production are mentioned. For individual nutrients, there are the standards of individual fodder and needs of the dairy cows in relation to their weight and milk production. In order to calculate the feeding ration accurately, it is important to analyse the pasture fodder and concentrated fodder as well as to tailor the feeding ration with a number of macro-elements and other nutrients needed for the correct metabolic function of dairy cows. The individual analysis could be entered to computer programmes with pre-installed nutrition composition of individual categories of dairy cattle. The differences in results within individual nutrients will show the needs of individual categories of dairy cattle either surpluses or shortages and according to that, will set the individual feeding ration in order to prevent health problems and to ensure the welfare of dairy cattle.

Karakteristika VDLUFA metode je da se pri higijenskoj ispravnosti krmiva i krminh smjesa ne uzima u obzir samo ukupan broj mikroorganizama mikroorganizama (cfu/g) već i njihova potencijalna patogenost. Prema stupnju potencijalne patogenosti bakterije, kvasnice i plijesni razvrstani su u sedam skupina. Na osnovu broja mikroorganizama u pojedinim skupinama krmiva i krmne smjese razvrstavaju se u četiri kategorije. U razdoblju od 2010. do 2013. VDLUFA metodom analizirana su 80 krmiva i krmnih smjesa za različite vrste i kategorije životinja. Rezultati mikrobiloške analize prema VDLUFA metodi metodi ukazuju na relativno visoke udjele krmiva i krmnih smjesa s povišenim brojem mikroorganizama koje su stoga kategorizirane u kategorije 14 (18%) i 8 (10%). Hranidba životinja ovim kategorijama krmiva i krmnih smjesa predstavlja potencijalan problem za zdravlje i produktivnost životinja. S obzirom da je u Republici Hrvatskoj na snazi još uvijek Pravilnik o kakvoći stočne hrane iz 1998. godine koji regulira higijensku ispravnost krmiva i krmnih smjesa a nije usklađen sa suvremenim normama Europske unije, VDLUFA metoda mogla bi u budućnosti biti dobra smjernica u osuvremenjavanju higijeskih standarada krmiva i krmnih smjesa u Republici Hrvatskoj

The diploma thesis deals with the profitability of pig farming in the Czech Republic. The theoretical part describes the individual cost items and techniques of pig-breeding which may affect the cost of agricultural producers. The practical part summarizes trends in pig farming in the Czech Republic with a focus on the development of price levels, especially those of agricultural producers, as an incentive to the production of meat stock -- pigs. The other parts of this work is focused on analysis of the development and the structure of pig fattening as well as swine-breeding costs. The cost analysis of piglets and pork meat is evaluated through of production intensity which is also compared within the selected European countries. Further, the work deals with the feed costs, while its impact on the overall production cost is demonstrated on a model example.

VACULA, J. Assessment of the Quality of Selected Types of Feed and Their Use in the Diet of Cloven Hoofed. Diploma thesis. Mendel university in Brno, 2014. From a wide range of animal feed have been described species suitable for use in the diet of hoofed animals. Samples from selected species of feed were collected in order to evaluate their quality. These samples were analyzed in an agricultural laboratory in Staré Město and their nutrient value and other quality indicators were determined. Quality of examined feed samples was evaluated and their suitability or unsuitability for nutrition of cloven hoofed was assessed. Based on the results, it was recommended which types of feed is appropriate to use for the nutrition of cloven hoofed, how to treat the feed and submit it to animals and were assessed risks of feedeing by selected species of feed.

The thesis deals with development of legislation regulations in the field of agricultural products of animal origin in the period 1990 - 2012. The system of regulations of the Czech Republic is described in the introduction, followed by basic insight into the individual categories of animal products. Specific legislation applies to some categories, in such an instance the regulations are described separately for a particular product, including their development. A group of related agricultural products is concluded by a summary of legislation common for that group. A summary of regulations together with the fields they apply to in chronological order according to the effective dates form an annex to the thesis.

The aim of the work was to determine the effect of substitution of soybean meal (SBM) in the grower diets for broilers with other protein feeds of plant origine. It was study the influence of substitution on growth performance and feed conversion ratio, digestibility of amino acids, activity of digestive enzymes and morphology of small intestine. Protein feeds were chosen raw full fat soybean (RFFSB), extruded full fat soybean (EFFSB), corn DDGS, rapeseed (RS) and rapeseed meal (RSM). Based on our observation it can be concluded, that inclusion of RFFSB up to 8 % level, EFFSB up to 12 % level, DDGS up to 18 % level and RS up to 12 % level did not statistically significantly (P>0.05) negatively affect the yields in fed broilers. Feeding RFFSB and EFFSB influenced (P>0.05) the ileus morphology and activity of digestive enzymes. On the basis of digestibility coefficients, the most appropriate proteinous feed for broilers was SBM, which was comparable to EFFSB.

Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites formed by toxigenic fungi present in foods, feeds and their components. Since the presence of the above men¬tioned microorganisms is unavoidable, mold growth is an inevitable consequence of conditions advantageous for fungi development (water content and temperature) found in case of specific food and feed technologies. Mycotoxins identified up to now (several hundred) are molecules of different chemical structures and molecular weight up to 500 Da. An attempt to explain why biosynthesis of so many toxic metabolites – are the consequence of primary metabolism – is necessary for fungi will be discussed. Exposure of human beings and animals to the above compounds causes undesirable effects, with a broad variety of biological effects and – as a consequence – chronic diseases called mycotoxicoses. The most important genera of toxigenic and pathogenic fungi Aspergillus, Fusarium and Penicillium will be characterized, especially concerning conditions of rapid growth and development followed by biosynthesis of a variety of mycotoxins.The above microorganisms are related – during vegetation – to plant oxidative stress induced by weather and environment conditions. The above as well as biosynthesis of the metabolites will be discussed. Rapid development of fungi followed by toxin formation causes a reduction of crop yields, a deterioration of their quality and as a consequence results in significant economic losses, as worldwide approximately 25% of crops are affected by mycotoxins annually. Presented results will confirm that six metabolites (aflatoxins B1, ZEA, DON, fumonisins, T-2 toxin and OTA) in diverse materials (matrices) repre¬sent a real problem throughout the world. Occurrence and concentration levels are variable for different mycotoxins and are closely related to the weather conditions and plant stress responsible for the metabolite formation, which will be highlighted. Levels of safety will be discussed with the emphasis on low doses which cause subclinical losses. Most of the diseases occur after consumption of mycotoxin-contaminated grains or their products, but other routes of exposure also exist. The diagnosis of mycotoxicoses is dependent upon adequate testing for mycotoxins, involving sampling, sample preparation and analysis. Information on mycotoxin contamination of foods, feeds and their components as well as relevant data on new sources of contamination will be given. Methods of decontamination are usually difficult, so prevention of mycotoxin formation is of prime concern. Results on breeding of cereal varieties resistant to pathogenic fungi and biosynthesis of toxic secondary metabolites (mycotoxins) will be presented with an emphasis on the reduction of human and animal health risk. Recent results indicating the importance of mycotoxins in Poland (compared to world data) are planned to be discussed., Mikotoksini su toksični sekundarni metaboliti koje stvaraju toksigene gljivice što se nalaze u hrani, krmnim smjesama i krmivima. Budući da je postojanje ovih mikroorganizama neizbježivo, rast plijesni je neizbježna posljedica povoljnih uvjeta za razvoj gljivica (sadržaj vode i temperatura) u specifičnim tehnologijama hrane i krmiva. Dosad identificirani mikotoksini (nekoliko stotina) su molekule različitih kemijskih struktura i molekularne težine do 500 Da. U radu će se raspravljati o pokušaju objašnjenja zašto je za gljivice potrebna biosinteza tolikih toksičnih metabolita - kao posljedica primarnog metabolizma. Izlaganje ljudi i životinja navedenim komponentama uzrokuje nepoželjne učinke i mnogo različitih bioloških učinaka te kao posljedicu kronične bolesti zvane mikotoksikoze. Opisat će se najvažnije vrste toksigenih i patogenih gljivica Aspergillus, Fusarium i Penicillium, osobito uvjeti brzog rasta i razvoja te biosinteza raznih mikotoksina. Gore navedeni mikroorganizmi u vezi su za vrijeme vegetacije s oksidativnim stresom biljke izazvanim vremenskim i okolišnim uvjetima. Raspravljat će se o ovome, kao i o biosintezi metabolita. Brzi razvoj gljivica te stvaranje toksina uzrokuje smanjenje prinosa usjeva, pad njihove kvalitete, te kao posljedicu, znatne privredne gubitke budući da je širom svijeta godišnje oko 25% usjeva zahvaćeno mikotoksinima. Izneseni podaci će potvrditi da šest metabolita (aflatoksini, B1, ZEA, DON, fumonizini, toksin T-2 i OTA) u različitim materijalima (matricama) predstavljaju stvarni problem u čitavom svijetu. Pojava i razine koncentracije variraju za razne mikotoksine i usko su povezane s vremenskim uvjetima i stresom biljke, odgovornima za stvaranje metabolita. Govorit će se o razinama sigurnosti s težištem na niskim dozama, što uzrokuje subkliničke gubitke. Većina bolesti pojavljuje se nakon konzumiranja različitog zrnja ili njihovih proi zvoda zaraženih mikotoksinima, ali postoje i drugi načini izlaganja. Dijagnoziranje mikotoksikoza ovisi o odgovarajućem testiranju na mikotoksine uključujući uzorkovanje, pripremu uzoraka i analizu. Govorit će se o zaraženosti hrane, krmnih smjesa i krmiva mikotoksinima te dati i odgovarajući podaci o novim izvorima zaraze. Metode dekontaminacije su obično teške pa je sprječavanje stvaranja mikotoksina od prvenstvene važnosti. Bit će predstavljeni rezultati istraživanja niza žitarica otpornih na patogene gljivice i biosinteza toksičnih sekundarnih metabolita (mikotoksina) s naglaskom na smanjenje rizika za zdravlje ljudi i životinja. Predmet rasprave bit će najnoviji rezultati što upućuju na važnost mikotoksina u Poljskoj (u usporedbi s podacima u svijetu).

Rad prikazuje rezultate određivanja razina aflatoksina B1 (AFB1) u krmivima i krmnim smjesama sa farmi mliječnih goveda iz istočnog dijela Hrvatske, uzorkovanih u prvoj polovini 2013. godine nakon utvrđene kontaminacije mlijeka. Rezultati istraživanja ukazali su na vrlo velike količine AFB1 u kukuruzu, značajno veće u odnosu na dopuštenu vrijednost propisanu zakonodavstvom, te posljedičnu kontaminaciju krmnih smjesa za mliječna goveda u čijoj se proizvodnji kukuruz koristi u značajnom udjelu. Kontaminacija sa AFB1 može se povezati s vremenskim uvjetima tijekom uzgoja i žetve kukuruza u 2012. godini, a koji su visokim temperaturama i niskom količinom oborina pogodovali produkciji AFB1. Nedovoljna dosušenost i neki drugi čimbenici također su mogli pospješiti tvorbu ovog toksina tijekom skladištenja. Kako bi se prevenirao štetan utjecaj AFB1 za zdravlje životinja i ljudi, ali i smanjili gubitci u poljoprivrednoj proizvodnji, važan je sustavan nadzor te provedba daljnjih istraživanja kontaminacije krmiva i krmnih smjesa ovim mikotoksinom.

Mikotoksini općenito kontaminiraju oko 25% ukupnih svjetskih poljoprivrednih usjeva. U umjerenom klimatskom području, pa tako i Hrvatskoj, sve je veća učestalost kontaminacije aflastoksinima uglavnom u niskim koncentracijama. Klimatske promjene utječu na tvorbu aflatoksina u većoj mjeri nego je to uobičajeno. Gotovo svaka hrana može biti pogodan supstrat za rast plijesni u određenom stupnju proizvodnje, prerade, transporta ili skladištenja. Tako, aflatoksinima osim žitarica i krmiva, mogu biti kontaminirani i proteinski dodaci hrani, enzimi i aditivi, te mlijeko, mliječni proizvodi, meso i mesni proizvodi. Zbog činjenice da su aflatoksini termostabilni i ne inaktiviraju se uobičajenim postupcima prerade i proizvodnje hrane, velika je mogućnost da se putem hrane životinjskog podrijetla unesu i u organizam čovjeka. Kako je teško učinkovito djelovati na već stvorene aflatoksine, trenutno stanje zahtjeva preventivno djelovanje protiv aflatoksina, prvenstveno primjenom dobre poljoprivredne prakse i učinkovitom kontrolom hrane za životinje i namirnica. S ciljem učinkovitijeg nadzora i prevencije štetnih posljedica uzrokovanih aflatoksinima u kontroli i zaštiti zdravlja ljudi i životinja i značajnim doprinosom u području veterinarskog javnog zdravstva treba provoditi daljnja toksikološka istraživanja. Kako u sklopu specifičnih projekata, tako i u okviru monitoringa Ministarstva poljoprivrede RH, analize treba nadalje provoditi većom učestalošću. Rezultate takovih ispitivanja treba interpretirati sukladno propisanim maksimalno dozvoljenim količinama (MDK), uz razvoj i validaciju primijenjenih analitičkih metoda u analitici ovih tvari.

Uzgoj zagorskih puran sve je zanimljiviji oblik proizvodnje peradskog mesa u Hrvatskoj. Njihov uzgoj uglavnom se zasniva na tradicionalnom načinu, odnosno, proizvodnja se odvija na alternativni ili organski način. U ovakvoj proizvodnji hranidba pura predstavlja jedan od najvažnijih čimbenika uzgoja zagorskih purana, stoga će i cilj ovog rada biti opisati način uzgoja zagorskih purana s detaljnijim osvrtom na hranidbu i jasne razlike ovakve u odnosu na intenzivu proizvodnju mesa pura.

U vrijeme suše, te naročito nakon sušnog perioda, hranidba životinja predstavlja poseban izazov proizvođačima jer trebaju osigurati dovoljno hrane za svoje životinje, kako bi im osigurali sve potrebne hranjive tvari. Osim smanjene količine krmiva na vlastitom gospodarstvu, poseban problem predstavlja i manjak krmiva na tržištu, što je posljedično povezano i s povećanjem cijene hrane za životinje. Stoga ću na sljedećim stranicama pokušati predstaviti i objasniti upotrebu nekih novih i manje uobičajenih krmiva kako bi nakon proteklog perioda i za budućnost proizvođači mogli maksimalno iskoristiti vlastiti potencijal i znanja u hranidbi životinja i dohodovno se nastaviti baviti svojim plemenitim zanimanjem.

In my diploma thesis I was tested six types of feed. I tested in 3 repetitions in the recirculating system with biological treatment of water. Tested fishes african catfish (Clarias gariepinus) weighted between 200 ? 800 g per piece, were deployed into 18 aquariums with volume of 190 litres per aquarium. The whole experiment took place in five partial 3-week periods in the intensive breeding of the laboratory - controlled reproduction of fishes FROV JCU. The average water temperature during the experiment was 27 °C. The main objective of the thesis was to observe production efficiency of tested types of feed, speed of the growth of fishes, feed rates and financial costs. Afterwards, determinativ of yield and organoleptic evaluation was determined, followed by laboratory examination of composition of meat. The results of production indicators (Specific Growth Rate, Relative Growth Rate, Food Conversation Ratio) were most favorable for 3 types of feed ? Haltáp (SGR=0,81 %; RGR=126 %; FCR=1,45), Coppens TROCO SUPREME-22 (SGR=0,73 %; RGR=105 %; FCR=1,19), Coppens TROCO PRIME-18 (SGR=0,68 %; RGR=97 %; FCR=1,26). The lowest costs for 1 kg of fish increment were achieved for these specific types of feed Haltáp and Aller Aqua Focus (45 Kč a 46 Kč). In the organoleptic analysis was found positive evaluation of meat of all tested fishes. Chemical composition of meat was (in term of proteins and fats content) most favorably documented for the hungarian feed called Haltáp (proteins=19,22 % and fats=4,85 %).

Kozje mlijeko visoke je kakvoće te ima veliku nutritivnu vrijednost , pripisuju mu se i neka ljekovita svojstva te je vrlo važno u ljudskoj prehrani. Kao i svim ostalim vrstama mlijeka njegove osobine i vrijednosti određuje njegov kemijski sastav na kojeg pak utječu razni čimbenici među kojima i hranidba. Hranidba je najvažniji paragenetski čimbenik u proizvodnji mlijeka odnosno čimbenik na kojeg najviše utjeće čovjek. Hranidbom se može utjecati na sastav i djelovati na povećanje poželjnih tvari, no također se mogu prenijeti i sve nepoželjne i otrovne tvari i na taj način značajno umanjiti kvalitetu mlijeka. Osim navedenog u radu su obrađene i osobine kozjeg mlijeka poput zdravstvene i terapeutske. Također, navedene su i načini izvedbe hranidbe ovisno o načinu uzgoja te pašnjak kao najbolji i najjeftiniji način hranidbe. Cilj ovog rada je utvrditi utjecaj hranidbe na sastav i kvalitetu kozjeg mlijeka.

Suncokretova pogača predstavlja važan sastojak krmnih smjesa koje se koriste u hranidbi životinja, a zbog visokog udjela proteina može se upotrijebiti i u prehrambenoj industriji, npr. pekarstvu i slično. Izolacijom proteina iz pogače, moguća je njihova primjena kao emulgatora i stabilizatora pjena. Cilj ovog rada je bio odrediti ukupni broj aerobnih, mezofilnih bakterija, bakterija porodice Enterobacteriaceae, sulfitoreducirajućih klostridija, bakterija roda Salmonella, plijesni i kvasaca u uzorcima sirovine, oljuštenom suncokretu i suncokretovoj pogači, prije i nakon čišćenja pogona. Istovremeno, tijekom tehnološkog procesa proizvodnje praćene su promjene vlage, aktiviteta vode i temperature. Vlaga i aktivitet vode u svim analiziranim uzorcima ne osigurava rast mikroorganizama. čišćenje pogona je, u najvećoj mjeri, smanjilo broj plijesni, kvasaca i bakterija porodice Enterobacteriaceae. Nije ustanovljena prisutnost plijesni vrste Aspergillus flavus. Nije ustanovljena prisutnost bakterija roda Salmonella niti sulfitoreducirajucih klostridija. Pri proizvodnji pogače potrebno je voditi brigu o higijenskim uvjetima tehnološkog procesa, mikrobnoj kontaminaciji i preživljavaju patogena. Sunflower meal is an important ingredient of feed mixtures used in animal production. Since high protein amount, sunflower meal can be used in food industry for bread baking etc. Isolated proteins from sunflower meal can be used as emulgators or foam stabilizers. The aim of this study was to determine counts of aerobic, mesophilic bacteria, bacteria of Enterobacteriaceae family, sulphite reducing clostridia, yeasts and molds and the presence of Salmonella spp. in analyzed samples of sunflower seeds, dehulled sunflower seeds, and sunflower meal before and after cleaning process. Water content, water activity and temperature changes during production process were also determined. Moisture and water activity levels of all analyzed sunflower meal samples were unsupportive of microbial growth. Cleaning process reduces counts of fungi as well as presence of Enterobacteriaceae. No species of Aspergillus flavus, Salmonella or sulphite reducing bacteria were detected. For safe sunflower meal production hygienic conditions during production, microbial contamination and pathogen survival must be supervised.

Kvaliteta i hranjiva vrijednost krmiva ovise o nizu bioloških i tehnoloških parametara, te su se u uzorcima silaže cijele biljke kukuruza (KSCB) diljem Republike Hrvatske očekivala variranja kemijskog sastava silirane mase što u konačnici ima veliki utjecaj na sastav obroka životinje. U radu, osim određivanja kvalitete silaže metodom po Fliegu uvidom u udio organskih kiselina u uzorku, prikazana je i analiza kvalitete sastava silaže cijele biljke kukuruza na različitim lokalitetima diljem zemlje, gdje su obuhvaćeni udjeli sirovih hranjivih tvari i pH - vrijednost silirane mase. Analizom uzoraka silaže sa različitih lokaliteta utvrđena je izrazita varijabilnost svih analtičkih pokazatelja. Radom je potvrđeno da silaža predstavlja izrazito nehomogen materijal, što u praksi potencira potrebu redovnih i sveobuhvatnih analiza radi dobivanja realnije slike njene kvalitete i hranjive vrijednosti.