18,946 results on '"labour market"'
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2. Globalisation, Economic Integration, and Labour Market Dynamics within the European Union
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Ionaşcu, Alina, author and Noja, Graţiela Georgiana, author
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- 2024
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3. All good things come in threes – required skill sets in the graduate labour market in Germany
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Kmiotek-Meier, Emilia, Rossié, Tonia, and Canora, Konstantin
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- 2024
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4. No use of schools: the heterogenous effects of conflict in Pakistan on enrolment rates of boys and girls
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Gillani, Abbas Ali and Bari, Khadija M.
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- 2024
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5. Disability and the labour market: conditioning factors for the inactive population with intellectual disabilities.
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Domínguez Vila, Trinidad and Alén González, Elisa
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The majority of studies about disability and the labour market tend to treat disabled people as a homogeneous group, without considering that their behaviour differs based on certain variables such as typology and degree of disability, education level, gender or age, particularly among those with intellectual disabilities. For this reason, the objective of this study is to analyse the relationship between employment inactivity among people with intellectual disabilities in Spain, and the principal conditioning factors for their entry into the labour market, in order to determine whether they differ from those affecting people with other types of disability. Employment opportunities for people with intellectual disabilities were found to be mainly affected by their education level, followed by their degree of disability and their gender. The educational level variable had the strongest impact: the higher the educational level, the greater the presence in the labour market. However, almost a third of the population with intellectual disabilities in Spain are illiterate and have no formal education, which means that they have a residual role in the labour market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2024
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6. How different theories of development address the relationship between the urban informal economy and poverty in the labour market.
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Amoah, Daniel Kennedy
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INFORMAL sector ,SLUM tourism ,DEVELOPMENT economics ,HUMAN geography ,LABOR market - Abstract
The literature on informality observes a relationship between the informal economy and poverty but there is little theoretical discussion on this relationship. Despite the negative depiction of the informal economy by the modernization theory, and rather than it being replaced by the formal economy as the modernization thesis has suggested and expected, the informal economy has been growing, becoming a source of employment for many people globally. This has led to the emergence and endorsement of new representations of the informal economy. How do different theories address the relationship between the informal economy and poverty in the labour market? Through a critical review of the informal economy literature, this article discusses how various theories of development address the relationship between informality and poverty. These theories address the informality-poverty relationship based on the drivers of informality, the working conditions, and policies to facilitate the transition from the informal economy to the formal economy. Given the prevalence of the informal economy and its heterogeneous nature, policy measures should be framed around the causes, characteristics, and contexts of informal businesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2024
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7. Labour Market and Unemployment.
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Janicki, Tadeusz
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Labour is a key factor of production, enabling the production of goods and services. Throughout history, the labour market situation has influenced economic growth and development, and hence investment, productivity, income, consumption and society's standard of living. The articles contained in the next volume of the journal Studia Historiae Oeconomicae analyze the above problem using selected examples dating back to the 18th century. The presented SHO volume consists of eight articles that provide authentic knowledge on such labour market shaping factors as wages, ideology and politics, as well as on the activities of labour unions and charitable organizations under different political and socio--economic systems. The study of labour and the labour market has a heavy burden for both cognitive and practical reasons, since knowledge of the causes, mechanisms and dynamics of change in this sphere can help optimize economic policies regarding the labour market as well as become a source of inspiration for readers and perhaps further research in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2024
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8. Generative AI and Labour Market Research Interest Framework.
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Grigorescu, Adriana and Joita, Florina
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LABOR market ,GENERATIVE artificial intelligence - Abstract
This study investigates the intersection between generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) and labour market by developing a comprehensive framework to analyse the current state of scientific interest in this emerging topic. The research employs a quantitative methodology, using a comparatively implemented bibliometric analysis, thus examining two major databases, Web of Science and Scopus with the aim to provide a deeper understanding of academic landscape. The research focuses on the database with the largest number of relevant papers, providing insight into the concentration of academic activity in the field, both in terms of evolution over time, trends, countries, keywords and authors with the highest research impact. The research reveals a significant gap in the literature concerning the impact of GenAI in labour market, with only one small percentage of papers addressing this topic. Key findings include a rise in publications post-2018, particularly from the USA, Russia and China, and a lack of developed research networks. This article concludes the further exploration of the implication of GenAI on the labour market is needed, with potential directions for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2024
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9. Legal regulation of labour relations in the conditions of martial law in Ukraine.
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Vasylivna, Vyshnovetska Svitlana, Mychailovych, Vyshnovetskyi Vadym, Petrovych, Dyban Maksym, Volodymyrivna, Kmetyk Khrystyna, and Mykolayivna, Chernous Svitlana
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LABOR market ,JOB vacancies ,MARTIAL law ,BUSINESS relocation ,INTERNALLY displaced persons - Abstract
This article explores the transformation of Ukraine's labour market in the context of war. It analyses the impact of the military conflict on labour relations and employment, considering key changes in the labour sector: declining employment, rising unemployment, migration and worsening working conditions. The authors examine government initiatives to support the labour market, including entrepreneurship programmes, business relocation strategies and employment opportunities for internally displaced persons (IDPs). The study identifies a significant shortage of skilled personnel due to emigration and human losses. It analyses statistical data and survey results, proposing measures to revitalise the labour market through a systematic approach that considers demographic, economic, educational and other factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2024
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10. Analysing the interplay of regional economic structures and COVID-19's impact on Irish regions.
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McGrath, Luke
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REGIONAL development ,ECONOMIC structure ,LABOR market ,ECONOMIC impact ,TOURISM - Abstract
This paper analyses the regional economic impacts of COVID-19 in Ireland. The results show regional labour market impacts were related to pre-existing economic structures rather than infection rates. Drivers of the employment shock were found to be regional specialisms in tourism focused sectors. Cushions were provided by regional specialisms in agriculture, healthcare and the knowledge intensive service sectors. For more rural regions that appeared more resilient to the labour market shock, cushions were likely provided by employment in slower growth potential sectors. During the recovery phase, these cushions can become anchors contributing to regional divergence. Consequently, some regions less severely impacted by the pandemic shock may, in fact, face more difficult structural challenges in the longer term. The pandemic has thus exacerbated pre-existing structural issues that are likely related to the observed regional economic divergence and findings of regional development traps since the recovery from the previous recessionary period of the 2010s. The broad implication is that that the regional recovery from the pandemic will not be based purely on short term COVID-19 exposure. In general terms, regional policy should look beyond the initial pandemic shocks to the key underlying development issues. A central point here is that there are no quick transformational fixes rather long-term structural imbalances need to be met. The key policy challenge, in the Irish case, is to avoid the trend from the previous economic crisis of regional divergence during the recovery phase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2024
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11. Tuberculosis and labour market participation: Evidence from South Africa.
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Ting, Helena, Bozzola, Martina, and Ravetti, Chiara
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INCOME ,LABOR market ,COMMUNICABLE diseases ,EMPLOYMENT changes ,PANEL analysis - Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the leading causes of death from an infectious disease, but its micro‐economic impacts on labour market participation remain poorly understood. We analyse the relationship between TB and employment outcomes in South Africa, one of the countries with the highest TB disease burden worldwide, using individual‐level panel data from 2008 to 2017. Applying a coarsened exact matching methodology, we find that contracting TB entails a 5% lower probability of entering the formal labour market. Moreover, TB and its associated employment changes go hand in hand with corresponding reductions in individual income but not in household income and expenditure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2024
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12. What makes entrepreneurship counter-cyclical? Evidence from a shutdown of start-up subsidies in Denmark.
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Marino, Marianna, Melillo, Francesca, Parrotta, Pierpaolo, and Smith, Nina
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SUBSIDIES ,INCOME inequality ,LABOR market ,NEW business enterprises ,SELF-employment - Abstract
This paper examines how the presence of startup subsidies to the unemployed influences the relationship between business cycle and entrepreneurial activity, and the implications on individuals' long-term earnings. We propose that on one hand, this measure fosters entrepreneurship, especially during recessions, by attracting individuals facing labour market constraints. On the other hand, the policy may unintentionally penalize counter-cyclical founders back to paid jobs if employers perceive them as less committed or of lower quality. Exploiting a change in Danish policy that abolishes a startup subsidy scheme for the unemployed, we compare the entrepreneurial population in two extended periods. Our findings indicate that entrepreneurship tends to be counter-cyclical during the subsidy period (1988–1996), while pro-cyclical in the post-reform period (1998–2006). Moreover, the results highlight an unintended consequence of the policy, i.e. a persistent and large (post-exit) wage gap between counter-cyclical and pro-cyclical founders, particularly pronounced for individuals with lower education, unobserved ability, and part-time job experience prior to transition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2024
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13. Piercing through the haze: Did PPP increase versus decrease bank efficiency?
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Berger, Allen N., Ortega, Cristina, and Roman, Raluca A.
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CORONAVIRUS Aid, Relief & Economic Security Act (U.S.) ,LOANS ,BANK deposits ,BANK loans ,DEPOSIT banking - Abstract
We study profit and cost efficiency effects of the Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) for US banks that disbursed the funds. Using bank‐level data combined with PPP bailout data and instrumental variables and other techniques for identification, our findings suggest that more intense PPP lending boosted bank profit efficiency but decreased cost efficiency. We uncover channels for profit efficiency improvements through higher revenues from core deposits and lending, and a labour‐related channel for the decline in bank cost efficiency from hiring more employees and significantly increasing compensation expenses. Findings are robust to many checks and may have important implications for bank management and future government bailout policy design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2024
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14. Resilient Regional Labour Markets as Triggers of Innovation Success during Crises: Perspective of EU Innovation Leaders.
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Fišera, Tomáš and Vaníček, Bernard
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LABOR market ,ECONOMIC impact ,EMPLOYMENT policy ,WORKING hours ,COVID-19 pandemic ,UNEMPLOYMENT - Abstract
Despite the growing interest in the impact of economic crises on regional labour markets, innovation, and regional resilience, the relationship between these economic aspects remains under-researched in the context of these crises. This research aims to fill this gap by investigating how regional labour markets affect the innovation success of European Union countries. We focus on analysing the impact of female and youth unemployment, labour costs, and hours worked on the innovation success of 22 European Union countries over the period 2013–2021, with a special focus on countries identified as innovation leaders in the European Union. Using regression analysis, we find that higher female unemployment and lower hours worked have a positive effect on innovation success. Higher labour costs then have a negative impact on innovation success in the European Union but are not significant for the innovation leaders' success, providing new insights into the complex relationship between the labour market and innovation success. Through a Difference-in-Differences analysis, we additionally demonstrate that there is a causal effect, revealing a greater decline in innovation success among innovation leaders with the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic compared to the remaining (control) 18 European states. The study further highlights the critical role of targeted social and employment policies in enhancing innovation performance, emphasising the need for tailored strategies to support vulnerable labour market groups, and provides directions for future research to explore these dynamics in greater depth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2024
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15. INPUTS AND OUTPUTS OF HIGHER EDUCATION: A READING OF THE ALGERIAN HIGHER EDUCATION SYSTEM IN THE LIGHT OF THE KNOWLEDGE INDEX.
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Mohammed, Grinat, Hamid, Bouzida, and Fatiha, El Djouzi
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SUSTAINABLE development ,EDUCATION & training services industry ,DEVELOPING countries ,LABOR demand ,ECONOMIC change - Abstract
Copyright of International Journal of Professional Business Review (JPBReview) is the property of Open Access Publications LLC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) more...
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- 2024
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16. The Impact of Palm Oil Plantations on Per Capita Income in Kalimantan and Its Effect on Unemployment.
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Barkah, Januar, Sumaryoto, and Rozali, Muhammad
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PALM oil , *PLANTATIONS , *UNEMPLOYMENT , *JOB creation , *ECONOMIC policy - Abstract
Currently, Indonesia's oil palm plantation sector is in a critical phase. While the sector has contributed significantly to national income and created jobs, it is increasingly urged to address a number of social and environmental issues. This study aims to explain the complex relationship between oil palm plantation expansion, per capita income, and unemployment dynamics in the region. Using quantitative methodology and multiple linear regression analysis, this study examines secondary data sourced from the Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS) and the Ministry of Agriculture covering the period 2001-2022. The findings show that the expansion of oil palm plantations significantly increases per capita income through direct and indirect job creation. However, its impact on unemployment is not uniform and depends on the prevailing economic structure and adaptability of the local labor market. While some regions experienced a decline in unemployment due to increased job availability, other regions experienced an increase in structural unemployment caused by the adoption of modern technology that reduced the need for manual labor. These findings underscore the need for regional policies tailored to the local economic context, labor market, and local employment conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2024
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17. Empowering the disadvantaged: a perspective on Saudi Arabia's low-skilled female workers.
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Alraddadi, Raya, AlQahtani, Sitah, and Almubarak, Nada
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SEMISKILLED labor , *WOMEN employees , *LABOR market , *SOCIAL responsibility - Abstract
For a Saudi woman living in times of rapid socioeconomic transformation, working in a low-paid job may feel both obligatory and shameful. This paper argues that Saudi women – torn between traditionalism and modernity – are deeply impacted, though in ambivalent ways, by the recent empowerment discourse. It examines how the corporate world adopts the empowerment narrative to promote progress, modernity, and openness at the expense of women's needs, preferences, and values. Through interviews with a diverse cohort of 20 employed women aged 20–45 years, this study seeks to unravel the motivations that drive women to pursue work in a patriarchal society where the conventional role of men entails assuming financial responsibility for women. Through an exploration of the motivations underlying women's decisions to work – a few of which are the desire for recognition, financial independence, and self-worth – this paper investigates issues of visibility, space, and social responsibility. These key issues emphasize the struggles encountered by working women in attaining empowerment, autonomy, and self-worth despite their participation in the labour market and their financial independence. By examining low-skilled sectors in which women struggle with challenging working conditions, this paper aims to give voice to disadvantaged women who, in the empowerment plans, are left unheard and their future obscured. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2024
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18. BULGARIAN ECONOMY IN 2023 – STRUCTURAL CHALLENGES AND MEDIUM-RUN PERSPECTIVES.
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Zlatinov, Dimitar, Loukanova, Pobeda, Yotzov, Victor, Sariisky, Grigor, Paliova, Iana, and Georgieva, Sonya
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ECONOMIC forecasting ,ECONOMIC policy ,BANKING industry ,INTERNATIONAL trade ,ECONOMIC expectations ,FISCAL policy ,MONETARY policy ,PHILLIPS curve - Abstract
The paper examines the current state and development of the Bulgarian economy in 2023, considering domestic and regional factors. We analyze the real sector by tracking GDP, inflation, and unemployment, linking these to EU processes. Emphasis is placed on labour market adjustments in the context of digitalization and transitioning to a climate-neutral economy. The sustainability of the fiscal sector is explored through financing the green and digital transition with EU funds, and the necessary policies to maintain fiscal stability. We discuss foreign trade prospects, considering the economic conditions and expectations for Bulgaria's main trading partners, the high dependence on euro area performance, and the specifics of foreign trade relations. The banking sector and the capital market analysis focus on the implications of European Central Bank monetary policy, regulatory actions of the Bulgarian National Bank, and risks to sector stability in a dynamic macroeconomic environment. Expectations and forecasts for the Bulgarian economy through 2026 are based on assumptions about global economic processes and local challenges. We make economic policy recommendations aimed at preserving the purchasing power of the population's income and restructuring certain fiscal measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2024
19. İşgücü Piyasasında Kadın Yönetici İstihdamı: Hanehalkı İşgücü Anketi Üzerine Bir Araştırma.
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Şenel, Dilek
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WOMEN executives ,BACHELOR'S degree ,PART-time employment ,LABOR supply ,PRODUCTIVE life span - Abstract
Copyright of Mediterranean Journal of Gender & Women's Studies (KTC) / Akdeniz Kadın Çalışmaları ve Toplumsal Cinsiyet Dergisi is the property of Mediterranean Journal of Gender & Women's Studies (KTC) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.) more...
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- 2024
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20. THE PROBLEM OF THE GENDER PAY GAP IN POLAND IN THE FACE OF THE CHALLENGES OF TODAY'S LABOUR MARKET.
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DŹWIGOŁ-BAROSZ, Mariola
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EQUAL pay for equal work ,GENDER wage gap ,LABOR market ,TELECOMMUTING ,INCOME inequality ,WAGE differentials - Abstract
Purpose: Analysis and assessment of the situation of women on the Polish labour market with particular reference to the gender pay gap in the face of the challenges of the contemporary labour market. Design/methodology/approach: This study is an overview and attempts to analyse the gender pay gap in Poland, based on recent Polish and foreign reports. Findings: The results of the research contained in the reports analysed indicate that inequality in the position of women and men on the labour market is perpetuated and that the distance separating Poland in this respect from the countries of the European Union is not being reduced. Actions taken on this issue at state level are insufficient, failing to move away from a patriarchal model of economic development to an equality model. In response to growing concerns about the gender pay gap, the Council of Europe has taken steps to create a common position on the issue. Research limitations/implications: The paper points to the problem of the gender pay gap, which has serious consequences in today's labour market. The study points out the common misinterpretation of the GDP indicator (gender pay gap), which, unlike the adjusted pay gap, significantly understates the actual statistics. Practical implications: The author points to the pro-equality measures contained in the Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council of the European Union on strengthening the application of the principle of equal pay for men and women for equal work or work of equal value through pay transparency and enforcement mechanisms. Originality/value: The expected economic downturn and changes in the labour market, driven by digitalisation, flexible forms of employment and remote working, bring new challenges for pro-equality labour market policies. Harnessing the potential of women brings tangible results for economies and businesses, hence measures should be taken to eliminate gender disparities in various areas of the wider labour market, including closing the wage gap. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2024
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21. Marriage Market and Labour Market Sorting.
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Calvo, Paula, Lindenlaub, Ilse, and Reynoso, Ana
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GENDER wage gap ,INCOME ,LABOR supply ,LABOR market ,TECHNOLOGICAL innovations - Abstract
We develop a new equilibrium model in which households' labour supply choices form the link between sorting on the marriage market and sorting on the labour market. We first show that in theory, the nature of home production—whether partners' hours are complements or substitutes—shapes equilibrium labour supply as well as marriage and labour market sorting. We then estimate our model using German data to empirically assess the nature of home production, and find that spouses' home hours are complements. We investigate to what extent complementarity in home hours drives sorting and inequality. We find that home production complementarity strengthens positive marriage sorting and reduces the gender gap in hours and in labour sorting. This puts significant downward pressure on the gender wage gap and on within-household income inequality, but fuels between-household inequality. Our estimated model sheds new light on the sources of inequality in today's Germany, and—by identifying important shifts in home production technology toward more complementarity—on the evolution of inequality over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2024
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22. Gender Inequality In Malaysia Labour Force: Data Evidence.
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Jia Qi Cheong, Hock Tsen Wong, and Chia Yien Lim
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LABOR supply ,GENDER inequality ,SEX discrimination ,GOVERNMENT policy ,GENDER differences (Sociology) ,AGE groups - Abstract
Women have overcome many challenges within the labour market, but gender inequality still exists in the form of total employment by categories and states. The higher gender disparity was found in Selangor with the ratio of the men and women employed at 599,200 and this is concentrated in the 30-34 years old. The past findings on the gender discrimination practice in the Malaysian labour market motivated this study to fill the literature gap by providing an upclose analysis on the differences observed within the different states in Malaysia, the difference that can be observed by age group, by the status of employment, by the different sectors of employment and the gender difference as observed in mean and median wages. As context for the finding, an overview of the government policy initiatives to close the gender gap is also provided. One of the proposed recommendations was the balanced responsibility between both genders in household care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
- Published
- 2024
23. The Labour Market for Immigrants: Evidence from Data.
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Talani, Leila Simona
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LABOR market , *LABOR supply , *IMMIGRANTS , *COUNTRIES - Abstract
This article verifies how regular migrants are inserted into the labour markets of receiving countries. The analysis will be made with reference to the position of neo-classical economists relating to the insertion of immigrants in the labour markets of host countries. Reference will also be made to existing data on the dynamics of the integration of authorized migrants in the labour force of OECD and EU countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2024
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24. Prevalence of problem drinking in the Swedish workforce: differences between labour market industries based on gender composition and main job activity.
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Tareq, Hasan, Nyberg, Anna, Wennberg, Peter, Redmalm, David, Toivanen, Susanna, and Mensah, Aziz
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GENDER differences (Sociology) , *ALCOHOLISM , *WATER supply management , *INDUSTRY classification , *ALCOHOL drinking - Abstract
Background: Identifying problem drinking patterns across industries is essential for addressing drinking problems in the workforce. Still, it is not well understood how problem drinking differs across industries and whether it is associated with industry gender composition. This study aimed to measure the prevalence of problem drinking (PPD) across Swedish industries and investigate possible associations between gender-typed industries and problem drinking. Methods: 9,155 current workers were selected from the Swedish Longitudinal Occupational Survey of Health (SLOSH) data collected in 2020. Participants' work industries were identified through the Swedish Standard Industrial Classification (SNI) codes. Seven gender-typed industry categories were created based on gender composition and main job activity in each industry. Self-reported problem drinking was measured using a slightly modified Cut-down, Annoyed, Guilt, Eye-opener (CAGE) questionnaire and a cut-off score 2 was used to determine problem drinking. Poisson regression with robust standard errors was used to investigate the association between gender-typed industries and problem drinking. Results: PPD in the workforce was 6.6%. Men (8.5%) had a higher prevalence than women (5.3%). Across industries, PPD varied from 2.3% in Water supply and waste management to 15.4% in Mining and quarrying. The highest prevalence for men was in Mining and quarrying (18.2%), whereas for women it was in Construction (11.1%). Within gender-typed industries, the highest PPD was in male-dominated Goods and Energy Production (7.7%), and the lowest was in female-dominated Health and Social Care (4.7%). In the regression analysis, both Education (aPR: 1.39, p = 0.03) and Labour-intensive Services (aPR: 1.39, p = 0.02) had higher adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) compared with Health and Social Care. However, there was no significant difference in aPR among gender-typed industries when considering the gender composition of industries only. Conclusions: PPD in the Swedish workforce varied significantly across industries, with differences observed between men and women. Problem drinking differed between industries when categorized by gender composition and main job activity, but not when categorized by gender composition only. Future research should investigate how industry-specific psychosocial factors influence individual alcohol consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2024
- Full Text
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25. Australian specialised mental healthcare labour shortages: Potential interventions for consideration and further research.
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Looi, Jeffrey CL, Allison, Stephen, Bastiampillai, Tarun, Hensher, Martin, Kisely, Steve, and Robson, Stephen J
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MENTAL health services , *LABOR market , *LABOR supply , *MEDICAL care , *PUBLIC health , *PSYCHIATRIC nursing - Abstract
Objective: Specialised mental healthcare delivery is highly labour intensive, and the COVID-19 pandemic has exacerbated workforce shortfalls. We explore the information on the mental healthcare labour supply in Australia from a health policy viewpoint. Our purpose is to stimulate discussion, further research and development of interventions. Conclusions: The mental healthcare labour market has a number of features that make it prone to shortages and other distortions. These include: the labour-intensive nature of healthcare work;, long-training periods; that traditional policy levers like pay are only partially effective; as well as other challenges in retaining and recruiting mental health nurses and psychiatrists, especially in public mental health services. Further research is needed to develop and evaluate effective interventions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2024
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26. Effects of Government Jobs on the Labour Market in Bangladesh.
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Pervin, Shahida
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LABOR supply , *CIVIL service positions , *AGE groups , *CIVIL service , *PUBLIC sector - Abstract
This paper empirically studies the implications of attractive government jobs for labour market. Exploiting an age ceiling policy that sets the age limit for eligibility for public employment at age 30, the study finds that the likelihood of private sector employment is about five percentage points higher for ineligible than eligible at the cutoff age of 30, mainly driven by females, particularly after doubling the public service salaries. The increase in employment after expiring the eligibility for government jobs is explained by increasing labour force participation rather than declining unemployment. During the eligibility period, candidates repeatedly try for government jobs and delay the pursuit of other opportunities, incurring substantial monetary expenses, time costs, and opportunity costs of time. At the same time, there is some evidence that public sector exam preparation gives rise to brain gain. While several papers studied this phenomenon theoretically, this study contributes by providing empirical evidence. The data for this study was drawn from population censuses and labour force surveys for the period 1991–2017 and a primary survey conducted online for this study in Bangladesh, and labour force surveys of India for 2011–2012, 2017–2018, and 2019–2020. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2024
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27. Driving economic inclusion: Analyzing the participation of individuals with disabilities.
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Malecka, Joanna, Czerkawski, Dominik, and Sebestova, Jarmila Duhacek
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The population with disabilities constitutes the largest minority group in the labour market, facing social and organizational barriers. The ambiguous nature of employment support provisions and the lack of unified vocational activation systems hinder their economic participation. This study reviews existing literature and examines the effectiveness of support programmes, and discusses the employment challenges faced by disabled individuals. The research emphasizes the need for coordinated national guidelines and highlights disparities across Central and Eastern European countries. The objective of this study was to analyze the economic activity of individuals with disabilities in micro, small, medium, and large enterprises in Poland. The study was conducted using the CAWI method (computer assisted web interview). The questionnaires were sent and completed online. The study found that individuals with severe disabilities may face greater challenges in accessing resources to support their own sole proprietorship (8.33%) in the labour market, compared to entrepreneurs with moderate (66.67%) and light (25%) disabilities. Furthermore, only 2.56% of individuals with physical disabilities are employed in micro-enterprises, with 32.08% being professionally inactive. This study identifies significant factors that contribute to the active participation of disabled individuals in the workforce, particularly in the Wielkopolska region, which was chosen as a case study. The results of the survey indicate a preference for enterprises without a high proportion of disabled employees. The factors influencing disabled individuals' participation in the workforce include age, education, and professional activity. The improvement of the system should take into account company size, disability level, job assessment tools, and the use of job coaches. Incentives should not be based on disability status. The findings from this study have the capacity to inform about changes in SME job creation and enhance professional activity for people with disabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2024
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28. Exploring Labour Market Dynamics and Unemployment Trends in OECD Countries of Central and Eastern Europe (2011-2022).
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Kwiatkowski, Eugeniusz and Krzętowska, Agnieszka
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- 2024
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29. Changes in the Labor Market Determined by Demographic Factors: The Case of Poland.
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Sobolewska-Poniedziałek, Ewa
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- 2024
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30. Automation and the Labour Market: A Systematic Literature Review Using Bibliometric Analysis of 20 Years (2002-2022).
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Thi, Hue Truong, Thu, Hang Trinh Thi, and Quynh, Duong Bui Thi
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BIBLIOMETRICS ,LABOR market ,MARKETING literature ,DATABASES ,MARKETING research - Abstract
This study uses bibliometric analysis to integrate, synthesise, and expand the knowledge regarding the relationship between automation and the labour market. In this paper, the authors examined the Web of Science (WoS) core collection database for articles published between 2002 and 2022. The co-citation, co-occurrence, and publication patterns were analysed using VOSviewer 1.6.19. The study comprised 287 papers, with the United States having the highest percentage of research publications, followed by Germany, China, and the United Kingdom. The institutional study shows that the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston University, National Bureau of Economic Research, Harvard University, and the University of London are all leading institutions in this field of study and have more than 100 links. The co-occurrence of keywords revealed "automation", "employment", "growth", and "jobs" as the most discussed terms. The paper concludes by identifying gaps in the literature and proposing possibilities for future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2024
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31. The Digital Edge: Skills That Matter in the European Labour Market after COVID-19.
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Țarcă, Viorel, Luca, Florin-Alexandru, and Țarcă, Elena
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COVID-19 pandemic ,LABOR market ,PRINCIPAL components analysis ,FACTOR analysis ,SOCIAL skills - Abstract
Following the COVID-19 pandemic crisis, the emphasis on digitization and robotization has grown at an unprecedented rate in the global economy, resulting in significant changes to the labour market composition and increasing the value of digital skills. The aim of this article is to emphasize the ways in which people's digital abilities and appetite for online activities are connected to job productivity (salary levels) and to determine which individual internet-based digital skills are genuinely important and correlated with better wages. We employed a Principal Component Analysis (PCA-type factorial analysis) with orthogonal rotation to gain a general understanding of the main components that synthesize the digital capabilities of individuals from the European countries analyzed. We decreased the dimensionality of our initial dataset to two major components, namely comprehensive online skills and digital social and media skills, keeping more than 80% of the overall variability. We then evaluated the potential association between the two created components and the average hourly wages and salaries. Since the end of the COVID-19 pandemic, we have observed an important shift in the impact of digital and internet skills on the job market in Europe. Thus, the development of comprehensive internet skills is highly correlated with individuals' more effective integration into the labour market in Europe in general and the EU in particular, evidenced by better wage and salary levels (r = 0.740, p < 0.001). On the other hand, we found no correlation between the possibility of obtaining higher salaries for employees and the second component, digital social and media skills. The novelty of our research lies in its specific focus on the unique and immediate impacts of the pandemic, the accelerated adoption of digital skills, the integration of comprehensive individual internet skills, and the use of the most recent data to understand the labour market's characteristics. This new approach offers fresh insights into how Europe's workforce could evolve in response to unprecedented challenges, making it distinct from previous studies of labour market skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2024
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32. WAR IMPACT ASSESSMENT ON THE STATE OF REGIONAL LABOUR MARKETS IN UKRAINE
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Lidiia Horoshkovа, Viktoriia Sydorenko, and Yuliia Herasymenko
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labour market ,employment ,unemployment ,remuneration ,people with higher education ,disparities ,impact of the war ,Economic growth, development, planning ,HD72-88 - Abstract
The aim of the article is to assess the impact of the war on regional labour markets. Methodology. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study are the works of classical and modern economic science on the development of the labour market, employment and unemployment, including in the context of the crisis. The monographic method was used to highlight the views of scholars on the problem under study. In the course of the research, the authors used general scientific (analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, analytical grouping) and special (abstraction, modelling, benchmarking studies, etc.) methods of studying economic phenomena and processes. Data from the State Statistics Service of the Regions of Ukraine for 2021-2023 were used for the assessment. Results. The article provides a comparative analysis of the situation on the labour market for people with higher education in two oblasts of Ukraine – Zaporizhzhia and Khmelnytskyi. The main characteristics studied were the number of vacancies, unemployed, their share in the overall structure of employment and unemployment in the region, and the level of remuneration. The paper establishes that the full-scale aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine has had a negative impact on the functioning of the labour market of Ukraine in general and its regional segments in particular. However, this impact was not catastrophic, as evidenced by the situation on the labour market in Zaporizhzhia Oblast, which is mostly occupied. In Khmelnytskyi Oblast, the war resulted in changes in the supply and demand for specialists with higher education, and a reduction in their salaries. This can be explained both by the displacement of relevant specialists and by businesses that contributed to the improvement of the employment situation in the region. The analysis has shown that there is potential to overcome labour market imbalances in the context of people with higher education. Practical significance. The findings have practical and political implications. The results of the analysis can be used to develop the main directions of the state regional policy to overcome the negative impact on the labour market of people with higher education in the conditions of war and taking into account the needs of post-war recovery of the country. Value / Originality. The distinctive feature of this study is its comparative analysis of the impact of the war on the labour market of individuals with higher education in regions that have experienced markedly disparate circumstances since the onset of the full-scale invasion. These include Zaporizhzhia Oblast, which is situated along the frontline and has been partially occupied, and Khmelnytskyi Oblast, which is situated at a considerable distance from the contact line. The analysis has shown that there is a potential to overcome labour market imbalances in the context of people with higher education both during the war and at the stage of post-war reconstruction. more...
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- 2024
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33. COVID-19 and the labour market: regional shifts of human capital working in technology and employment
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Teodora-Cătălina DUMITRA and Anamaria Beatrice ALDEA
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covid-19 ,labour market ,digital technology ,cluster analysis ,regional resilience ,Business ,HF5001-6182 ,Economic theory. Demography ,HB1-3840 ,Economics as a science ,HB71-74 - Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has severely impacted Europe’s labour market, which could have been seen by the speed of the implementation among digital technologies as well as in the changing employment frameworks. This study aims to examine the impact of the pandemic on Europe’s labour market and technological environment by identifying statistically significant labour market and technology variables. The researchers used data from European regions from 2018 to 2023 to perform summary statistics, conduct pre- and post-pandemic comparisons, examine correlations among important indicators, and undertake cluster analysis to reveal patterns of regional resilience. The findings demonstrated that the health crisis affected Europe’s labour market, showing considerable regional variations before and after the outbreak. The study explored the achievements of various regions in Europe during this period, identifying discrepancies that could guide targeted actions and resource allocation. This research further enhanced the current scientific literature on the socioeconomic effects of the pandemic. more...
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- 2024
34. Analysing the interplay of regional economic structures and COVID-19's impact on Irish regions
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Luke McGrath
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Ireland ,divergence ,COVID-19 ,pandemic ,labour market ,development trap ,Regional economics. Space in economics ,HT388 ,Regional planning ,HT390-395 - Abstract
This paper analyses the regional economic impacts of COVID-19 in Ireland. The results show regional labour market impacts were related to pre-existing economic structures rather than infection rates. Drivers of the employment shock were found to be regional specialisms in tourism focused sectors. Cushions were provided by regional specialisms in agriculture, healthcare and the knowledge intensive service sectors. For more rural regions that appeared more resilient to the labour market shock, cushions were likely provided by employment in slower growth potential sectors. During the recovery phase, these cushions can become anchors contributing to regional divergence. Consequently, some regions less severely impacted by the pandemic shock may, in fact, face more difficult structural challenges in the longer term. The pandemic has thus exacerbated pre-existing structural issues that are likely related to the observed regional economic divergence and findings of regional development traps since the recovery from the previous recessionary period of the 2010s. The broad implication is that that the regional recovery from the pandemic will not be based purely on short term COVID-19 exposure. In general terms, regional policy should look beyond the initial pandemic shocks to the key underlying development issues. A central point here is that there are no quick transformational fixes rather long-term structural imbalances need to be met. The key policy challenge, in the Irish case, is to avoid the trend from the previous economic crisis of regional divergence during the recovery phase. more...
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- 2024
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35. Labour in the European Single Market: cultural perspectives vs. neoclassical views
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Oana-Maria Cozma
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single market ,european integration ,labour market ,the cultural perspective ,the neoclassical view ,Europe (General) ,D900-2009 ,Political science - Abstract
The European Single Market (ESM) enables free movement of people, goods, services, and capital within the EU, creating a unified internal space much like a single nation-state. Key among these freedoms is labour mobility, which not only allows individuals to pursue better employment but also promotes EU integration and cohesion. This paper explores how labour market theories-the cultural perspective and the neoclassical viewpoint-influence the ESM's structure and impact on integration. Through content analysis of academic literature and EU legislation, it examines how these perspectives shape the conceptualization of the European labour market. The analysis aims to clarify whether the ESM aligns more closely with cultural or neoclassical ideals and to assess how this alignment affects the EU's integration process. The study's findings shed light on the theoretical foundations that guide the EU's approach to labour mobility within the ESM and their broader implications for European unity. more...
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- 2024
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36. Generation Y on the labour market and the new forms of education
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Anca Cristina Irimia (Rădulescu)
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generation y ,education ,labour market ,Europe (General) ,D900-2009 ,Political science - Abstract
The article examines the labour market needs of Generation Y and the significance of alternative learning methods. It highlights the impact of non-formal and informal education in developing workplace skills and abilities. Through a survey of Generation Y employees in Romania, the study evaluates the importance of new learning contexts for personal development, well-being, and continuous learning motivation. The research focuses on qualitative data analysis to explore the alternative learning experiences and needs of Generation Y in the labour market. Additionally, the article emphasizes the positive role of European youth programs in helping young people acquire valuable skills for the workforce. more...
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- 2024
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37. Teachers navigating the diversified Swedish school market: lock-in and exclusion in the local labour market
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Magnus Persson and Per Dannefjord
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School segregation ,lock-in effects ,organisational field ,professional disposition ,labour market ,teacher career ,Education (General) ,L7-991 - Abstract
This study examines the consequences that a highly diversified school market has on the teacher labour market. By interviewing 43 teachers in two different local school markets, one large and highly segregated and one smaller and less segregated, the teacher´s views and attitudes towards competing schools, different working conditions and educational ideas have been analysed. The results indicate that teachers in the more segregated school market compare their current workplace to others in terms of pupil composition. In the less segregated school market, there are small differences in terms of pupil composition, and the comparisons tend to focus on differences in organisational or educational ideas. The study shows that teachers are locked into various types of schools, where the diversity of the schools themselves is a consequence of the emerging diversification of the school market. The nature of the locking-in effects can be connected to the characteristics of the diversification in the local school market. more...
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- 2024
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38. Non-Standard Employment in Uzbekistan in Times of Digital Economy Development
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E. F. Turaeva
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labour market ,social welfare ,instable income ,entrepreneurship ,Economics as a science ,HB71-74 - Abstract
In conditions of digital economy development non-standard employment becomes more and more important on labour market of Uzbekistan. In spite of its potential advantages, such as flexibility and feasibility of entrepreneurship non-standard employment brings its challenges, for example absence of social welfare and stable income. The author of the article analyzed the current standing of non-standard employment in Uzbekistan, showed key trends and challenges and also provided recommendations for improvement of the situation. The research findings highlighted the importance of developing adequate measures aimed at ensuring just working conditions and social welfare for all workers irrespective of their employment. more...
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- 2024
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39. Prevalence of problem drinking in the Swedish workforce: differences between labour market industries based on gender composition and main job activity
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Hasan Tareq, Anna Nyberg, Peter Wennberg, David Redmalm, Susanna Toivanen, and Aziz Mensah
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Problem drinking ,Alcohol ,Prevalence ,Labour Market ,Occupational Health ,Gender differences ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
Abstract Background Identifying problem drinking patterns across industries is essential for addressing drinking problems in the workforce. Still, it is not well understood how problem drinking differs across industries and whether it is associated with industry gender composition. This study aimed to measure the prevalence of problem drinking (PPD) across Swedish industries and investigate possible associations between gender-typed industries and problem drinking. Methods 9,155 current workers were selected from the Swedish Longitudinal Occupational Survey of Health (SLOSH) data collected in 2020. Participants’ work industries were identified through the Swedish Standard Industrial Classification (SNI) codes. Seven gender-typed industry categories were created based on gender composition and main job activity in each industry. Self-reported problem drinking was measured using a slightly modified Cut-down, Annoyed, Guilt, Eye-opener (CAGE) questionnaire and a cut-off score 2 was used to determine problem drinking. Poisson regression with robust standard errors was used to investigate the association between gender-typed industries and problem drinking. Results PPD in the workforce was 6.6%. Men (8.5%) had a higher prevalence than women (5.3%). Across industries, PPD varied from 2.3% in Water supply and waste management to 15.4% in Mining and quarrying. The highest prevalence for men was in Mining and quarrying (18.2%), whereas for women it was in Construction (11.1%). Within gender-typed industries, the highest PPD was in male-dominated Goods and Energy Production (7.7%), and the lowest was in female-dominated Health and Social Care (4.7%). In the regression analysis, both Education (aPR: 1.39, p = 0.03) and Labour-intensive Services (aPR: 1.39, p = 0.02) had higher adjusted prevalence ratios (aPR) compared with Health and Social Care. However, there was no significant difference in aPR among gender-typed industries when considering the gender composition of industries only. Conclusions PPD in the Swedish workforce varied significantly across industries, with differences observed between men and women. Problem drinking differed between industries when categorized by gender composition and main job activity, but not when categorized by gender composition only. Future research should investigate how industry-specific psychosocial factors influence individual alcohol consumption. more...
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- 2024
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40. Is labour force participation independent of unemployment? A panel analysis for high-income countries
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Paternesi Meloni, Walter
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- 2024
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41. Activation measures through the lens of governmentality
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Bengtsson, Staffan, Panican, Alexandru, and Ulmestig, Rickard
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- 2024
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42. Changes in the labour market: the perceptions of Romanian employees regarding the use of telework in the post-pandemic period
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Türkeş, Mirela Cătălina, Stăncioiu, Aurelia Felicia, Orzan, Mihai Cristian, Jugănaru, Mariana, Marinescu, Roxana-Cristina, and Jugănaru, Ion Dănuț
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- 2024
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43. Polarisation of Employment in Czechia and Neighbouring Countries
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Náplava, Radek, author
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- 2024
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44. Nominal and Real Convergence of Czechia With the Euro Area
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Szkorupová, Zuzana, author, Krkošková, Radmila, author, and Szarowská, Irena, author
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- 2024
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45. Effects of autism spectrum disorder on parents labour market: Productivity loss and policy evaluation in Kazakhstan.
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Kosherbayeva, Lyazzat, Kozhageldiyeva, Laura, Pena-Boquete, Yolanda, Samambayeva, Aizhan, and Seredenko, Maria
- Abstract
Kazakhstan has witnessed a significant increase in the number of Autism Spectrum Disorder cases due to the implementation of mechanisms for early detection. At the same time, the government has implemented various policies to address the impact of Autism Spectrum Disorder on the labour market, especially for parents of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and registered disability status. However, the effectiveness of these policies needs to be evaluated. Therefore, this article aims to estimate the loss of productivity, specifically the labour market cost of Autism Spectrum Disorders in Kazakhstan in 2022, by calculating the cost of non-working for parents of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. To achieve this goal, we integrate data from official sources and a survey conducted by the project team to estimate the loss of productivity using human capital models. In addition, we conduct policy simulations to assess the impact of the recent policies implemented in Kazakhstan to mitigate the effects of Autism Spectrum Disorder on parents' working experience. Our results reveal that the productivity loss is substantial, being mothers of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and disability particularly affected. Furthermore, based on the outcomes of the policy simulations, it becomes evident that policies solely targeting parents of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and disability are insufficient to address the labour market gaps and the consequent loss of productivity. Kazakhstan has witnessed a significant increase in the number of Autism Spectrum Disorder cases due to the implementation of mechanisms for early detection. However, despite these efforts, accessing quality services and effective interventions for individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder remains challenging. While the government has implemented various policies to address the impact of Autism Spectrum Disorder on the labour market, especially for those with disabilities, the effectiveness of these policies needs to be evaluated. Therefore, this article aims to estimate the loss of productivity by calculating the cost of non-working for parents of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. To achieve this goal, we combine data from official sources with data from our own survey to estimate the loss of productivity using human capital models. In addition, we conduct policy simulations to assess the impact of the existing policy implemented in Kazakhstan that recognises the time of caring for children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and disability as working in the paid labour market. Our results reveal that the productivity loss is substantial, with mothers of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder being particularly affected. Furthermore, based on the outcomes of the policy simulations, it becomes evident that policies solely targeting parents of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and disability are insufficient to address the labour market gaps and the consequent loss of productivity. To effectively mitigate the impact of Autism Spectrum Disorder in the labour market, a more comprehensive approach is needed. This approach should encompass a broader range of interventions and support mechanisms, including those for individuals without disabilities and parents of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] more...
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- 2025
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46. Literature review of comparative school-to-work research: how institutional settings shape individual labour market outcomes
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Anna Marczuk
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School-to-work transitions ,Institutional settings ,Education system ,Labour market ,Comparative research ,Complementarities of institutions ,Labor market. Labor supply. Labor demand ,HD5701-6000.9 - Abstract
Abstract Comparative school-to-work research has long emphasised the role of institutions in shaping youth labour market integration. This paper provides an overview of this research stream, consisting of four main sections. The first section introduces a variety of labour market outcomes of young graduates within Europe and identifies country clusters with higher and lower outcomes; this empirical evidence has so far remained limited in the multivariate oriented research stream. The second section links these labour market outcomes to the institutional settings of the education systems prevalent in the country clusters. By considering a wide country sample, it introduces a reliable country classification of transition regimes (along the OLM–ILM continuum), which has so far been partly inconclusive in research. The third section links labour market outcomes in turn to labour market institutions of the country clusters. This section emphasizes why labour market institutions drive only particular individual outcomes. Finally, the fourth section connects the previous three: it describes how certain institutional complementarities affect the youth labour market integration in the identified European country clusters. The review further identifies theoretical inconclusiveness or data-related desiderata, for which recommendations and solutions are proposed. The paper thus aims to assist both familiar and unfamiliar researchers to access the research stream by offering a comprehensive introduction and clear country classifications, linking research streams, and providing solutions to identified issues. more...
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- 2024
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47. Gender equality and active measures on the labor market
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Silvia Lechman
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conflict ,gender equality ,labour market ,measures ,projects ,Political science - Abstract
On the basis of the analysis carried out, the fundamental purpose of the present article is to demonstrate to the reader the elementary essence of gender policy and at the same time to highlight the effective solutions implemented on the basis of the projects implemented by the European Structural and Investment Funds. The central object of the paper is the labour market, which is characterised by certain barriers directly related to the feminisation of poverty, which also stems from the unequal position of women in the labour process. Following the analysis of the undesirable situation, the author will present the reader with the potential of the implementation of the funds allocated for the implementation of the projects in question. Finally, on the basis of the analysis carried out, the paper illustrates good practice with an example from one of the EU Member States. more...
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- 2024
48. Public service motivation, public sector preference and employment of Kenyan medical doctor interns: a cross-sectional and prospective study
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Daniel Mbuthia, Yingxi Zhao, David Gathara, Catia Nicodemo, Gerry McGivern, Jacinta Nzinga, and Mike English
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Public sector ,Public service motivation ,Employment ,Labour market ,Medicine (General) ,R5-920 ,Public aspects of medicine ,RA1-1270 - Abstract
Abstract Background Kenya grapples with a paradox; severe public sector workforce shortages co-exist with rising unemployment among healthcare professionals. Medical schools have increased trainee outputs, but only 45% of newly qualified/registered doctors were absorbed by the public sector during 2015–2018. In such a context, we explore what influences doctors’ career choices at labour market entry, specifically understanding the role of public service motivation (PSM). Methods We conducted a cross-sectional and prospective study of interns and recently graduated doctors to examine PSM, their intention to work in the public sector and their final employment sector and status. We surveyed them on their PSM and job intentions and conducted a prospective follow-up survey of the interns, around one year later, to understand their employment status. Findings We recruited 356 baseline participants and followed up 76 out of 129 eligible interns. The overall PSM score was high among all participants (rated 4.50/5.00) irrespective of sector preferences. 48% (171/356) of the participants preferred to work in the public sector immediately after internship, alongside 16% (57/356) preferring direct entry into specialist training—commonly in the public sector. Only 13% (46/356) and 7% (25/365) preferred to work in the private or faith-based sector. Despite the high proportion of interns preferring public sector jobs, only 17% (13/76) were employed in the public sector at follow-up and 13% (10/76) were unemployed, due to lack of job availability. Conclusion High PSM scores irrespective of sector preferences suggest that doctors are generally committed to serving the ‘public good’. Many intended to work in the public sector but were unable to due to lack of job opportunities. Policymakers have an opportunity to tackle workforce gaps in the public sector as young doctors continue to express a preference for such work. To do this they should prioritise creating adequate and sustainable job opportunities. more...
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- 2024
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49. Income and consumption inequality trends: a comparative analysis between paid employees and the self-employed
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Sadaf Sadaf
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Labour market ,Self-employment ,Permanent ,Transitory income inequalities ,Labor market. Labor supply. Labor demand ,HD5701-6000.9 - Abstract
Abstract This paper aims to analyze trends in income and consumption inequality for paid and self-employed households and examine to what extent changes in aggregate consumption and income inequality can be explained by changes in their permanent and transitory components over time using data from the Italian Survey of Household Wealth (SHIW) covering the period 1989-2016. The results obtained from the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) analysis reveal differences in consumption and income inequality, as well as their permanent and transitory components, between self-employed and payroll households. In particular, self-employed households experience higher levels of both income and consumption inequality, the increase in total income and consumption inequality is mainly driven by an increase in its transitory component. Furthermore, findings from other descriptive measures of inequality, such as the Gini coefficient, the variance of the log, 90th/10th, and 50th/10th percentile ratios, support the notion that income inequality is higher than consumption inequality across all groups, with self-employed households exhibiting a more pronounced difference. more...
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- 2024
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50. THE ROLE OF SELF-MARKETING IN CREATING OPPORTUNITIES FOR ROMA EMPLOYMENT
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Rita ZAKOR-BRODA and Anita R. FEDOR
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roma ,lifestyle ,equal opportunities ,discrimination ,labour market ,self-marketing ,Business ,HF5001-6182 ,Finance ,HG1-9999 - Abstract
he role of different groups in society in the labour market is of vital importance for the functioning of a nation’s economy. Equal access to employment is a fundamental condition for tackling social exclusion and is closely linked to reducing and combating poverty. Research on discrimination in the labour market goes back several decades and is primarily based on perceptions of discrimination. The Roma population is one of the most disadvantaged groups in Hungary, with the most severe labour market tensions and the largest number of underprivileged groups. Roma are considered a social group with below average labour market opportunities. The unfavourable social and economic situation of the Roma population in Hungary and their resulting marginalisation has become a platitude in public discourse and academic work. The importance of the issue is undoubtful, as it is estimated that the Roma population, which constitutes a significant proportion of the population, is the poorest, most excluded and, overall, the most vulnerable group in society. The gap between the Roma population and the majority society has been steadily increasing for decades, mainly due to the residential segregation and economic decline of the Roma. Negative discrimination in the labour market plays a crucial role in shaping the employment prospects of Roma people. On the one hand, this is due to the negative discrimination they face, and on the other hand, to the low level of knowledge acquired by these people compared to the average in society. In our study, we examine the factors determining self-marketing and the labour market chances of Roma in the context of the background factors, economic and social effects of unemployment, which particularly affect this precariat group. We make an attempt to prove that self-marketing has a right to exist among the Roma working population. In researching this topic, it is essential to address the issue of the conscious career management competences of members of the emerging generation and the crucial role of inclusive workplaces. more...
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
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