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Poland seeks to play an increased role in the confrontation between the West and Russia, in the distribution of NATO multilateral resources. Warsaw has chosen a noticeable increase of its land forces as an important attribute of its attractiveness to Western partners. The article tried to analyze the evolution of the structure and location of Polish land forces, basing on it to determine some Warsaw’s foreign policy’ priorities. Methodologically, the author relied on the provisions of the theory of armed forces’ building. If the «old» NATO member states have faced with the problem of increasing the military personnel in 2014–2023, then the «new» ones, especially Poland, in general successfully have grown their armed forces. The article compares the models of armed forces of Poland and Germany as the state which tried to make an increased contribution to NATO military groups. The difference between the rapid creation of land brigades and divisions in Polish army and the slow speed for German one is presented. This has become an advantage for Warsaw in its informal leadership dispute with Berlin. The illustrative is the location of rather powerful Polish land forces group in its western voivodeships, adjacent to Germany. Only since the end of 2010s Warsaw started to reinforce its group near Russian Kaliningrad region. Since the beginning of the 2020s Poland has begun the creation of powerful forces near Belarus, which reflected a noticeable change in its perception. The article explores of Poland for the operational use of its ground forces in Western Ukraine.

The modernization of armaments and military technology is one of the ways to increase the combat potential of the Armed Forces and has implications at all levels of the Armed Forces. Its main purpose is to replace obsolete technology with new ones to prepare the Armed Forces to meet the new challenges of the future security environment. New technologies play a key role in this regard. Not only the Armed Forces of the Czech Republic, but also other NATO and EU member states have planned significant modernization projects for conventional military conflict but also unconventional, asymmetric and hybrid conflicts. The authors examine approaches to the modernization of the Land Forces of selected countries. Finally, the armament strategy of selected countries is compared with the armament strategy of the Czech Republic's Land Forces.

Copyright of Tyragetia is the property of National Museum of History of Moldova and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article is focusing on challenges connected with execution of the Czech Army military operations in tropical rainforest under umbrella of international organization. The military engagements in the tropical climate depends on unit general characterization and necessary unit competency insufficiently specified in the Czech Army Catalogue of Capabilities. The Czech Army Catalogue of Capabilities standardizes training methods, training cost, and required training area and required training equipment and material. Based on experience gained from the training of the Czech military personnel in Jungle Training Centre in French Guyana, we can assess that to attain required skills for jungle operational environment acquires a few weeks. The international organizations are capable to provide necessary training for jungle operational environment in order to reach required level of skills and competencies before operation execution.

As other society domains, the military one must be able to keep up with the dynamics of permanent changes and this necessity, shaping the capacity of adaptability, represents the most important criterion used to measure the military operational performance. In this regard, the present study aims to analyse one of the 4th Industrial Revolution's consequences in the military field, as emerging and disruptive technologies (EDTs). Also, reviewing the scientific papers in the field and using an empirical research based on observation, the study will focus on clarifying the EDT concept, identifying the EDT agents in the military (NATO context) and, finally, analysing those EDTs suitable for the service of Land Forces in order to determine the potential impact in revolutionizing its combat capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the article, the authors’ present one of the procedures of consideration of the courses of action applied in the Land Forces of the Polish Armed Forces during operations’ planning. As it is shown by the experiences gained at the run trainings, the most effective procedure is simulation. In its course, there is identification of future operations (events) of the enemy and the own forces in accordance with the rule: action – reaction – counter-reaction.

In this endeavour, it is proposed to identify some military characteristics of the Black Sea, in terms of narrow sea, that can influence the development of military action in a joint context. This will highlight the role and place of naval force in capitalizing on the optimal potential to support coastal actions carried out by the land force. The novelty of this approach is underlined by the fact that the research result is based on the cooperation of specialists from the Romanian Naval Forces with specialists from the Land Forces, following war games and the use of other research tools specific to the military science field. The originality lies precisely in the fact that the particular missions of the naval forces during the support of the land forces were identified by the authors through the experience gained in exercises carried out at the "Carol I" National Defence University. The final product will make that correspondence between the characteristics of the Black Sea and the necessary capabilities, intended to manifest maritime power, through an appropriate response in the case of joint military actions, which will contribute to supporting national interests at the maritime and riverine areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bulletin of the 'Carol I' National Defence University / Buletinul Universitatii Nationale de Aparare 'Carol I' is the property of Carol I National Defence University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Conclusions from past armed conflicts indicate that in basic military operations, especially when the military objective is to capture or maintain a specific area, terrestrial troops will play a decisive role, although their success will largely depend on the tasks carried out by other types of armed forces. Individual types of armed forces operate in a different environment and have different characteristics, but each of them performs a unique function, which it implements to achieve a common goal. It is basically a means to achieve the expected final state by achieving the synergy effect of all types of armed forces. The evolutionary nature of the security environment puts significant demands on land forces in terms of their ability to conduct operations in complex technical, meteorological and combat conditions. In view of the above, modern terrestrial forces are distinguished by their full motorisation, their ability to function in a network-centric environment and multi- faceted cooperation with other types of armed forces. The article attempts to locate the above attributes of land forces in the hypothetical operating environment of the future.

Over the last 60 years, field uniforms of the Land Forces of the Polish Army have undergone significant changes. It resulted from the need to adjust the soldier's clothing to camouflage, its comfort and efficiency on the battlefield. In 1958, the "deszczyk" formula was in force in the Polish Army. After 10 years, it was replaced by the model "Mora". In 1989, a masking pattern called "frog" - "puma" - "crocodile" appeared. After a few years, the Pantera model was used for military use. It was replaced in 2012 with the new "Frontier" design. Currently, work is underway on the implementation of the "Map" model for the troops. The advanced technology race in this area is still visible.

Copyright of Bulletin of the 'Carol I' National Defence University / Buletinul Universitatii Nationale de Aparare 'Carol I' is the property of Carol I National Defence University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The ISR structures (Intelligence, Surveillance, Reconnaissance) of the Land Forces participate constantly in exercises on national territory, bringing a substantial contribution to intelligence support of decision-makers in all operation stages. Through their specific capabilities, ISR structures will cooperate uninterruptedly both horizontally and vertically in information gathering. Digitalising, applying information technology on ISR capabilities will provide the commander and his staff with multiple levers that will enable him to make decisions much quicker and to exploit the resulting plan much more efficiently, thus reducing the duration of operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to gather sufficient evidence and arguments in order to prove to society that during the process of change in thinking and especially of effective practical implementation of management models such as the balanced scorecard model, high levels of efficiency can be achieved on all hierarchical levels in systems key for the society and the state. The authors explore opportunities for the effective implementation of the model and trialling it in different systems and levels of management. The strategic for our society character of the topic of maintaining high readiness of the national defense and security system and the established key role of the land forces in this process precondition the department “Interested Parties” inclusion in the structure of the model suggestion. If the subject structure of the interested parties is decomposed, there is grounds for mentioning – the Bulgarian people, the National assembly, government and president. Considering the catastrophic dynamics of present and the high indefiniteness for the future, this whole status of global processes could be defined as „constructive.” Namely considering these circumstances makes the risks to be validly stated requirements towards the system for defense and security high enough. If the land forces social engagements to actively participate also in liquidating the consequences of calamities and averages are added to that, public expectations acquire more realistic and serious nature. Because of that, including the topic “Key Competencies” in the department’s development proves that the adequate actions on cadres preparation is perhaps the only one, always necessary activity, which at the same time, has the characteristics of an effective solution and reasonable investment that generates benefits for the society in the future. As a whole, regarding the made suggestion for introducing strategic card in the work and management of the land forces, it could be said the model has potential and creates conditions through its characteristic systematic accountancy and the substantial improvements of the methods for measuring, to improve the effectiveness level in all processes that ensure the land forces activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Romanians are among the pioneers of heavier-than-air flight, being also among the first in the world to use aircraft for military purposes. However, the efforts and creativity of Romanian aviation pioneers were not properly appreciated by the political and military leaders of their time. At the outbreak of the war the Romanian Crown Council decided to keep the country neutral. Romania signed a treaty with the Entente because the Alliance pledged support to the unification of all Romanians into a single state. Counting on the Entente's promises to launch offensive operations in Thessaloniki and in Bucovina, the Great General Headquarters of the Romanian Armed Forces developed a risky concept of operations in order to enter the war by launching offensive in two divergent directions. This risky strategy implemented alongside the unfavourable evolution of the strategic situation of the Entente on both Eastern and Western fronts resulted in defeat for the Romanian Armed Forces in 1916. The additional effect of the defeats was the occupation of two thirds of the Romanian territory by German troops. Having a new organisational structure and better equipment and training, the Romanian aviation contributed to the successes in the battles of Mărăşti, Mărăşeşti and Oituz in July and August 1917. Russia's decision to exit the war contributed to the decision of the Romanian Council of Ministers to sign the Peace Treaty with the Central Powers in May 1918. The treaty was neither approved by the Parliament nor ratified by the King. Therefore, in November 1918, Romania reentered the war against the Central Powers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bulletin of the 'Carol I' National Defence University / Buletinul Universitatii Nationale de Aparare 'Carol I' is the property of Carol I National Defence University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Past and present in order to establish a strong army has the potential to be a large population as a priority. Thanks to the large population of potential large scale armies. If a reduction of the country's population in a dramatic way of large scale introduction occurs equipping the army has become impossible. One of the country's population is the largest factor that adversely affect the potential of the natural disasters and epidemics. The resulting epidemics post states, he lost a large portion of the population that naturally comes the potential number of soldiers and state owned items has led to recession. In particular, Europe's black death, the Ottoman Empire, as taun, the plague of the countries in Europe where the population of nearly 3 to 1 ratio, reducing in humanity's greatest threat for a period. This plague is going to show the negative effects in the Ottoman Empire, especially after the recent epidemic occurred in human losses and a decrease in income following the scheduled military studies in direct proportion to the disruption and state remained a difficult situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the article was analyzed the achievements of Ukrainian scientists on the formation and development of military education, including training for the main components of the Ukrainian army - Land Army Forces. The author found after the annexation of the Russian Federation in 2014 Crimean peninsula contemporary military and political leadership of the state saw the fact of insolvency Armed Forces of Ukraine to fully perform the task of protecting the territorial integrity of the state. One reason for this should be considered irresponsible actions of countries to reduce the number of troops and weapons and military equipment in the army land component of Ukrainian troops during previous years. At the same time leveled the need for comprehensive training in military high schools, public figures annually decreasing order reduced research and teaching capacity and restricted financial support military education system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the time being, the military system is trying to define the commander's priorities to command his troups. In time, the definition according to which 'command' is the authority and the responsibility with which a commander / chief is legally invested in order to exercise on the military structures, including the authority of using the resources available for planning, conducting and coordinating the forces necessary to accomplish the given mission.

Copyright of Bulletin of the 'Carol I' National Defence University / Buletinul Universitatii Nationale de Aparare 'Carol I' is the property of Carol I National Defence University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

During the actions conducted in the Second World War, the air defence troops enhanced their organisation and equipment. In the fights conducted during the insurrection in August 1944, and then for the liberation of the entire territory of the country, in Hungary and Czechoslovakia, the soldiers and officers in the troops performed acts of heroism contributing to the victory against Nazi Germany. The authors consider that, starting on 24 August 1944, the air defence of the country - especially the antiaircraft artillery - was mainly characterised by the combination between air and land actions. They were conducted not only to defend the fire positions but also to support the land troops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of International Social Research is the property of Journal of International Social Research and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Army units of the early modern period were frequently accompanied by musicians. An example is the army units of the Republic of Venice, and this article discusses members of its infantry (Fanti oltramarini) and cavalry units (Cavalleria Croati), recruited mainly along the east Adriatic coast. Sources regarding them are kept in the Archivio di Stato di Venezia (archival series Inquisitori sopra l'amministrazione dei pubblici ruoli), and they mostly consist of lists of the military complement of particular companies (operating within particular regiments) containing data on offi cers, non-commissioned officers, soldiers and holders of particular specialities, such as, for example, musicians. In the article, musicians belonging to the army are analysed in groups according to their instruments (drummers, trumpeters, fifers [pifari] and timpanists), as well as the meaning of the respective terminology used in the documentation. The proportions of those belonging to infantry (drummers and fifers) and cavalry (trumpeters and timpanists) units is discussed, as well as the chronological framework of their activity (within the eighteenth century), the duration of their service period in the army, and their age and appearance (height, hair colour). The data from these lists also provides information on the commanding cadre of these regiments (commanded usually by high officers from Dalmatia and Boka), and also on their mobility, that is, their agency in the area stretching from the Venetian Terraferma through Istria, Dalmatia and Boka to Greece. Through its interdisciplinary approach, the article sheds some light on both the military and music history of the East Adriatic in the last century of the early modern period. A complete list of hitherto discovered names of those who provided musical accompaniment to Venetian infantry and cavalry army units is presented as the Appendix to the article on pp. 44-75. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complexity of the operational environment generated by new risks and threats makes military structures to seek new ways of dealing with conflict in the future. Although the analysis indicates that the possibility of a traditional interstate conflict for Romania appears to be minimal, despite the new conflicts that occurred near the borders of our country, state-versus-state conflicts are still possible worldwide. However, future conflicts will most likely continue to have a hybrid character and manifest through domestic violence, terrorism, insurgency and criminality, as well as through land battle. To the challenges identified above, ground forces will have to develop the conceptual, organizational and human dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bulletin of the 'Carol I' National Defence University / Buletinul Universitatii Nationale de Aparare 'Carol I' is the property of Carol I National Defence University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Science of the Gen. Tadeusz Kosiuszko Military Academy of Land Forces is the property of Gen. Tadeusz Kosciuszko Military Academy of Land Forces and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The author discusses the re-installation of the army aviation command into the Russian Land Forces High Command with the task of enhancing the combat training for combined arms formation, and providing guidelines for the airborne and specialized vehicles. They believe the reinstatement of the military unit leads to effective planning and combat employment, improved quality of training, and closer cooperation between the agencies. An overview of the response times and attack areas is presented.

Present Land Forces Staff's unmanned aerial system (UAS) is Shadow 600, which was implemented in the late '90s. The land forces units have used successfully this system in coalition missions in the timeframe 2003-2009. Currently, the Shadow 600 system will reach the end of life cycle by the end of 2012. The system has proven its utility and the Land Forces are committed to keep this capability in the future. In order to fulfil the needs of Land Forces for new UAS capability, this paper proposes, as a project, a possible solution that can solve all of the system requirements. Development of Romanian MEDIAS concept can optimize the balance between the three objectives of the project: time - performance/quality - cost. The main goal of using a UAS remains, but in the context of the new challenges of the modern battlefield, it is imperative that the new acquisition of the Land Forces meet these requirements: Vertical Take Off and Landing capability to allow operation from unarranged land runways; for flight in non-segregated air space, the design of the air vehicle will include a sense and avoid system; the modular payload concept will enable the system to adapt to a wide spectrum of operational missions; compatibility with communication networks and data links; capability to act as a communication relay in the national or allied networks; ready for tactical strike missions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article traces the history of the Russian air defense system, analyzes reforms and examines trends in its development. It explores how an integrated air defense system can be created in Russia where the forces and weapons, electronic warfare forces and taking on the air attacker will be in the hands of a single command. The viability of this system reportedly depends on continued development and growth of integrated structures, centralized control of all defense forces and weapons, and standardized weapons and military equipment.

The article offers a retrospective view of the origin and development of electronic warfare (EW) in land forces in relation to changes in warfare trends. It presents an overview of the origin period of electronic warfare in land forces operations during the 1940s and the 1950s. It discusses the establishment of specialized electronic facilities in post-World War II local wars. The article also offers information on two stages in which the next EW development period falls into.

National security is achieved by inherent efforts and cooperation with one's allies and partners, according with the provisions of national programs, European Union and Alliance security strategic concepts. It aims to synchronize national efforts with international commitments, to identify the means to prevent and counteract threats. Within this general effort, the Land Forces have to adapt their missions and their fulfillment to the vulnerabilities of the ever changing strategic environment. Being a member of the North-Atlantic Treaty Organization implies both opportunities and obligations for the Romanian Military as it has to modernize its structures according to the alliance's transformation process and to adapt its military capabilities according to the new security environment. The need to adapt military capabilities to the need for transformation aims to obtain optimum-structured forces, able to act jointly under NATO command, independently or as part of multinational forces, with an interoperable command and control system that ensures advantage in the decision making process and adequate equipment required by the physiognomy of present-day military actions as well as by the characteristics of the various theatres of operations where Land Forces structures are deployed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]