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The biosorption capacity of untreated olive stones (OS) and olive stones chemically treated (TOS) to remove COD's landfill leachate was investigated in this study. Characterization of the both biosorbents was performed using XRD, SEM, FTIR and 13C NMR techniques. Leachate was taken from Hassi Bounif Sanitary Landfill (HBSL) in Oran (Western Algeria). So, Hassi Bounif Leachate (HBL) exhibited a basic pH between 7.83 and 8.2, high COD level varying from 5,200 to 8,000 mg.L-1, low BOD5/COD ratio from 0.1 to 0.16, and high NH3-N concentrations ranged from 2,300 to 2,800 mg.L-1. Accordingly, this leachate can be classified as an intermediate leachate that is likely to stabilize. Biosorption studies were carried out in a batch system and the effects of contact time, media pH, and biosorbent mass on the removal efficiency of COD were explored. Based on results obtained at pH=11, contact times of 55 and 105 min were achieved for biosorbent masses of 0.1 g for TOS and 0.3 g for OS, respectively, and were found to be the optimal operating conditions for HBL treatment. Thus, the highest COD removal efficiencies of 79.94 and 67.04% were reached for TOS and OS, correspondently. The pseudo-second order model was the best fitted to our experimental data with high regression coefficients (R2 ≥ 0.98). The Langmuir isotherm model adequately represented the COD removal process, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 90.91 mg.g-1 for TOS and 31.25 mg.g-1 for OS at T=50°C and pH=11. The thermodynamic parameters indicated that the biosorption process was feasible, spontaneous, and endothermic. These findings suggested that TOS might be employed as an inexpensive and effective biosorbent for COD removal from stabilized leachate. They can also provide baseline information and design assistance for a leachate treatment plant at the HBSL site, as well as for any sanitary landfill in Algeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Landfills are a known source of PFAS pollution. Many have environmental permits allowing the discharge of treated leachate to controlled waters. In this article we compared leachate data for 17 PFAS from 17 different landfill sites across the UK. The results show that the landfill leachate treatment process (designed to improve water quality) is generating the banned PFAS; PFOA and PFOS. Approximately 80% of locations tested showed an increase in PFOS, with an increase of 1,335% in one sample. The highest concentrations of PFOS and PFOA in treated leachate were 2,460 ng L−1 and 26,900 ng L−1, respectively. When compared against the environmental quality standard of 0.65 ng L−1 for PFOS this leachate could pose a significant concern. Landfill leachate treatment has proven effective for a wide range of different pollutants, but this research shows in several instances that it is not appropriate for PFAS remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract\nNOVELTY STATEMENT\nPUBLIC INTEREST STATEMENTAdsorption is one of the most efficient ways to eliminate hazardous metals. The study evaluated the effectiveness of banana peel biochar as a cheap adsorbent to remove hazardous metals from landfill leachate. The landfill leachate of 100 mg/L was mixed with banana peel biochar (0.50, 1.50, and 3.00 g each) and placed in a water bath for 15, 30, and 45 min at a constant temperature of 30 °C and 35 °C. The adsorption efficiency of banana peel biochar for nickel in the leachate ranged from 98.76% to 98.96% and chromium ranged from 99.71% to 99.77% at a temperature of 30 °C for 15 mins and 99.07% to 99.27% for Ni and 99.71% to 99.73% for Cr at a temperature of 35 °C for 45 min. Banana peel biochar maximum adsorption capacity of nickel ranged from 1.15 × 10−5 mg/g to 5.27 × 10−6 mg/g, and 1.05 × 10−5 mg/g to 6.76 × 10−6 mg/g for chromium. Adsorbent made from less expensive banana peel can affordably remove nickel and chromium from landfill leachate. To acquire a broad understanding of the adsorbent’s application, more adsorptive research utilizing banana peels as an adsorbent to treat various wastes ought to be conducted.Investigating banana peel biochar as an economical and eco-friendly adsorbent for eliminating toxic metals, particularly nickel and chromium, from landfill leachate is innovative. With high adsorption efficiencies of 99.77% for nickel and 98.96% for chromium, the study showed how banana peel waste can tackle real wastewater treatment and major environmental issues. This study advances knowledge of the uses of biochar in waste management and more investigation into the treatment of a larger spectrum of pollutants, the development of a circular economy, and the improvement of eco-friendly waste treatment techniques using banana peel biochar. Banana peel biochar offers an eco-friendly alternative to synthetic adsorbents and reduces the environmental impact associated with waste disposal.Banana peel biochar offers an eco-friendly alternative to synthetic adsorbents and reduces the environmental impact associated with waste disposal. The adsorption efficiency of nickel and chromium exceeded 98% which indicates a strong affinity of nickel and chromium onto the banana peels biochar surface. Banana peel biochar has high adsorption efficiency for nickel. The removal of nickel from landfill leachate can be accomplished affordably by using inexpensive banana peel biochar as an adsorbent. The dosage of banana peel biochar as well as several experimental variables such as contact time, and temperature favors the adsorption. The banana peel is an efficient and cheap material, which can be used to remove Ni and Cr from wastewater to the permissible limits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fate of biobased and biodegradable cellulose-derived plastics in landfills represents an important topic from economic and environmental points of view. Anaerobic digestion is a cost-effective waste-to-energy technology. The behaviour of six polymer types—that is, cellulose (C), cellulose acetate (CA), viscose (V), nanocellulose (NC), acetate textile (AT), and heteropolysaccharide pectin (P)—was studied under anaerobic batch mesophilic conditions in a landfill leachate for 147 days. The cumulative biogas production was as follows: C>V=CA>>AT>>NC=P. Metagenomic analysis revealed notable variations in the proportion of bacterial and archaeal domains with the highest archaeal abundance in the presence of CA (80.2%) and C (78.5%). At the end of digestion, cellulolytic, hydrolytic, and dehydrogenase activities were measured in the intact samples, as well as the liquid and solid fractions, under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Cellulolytic activity in P was detected only in the pellet, while in NC, activity was mostly in the supernatant under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Scanning electron microscopy and confocal scanning laser microscopy showed a defragmentation and degradation of polymeric substrates as well as microbial colonisation. Based on the results, landfill leachate is appropriate for the anaerobic biodegradation of cellulose-derived polymers; however, the process is polymer specific. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Partially Saturated Vertical Constructed Wetlands (PSV-CWs) are novel wastewater treatment systems that work through aerobic and anaerobic conditions that favor the removal of pollutants found in high concentrations, such as rivers contaminated with domestic wastewater and landfill leachate. The objective of the study was to evaluate the efficiency of PSV-CWs using monocultures and polycultures of Typha latifolia and Heliconia psittacorum to treat river waters contaminated with leachates from open dumps and domestic wastewater. Six experimental units of PSV-CWs were used; two were planted with Typha latifolia monoculture, two with Heliconia psittacorum monoculture and two with polycultures of both plants. The results indicated better organic matter and nitrogen removal efficiencies (p < 0.05) in systems with polycultures (TSS:95%, BOD5:83%, COD:89%, TN:82% and NH4+:99%). In general, the whole system showed high average removal efficiencies (TSS:93%, BOD5:79%, COD:85%, TN:79%, NH4+:98% and TP:85%). Regarding vegetation, both species developed better in units with monocultures, being Typha latifolia the one that reached a more remarkable development. However, both species showed high resistance to the contaminated environment. These results showed higher removals than those reported in the literature with conventional Free Flow Vertical Constructed Wetlands (FFV-CWs), so PSV-CWs could be a suitable option to treat this type of effluent. NOVELTY STATEMENT: The research addresses the contamination of water resources in developing countries by landfill leachate and domestic wastewater discharges. It proposes treatment through Partially Saturated Vertical Constructed Wetlands (PSV-CWs), which, despite the limited information available, have been shown to be effective in removing pollutants in effluents with high concentrations. In addition to evaluating PSV-CWs, the study examines the impact of different types of vegetation on pollutant removal efficiency, concluding that PSV-CWs are a promising and viable option for the treatment of these effluents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, TiO 2 NPs have attracted great attention among the semiconductors because of stability, commercial availability, and ease of preparation. For this reason, NPs are widely used in wastewater treatment and membrane bioreactor (MBRs) In this study, the effect of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticle material was investigated on both the landfill leachate (LFL) treatment and membrane fouling performance. The system performance was evaluated for under varying TiO 2 concentrations (50–300 mg/L TiO 2), constant HRT (24 h), and constant backwashing (5 min)-relaxing (0.5 min) in AnMBR. The optimum conditions were determined as 300 mg/L TiO 2 and the corresponding to COD, Color, TOC and TN removal efficiencies were observed as 55 %, 23 %, 22 %, 30 %, respectively. The best membrane performance was observed at 300 mg/L TiO 2 corresponding to membrane fouling rate as 0.01 mbar/min. TiO 2 addition significantly mitigated membrane fouling (75 % decrease) for AnMBR. Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria have been observed to be the dominant species in LFL and MBRs. The bacterial species responsible for membrane fouling were determined as Alphaproteobacteria, Sphingobacteria and Flavobacteria. The addition of TiO 2 was determined membrane fouling decreased in AnMBR. As a result of TiO 2 NPs were observed to thin the cake layer and postpone membrane fouling and filtration. [Display omitted] • The best membrane performances were observed at 300 mg TiO 2 /L. • Membrane fouling rate was determined as 0.01 mbar/min. • TiO 2 addition significantly mitigated membrane fouling (75 % decrease). • TiO 2 prevents cake layer formation and/or pore clogging and postpone. • Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria have been observed as dominant species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A CO 2 combined oxidant method for PRB regeneration is proposed for leachate–contaminated areas near landfill. • CO 2 well-washing technology is used for improving PRBs permeability. • The optimal ratios of oxidants and PRB fillers are proposed to achieve the best regeneration effect. Groundwater contamination near landfills is commonly caused by leachate leakage, and permeable reactive barriers (PRBs) are widely used for groundwater remediation. However, the deactivation and blockage of the reactive medium in PRBs limit their long-term effectiveness. In the current study, a new methodology was proposed for the in situ regeneration of PRB to remediate leachate-contaminated groundwater. CO 2 coupled with oxidants was applied for the dispersion and regeneration of the fillers; by injecting CO 2 to disperse the fillers, the permeability of the PRB was increased and the oxidants could flow evenly into the PRB. The results indicate that the optimum filler proportion was zero-valent iron (ZVI)/zeolites/activated carbon (AC) = 3:8:10 and the optimum oxidant proportion was COD/Na 2 S 2 O 8 /H 2 O 2 /Fe2+ = 1:5:6:5; the oxidation system of Fe2+/H 2 O 2 /S 2 O 8 2− has a high oxidation efficiency and persistence. The average regeneration rate of zeolites was 72.71%, and the average regeneration rate of AC was 68.40%; the permeability of PRB also increased. This technology is effective for the remediation of landfills in China that have large contaminated areas, an uneven pollutant concentration distribution, and a long pollution duration. The purification mode of long-term adsorption and short-time in situ oxidation can be applied to the remediation of long-term high-concentration organically polluted groundwater, where pollution sources are difficult to cut off. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leachate generated from landfills contains many toxic contaminants, such as dissolved organics, inorganic salts, ammonia, and heavy metals, which impact the surrounding environmental systems. This study characterized the AL-Mufarrihat Sanitary Landfill (MSL) leachate in Al-Medinah Al-Munawwarh (MM) province, Saudi Arabia, by analyzing important physicochemical parameters. Phytotoxicity was assessed using various higher plant bioassays, namely, cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum L.), cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.), and corn (Zea mays L.). The effective concentration of seed germination represented by EC50 was calculated using a USEPA computer program based on Finney's Probit analysis method. Selected phytotoxicity test endpoint parameters, namely relative seed germination (RSG), relative root elongation (RRE), and germination index (GI) were determined. The tested leachate exhibited low concentrations of heavy metals, whereas high levels of chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) were recorded. The mean EC50 values for MSL leachate exposed to B. oleracea, L. esculentum, C. sativus, and Z. mays were 2.66%, 3.12%, 4.27%, and 5.22%, respectively. These values indicate that B. oleracea was the most sensitive bioassay, whereas Z. mays was the least sensitive. All tested bioassays showed severe phytotoxic responses to the exposed higher leachate concentrations, represented by complete inhibition for RSG, RRE, and GI. Lower leachate concentrations exhibited stimulatory effects on RSG, whereas RRE and GI were hindered, even at these lower concentrations. The results revealed that although RSG and RRE were effective and promising parameters in phytotoxicity evaluation, GI was the most responsive parameter for phytotoxicity assessment. The high levels of organic and inorganic compounds in the leachate are likely the primary cause of the phytotoxicity observed in the bioassays. The results of this study highlight the pollution potential of landfill leachate in Saudi Arabia and will furnish supplementary reference information for hazard assessment and future leachate management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Gram-stain-negative, facultative anaerobe, rod-shaped strain JX-1T was isolated from UASB sludge treating landfill leachate in Wuhan, China. The isolate is capable of growing under conditions of pH 6.0–11.0 (optimum, pH 7.0–8.0), temperature 4–42 ℃ (optimum, 20–30 ℃), 0–8.0% (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 5.0%), and ammonia nitrogen concentration of 200–5000 mg/L (optimum, 500 mg/L) on LB plates. The microorganism can utilize malic acid, D-galactose, L-rhamnose, inosine, and L-glutamic acid as carbon sources, but does not reduce nitrates and nitrites. The major fatty acids are C18:1ω7c/C18:1ω6c, iso-C15:0, and anteiso-C15:0. The respiratory quinones are Q9 (91.92%) and Q8 (8.08%). Polar lipids include aminolipid, aminophospholipid, diphosphatidylglycerol, glycolipid, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, and phospholipid. Compared with other strains, strain JX-1T and Denitrificimonas caeni HY-14T have the highest values in terms of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (96.79%), average nucleotide identity (ANI; 76.06%), and average amino acid identity (AAI; 78.89%). Its digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) result is 20.3%. The genome of strain JX-1T, with a size of 2.78 Mb and 46.12 mol% G + C content, lacks genes for denitrification and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA), but contains genes for ectoine synthesis as a secondary metabolite. The results of this polyphasic study allow genotypic and phenotypic differentiation of the analysed strain from the closest related species and confirm that the strain represents a novel species within the genus Denitrificimonas, for which the name Denitrificimonas halotolerans sp. nov. is proposed with JX-1T (= MCCC 1K08958T = KCTC 8395T) as the type strain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, biochars were used as adsorbents to remove Cu, Cd, and Zn ions in a real stabilized leachate from a controlled landfill. Oak fruit shells biochar (OFSBC) and date palm fibers biochar (DPFBC) were obtained by pyrolysis of oak fruit shells and date palm fibers at 700 °C and 400 °C, respectively. OFSBC and DPFBC showed well-developed structures and high specific surface areas (520.16 m2/g and 470.46 m2/g, respectively). Equilibrium adsorption of heavy metal ions on DPFBC and OFSBC occurred after 4 h and 2 h of stirring. The removal efficiencies of Cu, Cd, and Zn ions were 97.01%, 94.40%, and 80.59% with DPFBC and 90.10%, 88.33%, and 76.16% using OFSBC, respectively. The Avrami fractional order model was appropriate for describing kinetic adsorption. Increasing the dose of adsorbent improves heavy metal ion retention. Thermodynamic tests have proven the spontaneous and endothermic adsorption of these heavy metals. The electrostatic attraction, ion exchange, complexation, metal-π bending, and surface precipitation and pore filling were regarded as the most predominant heavy metal retention mechanisms from the landfill leachate onto the biochar surface. Separately, the DPFBC showed the best performance than OFSBC regarding the improvement of leachate quality. Chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD5), ammoniacal nitrogen (NH3-N), and phosphorus (P) were respectively removed at an efficiency of 53.57%, 29.17%, 36.07%, and 37.5%, respectively. Thus, the results allow highlighting that the adsorption on DPFBC and OFSBC can be an effective alternative in the practice of landfill leachate treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Humic acid (HA) is a typical refractory organic matter, so it is of great significance to investigate its effect on the performance of Anammox granular sludge. When the dosage of HA ≤ 50 mg/L, HA promotes the total nitrogen removal rate (NRR) to 1.45 kg/(m3·day). When HA was between 50 and 100 mg/L, the NRR of Anammox was stable. At this time, the adsorption of HA causes the sludge to gradually turn from red to brown, but the activities of heme and enzymes showed that its capacity was not affected. When HA levels reached 250 mg/L, the NRR dropped to 0.11 kg/(m3·day). Moderate HA levels promoted the release of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), but excessive HA levels lead to a decrease in EPS concentrations. HA inhibited Anammox activity, which indirectly hindered the transmission of substrate and accumulated substrate toxicity. Although HA promoted the increase of heterotrophic microbial abundance in Anammox system, the microbial diversity decreased gradually. With the increase of HA concentration, the abundance of Candidatus_Brocadia , the main functional microorganism of Anammox system, decreased gradually, while the abundance of Candidatus_Kuenenia increased gradually. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Municipal solid waste (MSW) management is a significant challenge in Jordan, particularly regarding landfill leachate (LL). Al-Ghabawi landfill, the country's largest, lacks proper leachate treatment, with the current practice being limited to evaporation in open ponds, an environmentally unacceptable method. This study dealt with the coagulation process for treating LL produced from Al-Ghabawi landfills by using alum and moringa seeds as coagulants. The results showed that the optimum pH for the coagulation process was 5.5. The optimal dosages were 800 mg/L for moringa oleifera and 400 mg/L for alum (high dose), and 80 mg/L for moringa oleifera and 40 mg/L for alum (low dose). The use of moringa oleifera and alum together yielded the best removal rates for turbidity (48.9%), total suspended solids (TSS) (41.21%), total dissolved solids (TDS) (17.9%), and Mn (73.7%). Pb and Cr, however, exhibited lower removal rates, with the best achieved by using moringa seeds and alum together (42.8% and 46.58%, respectively). Notably, moringa oleifera seeds alone as a coagulant outperformed alum in removing COD (91.57%) and BOD (85.71%), indicating that moringa oleifera is a more effective option for increasing the biodegradability of the leachate, as evidenced by the increased BOD5/COD ratios, from 0.5159 to 0.875 and 1.206 for high and low doses, respectively. These findings suggest that the coagulation process can be significantly improved by utilizing moringa oleifera seeds, a natural and sustainable coagulant, in combination with alum for the treatment of Al-Ghabawi LL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) emerges as a promising avenue for converting food waste into valuable resources while addressing environmental concerns. This study investigated the optimization of HTC parameters, utilizing landfill leachate as a sustainable moisture source and exploring methane recovery from process water. Employing the response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural networks (ANN), the influence of key process variables on HTC efficiency was meticulously analyzed. Notably, the superior predictive capability of ANN over RSM was demonstrated, with a lower mean-squared error and a higher correlation coefficient. The identified optimal HTC conditions were 193°C for 175 min at a solid/liquid ratio of 0.2; under these conditions, RSM and ANN predicted mass yields of 66.37 ± 1.15% and 65.68 ± 0.11%, respectively. Furthermore, under these conditions, process water exhibited a remarkable biomethane production rate of approximately 283.11 ± 13.5 mL/g COD, fitting well with the modified Gompertz model. This study advances HTC optimization strategies and underscores the potential of integrating landfill leachate and methane recovery into food waste valorization processes, thereby paving the way for sustainable resource management practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the treatment of leachate mediated by the development of anaerobic sludge makes it possible to create an effective design process of biodegradation technology. This study used an up-flow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor equipped with a gas–liquid-solid separator to capture CH4 for treating landfill leachate to improve understanding of methanogenesis kinetics of organic matter. The performance of UASB was able to remove 154.75 g/L of chemical oxygen demand (COD) content of the leachate originally anticipated to emit 2.99 L of CH4 production into the atmosphere. The trend in the variation of internal mass transfer (IMT) factor was close to the global mass transfer factor; however, it was far higher than that of external mass transfer (EMT) factor. After 30 days of the experiment, methanogenesis kinetics of organic matter of the leachate were supported mainly by the breakdown of complex molecules. The rate-limiting step of CH4 desorption was controlled by IMT at the beginning and then by EMT after 30 days of the experiment. The strongly decreased EMT factor was counterbalanced by an increased value of the IMT factor at before 5 days of the experiment. It would be of interest to predict the methanogenesis kinetics of CH4 desorption using the Generalized Fulazzaky equations, which cannot be evaluated using other models. Analysis of the methanogenesis kinetics of organic matter of the leachate provides a new insight into the performance of UASB reactor, which may contribute to advanced treatment of landfill leachate in the future.

Suitable anaerobic sludge can effectively shorten the start-up time of anaerobic reactors. To reveal the adaptability of different sources of anaerobic sludge to leachate from garbage power plants, the treatment performance of five types of anaerobic sludge on leachate from two different sources was investigated through intermittent cultivation. Illumina Miseq sequencing was used to reveal the main functional variability of different anaerobic sludge from the perspective of sludge community composition. The results showed that for leachate with COD up to 30 000 mg/L, inoculation with anaerobic sludge from a paper mill (ZZC sludge) resulted in a COD removal rate of 72.3% within 36 hours, and the sludge load (COD load of per unit MLVSS) reached 10.2 kg/(kg·d). For the leachate with a COD of 25 000 mg/L, the COD removal rate of ZZC sludge reached 75.8% after 36 hours, and the sludge load reached 10.1 kg/(kg·d). When the COD was 30 000 mg/L, ZZC sludge had better treatment effect on both eastern(DB) and southern(NB) plant leachate, NJG sludge (from agricultural processing plant) had the best treatment effect on DB plant leachate, and YZC sludge (from aquaculture wastewater treatment plant) had the best treatment effect on NB plant leachate. The rapid start-up of anaerobic reactors in two plant areas using ZZC sludge could effectively improve the methane production of anaerobic reactors.

The management of landfill leachate presents a significant environmental challenge, necessitating a comprehensive and dynamic treatment approach. This comprehensive review delves into the critical issue of landfill leachate treatment, exploring its environmental impact, treatment technologies, regulatory frameworks, and the path towards sustainable management practices. This review explores the complexities of landfill leachate, emphasizing the need for sustainable waste management practices to safeguard environmental health. Our analysis highlights the evolution of conventional and advanced treatment technologies designed to mitigate these risks, focusing on membrane technologies, advanced oxidation processes, and the promising potential of emerging techniques such as adsorption and biological nutrient removal. These technologies are evaluated for their efficiency, cost implications, and sustainability impacts, underscoring the challenges and opportunities within the current landscape of leachate treatment. The review aims to provide insights into designing efficient and effective treatment systems through a detailed analysis of conventional and advanced treatment methods. By examining a case study in Changsha City, the effectiveness of a comprehensive treatment system integrating various technologies is demonstrated. The review underscores the interconnectedness of human activities, environmental health, and waste management, emphasizing the importance of a holistic approach. It stresses the continuous improvement of leachate treatment technologies and the adoption of sustainable practices to reduce the environmental footprint of landfills. Ultimately, it calls for integrating multiple treatment processes, economic considerations, and readiness to address future challenges in landfill leachate treatment, contributing to the advancement of sustainable waste management practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Municipal solid waste management (MSWM) is an exigent and emerging problem in India. Despite various MSWM options, landfill continues to be the ultimate disposal destination of solid waste leading to ecosystem damage and leachate generation. The appropriate MSWM options and landfill leachate treatment become a matter of great apprehension to avoid negative impacts on the surrounding environment. In the present study, three LCA-based potential scenarios of systematic solid waste management, including anaerobic digestion, composting and landfilling, were analyzed and compared. The life cycle assessment (LCA) model was created in the Gabi 17.00 software for analyzing the impact of every steps involved in the MSWM system. Further, the study also focuses on leachate management of the Bhandewadi landfill site, situated in Nagpur City, India, using five different types of adsorbents, viz. rice husk, granular activated charcoal, powdered activated charcoal, compost and fly ash. Among the different scenario's analyzed and various impact categories studied, the LCA of all the three scenarios highlights that the global warming potential and human toxicity potential of scenario one is comparatively lower than other scenarios. Further, the adsorbents used in the study have potential for the removal of containments. The diffusion profile analysis of leachate through different types of adsorbents used revealed that the chemical oxygen demand removal efficiency enhances with thickness of the adsorbent. The study emphasized that it is crucial for decision-makers associated with waste management sector to focus on environment friendly MSWM approaches. It is also recommended that the decision and policymakers adhere and follow the stringent implementation of laws and regulations associated to the MSWM system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Dissolved organic matter (DOM) in landfill leachate impacts the toxicity, bioavailability, and migration of heavy metals. The present study investigated the complexation of heavy metals (Cu2+ and Pb2+) with DOM from two landfill leachate samples, representing an old landfill site containing incineration residues and incombustible waste. The logarithms of the stability constant (log KM) and percentage of complexed fluorophores were calculated using both the Ryan–Weber non-linear model and the modified Stern–Volmer model, yielding good agreement. The log KM values (at pH = 6.0 ± 0.1) calculated using both methods for the two sampling points were 5.02–5.13 and 4.85–5.11 for Cu2+–DOM complexation, and 5.01–5.13 and 4.46–4.87 for Pb2+–DOM complexation, respectively. Log KM was slightly higher for binding of DOM with Cu2+ than Pb2+, and the quenching degree was stronger for complexation with Cu2+ (28.5–30.6% and 38.0–45.9%) than Pb2+ (6.5–7.1% and 10.0–15.4%) in both leachate samples. While log KM values were similar, differences in the contributions of functional groups and molecular composition led to varying degrees of quenching. This study reveals the potential for heavy metal binding by DOM in landfill leachate with a unique solid waste composition and emphasizes variations in fluorescence quenching between Cu2+ and Pb2+ despite similar log KM levels. These findings may be useful for assessing heavy metal behavior in landfill leachate and its impacts on the surrounding environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to systemically evaluate how different pyrolysis temperatures (400, 550, and 700 °C) and particle sizes (1–2 mm and 63–75 µm) were influenced biochar evolution, made from urban pruning waste, during pyrolysis process and to establish their relationships with biochar potential for removal of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and manganese (Mn) from real municipal solid waste landfill leachate. The effects of pH (2–7), contact time (30–300 min) and adsorbent dosage (0.1–5 g L−1) on heavy metals removal were also examined. The results showed that physicochemical properties of biochar were greatly influenced by pyrolysis temperature. Particle size, however, showed little influence on biochar characteristics (p > 0.05). The yield, volatile matter, hydrogen and oxygen contents, and surface functional groups decreased consistently with increasing pyrolysis temperature. An increase in the pH, electrical conductivity, ash, fixed carbon, and specific surface area values was also found. In biochar samples formed at high temperatures (i.e., 550 and 700 °C), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy-FTIR studies confirmed the increase in aromaticity. Field emission scanning electron microscopy-FESEM images showed differences in the microporous structure and lower size pores at higher temperatures. Biochar pyrolyzed at 700 °C with a particle size of 63–75 µm (i.e., Lv700-63) showed the highest removal efficiency performance. Pb and Cd ions were completely removed (100%) by 0.2 g L−1 Lv700-63 at 7.0 pH and contact times of 120 and 90 min, respectively. The maximum percentage removal of Mn was 86.20% at optimum conditions of 0.2 g L−1 Lv700-63 dosage, 7.0 pH, and 180 min contact time. The findings suggests that the surface complexation, π-electron coordination, and cation exchange were the dominant mechanisms for the Pb, Cd, and Mn removal onto Lv700-63. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Struvite is an eco-friendly fertilizer widely produced from waste streams. Landfill leachate, rich in ammonium-nitrogen (NH4-N), encourages the recovery of NH4-N in the form of struvite. However, the presence of heavy metals, particularly cadmium (Cd) and nickel (Ni), may affect the purity of struvite crystals, thereby hindering its applicability as a fertilizer. While previous studies have examined the effects of various heavy metals on struvite crystallization, the specific impact of Cd and Ni, especially in landfill leachate, remains insufficiently studied. This study aimed to fill this gap by investigating the effect of Cd and Ni on the purity and morphology of struvite crystals obtained from synthetic solutions (Phase 1) and synthetic landfill leachate (Phase 2). Additionally, a kinetics study was conducted to determine the fate of Ni and Cd during struvite crystallization. Batch experiments of struvite precipitation were performed with varying concentrations of Cd and Ni. Aqueous analysis results indicated a minor reduction in NH4-N recovery in both phases when Cd or Ni were present. Furthermore, XRD and SEM analyses of solid samples demonstrated that all crystals were highly pure struvite. The impact of Cd and Ni in Phase 2 was slightly more significant than in Phase 1. The kinetics study suggested that struvite can be safely recovered from landfill leachate contaminated with Cd and Ni. However, further research is needed on actual landfill leachate to fully understand the combined and advanced effects of heavy metals on struvite crystallization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Technology of Water Treatment is the property of Technology of Water Treatment Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Heterotrophic nitrification-aerobic denitrification (HN-AD) bacteria are the key functional microorganisms needed to achieve simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND). In this study, 25 strains of HN-AD bacteria were successfully isolated from a stable landfill leachate biochemical treatment system, of which 10 strains belonged to Firmicutes and 15 strains belonged to Proteobacteria. Bacillus subtilis F4 and Alcaligenes faecalis P4 displayed good tolerance at a wide range of ammonia nitrogen (NH4+-N) concentrations. When the C/N ratio was 20, the removal rates of ammonia nitrogen were 90.1% and 89.5%, and the chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal rates were 92.4% and 93.9%, respectively. The napA gene encoding periplasmic nitrate reductase (Nap) and the nirS gene encoding nitrite reductase (Nir) were detected, and nitrogen balance showed assimilation and HN-AD was the main nitrogen metabolism mode in both strains. The use of immobilization materials could increase removal rate of ammonia nitrogen by 21.1% and 29.6%, respectively. The research results of this work can provide theoretical basis and technical support for the practical application of HN-AD bacteria to enhance the treatment of high ammonia nitrogen wastewater with high efficiency and low consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Partial nitritation (PN) is a novel treatment for nitrogen removal using aerobic ammonium oxidation with reduced oxygen requirements compared to conventional nitrification. This study evaluated the performance of the PN process and the factors influencing nitrogen removal from landfill leachate. During the reactivation of biomass, the results showed 70% ammonium removal, but only 20% total nitrogen removal. Further analysis showed that low nitrite accumulation and high nitrate production promoted the growth of nitrite‐oxidizing bacteria (NOB). The ammonium removal activity after soaking the cultivated biomass in synthetic water and leachate was measured to be 0.57, 0.1, 0.17, and 0.25 g N•g VSS−1•d−1 for synthetic wastewater and leachate soaking for synthetic wastewater, 12 h, 3 days, and 7 days, respectively. The study found abundant ammonium‐oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and NOBs in biomass soaked in synthetic wastewater. However, soaking in leachate promoted AOB growth and inhibited NOB growth making leachate suitable for PN. Practitioner Points: The study found that with a longer leachate‐soaking period for biomass, ammonium removal activity increases, which in turn increases ammonium conversions during the PN process.Ammonium‐oxidizing bacteria (AOB) can acclimate to landfill leachate substrate and grow with a longer soaking period.Nitrite‐oxidizing bacteria (NOB) were inhibited by landfill leachate substrate, which is beneficial for nitrite accumulation.Anabolized DO can convert nitrite to nitrate rapidly, which results in higher nitrate accumulation compared to nitrite accumulation.Hence, the DO level has to be sufficiently low to prevent nitrite oxidation and nitrate accumulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sanitary leachate from urban landfills is known to be contaminated with multi-metals and residual antibiotics. Current research edges on exploring the multi-metal and antibiotic sensitivity profile of four indigenous strains, “Brevibacillus spp. Leclercia spp. Pseudescherichia spp., and Brucella spp.” isolated from the leachate of a sanitary landfill in a tropical region. Indigenous isolates were observed to be antibiotic-resistant and have high tolerance against eight of the ten tested metals except Cu & Co. It was observed that interaction with multi-metals in laboratory conditions significantly altered the cell morphology of bacterial strains, as depicted by Scanning Electron Microscope. Metal adsorption onto the microbial surface was deciphered through Electron Dispersive Spectrometer analysis and elemental mapping. Application of isolated strains into real-time leachate matrix exhibits a complete reduction of Ag and Zn and for other tested metals. Their response to these toxicants may facilitate their application in bioremediation-based treatment technologies for urban landfill leachate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elucidating the characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) is crucial to assessing its impact on the bioavailability and mobility of pollutants in landfill leachate. This study reports a comprehensive 5–month investigation into the characteristics of DOM in leachate from an old Japanese landfill, collected at six different sampling points. The molecular composition, chemical properties, and structural characteristics of DOM were assessed using Orbitrap mass spectrometry and spectral analysis. The leachate DOM mainly consisted of CHO-containing molecules (58.5–88.9%), low-oxygen unsaturated phenolic compounds (40.5–54.0%), and aliphatic compounds (19.4–47.3%), with slight variation among sampling points. A significant portion of the nominal oxidation state of carbon was in the reduced zone (76.2–95.4%). The results underscore the distinct molecular composition of DOM in mature Japanese landfill leachate compared to young and mature leachates from other countries. Two of six sampling points, with notable differences in molecular characteristics, were compared and elucidated. The composition of landfill waste, rather than landfill age, was the main factor affecting the characteristics and differentiation of leachate DOM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural wastes are sustainable adsorbents to clean up toxic metals contaminated in water and wastewater. Understanding water chemistry is critical in innovating and finding processes that limit the removal of toxic metals. The study used orange and banana peels as adsorbents to simultaneously remove nickel, cadmium, and chromium from landfill leachate. The toxic metal concentrations in landfill leachate were 9.60 mg/L, 4.90 mg/L and 0.06 mg/L for Ni, Cd, and Cr, and 100 mL of landfill leachate and a dosage of 0.50 g, 1.00 g, 1.50 g, 2.00 g, and 2.50 g of orange and banana peel adsorbents. The adsorption efficiency of the orange peel adsorbent ranged from 99.90% to 99.99% for nickel, 97.00% to 99.98% for cadmium, and 59.30% to 98.18% for chromium and banana peel ranged from 99.55% to 99.99% for nickel, 99.16% to 99.96% for cadmium, and 45.67% to 82.91% for chromium in the landfill leachate. Qmax (mg/g) which is the maximum adsorption capacity ranged from −0.03 mg/g to 0.01 mg/g for orange peel and −13.16 mg/g to 0.01 mg/g for banana peel. The KF of the orange peel adsorbent for Ni, and Cd were larger values showing a stronger interaction. Ni had a higher affinity than Cd and Cr in the binding sites of the orange and banana peels. The orange and banana peel adsorbents are eco-friendly, simple, more cost-effective, and innovative methods for the removal of metals in leachate and wastewater. An adsorptive experiment of a similar design should be carried out at varied temperatures and contact times.

The fundamental objective of this investigation is to explore the utilization of sediment and leachate waste as substrates within the framework of a sediment microbial fuel cell (SMFC) reactor. This study's sediment and leachate materials were sourced from the Aceh regional landfill in Blang Bintang, Aceh Besar, Indonesia. The experiment entailed the operation of a trio of reactors in batch mode, manipulating electrode counts. Daily electrochemical measurements employed an Arduino-based open-source microcontroller, while bioremediation assessment of the leachate was performed bi-daily using a UV–Vis spectrophotometer. Morphological transformations of the anode surface pre- and post-experimentation were elucidated through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the bacterial consortium forming the anode biofilm was scrutinised using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Consequently, escalating electrode counts exhibited favourable implications for electricity generation. Peak voltages recorded for the SMFC-LL1, SMFC-LL2, and SMFC-LL3 reactors reached 503 mV, 541 mV, and 583 mV, respectively. Conversely, the presence of multiple electrodes yielded no statistically significant disparity in leachate bioremediation efficiency. After a 35-day experimental period, COD concentrations for SMFC-LL1, SMFC-LL2, and SMFC-LL3 samples were measured at 961 mg/L, 888 mg/L, and 895 mg/L, respectively, down from the initial 1368 mg/L. The initial leachate ammonia concentration of 353.6 mg/L underwent reduction to 0.1 mg/L, 0.13 mg/L, and 0.25 mg/L. Nitrate levels dropped from 2.7 mg/L to 1.1 mg/L, 1 mg/L, and 0.95 mg/L, while nitrite concentrations diminished from 17.1 mg/L to 1.15 mg/L, 1.2 mg/L, and 1.15 mg/L for SMFC-LL1, SMFC-LL2, and SMFC-LL3 reactors, respectively. Additionally, robust biofilm formation was observed on the anode surface, predominantly comprised of Proteobacteria phylum members. The 16S rRNA gene analysis of hypervariable regions V1–V9 revealed prevailing bacterial taxa as Thiobacillus, Zeimonas, Thioalkalivibrio, Syntrophobacterium, Luteimonas, Capillibacterium, Acetivibrio, and Steroidobacter.

Landfills are a known source of PFAS pollution. Many have environmental permits allowing the discharge of treated leachate to controlled waters. In this article we compared leachate data for 17 PFAS from 17 different landfill sites across the UK. The results show that the landfill leachate treatment process (designed to improve water quality) is generating the banned PFAS; PFOA and PFOS. Approximately 80% of locations tested showed an increase in PFOS, with an increase of 1,335% in one sample. The highest concentrations of PFOS and PFOA in treated leachate were 2,460 ng L−1 and 26,900 ng L−1, respectively. When compared against the environmental quality standard of 0.65 ng L−1 for PFOS this leachate could pose a significant concern. Landfill leachate treatment has proven effective for a wide range of different pollutants, but this research shows in several instances that it is not appropriate for PFAS remediation.

This study analyzed the impact of leachate from a temporary landfill on soil microbial diversity in Tingo María, Huánuco region, Peru. Three treatments were used: untreated soil (S), addition of stream water (T0), leachate (T1), and leachate treated by coagulation and flocculation (T2), with 828.5 ml/week added in three weekly doses. Soil samples were collected from the Reserved Forest of the Universidad Nacional Agraria de la Selva. Twenty-one randomly distributed soil samples were taken and homogenized for analysis. Soil quality parameters measured included sand, clay, silt, texture, pH, organic matter, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. As for microorganisms, viable aerobes, lactobacilli, actinomycetes, fungi, nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and Escherichia coli were quantified using specific culture and counting methods for each of them. To evaluate the impact of the leachate on microbial diversity, equity indices (Shannon and inverse Simpson), dominance indices (complementary Simpson and Berger Parker) and the percentage composition of each microorganism per treatment were used. An ANOVA was performed to estimate differences in microbial diversity, with a Tukey test at a significance level of α = 0.05. The study showed that leachates affect soil microbial diversity, reducing equity and increasing the dominance of certain species such as E. coli. They also alter physicochemical parameters, decreasing organic matter and nitrogen but increasing other elements such as phosphorus and potassium. This could have implications for soil health and functionality.

Municipal solid waste (MSW) is an important destination for abandoned plastics. During the waste disposal process, large plastic debris is broken down into microplastics (MPs) and released into the leachate. However, current research only focuses on landfill leachates, and the occurrence of MPs in other leachates has not been studied. Therefore, herein, the abundance and characteristics of MPs in three types of leachates, namely, landfill leachate, residual waste leachate, and household food waste leachate, were studied, all leachates were collected from the largest waste disposal center in China. The results showed that the average MP abundances in the different types of leachates ranged from (129 ± 54) to (1288 ± 184) MP particles per liter (particles·L−1) and the household food waste leachate exhibited the highest MP abundance (p 80%) of small MPs (20–100 μm) in landfill leachates compared to other leachates. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study discussing the sources of MPs in different leachates, which is important for MP pollution control during MSW disposal.

Introduction Landfill leachate, a liquid resulting from waste decomposition, contains nutrients like ammoniacal-N, Na, K, and organic matter. Biological treatments effectively remove degradable organics from young landfill leachate, but aged leachate with recalcitrant organics requires combined physical-chemical and biological methods or advanced technologies, leading to higher treatment costs. Even after treatment, leachate may not meet environmental standards for release. In arid and semi-arid regions with water scarcity and low soil organic matter, leachate application to soil presents a potential solution. Soil’s properties enable it to retain and degrade pollutants while utilizing leachate’s nutrients to enhance fertility and crop growth. However, leachate composition and application rates are critical factors due to potential negative impacts from total nitrogen, salinity, and heavy metals. Alkaline pH in aged leachate reduces heavy metal contamination risk. Detailed leachate characterization before soil application is crucial to prevent environmental and functional problems. This review examines existing research on leachate irrigation’s effects on soil properties and plant nutrition, contributing to sustainable leachate management and agricultural practices in water-limited regions. Additionally, the review explores potential risks associated with leachate irrigation, including soil salinization, heavy metal accumulation, and groundwater contamination. By understanding both the benefits and drawbacks, informed decisions can be made regarding the suitability and implementation of leachate irrigation in specific contexts. Materials and Methods To carry out this study, keywords such as "Landfill leachate", "Composition of landfill leachate" and "Landfill leachate irrigation" were searched in the Web of Science, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and SID databases. For these keywords, 205 articles were found from 1989 to 2023. After the screening, quality review, and removal of repetitive and unrelated articles, 110 relevant articles were used. The main criterion for selecting articles was the effects of landfill leachate irrigation on the various properties of soil, and the nutrition of different plant species. The quality of the articles was evaluated through the Scimago Journal Rank (SJR) index, the citation, the Impact Factor, and the source normalized impact per paper (SNIP) index. Results and Discussion Landfill leachate presents a complex environmental challenge due to its potential for both soil contamination and enrichment. Leachate's xenobiotic and heavy metal components can induce soil contamination, altering the natural environment. Studies have documented reduced hydraulic conductivity, increased gas production, and altered microbial communities, ultimately impacting soil productivity. Leachate percolation can also modify physicochemical characteristics, including reduced microbial biomass, phosphorus-fixing capacity, and pH shifts, depending on waste composition. Conversely, research highlights the potential benefits of leachate application in arid and semi-arid regions facing water scarcity and low soil organic matter. Leachate can contribute to the increased organic content, improved soil structure, and regulated pH, enhancing soil fertility and crop productivity. The presence of macro and micro-nutrients such as Fe, Mn, N, P, and Zn further supports leachate's potential as a fertilizer. However, concerns remain regarding inhibitory chemicals in leachate and their potential detrimental effects on plant growth and yield. Studies report instances of leaf injury, reduced yield, and poor survival rates in certain plant species. In contrast, research demonstrates the positive effects of diluted or low-strength leachate application, stimulating plant growth and enhancing yield, particularly for Brassica species and tree species like Acacia confusa, Leucaena leptocephali, and Eucalyptus tortellini. These contradictory findings underscore the intricate interplay of factors influencing leachate irrigation outcomes. Soil characteristics, plant species, leachate source and composition, application methods, and their interactions all play significant roles in determining the success or failure of leachate irrigation. Conclusion Landfill leachate, characterized by its elevated nitrogen and nutrient levels, presents a potential alternative water and fertilizer source for agricultural practices, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions facing water scarcity. However, responsible leachate utilization necessitates a comprehensive approach that balances maximizing benefits with minimizing environmental risks. Prior to agricultural application, detailed leachate characterization is crucial to determine its precise composition and suitability for irrigation. This includes quantifying heavy metal concentrations, salinity levels, and the presence of potentially toxic organic compounds. Concurrent plant selection is equally important, prioritizing species with demonstrated tolerance to leachate constituents. Given the potential for salinity and heavy metal accumulation, continuous application of raw leachate, especially for sensitive crops, should be avoided. Implementing alternating irrigation regimes with conventional water sources can mitigate these risks while providing essential nutrients for plant growth. Monitoring soil health indicators, including pH, organic matter content, and microbial activity, is vital to assess long-term impacts and implement necessary soil amendments. Determining optimal leachate application rates requires a multifaceted approach that considers plant-specific nitrogen requirements, leachate toxicity levels, and soil infiltration capacity. This ensures adequate nutrient supply without exceeding the assimilative capacity of plants and soil, preventing environmental contamination. Further research is needed to investigate the long-term impacts of leachate irrigation on soil health, crop quality, and potential groundwater contamination. Developing standardized guidelines for leachate treatment and application, tailored to specific regional contexts and crop types, is crucial for promoting sustainable and responsible leachate utilization in agriculture.

Banana peels can be a valuable adsorbent for reducing heavy metals in water. This study investigated the effect of chemical activators on Nipah banana peel (Musa acuminata balbisiana) on their ability to reduce Pb and Cd metals in landfill leachate. Before the adsorption test, the banana peels were treated with a different chemical activator, including detergent, NaOH, KOH, and H3PO4. The results showed that H3PO4 adsorbs relatively high amounts of metals (Pb-75.800%, Cd-18.491%) in landfill leachate among these activators. FTIR analysis showed that banana peels treated with H3PO4 produced sharper carbonyl or carboxyl group peaks. These groups are very influential in the metal adsorption process. SEM-EDS analysis of the H3PO4-treated banana peels showed an increase in carbon and oxygen elements in the banana peels and changes in the pore surface that enhanced the adsorption process on Pb and Cd metals. From this study, banana peels activated with H3PO4 showed great potential to be developed into adsorbents to reduce heavy metal concentration.

Plastic pollution poses a worldwide environmental challenge, affecting wildlife and human health. Assessing the biodegradation capabilities of natural microbiomes in environments contaminated with microplastics is crucial for mitigating the effects of plastic pollution. In this work, we evaluated the potential of landfill leachate (LL) and estuarine sediments (ES) to biodegrade polyethylene (PE), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), and polycaprolactone (PCL), under aerobic, anaerobic, thermophilic, and mesophilic conditions. PCL underwent extensive aerobic biodegradation with LL (99 ± 7%) and ES (78 ± 3%) within 50–60 days. Under anaerobic conditions, LL degraded 87 ± 19% of PCL in 60 days, whereas ES showed minimal biodegradation (3 ± 0.3%). PE and PET showed no notable degradation. Metataxonomics results (16S rRNA sequencing) revealed the presence of highly abundant thermophilic microorganisms assigned to Coprothermobacter sp. (6.8% and 28% relative abundance in anaerobic and aerobic incubations, respectively). Coprothermobacter spp. contain genes encoding two enzymes, an esterase and a thermostable monoacylglycerol lipase, that can potentially catalyze PCL hydrolysis. These results suggest that Coprothermobacter sp. may be pivotal in landfill leachate microbiomes for thermophilic PCL biodegradation across varying conditions. The anaerobic microbial community was dominated by hydrogenotrophic methanogens assigned to Methanothermobacter sp. (21%), pointing at possible syntrophic interactions with Coprothermobacter sp. (a H2-producer) during PCL biodegradation. In the aerobic experiments, fungi dominated the eukaryotic microbial community (e.g., Exophiala (41%), Penicillium (17%), and Mucor (18%)), suggesting that aerobic PCL biodegradation by LL involves collaboration between fungi and bacteria. Our findings bring insights on the microbial communities and microbial interactions mediating plastic biodegradation, offering valuable perspectives for plastic pollution mitigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]