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Khalaj, which is spoken in the villages of Markazī and Qom provinces of Iran, is very important for Turkic Studies in terms of the archaic features it preserves. Khalaj also provides important data in the field of language contacts. Spoken in a limited area, Khalaj has interacted with both Turkic and other languages. This study deals with the Khalaj-Oghuz language contacts in Talkhab village located in the borders of the Markazī province. The Khalaj people, who have been moving in a wide area for centuries until they came to the geography they live in today, came into contact with Oghuz peoples in different regions. It is possible to see the traces of this contacts in Khalaj. The present study aims to add dimension to these traces, which are also discussed in the works of Gerhard Doerfer and Semih Tezcan. Because almost no study has focused on what kind of linguistic contact exists between these languages today. In order to better understand the current state of the Khalaj-Oghuz language contacts, data collected from Talkhab, where Khalaj and Oghuz Turks live together, are used. When the data obtained from the participants living in this village are analysed, it is seen that Oghuz language has a strong influence on the Khalaj. The Oghuz influence on Khalaj is analysed in two layers in study. In the first layer, the influence of Old Oghuz is analysed, while in the second layer the current influence is discussed. The data show that the influence is mostly in the vocabulary. In addition, it is determined that the phonological and morphological features of Oghuz are copied in the Khalaj spoken in Talkhab. The copying of morphological and morphosyntactic features, which are relatively difficult to copy from one language to another, from Oghuz to Khalaj shows the degree of influence. This influence is asymmetrical from Oghuz to Khalaj. It was also found that Khalaj does not influence Oghuz in this region. The data obtained in the study are analysed according to Lars Johanson's code-copying theory based on Turkic language contacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims and Objectives/Purposes/Research Questions: Studies on incomplete first language (L1) acquisition emphasize restricted input, the low prestige of heritage/immigrant/minority languages, and age of acquisition as significant factors contributing to changes in L1. However, it is not always clear whether it is possible to distinguish results of incomplete acquisition and contact-induced language change. This article deals with two Yiddish–Lithuanian bilinguals who acquired both languages at home (recorded in 2010 and 2011). The focus of the article is the absence of the Yiddish past tense auxiliary in both informants and the replacement of Yiddish discourse-pragmatic words by their Lithuanian or English equivalents in the speech of the second informant. Design/Methodology/Approach: Qualitative analysis of the speech of two Yiddish–Lithuanian bilinguals. Data and Analysis: Two sets of recordings analyzed for the past tense use and other features mentioned in Yiddish attrition studies. Findings/Conclusions: Restricted input is to be considered as a factor in any case. However, it is argued that phenomena reported in the heritage language literature are often the same as in the contact linguistic literature: impact on non-core morphosyntax, prosody, and word order are usually mentioned as primary candidates of contact-induced structural change. Based on purely linguistic phenomena, it is not possible to distinguish between the results of acquisition under the conditions of limited input and in other contact situations where limited input is not necessarily the case. Many features of the informants' Yiddish are a result of Lithuanian impact. Originality: Yiddish–Lithuanian early bilingualism is extremely rare nowadays. The data and analysis contribute to a general understanding of the interplay between contact-induced language change and limited input. Significance/Implications: Unlike what is often presumed, it is not always possible to make comparisons to monolinguals or balanced bilinguals because monolingual speakers of Yiddish do not exist. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses Saami terms for “mouse” (e.g. Northern Saami “sáhpán”, Inari Saami “säplig”, Pite Saami “saahpìek”), explaining them as a common heritage of Uralic origin. It is suggested that the related words are to be found in Selkup Samoyed and Kolyma Yukaghir with the meaning “squirrel” or “flying squirrel”, as well as in Ugric. The present author explains semantic aspects of this comparison and presents similar instances attested in the Uralic languages, e.g. Khanty “aj-ʌanki” “mouse” (originally “small squirrel”). It is additionally concluded that the Proto-Finno-Ugric term for “mouse”, *šiŋirɜ, must be related to Proto-Samoyed *tə̑ rä- “squirrel”.

The article investigates the settlement names in Southern (Olonets) Karelia, where the Livvik dialect of the Karelian language has been spoken for centuries. The study highlights that, in the early stages of settlement by Livvik Karelians, the development of villages was shaped by the region’s physical geography and the population’s way of life. Due to the abundance of lakes and rivers in Southern Karelia, early villages were mostly established along these water bodies. However, from the 18th century onwards, settlements began to develop on higher ground, leading to the formation of “settlement” type villages. The article focuses on the types of rural settlements and the structure of their names. The most common single-component names include oikonyms with the -l formant, typically derived from personal names. Less common are deanthroponymic patterns without a formant, and those with the formants -(i)ne, -sto, or the Russian -ovo and -shchina. Among other oikonyms, those based on geographical terms such as pogostu ‘village with a church,’ kylä and hieru ‘village’ are particularly prevalent. The study also identifies terms for smaller settlements and farmsteads, such as kodi, kondu, perti, and taloi, along with terms borrowed from Russian, like myza and khutor. The author examines why certain types of oikonyms are more common, the timeline of their adoption into the local toponymy, and the inclusion of reconstructed terms like moiživo and tula, which likely referred to small homesteads. The author concludes that the formation of the settlement system in Southern Karelia peaked in the early 20th century but began to decline with collectivisation and subsequent repressions, leading to the abandonment of many villages in the 1960s and 1970s.

This paper provides a review of a comprehensive study of Bosnian-Herzegovinian surnames. It is a multidisciplinary research project that lasted from 2018 to 2023, involving several authors and publishers, resulting in three volumes. The results of the study under review are based on Bosnian-Herzegovinian and foreign archival material, birth registers, medieval and early modern inscriptions, charters, and contemporary population censuses. The reviewed volumes employ an adequate methodology which allows for systematic presentation of the results. Some shortcomings of the technical arrangement of the first volume were successfully eliminated in the following parts of the edition. Due to the abundance of material and insight into the chronological development of surnames as a category of anthroponyms, these books are of an immense importance for Bosnian linguistics. Additionally, beyond their onomastic value, these three volumes provide insight into the broader historical, religious, and cultural contexts, shedding new light on the complex ethnolinguistic contacts in that part of the Balkans, both in the past and today.

The article deals with the Ossetic word for 'boar' against the backgrounds of modern Ossetic porcine terminology. The Common Iranian name of the beast has survived in Ossetic anthroponymy only. Due to taboos many descriptive names for 'boar' are in use, such as 'forest pig', etc. The standard term (Digorian) tusk'a 'boar' was discussed by V. Abaev on a number of occasions, and the doyen of Ossetic studies considered it among Ossetic-European isoglosses in view of Eng. tusk , etc. The paper adds Iron evidence never mentioned before in its discussion and reassesses several questions regarding its alleged borrowing from Gothic. It is shown that the currently accepted approach to the pre-history of the Ossetic word as a linguistic loan at least requires adjustments, and that the term may well be of indigenous origin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the history of the lexical unit kamień milowy 'milestone' in the Polish language, with a particular emphasis on its new meaning, coming from the EU variety of English, and the meaning-specific collocability. The study has shown how the political context influenced the popularity of the name in its new meaning, its functioning in the media, and its social reception. Data come from dictionaries, language corpora, the Polona digital library, the EU legal acts database, and the EU terminology database. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this article is to study the anthroponyms of the indigenous peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East in a comparative manner. The author studies the problem of the existence of personal names, surnames, nicknames, ethnonyms in the languages of various types of northern peoples: Ural (Nenets), Altai (Evens) and Paleo-Asian (Chukchi) in inextricable connection with their ethnic culture. In comparative terms, anthroponyms of other northern ethnic groups are used: Evenks, Nanais, Udeges. The object of the study is anthroponyms, as well as linguistic connections between the indigenous peoples of the North and Russians in synchronic and diachronic aspects from the standpoint of modern linguistic contactology. The subject of the research is personal names, surnames, nicknames, ethnonyms of indigenous small peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East: Nenets, Evens, Chukchi. Research methods: descriptive, comparative, phonetic, lexical-semantic and morphological analyses. The theoretical and practical significance of the study is associated with the low degree of its study, the lack of special scientific works devoted to the problem of anthroponyms in the comparative aspect. Attention is also paid to contacting languages and cultures in the regions of the North, Siberia and the Far East of the Russian Federation. The results of the work revealed facts that stated that the personal names, surnames, nicknames and ethnonyms of the peoples of the North are distinguished by great diversity, and their origin and existence are associated with the characteristics of the material and spiritual culture of ethnic groups; Among the extralinguistic factors that influenced the linguistic material, one of the main ones was the close communication of the indigenous inhabitants with the Russian population of the region. The author comes to the conclusion that the material under study - anthroponyms - has gone through a difficult path of contact, mutual enrichment and development; In borrowed words, primarily phonetic and lexical differences are revealed. In the field of grammar, the main ways of forming anthroponyms have been identified: morphological (suffixal), basic composition, conversion; the most common derivational and inflectional suffixes are given, including those that form male and female names and nicknames.

In the article, the linguistic-cognitive aspect of English borrowings in contemporary Italian is considered. The globalization of the English language is one of the driving forces that raises questions about language contacts and interactions in modern linguistics. The presented scientific investigation aims to identify the linguistic-cognitive features of the usage of English borrowings in Italian-language news discourse. The linguistic-cognitive approach allows for analyzing the behavior of speakers and the organization of conceptual space in human consciousness. The article discusses the factors and phenomena to which users of the linguistic code are subordinate, as well as the impulses of internal and external systems that accelerate the penetration of English equivalents into the Italian language. English borrowings are revealed taking into account the universal characteristics of open systems. The article asserts that the analyzed linguistic-cognitive processes are universal-systemic, as they can be applied to the analysis of factors and phenomena of various natures, including linguistic and psychological.

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The paper is a continuation of previous research, which attempted to show that in the studied Bulgarian migrant languages in Ukraine and in the South Slavic languages there are several names that are related to Ukrainian Carpathian dialects. The aim of the paper is to investigate the white/red colloquialism in the ritual text of Bulgarian migrant languages in Ukraine and in the Carpatho-Balkan area. The object of the linguistic analysis is the folkloric discourse from the speech of the village of Vinogradovka (Burguzhi), Odesa region, Ukraine, which has not been the subject of scientific research so far. Dialectological material from the speech of the village of Kubey and some other Bulgarian migrant languages is used for comparison. The objects of the study are individual lexical items with the root *bel-: white rakija 'sign that the bride was a virgin on the first wedding night' and white mouse 'weasel'. In order to achieve the goal, it was necessary, first of all, to make a brief description of the studied speeches, comparing them with other Slavic in the metropolia and in Ukraine. This necessitated the use of the descriptive method on the one hand and the comparative method on the other. Some more interesting manifestations of the verbal expression of the content of the main colours white and red in the folkloric discourse in the Bulgarian migrant speeches in Ukraine and in Metropolia are studied. These are: бяла Рада, бяла Мара, бял Димитър in Bulgarian speeches in Metropolia and bila dîvka, біла дівка, білий хлопець / білий легінь in Ukrainian Carpathian dialects - бяла/червена мишка and бяла/червена ракия. As a result of the research we came to the conclusion that the ritual text is the most favorable, if not the only sphere in which the meaning of words with the root *bel (бял) - 'beautiful, pretty' is realized, which is also fixed in the Carpathian languages of Ukraine. In the studied Bulgarian migrant languages we fix the variation of the lexemes white/red in the names of weasel and rakija: бяла / червена мишка and бяла / червена ракия. The colour red, considered beyond its relationship to white, is among the most widespread apotropaic colours in ancient cultures. This function is very widespread in Bulgarian folk life and folkloric discourse. The correlation between the pan-ethnic and the regional-local is traced, as well as the specificity of the ceremonial text. The examination of the semantic volume of the word бял 'white' reveals the changes that have occurred in the development of individual meanings; in ceremonial discourse it is synonymous with the word червен 'red'. The dialectal material we have brought forward can serve in the creation of the Enntolinguistic Dictionary of Bulgarians in Ukraine, highlighting the specific for Bessarabia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study examines a representative sample of toponyms located in the territory of Kazakhstan, that can potentially be of Mongolian origin. These toponyms are classified into three categories: 1) settlement names (oikonyms), 2) water body names (hydronyms), and 3) geographical feature names (oronyms). In cases of duplicate toponyms (oikonym and oronym), precedence is given to the geographical feature name, following the most common direction of toponymic transfer. The analysis investigates the significance of Mongolian names in the Kazakh language, encompassing motivational, word-formational, and etymological aspects, and proposes new hypotheses of their origin while considering earlier theories. The authors identify the main challenges faced by etymologists and toponymists and review previous authors’ unsuccessful etymological solutions. Errors detected in the data include references to Russified place names borrowed into contemporary Kazakh, inattention to early toponym records, neglect of phonetic changes in Kazakh and Mongolian, as well as their relative chronology, and disregard of potential phonetic adaptation patterns that one could expect based on the phonological peculiarities of both the source and receiving languages. The study aims to categorise place names according to the time and source of borrowing, each name being evaluated based on whether it was initially borrowed as a toponym or an appellative word that later integrated a Kazakh toponym. The analysis concludes that Kazakh toponymy of Mongolian origin (i.e. place names that were borrowed as toponyms) is predominantly recent and associated with the borders of two historical Mongolian states — the Dzungar and Kalmyk khanates.

Copyright of Bulletin of Ablai Khan KazUIRandWL: Series 'Philological sciences' is the property of Kazakh Ablai Khan University of International Relations & World Languages and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Dil Araştırmaları is the property of Journal of Dil Arastirmalari and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article examines the semantics of Slovak nouns with the meaning of short duration in relation to their German equivalents. The systems of temporal substances of short duration in Slovak and German demonstrate a significant degree of semantic and formal parallelism. Both languages have different indicators of exact and inaccurate time (minuta, sekunda vs chvila, okamih - Minute, Sekunde vs Weile, Augenblick). Similarly, in both languages, these nouns correlate both in terms of external form (minuta - Minute, sekunda - Sekunde, Weile - chvila: in the latter case, the Slovak noun is borrowed from German) and in terms of internal form (okamih – Augenblick: eyes blinking). It is revealed how the indicators of inaccurate time correlate with each other in terms of the real semantic content of tokens. The study was conducted on the material of the Slovak-German parallel corpus included in the Slovak National Corpus: the source language in the translations used is German. The main translational equivalent of the German Weile is indeed the Slovak chvila (for 2061 occurrences, 1288 cases are translated through chvila, and only 5 through okamih), while for Augenblick the situation is completely different: out of 5760 occurrences in 1471, the lexeme is translated as okamih, and 1952 – through chvila. The ways of transmitting Augenblick in different types of constructions are considered: prepositional, attributive, in constructions with particles and with verbs. At the same time, some of the constructions in the source language in translations are assigned to chvila, a small part is assigned to okamih, in a number of German constructions the number of equivalents of chvila - okamih is comparable. It is revealed that the semantics of Slovak nouns differs from their German correlates, since the Slovak chvila and okamih, in addition to the indefinite quantification of the time interval, have a number of additional connotations. In translations, chvila is oriented to the speaker's point of view, tends to situations of minimal tension or to those that do not involve drastic changes. In turn, okamih is focused on the point of view of an outside observer, as well as on situations of maximum tension - situations with sharp dynamics.

This special issue continues the discussion of the impact of culture on identity, communication, politeness, and discourse strategies (see Russian Journal of Linguistics 22 (4) 2018, 23 (4) 2019, 24 (2) 2020). The topic has become particularly relevant in the context of two multidirectional processes, i.e., globalization resulting from current geopolitical trends and technological advancements, which have encouraged the intensification of contacts between people, languages, and cultures; and deglobalization focused on the preservation of national cultures and development of a multipolar and multicultural world. In our introductory article, we attempt to trace the impact of communication technologies, language, and culture contacts on digital, face-to-face, and public communication in different settings and discourses and outline its influence on communication, language variation, and change. In this introductory article we present a summary of the contributions of our authors to the issue, which showed that the implications of globalization and language contact are multifaceted, they can have both positive and negative effects on language use, maintenance, and change, as well as on cultural identity and diversity. Pursuing these latter factors contributes to developing trends of deglobalization. Our authors invite the reader to reflect on these processes. In conclusion, we sum up their major findings and suggest a brief avenue for further research.

The study explores the integration of linguistic landscapes into English for Specific Purposes (ESP) instruction within the context of contemporary Serbia, aiming to expand language awareness, lingua-pragmatic competence, and critical thinking among learners. Against the backdrop of Anglo-globalisation, the study seeks to establish a model applicable to foreign language teaching, with a focus on language contacts and their impact on the linguistic landscape. The research employs a comprehensive sociolinguistic analysis of the linguistic landscape in Serbia, investigating the anglicisation of official names of entities such as companies, shops, and agencies. The study scrutinises the corpus of linguistic landscapes to identify patterns and socio-linguistic phenomena, developing a model for integrating these landscapes into ESP instruction. The methodology encompasses qualitative and quantitative analyses, drawing on language data and sociolinguistic observations. The key research questions concern the identification of distinctive features within the sociolinguistic landscape of contemporary Serbia, particularly in relation to English language influences, the effective utilisation of linguistic landscapes as a teaching resource in ESP courses to cultivate language awareness and lingua-pragmatic competence, and the implications that the incorporation of linguistic landscapes has on cultivating critical thinking regarding language contacts in the broader sociolinguistic context. The research has identified significant instances of anglicisation in the linguistic landscape of Serbia, having highlighted the pervasive influence of English in specialised fields and popular language culture. The model proposed for ESP instruction has demonstrated the potential of linguistic landscapes in enhancing language competencies, language awareness, and creative thinking among learners. The findings suggest that linguistic landscapes serve as a valuable resource for language educators, particularly in ESP contexts as they provide a dynamic platform for language instruction. Incorporating linguistic landscapes can contribute to preserving language standards, addressing the challenges posed by language contacts, and nurturing critical thinking skills among learners. The study’s model offers a paradigm applicable to teaching various foreign languages, promoting a better understanding of language influences in the contemporary multilingual world.

The authors examine the main principles of the vocabulary of the semantic field “Cosmetics and cosmetic products” formation and development in the modern Russian language. The purpose of this study is to describe the functional status and semantic parameters of lexical units of foreign origin in comparison with their prototypes. The relevance of the work is dual: extralinguistic space transformation, the deepening of knowledge about it and the complication of the knowledge structure means the evolution of language systems, where the vocabulary demonstrates the most sensitive reactions and, therefore, higher dynamics. The material of the work included the data form advertising texts and audiovisual documents published in specialized magazines (articles and reviews), as well as users’ comments at beauty forums. The authors followed the system-synergetic model of foreign lexemes in the Russian language compared with their prototypes in the source language. The concept of language contacts is clarified and the main approaches to the typology of foreign vocabulary are provided. The authors establish the most significant differential semes that categorize the vocabulary of the sphere under study and clarify its etymological composition. The types of variability of foreign language units in the beauty vocabulary are described in detail and the wide distribution of these particular variants are explained. Based on a detailed structural analysis of lexical units, the authors draw conclusions about the productivity of some morphological ways of forming new words, such as suffixation and composition. The study also reveals the increasing frequency of the so-called phraseological (or combinability) calquing. A comparative component analysis of the meaning of a foreign word in Russian and its prototype identified ascending trends in semantics within the framework of the studied layer: the functioning of semantic rows where logical-hierarchical paradigms are built.

Introduction. The article attempts a first analysis of animal names of Arab-Persian origin in standard Bashkir and its dialects in their relation to other Turkic languages. Goals. The study aims to identify and systematize this lexical/thematic group of borrowings to Bashkir and its dialects, identify word-formation patterns of such borrowings, reveal how and when these lexemes appeared in Turkic languages. Materials and methods. The work explores a variety of available dictionaries to provide a most complete selection of animal names of Arab-Persian origin in standard Bashkir and its dialects. The employed research methods include the lexical/semantic and descriptive ones, those of structural, comparative and diachronic analysis, as well as the etymological method. Results. The paper introduces a comparative analysis of the mentioned zoonyms against ones traced in other Turkic (sometimes even Altaic at large) languages, provides insights into their etymologies, and determines approximate chronological boundaries of when the loanwords occurred in the Turkic languages. Our lexical/thematic classification efforts have yielded a number of name groups, such as ‘mammals’, ‘birds’, ‘fish’, ‘insects’ and others. Special attention is paid to Arab-Persian lexemes expressing common animal names. The following word-formation patterns for the examined zoonyms have been identified: 1) borrowings in the form of ready-made root stems be divided into subgroups, such as exotic names, culturally significant words, and medical terms; 2) composite combinations clustering within two subgroups, such as attributive constructions with ezāfe particles and ones without the latter (incl. compounding). So the study attests to the share of names borrowed to the Turkic languages via books are used only in standard Bashkir or considered outdated to be found only in classical Bashkir literary texts. However, the share of animal names introduced orally can be traced exclusively in dialects and have correspondences of Bashkir origin in the standard language.

The Romanian population of the Balkans is distributed unevenly throughout the peninsula. In particular, in Macedonia, the Aromanians mainly live dispersedly within the Slavic settlements, however some city areas and even separate settlements might be considered Aromanian enclaves. In June 2022, a ten-day ethnolinguistic expedition took place in the city of Kruševo and in the villages nearby Bitola (North Macedonia). The purpose of this field survey was to study the Aromanians living close to the Macedonian population in this area. Despite the preservation of the historical memory and their own distinct identity from those around them, the native speakers of the Aromanian very infrequently use their own idiom. In everyday communication and even in the family, the Aromanians give preference to the commonly used Macedonian language. Constant intensive contacts of the Slavic and non-Slavic populations contributed to the linguistic and cultural interference in the traditions under discussion. This article aims to acquaint the reader with the folk tradition on the example of the commemorative practices common in the Balkan region under consideration. The funeral and memorial rite was chosen as the main topic, since it is in its structure that one can find the most archaic elements of traditional folk culture, reflecting ancient mythological ideas. There are also contemporary dialect texts in the Macedonian language, recorded from often bilingual native speakers. Detailed ethnolinguistic descriptions of the funeral and memorial rites give an idea of the archaic elements of the traditional folk culture, borrowed and developed in contacts. The fragments of the Eastern Romanian tradition are reflected in the rituals borrowed and adopted by the Slavs, and vice versa – the terminological vocabulary was borrowed into Aromanian idiom.

The article advocates for the imperative need to compile an interactive digital ethnolinguistic atlas of the Metohija region in Kosovo (Alb. Rrafshi i Dikagjinit, "Dukagjin Plain"). Over the course of two millennia, this area has been a unique arena for interaction among diverse ethnic and linguistic groups, including paleo-Balkan tribes, Romans, Albanians, Balkan Romance speakers, South Slavs, Rumelian and Anatolian Turks, as well as Roma (Romani, Ashkali, and "Egyptians"), among others. Remarkably, the languages and cultures of this region are still studied independently, often in isolation from one another. The formation of a comprehensive Russian scientific discourse on a range of Metohija ethnolinguistic issues is deemed a crucial task within Balkan studies. The term "ethnolinguistic," in line with the overarching synthesizing and aggregating approach of Balkan linguistics, is proposed to be employed in both its accepted meanings in Russian academia – 'ethnolinguistic' (e.g., ethnolinguistic groups of people) and 'investigating language in relation to culture' (e.g., Moscow Ethnolinguistic School). The article raises the question of the specificity of the linguistic, ethnolinguistic, and cultural-anthropological landscape of Metohija against the backdrop of the broader Balkan context. It queries whether, due to centuries of close contacts between its ethnolinguistic groups, a linguistic and cultural union has evolved on this territory. To address this issue, an areal study is proposed, investigating the linguistic, dialectal, and cultural-anthropological micro-differentiation of all languages and cultures within the region in relation to local ethnic and social processes, focusing on interethnic, social, interfaith, cultural, and linguistic interactions. The proposed atlas program includes ethnolinguistic and sociolinguistic inquiries, covering ethnic self-identification, migrations, linguistic aspects of marital strategies, etc. Subsequently, it encompasses questions reflecting all levels of language structure across the known Metohija territorial varieties and social dialects. Additionally, it addresses questions of ethnolinguistics in the traditional sense within Russian scientific understanding. The atlas aims to provide insights into the reasons, processes, and mechanisms behind the formation of linguistic and cultural unions or the hindrance of such convergent processes in specific micro-areas of the Balkan Peninsula.

Young scholars from Moscow, St. Petersburg, Smolensk, Kazan, Minsk (Republic of Belarus), Budapest (Hungary) took part in the “Linguistics” section. A wide range of topical issues of Slavic linguistics were discussed in four thematic sessions. The first was devoted to contact linguistics and language policy issues. The results of field and corpus research were presented. The speakers paid special attention to issues of epigraphy in ethnically mixed regions. Language policy in Upper Silesia after World War II was also discussed. The analysis of the accent system of the Upper Sorbian language and the study of contact phenomena in the Czech language were based on corpus material. The next session brought together reports that developed the problems of ethnolinguistics and toponymy of Slavic areas. The features of the folk culture of the Macedonians, Bulgarians, and Eastern Slavs were highlighted. Chinese folk ideas about the crane were presented against the background of associations that arise in connection with this bird among modern Belarusians. On the second day of the conference, issues of grammar, lexicology and pragmatics were discussed. Borrowings in the Czech and Bulgarian languages were examined, the pragmatics of the headlines of the modern Polish press were analyzed, archaic and innovative phenomena in the system of Slovenian clitics were discussed, strategies were proposed to help the teacher of the Russian language in a Serbian-speaking audience explain the correspondences between Russian and Serbian verbs of speech. The final session was devoted to the language of written and printed documents, as well as the diachronic study of the semantics of some lexemes. The features of the Slavic translation of the life of St. Gregory of Sinai, the graphic and orthographic features of the Apostolus Christinopolitanus of the 12th century were discussed in detail, and a strategy for studying biblical quotations in Church Slavonic grammars of the 16th–17th centuries was proposed. Versions of the origin of the adjective “хороший” (“good”) and the adverb “зря” (“in vain”) were also analyzed. Active discussion of reports within the framework of discussions in the hall and during informal communication between sessions indicates the relevance of the scientific event.

Introduction. The publication of the joint monograph titled ‘Karachays. Balkars’ and edited by M. Karaketov and H.-M. Sabanchiev introduced into scientific circulation a large layer of vocabulary characterizing some specific aspects of Karachay-Balkar culture. Quite a number of lexemes associated with traditional culture prove absent in the Karachay-Balkar–Russian Dictionary (30,000 word entries). So, Karachay-Balkar terminology happens to comprise the already expected Turkic lexemes ⸺ and a huge layer of loanwords missing in other Turkic languages. Goals. The article attempts an analysis of borrowings in the Karachay-Balkar language that are not typical for other Turkic languages. Results. The etymological analysis has excluded the undeveloped (literary) Orientalisms of Arab-Persian origin associated with Islam, law, and social order. The greatest number of parallels is noted for Digor Ossetian: over 300 words contained in the mentioned monograph arrived from the latter language. Our investigation of the monograph was followed by additions of already existing etymologies from comparisons by V. Abaev ⸺ with some corrections and certain Digor Ossetian parallels. Some Orientalisms and Caucasisms assimilated into the target vocabulary have also been interpreted as Ossetian parallels, i.e. their penetration into Karachay-Balkar is assumed to have taken place through Digor. The remaining vocabulary is distributed among Western Caucasian loanwords and those from Nakh-Dagestani languages. The article provides complete materials of the borrowed terminology divided into semantic fields, which makes it possible to assess the degree and realms of cultural influence. Interpretations of how the borrowing may have penetrated into the vocabulary and, accordingly, of how the languages contacted prove instrumental in determining the intermediate ancestral homeland of the Karachay-Balkar forefathers. That may have been the area of historical Salatavia north of the Salatau Ridge, bounded on the west by the Aktash River, and on the east ⸺ by the Sulak River. The article is intended for Turkologists and experts in Caucasian studies. The material shall be of interest to historians, ethnographers, and culturologists.

Introduction. In contact linguistics, the problem of differentiating between code switches and loanwords is relevant enough, which arises from that there are no unified research approaches thereto, and consequently nor there any precise definitions for the phenomena and classification criteria. The difficulties in distinguishing between the two linguistic processes result from that in intensive language contacts they tend to gain more similarities in terms of phonology, morphology and syntax — rather than differences. Some scholars argue that code-switching is the first stage in the development of a token in a matrix language, i.e. the lexemes had been code switches before they became ‘nuclear’ borrowings. The process of switching codes in speech is associated with the phenomenon of mass bilingualism. Goals. The problem of code-switching is understudied in Bashkir linguistics, and the paper attempts to distinguish the former from borrowings in the context of Bashkir-Russian bilingualism. Materials and methods. The study analyzes transcribed recordings of colloquial Bashkir (from speakers of Karaidel, a dialect of northwestern Bashkir) obtained during the author’s expeditions of 2022 and 2023. When it comes to describe code-switching, the workr employs Myers-Scotton’s Matrix Language Frame model. The article deals with intraphrasal switches in the form of inclusions and insular switches within one sentence. Results. The study identifies some difficulties of distinguishing between borrowings and code switches. According to G. Chirsheva, borrowings are divided into cultural and occasional (nuclear) ones. The latter are essentially and functionally close to code switches. K. Myers-Scotton presumes their main differences can be reduced to that code switches are used in individual cases (or no more than three times) and are not included in the mental lexicon of the matrix language. Therefore, barbarisms, such as еще / ищо, уже / ужы, вис, сәпсим, etc., which are often used in the speech of bilingual Bashkirs, must be referred to as occasional / nuclear borrowings (according to G. Chirsheva), while individual foreign-language inclusions be considered code switches.

Ethnonyms featuring the diminutive affix -ke(ne) ~ -kõnõ, derived from the placename inhabited by the people named thus, are characteristic to the South Estonian dialects. In such cases, the derived ethnonym is missing the usual semantic connotation of smallness or sweetness. Since the microethnonyms with diminutive affixes are found in South Estonia, then most probably the derivation pattern has been modeled after the Latvian one. In Latvian, derivations with diminutive affixes are more common and more productive than in Estonian. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The purpose of this study is to identify and systematize the terms of kinship of Tatar origin in the Beserman dialect. The terms of kinship in the Udmurt language are relatively well studied. However, the terminology of Tatar origin as a separate lexico-semantic layer has not previously been considered in publications. Meanwhile, the study of such vocabulary can help shed light on the problems of the ethnogenesis of the Besermans, which is very important. This study was carried out mainly on the basis of T. I. Teplyashina’s monograph “The Language of the Besermans” and her field notes. The goals were achieved using descriptive and statistical methods, as well as the method of etymological analysis. Thirty-two Beserman terms of Tatar origin were identified and systematized, which allowed a new look at Besermian-Tatar contacts. In one of the periods, Besermans and Tatars had very close relationships up to interethnic marriages. The presence of special terms denoting the relatives of the husband among the Besermans, which are absent in other Udmurt dialects but correspond to the terms of the Chepetsk Tatars, may indicate that not only Besermian women married Tatars, but also Tatar women married Beserman men.

The article examines the meaning of the Slovak temporal diminutive noun chvíľka ‘minute’ on the corpus matter. The lexeme is analyzed in the intralanguage aspect, when its semantics are analyzed against the background of the Slovak substantives chvíľa ‘minute’ and okamih ‘moment, instant’ – and in the interlanguage, its structural and semantic correlates are established in German and Hungarian, which are adjacent to Slovak and have been in contact with it for a long time within the common state. In the first part, based on the analysis of the indicators of the logDice association measure, the combinable properties of the nouns chvíľka, chvíľa, okamih are revealed. It is shown that chvíľka semantically occupies an intermediate position between chvíľa and okamih, it tends to designate situations with minimal internal tension and at the same time carries in its meaning this super-brevity, and also has a fairly strong connection with mental verbs. In addition, chvíľka is characterized by the designation of everyday time. Next are considered the structural and semantic correlates of chvíľka in German and Hungarian. The German language has a system of substantives similar to the Slovak with a common meaning of short duration, when the indicators of exact vs inexact time are consistently different, in parallel with which there is an opposition of an ultra-short vs non-ultra-short segment. In the Hungarian language, exact and inexact tenses differ within the framework of hyper-brevity, and accumulate in lexemes with the meaning of non-hyper-brevity. It is shown that in the German language the main semantic equivalent for the Slovak chvíľka is primarily Augenblick ‘moment, instant’, in case the over–brevity of the situation or the contrast of its change is emphasized, and Weile ‘a short period of time, a minute’ – in situations that do not involve radical changes. If the locutor is asked to wait, the German equivalent is the lexeme Moment ‘moment'. At the same time, the full German correlate for chvíľka, diminutive Weilchen, in the bulk of uses is translated into Slovak by the non-diminutive chvíľa. In Hungarian, chvíľka in interval use correlates with the lexemes pillanat ‘moment, instant’ and perc ‘minute’, when fixing a certain state – with perc, and in the framework of constructions with the meaning of preceding or following – with same temporal adverbs.

The paper explores English discourse markers (DMs) in bilingual ­Estonian-English blogs and vlogs. The research questions are: (1) What are the functions of English DMs that appear in Estonian bilingual speech of vloggers and bloggers? (2) Is there any difference between vlogs and blogs as far as English DMs are concerned? 45 blogs and 8 vlogs were analysed (365,973 and 73,858 tokens respectively). The results show that the prevalent type of DMs were evaluatives, while the share of interactional performatives and markers of discourse structure and force was similar. The attractiveness of expressive meaning explains the preference for evaluative. The tendencies in blogs and vlogs are similar but the number of DMs in vlogs is higher because it is an oral genre.

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Copyright of Glottotheory is the property of De Gruyter and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The unclear verse "Three Quarks for Muster Mark!", introduced by James Joyce (1882--1941) to his novel entitled Finnegans Wake (first published in 1939), was a literary source for the English word quark denoting 'an elementary particle with a fractional electric charge that is part of a proton, neutron or other interacting elementary particle'. The American physicist Murray Gell-Mann, winner of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1969, was the first researcher to introduce the English word quark into scientific terminology as early as in 1964. After accepting his hypothesis of quarks in the world science, most physicists adopted the English term quark as standard in the physical terminology of most international languages (e.g. French quark, German Quark, Italian quark, Polish kwark, Portugal quark, Russian ..., Spanish cuark, Turkish kuark, Ukrainian ... 'an elementary particle') and it quickly became a widely recognized internationalism. It is not commonly known that Joyce's verse facetiously imitated loud cries of German dairy women: Drei Mark für muster Quark! (literally "Three Marks for an excellent curd!"). In other words, E. quark 'an elementary particle' is motivated by the German term Quark m. 'weiser Käse / curd, white cheese', metaphorically 'trifle, nonsense, trash, worthless thing', which -- according to most German and Slavic etymologists -- represents an obvious Slavic borrowing (especially a Polish or Lower Sorbian loanword), cf. Pol. twaróg, dial. kwaruk m. 'curd, white cheese' (< Proto-Slavic *tvarogъ m. 'id.'). It is suggested that the specialized term kwark represents the so called back-borrowing in the Polish language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study explores the integration of linguistic landscapes into English for Specific Purposes (ESP) instruction within the context of contemporary Serbia, aiming to expand language awareness, lingua-pragmatic competence, and critical thinking among learners. Against the backdrop of Anglo-globalisation, the study seeks to establish a model applicable to foreign language teaching, with a focus on language contacts and their impact on the linguistic landscape. The research employs a comprehensive sociolinguistic analysis of the linguistic landscape in Serbia, investigating the anglicisation of official names of entities such as companies, shops, and agencies. The study scrutinises the corpus of linguistic landscapes to identify patterns and socio-linguistic phenomena, developing a model for integrating these landscapes into ESP instruction. The methodology encompasses qualitative and quantitative analyses, drawing on language data and sociolinguistic observations. The key research questions concern the identification of distinctive features within the sociolinguistic landscape of contemporary Serbia, particularly in relation to English language influences, the effective utilisation of linguistic landscapes as a teaching resource in ESP courses to cultivate language awareness and lingua-pragmatic competence, and the implications that the incorporation of linguistic landscapes has on cultivating critical thinking regarding language contacts in the broader sociolinguistic context. The research has identified significant instances of anglicisation in the linguistic landscape of Serbia, having highlighted the pervasive influence of English in specialised fields and popular language culture. The model proposed for ESP instruction has demonstrated the potential of linguistic landscapes in enhancing language competencies, language awareness, and creative thinking among learners. The findings suggest that linguistic landscapes serve as a valuable resource for language educators, particularly in ESP contexts as they provide a dynamic platform for language instruction. Incorporating linguistic landscapes can contribute to preserving language standards, addressing the challenges posed by language contacts, and nurturing critical thinking skills among learners. The study’s model offers a paradigm applicable to teaching various foreign languages, promoting a better understanding of language influences in the contemporary multilingual world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study is devoted to the study of the conditions for the formation and functioning of the Cheboksary regiolect of the Russian language, which is distinguished by a number of stable linguistic parameters. The peculiar sound of the speech of the Cheboksary people has developed under the significant substrate influence of the Chuvash language, among the speakers of which there are currently active processes of a linguistic shift in favor of Russian. The work is written in the aspect of sociolinguistics and is based on the author’s long-term observations of the self-esteem of Cheboksary residents and their assessment by visitors. The purpose of the research is to expand the understanding of extralinguistic factors that do not directly affect the specifics of the speech of Cheboksary people, but at the same time enhance the impression of it from outside observers. The article deals with non-linguistic specific features inherent in the capital of the Chuvash Republic, including geographical, climatic, anthropological, technological and other components. Their presence greatly enhances the perception of the sound of the Russian speech of the inhabitants of Cheboksary and its agglomeration as a unique phenomenon of modern Russian culture. In turn, the specific conditions that support the Cheboksary regiolect are the result of a long historical and social process, including the mass migration of the population in the past, the mixing of different ethnic groups among themselves and the formation of modern peoples in their visually fixed physical features, anthropological impact on the ecumene, etc. in relation to the territory of Chuvashia and nearby regions.

The purpose and objectives of this study relate to the field of interlanguage contacts and, in particular, to the observation of the process of lexical borrowing as a result of the interaction of non-closely related Russian and Chinese languages. This article discusses the question of the correlation between the nature of Sino-Russian relations and some processes in the vocabulary of the languages of these states. The objective of the study is to identify patterns in the change in the volume and features of borrowed vocabulary, depending on the specifics of the development of interstate relations between China and the USSR, and later the Russian Federation in the period from 1949 to 2022. Within 70 years since the establishment of diplomatic contacts between China and the Soviet Union in 1949, relations between the two countries have gone through three different stages - from warm to cool, and then a period of strategic cooperation - in all areas of public life: humanitarian, scientific, educational, political, military and economic. During these three different periods, the number and nature of Chinese borrowings in Russian and Russian borrowings in Chinese also underwent significant changes. They are reflected in the features of the process of adaptation of borrowed words at the phonetic, grammatical and semantic levels. The frequency of borrowed words use in the period under review in the media texts of both countries is of particular interest. Statistical data on the use of lexemes of Russian origin in Chinese and lexemes of Chinese origin in Russian, obtained from the data of national corpora of the two languages, allow to draw some conclusions about the popularity of certain foreign words at each of the three identified historical stages.

The article describes the developments of the actual problems of modern linguistics related to the study of the phenomenon of bilingualism and transcultural practices in the domestic linguistics of the 21st century. A historiographical review has shown that productive ideas in this direction originated in the works by L. V. Shcherba and B. A. Larin, but did not receive wide applied dissemination at that time. The authors of the article consider new trends in the field of modern theory and practice of language contacts and bilingualism, show how the study and interpretation of transcultural literature affects the formation of new ideas and the substantiation of hypotheses. Scientists pay attention to the importance of studying minority languages of the peoples of the Russian Federation for establishing markers of language contacts, as well as analyzing the speech practices of migrants. In characterizing the ideas of modern linguists emphasis is placed on the fact of mediation in intercultural communication and the specifics of translingual processes in the post-Soviet space. It is pointed out the need to develop issues of survival of small languages and create conditions for their successful functioning (contact bilingualism of the Republic of Khakasia, bilingualism in Kazakh families, diglossia of Slavic countries, features of interethnic communication of the peoples of Russia and the problem of their linguistic identity). The strategies of modern language policy are evaluated – new vectors of movement and development of peoples in the context of the development of the cultural space of another language, sociolinguistic prerequisites for the convergence and separation of minority languages, etc. The practical significance of the article lies in the use of modern methodology of bilingualism to solve urgent problems of language construction. The presented materials and assessments will contribute to the promotion of fresh ideas for the preservation of indigenous languages, show original approaches to the analysis of cultural identity, pay attention scientists to the timeliness of studying transcultural literary texts and hypotheses in the field of language contacts for the formation of national archetypes and new socio-cultural codes within the framework of a whole polyethnic space of the Russian Federation.

The paper based on quantitative and qualitative analysis on data on language attitudes and geopolitical orientations obtained in Central and Southern Ukraine shows significant differences between two regions. The assessment of linguistic changes occurred after the collapse of the USSR in both regions is unequivocal: most participants in open interviews noted a positive trend for the Ukrainian language, including the expansion of functional spheres of its use (on television, in politics, in education) and its higher prestige in society. Post-Soviet changes toward the expansion of the use of the Ukrainian language were viewed positively even by predominantly Russian-speaking respondents, who opposed "Ukrainization" in other aspects. Based on the answers to the questions in the "Geopolitics" and "Identity" blocks of questionnaire, two types of respondents were identified using cluster analysis: (1) "pro-European" and (2) "pro-Russian." The language preferences of respondents belonging to different clusters differed in the regions studied: while more Ukrainian speakers, both in the Center and in the South, mainly belonged to the first cluster, and more Russian speakers (to a somewhat lesser extent) to the second, speakers who used a mixed idiom known as Surzhik in the Center, were more "pro-Russian," and in the South, more "pro-European" oriented. That can signal of differences in language attitudes and labeling regarding Surzhik in those regions of Ukraine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Turkbilig/Turkoloji Arastirmalari Dergisi is the property of Turkbilig/Turkoloji Arastirmalari Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

One of the ecological criteria is a useful variety of linguistic means of expression and a plenty of synonymic rows. In recent decades synonymic rows have been actively replenished by borrowing anglicisms. References to 2025, when new high-quality dictionaries with a list of anglicisms that have no analogues in native linguistic means and therefore allowed to use are unlikely to be correct. If these are standard dictionaries formed by analogy with explanatory ones or dictionaries of foreign words, they will not help solve the problem, and it is also impossible to hope that a "small monograph" with a list of connotations, pragmatic co-meanings, etc., will be written about every anglicism. Therefore, the urgent problem of the article is to identify in general criteria for the necessity of anglicisms. Of course, it is possible and necessary to talk about the benefits (or lack thereof) for each definite word, but some generalizations can be made. This is exactly what is done in this article. Based on the material of modern media texts, it is shown which types of anglicisms and why fully correspond to ecological thinking and can be considered not as a harm, but as a means of replenishing the Russian language. The methods of analysis were chosen based on the integration of deduction and induction, traditional for the humanities, with the methods of sociolinguistics, cognitive science and linguopragmatics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract For me, language policy and planning (LPP) is both a field of practical enquiry and a field of theoretical enquiry. As a practical field, LPP is about actions; actions that are taken by various agents and agencies on the structure, use and acquisition of language. As a theoretical field, LPP critically assesses these actions and further our understanding of why individuals and society decide to take certain actions at certain times in certain ways with regard to language structure, language use and language acquisition. Ultimately, this will help to further our understanding of society. Crucially, LPP as a theoretical field of enquiry needs to raise critical questions about the actions, rather than simply describing and documenting what the actions are. In doing so, LPP studies need to adopt specific theoretical stances. In the present case, the theoretical perspective that the contributors to this special issue have adopted is that of Translanguaging. I am grateful to the editors of the special issue for their invitation to write this short foreword to introduce and contextualise the special issue. I want to do so by highlighting what I think the potential contributions of Translanguaging as an analytical concept are to the studies of LPP, with reference to the Greater Bay Are of China that I would describe as an emerging and evolving Translanguaging Space.

The work is devoted to the study of the shibboleth in the speech culture of the inhabitants of the capital of Chuvashia. A shibboleth is a word that has absorbed the specific features of a language and is used to identify people for whom this language is not native. The relevance of the study is due to the very existence of the phenomenon of shibboleth in the everyday life of the residents of Cheboksary, which has not yet been studied from the point of view of linguocheboksary. The purpose of the study is to formulate a language unit that maximally concentrates the specific features of the Russian speech of the inhabitants of the city of Cheboksary. The material of the study was the speech samples of Cheboksary residents, during the quantitative and qualitative analysis of which a shibboleth was derived in the form of an interrogative phrase “Skazhite, pozhaluysta, nasha konferencia budet zavtra?” (Tell me, please, will our conference be tomorrow?). At the same time, checking with a shibboleth involves the task of transforming the specified phrase into the Cheboksary regiolect of the Russian language. Completing the task according to the linguistic preferences prevailing in Cheboksary should lead to the invariant “Skazhite-ka, u nas konferencia zavtra budet, chto li?”. The author of the work simultaneously considers Russian shibboleths aimed at the Chuvash linguistic culture, and vice versa. In the Chuvash environment, words with a concentration of a kind of Chuvash phonetics can act as a shibboleth aimed at Russians. In turn, the reproduction of the Russian shibboleth in the Chuvash environment, due to the developed Chuvash-Russian bilingualism, practically does not present any problem in modern realities.

The relevance of the study is determined by the active use of foreign words in the media space, this fact contributes to widespread occurrence of anglicisms and their penetration into the Russian language. The research aims to define peculiarities of using foreign words in modern Russian newspapers and specific features of their assimilation in the Russian language. The novelty is characterized both by the analyzed language material and the research approach which focuses attention not on the result but mainly on the process of borrowing foreign words, defines stages of their assimilation in the receiving language. The research is carried out on the basis of newspaper subcorpus of the National Corpus of the Russian Language since 2000. All the examples of recoded lexical items were analyzed according to their graphics, semantics, morphology, syntax and stylistics. The methods of comparative, contextual and distributive analysis as well as statistic methods were used during the research. The proposed theory of step-by-step acquisition of foreign words at different language levels has theoretical relevance. A particular group of foreign words recoded from foreign languages but not yet adopted by the Russian language system has been examined. The practical relevance consists in revealing some peculiarities of recoded words assimilation in written texts. The author shows that foreign words receive some morphological features, display particular word-building activity and have syntagmatic associations typical for the host language just before they enter the receiving language system. The research may be useful for further studies and finding solutions to the problems of the penetration of lexical items with foreign origin and their assimilation in the receiving language.

The study deals with the actual problem of Latinized linguographic interference in the Russian written speech of Turkophones, which appeared after the transition from Cyrillic into Latin alphabet. The aim of the study is to create a bilingual and linguo-methodological basis for determining the Latinized linguographic interference in the Russian speech of Turkophone students in order to develop methodological recommendations for overcoming it. To achieve this goal, the specifics of the educational process of students-philologists studying the Russian language in the conditions of the parallel functioning of the Latin and Cyrillic alphabets in many social spheres of the Republic of Uzbekistan are revealed. Analysis of scientific literature, empirical methods of monitoring the communicative and speech activity of Turkic-speaking students learning the Russian language, pedagogical and psychological analysis of educational activities, as well as methods of comparative and linguostatistical analysis were used. In the course of the study, the peculiarities of the influence of the Uzbek and English Latin alphabets on Latinized linguographic interference in the Russian written speech of students are concretized. The theoretical significance of the article lies in identifying and substantiating the linguistic causes of linguographic interference in the Russian speech of Turkophone students and in the possibility of teaching the Russian language in a Turkophone audience, taking into account the linguistic contrasting features of Russian and Uzbek Cyrillic, Uzbek and English Latin. The practical significance of the work lies in the possibility of creating a dynamic system of educational and language tasks for Turkophone philologists studying the Russian language based on the results of a comparative linguo-didactic description of Cyrillic and Latinized linguography. The prospects of the research lie in creating a nationally-oriented teaching aid for neutralizing linguographic interference in the Russian speech of Turkophones in the conditions of the simultaneous functioning of Cyrillic and Latin alphabets in the educational process.

The Slavic Expansion during the 300s–700s poses interesting problems of interpretation (§1). This paper considers ways of procuring water, which is inomissible for any population – whether stable or expanding – and suggests that the Slavic Expansion comprised three modes of settlement, (i) along water courses, (ii) by natural springs, and (iii) dependent on hand-dug wells. The progression through these three modes entailed significant changes in the way of life of the Slavs (§2). They are evidenced by hundreds of placenames derived from words for 'spring' (§3) and by the later, widespread semantic change of words for 'spring' to 'well' and the creation of new words for 'spring' (§4). The remarkably diverse Slavic words for 'spring' reflect language contacts in the period before the Historical Expansion in the 500s and are of different age (§5). Their modern geographical distributions in 'spring' econyms reflect population movements at several stages of the Expansion, beginning centuries before the Historical Expansion (§6). They give indications about the relative locations of the Slavs and the contact languages prior to the Historical Expansion (§7). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Polish-language profile of „Poradnik Językowy" („The Linguistic Guide") determines the fact that the studies regarding the Ukrainian language constitute a relatively small portion of the publications (66 in total). However, they have been published nearly since the initial annals and their subject matters include (in the quantitative order): 1) the presence of the Polish language in Ukraine, 2) the presence of the Ukrainian language in Ukraine, 3) the issues of the Slavic languages in general, 4) comparative (including contrastive) studies, 5) Ukrainisms present in the Polish language. The publications depict the status of the Ukrainian language in Ukraine and in contacts with the Polish language, interests of (Polish and Ukrainian) linguists in these issues, and trends in the language policies of both states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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