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This article studies the history of playgrounds in Finland and focuses on the emergence and implementation of the objectives of the international playground movement in the early twentieth century. Specifically, it examines the relations between supervised playgrounds, women’s emancipation, child welfare policies, and political discussion on social class. In doing so, the article illustrates the transnational circulation and implementation of early twentieth century “child-saving” ideas, such as the playground reform. The analysis is done by cross and close reading a wealth of contemporary texts on playgrounds, such as magazines, newspapers, and archival materials. By tracing the interwoven aspects of the playground movement and the history of Finland, especially the significance of the Civil War of 1918, this article argues that supervised playgrounds were utilised in reconciling the socio-political issues of the newly independent state. peerReviewed

Kuudensille valtakunnallisille Historiantutkimuksen päiville kokoontui lokakuussa noin 300 suomalaista historioitsijaa. Järjestäjänä toimi Suomen Historiallisen Seuran lisäksi tänä vuonna Tampereen yliopisto. Keynote-puhujia oli neljä, ja heidän luentojensa aiheet vaihtelivat digitaalisesta historiantutkimuksesta kaupunkitutkimukseen. Muu tieteellinen ohjelma koostui eri päiville jaetuista sessioista. Runsaan osallistujamäärän vuoksi samaan aikaan saattoi olla käynnissä peräti 15 eri sessiota, joten valinnanvaikeus oli ilmeinen. Tänä vuonna esityksiä oli kuitenkin rajoitettu siten, että yksi henkilö sai pitää esitelmän vain yhdessä sessiossa. Sessioiden teemat olivat monipuolinen katsaus tällä hetkellä puhutteleviin aiheisiin ja kysymyksiin suomalaisella historiankirjoituksen kentällä.

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Publisher Copyright: © 2022 The Authors. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science In Sports published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Individuals at risk of Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) have low levels of physical activity in childhood due to impaired motor competence; however, physical activity levels in adulthood have not been established. This study sought to determine the impact of DCD risk on physical activity levels in adults using accelerometry measurement. Participants (n = 656) from the Arvo Ylppö Longitudinal Study cohort had their motor competence assessed at the age of five years, and their physical activity quantified via device assessment at the age of 25 years. Between group differences were assessed to differentiate physical activity measures for individuals based on DCD risk status, with general linear modeling performed to control for the effects of sex, body mass index (BMI), and maternal education. Participants at risk of DCD were found to have a lower total number of steps (d = 0.3, p = 0.022) than those not at risk. Statistical modeling indicated that DCD risk status increased time spent in sedentary lightactivity (β = 0.1, 95% CI 0.02 to 0.3, p = 0.026) and decreased time spent in vigorous physical activity via interaction with BMI (β = 0.04, 95% CI 0.001 to 0.1, p = 0.025). Sensitivity analysis found that visuomotor impairment did not significantly impact physical activity but did increase the role of DCD risk status in some models. This 20-year-longitudinal study indicated that DCD risk status continues to negatively impact on levels of physical activity into early adulthood.

Vuoden vaihteessa ilmestyi ensimmäinen suomenkielinen teos lapsuuden historian tutkimusmenetelmistä, muhkea tietopaketti Matkaopas lapsuuden historian tutkimukseen. Lapsuutta pidetään edelleenkin usein ’uutena’ ja historiantutkimuksen valtavirrasta marginaalisena aiheena. Kirjan tekoprosessin aikana kävi kuitenkin selväksi, että jos näin on joskus ollut, ei käsitys pidä enää paikkaansa. Päinvastoin! Lapsuuden historia osoittautui runsaaksi, eläväksi ja ennen kaikkea metodisesti ja teoreettisesti uutta luovaksi tutkimusalaksi. nonPeerReviewed

This study examined whether active commuting to school in childhood and adolescence predicted active commuting to work and overall physical activity (PA) in adulthood. Participants from the Young Finns Study (N = 2436) were aged 9–18 years in 1980 and followed up until 2018/2020. Their commuting modes to school were assessed with a self-reported questionnaire in 1980. Adulthood PA was assessed through self-reports regarding commuting modes to work (2001–2018), leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) (2001–2018), and objectively measured daily steps (2007–2018/2020). Associations between childhood commuting and adulthood PA were evaluated using regression analyses and multilevel models. Demographic, socioeconomic and environmental covariates were adjusted for in the analyses. Active commuting to school in childhood contributed favourably to LTPA in 2001 (B = .38, p p p p = .03) and daily aerobic steps during weekdays in 2011 (B = 312.15, p = .03). In 2018, active commuting associated favourably with daily aerobic steps (B = 370.42, p p = .01), daily steps during weekends (B = 628.49, p = .02), and daily aerobic steps during weekends (B = 402.69, p = .03). Covariate adjustments attenuated the associations excluding the one between active commuting and LTPA in 2007 (B = .36, p = .01) and daily steps during weekends in 2018 (B = 782.25, p = .04). Active commuting to school in childhood might be one of the PA modes that contribute to PA in adulthood and is therefore encouraged to be promoted from an early age.

Decrease of children’s independent mobility (CIM) has worried academics, policymakers, educators and other professionals for decades. Research and policy often emphasise that promoting children’s physically active and independent transport modes as cycling is important to achieve better public health, solve environmental challenges and increase related economic benefits. Yet, cycling promotion is not a neutral process and all promotion efforts are derived from latent notions of ‘cyclists’ and ‘cycling’. This paper discusses different rationalities of childhood cycling promotion and the representations of ‘children’ as independent ‘cyclists’ they entail. We argue that in order to efficiently promote cycling across contexts, we should better understand children’s cycling experiences and meanings they ascribe to it and how their mobilities emergence in the flux of social, institutional and political relations. By applying action research to a local cycling promotion project in Finland we explore how instrumental, functional and alternative rationalities emerged and resulted in differing representations of children as cyclists. While all rationalities played a role in different stages of the project, the results highlight that alternative rationalities as children’s autonomy, positive emotions and friendships were considered the most important drivers of new cycling practices among project participants. In conclusion we propose children’s autonomous mobility as the most appropriate term to depict their cycling and other self-imposed (but relational) mobility practices. peerReviewed

Objective: This longitudinal study investigated the pathways from childhood socioemotional characteristics and cognitive skills to health behaviours in midlife. Methods: Participants in the Jyväskylä Longitudinal Study of Personality and Social Development (JYLS) were followed from age 8 (n=369) to age 50 (n=271). Outcomes included physical activity, smoking, alcohol consumption and body mass index (BMI) assessed at ages 36, 42 and 50. Predictors were socioemotional characteristics (behavioural activity, negative emotionality, and well-controlled behaviour) and parents’ occupational status collected at age 8, cognitive skills (school success at age 14 and the highest education at age 27) and adulthood personality traits (extraversion, neuroticism and conscientiousness). Longitudinal path modelling was used for analyses. Results: Well-controlled behaviour and extraversion predicted physical activity in women. Behavioural activity predicted alcohol consumption in women and smoking in men. Negative emotionality was not directly connected to health behaviours. Adulthood neuroticism was associated with smoking in men and with alcohol-related problems in both men and women. There were some indirect paths from childhood socioemotional characteristics to midlife health behaviours through cognitive skills. None of the study variables predicted midlife BMI. Conclusions: Childhood socioemotional characteristics have some predictive value on midlife health behaviours, both directly and through cognitive skills. peerReviewed

This thesis examines of what kind of family concept is produced and maintained by Let´s Talk about Children -intervention. In addition, the thesis examines the concept of parenting and childhood in Let´s Talk about Children -intervention. The concept of the family today is diverse. Let´s Talk about Children -intervention is based on an understanding of the effects of challenges on the family, parenting and the Children of the family. Let´s Talk about Children -intervention is used in welfare services for families and children, which are guided by the welfare policy. Social policy is a part of welfare policy, where the goal is to develop family-oriented preventive welfare services. The frame of reference of the thesis consists of the development of the concept of family. Many family concepts are associated with questions about the continuity of everyday life, moral standards, the organization of care and responsibilities, and rights and responsibilities between the sexes and generations. Family research has focused on finding and developing theories, concepts and research methods that help to get close parenthood, and childhood are also discussed. The concepts are viewed as both historically and culturally changing. This thesis data is the material of Let´s Talk about Children -intervention. Data consists of logbooks for different ages and for different services. In addition, there is a manual, -when parents have a mental health problem, and the PowerPoint slides used in trainings from one trainer. The analysis was performed by reducing, grouping and deep content analysis. Knowledge is approached from the framework of social constructionist, where knowledge is built through social activity and interaction as always changing. As a result, it is stated that the concept of family is formed into a successful family, which is produced and maintained by the material of Let´s Talk about Children -intervention. In addition, three different concepts of family appear in the data, which are an independent family, a problem family and a family in need of support. The aim is to make change by using Let´s Talk about Children -intervention in these three family concepts. Succeed family is able to take care of the financial security of the family members, the upbringing and education of children, a sense of belonging, the protecting weaker family members, openness, flexibility and responsibility and interaction with their environment. In the Let´s Talk about Children -intervention parenting is seen as intense and authoritative and equal. Intensive parenting requires time and commitment and is child-centered. In the authoritative parenting the key is encouraging the child. In equal parenting, housework and responsibility and care for the child are shared. In the Let´s Talk about Children -intervention parents are treated completely equal in relation to each other. In Let´s Talk about Children -intervention childhood is seen as a construction of modern childhood, where the child is emotionally sensitive and valuable. The child needs care, protection, upbringing and guidance. Tässä tutkielmassa tarkastellaan, minkälaista perhekäsitystä Lapset Puheeksi-menetelmä tuottaa ja ylläpitää. Lisäksi tarkastellaan vanhemmuuden ja lapsuuden käsitystä Lapset Puheeksi -menetelmässä. Perhekäsitys on nykypäivänä monimuotoinen. Lapset puheeksi- menetelmä perustuu ymmärrykseen haasteiden vaikutuksista perheeseen, vanhemmuuteen ja perheen lapsiin. Lapset Puheeksi -menetelmä on käytössä lapsiperheiden hyvinvointipalveluissa, joita ohjataan hyvinvointipolitiikan avulla. Sosiaalipolitiikka on osa hyvinvointipolitiikka, jonka tavoitteena on kehittää perhelähtöisiä ehkäiseviä menetelmiä hyvinvointipalveluille. Tutkielman viitekehys muodostuu perhekäsityksen kehittymisestä. Useisiin perhekäsityksiin liitetään kysymyksiä arkielämän jatkuvuudesta, moraalinormeista, hoivan ja huolenpidon järjestämisestä sekä oikeuksista ja velvollisuuksista sukupuolten ja sukupolvien välissä. Perhetutkimus on keskittynyt etsimään ja kehittämään teorioita, käsitteitä sekä tutkimusmenetelmiä, joiden avulla päästään lähelle perheen jokapäiväistä elämää eli arkea. Perhettä tutkittaessa käsittelyyn tulevat myös vanhemmuuden, äitiyden ja isyyden sekä lapsuuden käsitteet. Käsitteitä tarkastellaan niin historiallisesti kuin kulttuurisesti muuttuvina. Tutkielman aineistona on Lapset puheeksi -menetelmän materiaalia. Aineisto koostuu eri ikäisille ja eri palveluille suunnatuista lokikirjoista. Lisäksi on manuaali nimeltään ”Kun vanhemmilla on mielenterveyden ongelma” sekä koulutuksissa käytetyt PowerPoint -diat. Analyysi toteutettiin pelkistämällä, ryhmittelemällä ja syvemmällä sisällönanalyysilla. Tietoon suhtaudutaan sosiaalisen konstruktionismin viitekehyksestä, jossa tieto rakentuu sosiaalisen toiminnan ja vuorovaikutuksen kautta alati muuttuvana. Tuloksena todetaan Lapset puheeksi -menetelmän tuottavan ja ylläpitävän pärjäävän perheen perhekäsitystä. Aineistossa esiintyy lisäksi kolme erilaista perhekäsitystä, jotka ovat itsenäinen perhe, ongelmaperhe ja tukea tarvitseva perhe. Lapset puheeksi -menetelmän avulla tavoitellaan muutosta näiden kolmen perhekäsityksen kohdalla. Pärjäävä perhe kykenee huolehtimaan perheen jäsenten taloudellisesta turvallisuudesta, lasten kasvatuksesta ja koulutuksesta, yhteenkuuluvuuden tunteesta, heikompien perheenjäsenten suojelemisesta, avoimuudesta, joustavuudesta ja vastuullisuudesta sekä vuorovaikutuksesta ympäristön kanssa. Menetelmässä vanhemmuus nähdään intensiivisenä ja auktoritatiivisena sekä tasa-arvoisena. Intensiivinen vanhemmuus vaatii aikaa ja sitoutumista sekä on lapsikeskeistä. Auktoritatiivisessa kasvatustavassa keskeistä on lapsen kannustaminen ja rohkaiseminen. Tasa-arvoisessa vanhemmuudessa jaetaan kotityöt sekä vastuu ja huolenpito lapsesta. Lapset puheeksi -menetelmässä vanhempia kohdellaan täysin tasa-arvoisina suhteessa toisiinsa. Menetelmässä lapsuus nähdään modernin lapsuuden konstruktiona, jossa lapsi on emotionaalisesti tunteva ja arvokas. Lapsella on tarve hoivaan, suojeluun, kasvatukseen ja ohjaukseen.

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Matkaopas lapsuuden historian tutkimukseen toimii oppaana menneisyyden lapsuuden moniääniseen maailmaan, sen aineistoihin, menetelmiin sekä tutkimustraditioihin. Menneisyyden lapsia ja lapsuutta käsittelevää tutkimusta tehdään useilla tieteenaloilla, ja käytetyt käsitteet ja menetelmät vaihtelevat. Teos johdattaa monitieteiseen ja alati kehittyvään tutkimuskenttään sekä sen menetelmällisiin erityispiirteisiin. Samalla se pohtii, miten lapsuuden historian keskeiset lähestymistavat ja kysymyksenasettelut ovat muotoutuneet ja millaisia vaiheita alan historiassa voidaan nähdä. Teoksen luvut kiinnittyvät muun muassa arkeologiaan, etnologiaan, kasvatustieteisiin, kirjallisuudentutkimukseen, historiantutkimukseen sekä yhteiskuntatieteisiin. Kaikkia kirjoittajia yhdistää kiinnostus lapsuuden monipolviseen historiaan ja sen tulkinnan mahdollisuuksiin. This edited volume is a handbook of research methodologies for the history of childhood. The history of childhood is a vibrant, multidisciplinary field that incorporates a rich variety of methodological approaches developed in disciplines across the social sciences and humanities, including archaeology, education, ethnology, literature, and history. The volume presents a collection of chapters that engage a range of different research traditions and employ different research material, conceptual tools, and methods of analysis for the historical study of childhood. In doing so, the volume attends to issues specific to the study of children and childhood, such as those related to research ethics and the theoretical complexities of defining 'the child' and 'childhood'. While the central focus is on the history of childhood in Finland, the volume also includes international and transnational cases, contexts, and perspectives. peerReviewed

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The aim of the study was to examine whether sports participation (SP), engagement in competitive sports (CS) and the type of sport undertaken at the age of 12 are associated with the physical and the mental components of health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in young adulthood. The data were collected using questionnaires prior to a compulsory military refresher training course in Finland. The sample consisted of 784 men (mean age 26 years). HRQoL was measured with RAND 36 and childhood sports participation with a series of questions. Data were analysed with logistic regression. Higher frequency of SP, participation in district level CS, performing team, endurance or extreme sports and playing yard games in childhood were after adjustments all associated with better HRQoL in early adulthood. The association was mainly found with the mental, and to a lesser extend with the physical component of HRQoL. Team (OR 1.43, CI 1.00-2.06) and extreme sports (OR 1.77, CI 1.19-2.63) were associated with better mental HRQoL, while playing yard games (OR 0.62, CI 0.44-0.89) reduced the likelihood for having low physical HRQoL. Sports participation in childhood – in the forms of team or individual sports, but also as informal physical activity, such as playing yard games – is associated with HRQoL in young adulthood.

Köyhyys vaikuttaa moniulotteisesti lasten ja nuorten elämään köyhyyttä kokevien elämänlaatua, osallisuutta ja tulevaisuudenuskoa heikentäen. Tällä hetkellä maailmanlaajuisen koronavirus-pandemian aiheuttamat työpaikkojen menetykset ja kuntien kiristynyt taloudellinen tilanne aiheuttaa monille lapsiperheille taloudellisia menetyksiä jopa köyhyyteen asti. Tässä pro gradu- tutkielmassa tarkastellaan köyhyydestä selviytymistä lapsena ja nuorena köyhyyttä kokeneiden henkilöiden itse tuottamiensa kertomusten kautta. Tutkimukseni kohdistuu siihen, millaisia kertomuskulkuja ja merkityksiä lapsena ja nuorena köyhyyttä kokeneet tuottavat liittyen köyhyydestä selviytymiseen. Tutkielman teoriaosuus painottuu kotimaisiin ja ulkomaisiin köyhyystutkimuksiin, köyhyyden teorioihin sekä kuluttamista, lapsuutta ja nuoruutta sekä yksilön selviytymistä käsittelevään tutkimustietoon. Selviytymistä tarkastellaan erityisesti osallisuuden ja voimaantumisen näkökulmasta. Tutkimusaineisto koostuu vuosina 2006 ja 2012 valtakunnallisesti järjestetyistä Arkipäivän kokemuksia köyhyydestä-kirjoituskilpailujen kertomuksista. Vuoden 2012 kertomukset ovat vuoden 2006-kirjoituskilpailun seuranta-aineisto. Aineisto löytyy kokonaisuudessaan sähköisessä muodossa, jota hallinnoi Tietoarkisto. Kirjoituksia on yhteensä yli 800 ja ne edustavat yksilön köyhyydestä sekä siitä selviytymisestä tai selviytymättömyydestä kertovaa tarinaa. Tämän tutkimuksen aineistoksi on edellä mainituista kirjoituksista valikoitunut ne 60 tekstiä, joissa kirjoittajat ovat kuvanneet omakohtaista kokemusta köyhästä lapsuudestaan tai nuoruudestaan. Tämä kvalitatiivinen tutkimus on toteutettu narratiivisena tutkimuksena ja tutkimusmenetelmänä on käytetty induktiivista narratiivista sisällönanalyysia. Aineiston selkiyttämiseksi on aluksi käytetty apuna temaattista luentaa. Analyysissa ilmenee toistuvia teemoja, jotka näkyvät köyhyydestä selviytymisen kerronnassa kertomuskulkuina. Narratiivisessa analyysissa on myös tarkasteltu kirjoittajien tapoja määritellä ja merkityksellistää köyhyydestä selviytymistä. Tutkimuksen tulosten perusteella kertomuksissa kertojat jäsentävät ja merkityksellistävät köyhyydestä selviytymistä suhteessa seuraaviin tekijöihin: elämänasenne, läheiset, itsensä toteuttaminen ja luovuus, työnteko sekä uskonto ja hengellisyys. Tämän tutkimuksen aineistolähtöisen analyysin perusteella syntyneet johtopäätökset ovat linjassa aiempien yleisesti selviytymistä ja köyhyyden kokemuksia käsittelevien tutkimustulosten kanssa lukuun ottamatta uskonnon ja hengellisyyden teemaa.

Adults with a low physical activity (PA) level are at increased risk for cardiometabolic diseases, but little is known on the association between physical inactivity since youth and cardiometabolic health in adulthood. We investigated the association of persistent physical inactivity from youth to adulthood with adult cardiometabolic risk factors. Data were drawn from the ongoing Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study with seven follow-ups between 1980 and 2011 (baseline age 3–18 years, n = 1961). Physical activity data from a standardized questionnaire was expressed as a PA-index. Using the PA-index, four groups were formed: 1)persistently physically inactive (n = 246), 2)decreasingly active (n = 305), 3)increasingly active (n = 328), and 4)persistently active individuals (n = 1082). Adulthood cardiometabolic risk indicators included waist circumference, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, and fasting lipids, insulin, and glucose. Clustered cardiometabolic risk was defined using established criteria for metabolic syndrome. Persistently physically inactive group was used as a reference. Compared to the persistently physically inactive group, those who were persistently active had lower risk for adult clustered cardiometabolic risk (RR = 0.67;CI95% = 0.53–0.84; Harmonized criteria), obesity (BMI > 30 kg/m2, RR = 0.76;CI95% = 0.59–0.98), high waist circumference (RR = 0.82;CI95% = 0.69–0.98), and high triglyceride (RR = 0.60;CI95% = 0.47–0.75), insulin (RR = 0.58;CI95% = 0.46–0.74) and glucose (RR = 0.77;CI95% = 0.62–0.96) concentrations as well as low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLsingle bondC) concentration (RR = 0.78;CI95% = 0.66–0.93). Comparable results were found when persistently physically inactive individuals were compared with those who increased PA. The results remained essentially similar after adjustment for education, diet, smoking, and BMI. Persistently physically inactive lifestyle since youth is associated with an unfavorable cardiometabolic risk profile in adulthood. Importantly, even minor increase in PA lowers the cardiometabolic risk. peerReviewed

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This follow-up study investigated the associations of childhood learning disabilities (LDs) with adult-age anxiety, depression, and unemployment. Psychosocial problems in childhood and psychiatric diagnoses and lack of education in adolescence were studied as potential mediators, and gender and mother’s education as potential moderators of these associations. Data on childhood clinical neuropsychological assessments and lifelong register data on individuals with childhood LD (n = 430; 301 [70%] males; 20–39 years of age) and matched controls (n = 2,149) were applied. Mediation analyses were performed using structural equation modeling. Childhood LDs exerted a significant, but relatively small effect on psychiatric diagnoses in adolescence, which predicted adult-age depression and anxiety. LDs were related to unemployment both directly and via psychiatric diagnoses in adolescence. Examination of differences in the effects on adult-age outcomes of subtypes of LDs revealed mathematical disability to be more strongly associated with psychosocial problems in childhood and psychiatric problems in adolescence and adulthood than reading disability. Our findings show that LD has small and mostly indirect effects on the risk for later well-being problems. The findings emphasize the importance of adolescence in predicting adult-age psychiatric and employment problems and call for more holistic support for individuals with LDs. peerReviewed

This chapter explores how growing up environments and landscapes are remembered, described and depicted in autobiographies written by people who experienced the reconstruction era in northern Finland in their childhood and youth. The article is based on a collection of submissions to the essay called “Generations of Youth” in 2010 and archived in the Finnish Folklore Archives. The texts provide an interesting opportunity to investigate the cultural meanings attached to growing up environments, mindscapes, and places of childhood and youth in post-war Finland. The chapter combines approaches from the fields of history as well as humanistic geography. It addresses the question of how children and youth of the 1950s and 1960s built and reconstructed their identities and memories through different environments, places, and landscapes. The narratives depict the rural landscape and northern nature as particularly emotional sites, ones through which memories and emotions attached to childhood are articulated. The rural landscape becomes emblematic of safety, tranquillity, and happiness, even though rural life is also described in terms of poverty, shortages, and hardship. peerReviewed

This article elaborates the relational ontology in an ethnographic study. The aim is to seek relational construction of preschool practice and how children’s positions are constructed in it. The study is based on the understanding that ethnography and relational sociology share the idea that society emerges through repeated relations. The ontological thinking of relational sociology is applied in a micro-level analysis of three episodes from a Finnish preschool. We propose that relations appear in every single ethnographical episode and that carefully analysed repetitive relations can reveal a stabilised organisational structure. The analysis shows how the position of one child is structuring and being structured in everyday actions in a preschool. We argue that through relational analysis of ethnographic data, it is possible to seek sociological knowledge of institutions – in this case, of preschool. peerReviewed

Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvittää lapsuuden vaikeuksien ja vaikeuksien kasautumisen, sekä vastaajan sukupuolen, iän ja koulutustason yhteyttä aikuisuuden psyykkiseen hyvinvointiin. Tutkimuksesta tehtiin kaksi osaa, jossa ensimmäisessä artikkeliosassa psyykkinen hyvinvointi käsitti kolme ulottuvuutta: koettu terveys, psyykkinen kuormittuneisuus ja masentuneisuus. Toinen osa oli jatkotutkimus, jossa tarkasteltiin miesten ja naisten lapsuuden vaikeuksien sekä niiden kasautumisen yhteyttä aikuisuuden mielialaongelmiin, joita olivat psyykkinen kuormittuneisuus sekä masentuneisuus. Koettua terveyttä tarkasteltiin Likert-asteikollisella muuttujalla, psyykkistä kuormittuneisuutta MHI-5-mittarista muodostetuilla väittämillä sekä masentuneisuutta PHQ-2-mittarin kahdella väittämällä. Lapsuuden vaikeuksina tarkasteltiin lapsuudenperheen taloudellisia vaikeuksia, vanhempien työttömyyttä, vanhemman vakavaa sairautta tai vammaa, isän alkoholiongelmaa, äidin alkoholiongelmaa, isän mielenterveysongelmaa, äidin mielenterveysongelmaa, perheen ristiriitaisuuksia, vanhempien eroa ja kiusatuksi tulemista ennen 16-vuoden ikää. Tutkimusaineistona käytettiin Terveyden ja hyvinvoinnin laitoksen vuonna 2018 tekemää FinLapset kyselytutkimusta. Fin-Lapset-tutkimukseen osallistui yhteensä 17009 perhettä, joista tässä tutkimuksessa tarkasteltiin 10737 vastauksen antanutta vanhempaa. Aineistoa kuvailtiin frekvenssein ja prosenttiosuuksin. Lapsuuden vaikeuksien ja taustamuuttujien yhteyttä aikuisuuden psyykkiseen hyvinvointiin tarkasteltiin ristiintaulukoinnin, χ²-testin ja binäärisen logistisen regressioanalyysin avulla. Lapsuuden vaikeuksia esiintyi 73%:lla vastaajista ja vähintään kolme vaikeutta oli ollut 33%:lla vastaajista. Naisia vastaajista oli 72%. Naiset raportoivat useammin kaikkia yksittäisiä lapsuuden vaikeuksia ja heillä esiintyi useammin mielialaongelmia kuin miehillä. Psyykkisen hyvinvoinnin ulottuvuuksista koettuun terveyteen ja psyykkiseen kuormittuneisuuteen olivat tilastollisesti merkitsevästi yhteydessä kaikki lapsuuden vaikeudet, paitsi vanhempien ero ja masentuneisuuteen olivat yhteydessä kaikki lapsuuden vaikeudet. Perheen ristiriitaisuudet, äidin tai isän mielenterveysongelmat sekä kiusatuksi tuleminen olivat voimakkaimmin yhteydessä psyykkisen hyvinvoinnin eri ulottuvuuksiin, kun taustamuuttujat oli vakioitu. Sukupuolittain tarkasteltuna naisten psyykkiseen kuormittuneisuuteen aikuisuudessa oli tilastollisesti merkitsevästi yhteydessä kaikki lapsuuden vaikeudet lukuun ottamatta vanhempien eroa. Miesten psyykkiseen kuormittuneisuuteen oli yhteydessä taloudelliset vaikeudet, isän alkoholiongelma, isän mielenterveysongelma, perheen ristiriitaisuudet sekä kiusatuksi tuleminen. Masentuneisuuteen oli yhteydessä naisilla kaikki lapsuuden vaikeudet ja miehillä taloudelliset vaikeudet, isän alkoholiongelma, isän ja äidin mielenterveysongelma, perheen ristiriitaisuudet sekä kiusatuksi tuleminen. Lapsuuden vaikeuksien kasautuminen oli yhteydessä psyykkiseen hyvinvointiin huonoksi koettua terveyttä, psyykkistä kuormittuneisuutta ja masentuneisuutta lisäävästi. Naisilla kaksi ja miehillä vähintään kolme lapsuuden vaikeutta oli yhteydessä aikuisuuden mielialaongelmiin. Terveydenhuollolla on keskeinen rooli hyvinvoinnin tukemisessa ja eriarvoistumisen kuilun kaventamisessa. Vanhempien lapsuuden vaikeuksien kartoittaminen ja tuen tarjoaminen olisi tärkeää perheissä, joissa vanhemmat ovat kokeneet lapsuuden vaikeuksia, jotta vaikeuksien ylisukupolvinen kierre saadaan katkaistua The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship between childhood difficulties and the accumulation of difficulties, as well as the respondent’s gender, age, and level of education, in the mental well-being of adulthood. Two parts of the study were made, in the first part of the article mental well-being included three dimensions: perceived health, mental strain, and depression. The second part was a follow-up study looking at the link between men’s and women’s childhood difficulties and their accumulation in adult mood problems, which included mental strain and depression. Perceived health was examined using the Likert scale variable, mental stress with statements made from the MHI-5 meter, and depression with two statements made from the PHQ-2 meter. Childhood difficulties were defined as challenges encountered in childhood before the age of 16: financial difficulties, parental unemployment, serious parental illness or disability, father's alcohol problem, mother's alcohol problem, father's mental health problem, mother's mental health problem, family conflicts, parental separation and bullying. The research material used was the FinLapset survey conducted by the Department of Health and Welfare in 2018. A total of 17009 families participated in the Fin-Children study, of which 10737 responding parents were examined in this study. The data were described in terms of frequencies and percentages. The association of childhood difficulties and background variables with adult mental well-being was examined using cross-tabulation, χ²-test, and binary logistic regression analysis. 73% of the respondents had childhood difficulties and 33% of the respondents had had at least three difficulties in their childhood. 72% of the respondents were women. Women were more likely to report all individual childhood difficulties and were more likely to have mood problems than men. Perceived health and mental strain were statistically significantly associated with all childhood difficulties, except parental separation. Depression was statistically significantly associated with all childhood difficulties. Family contradictions, maternal or paternal mental health problems, and being bullied were most strongly associated with different dimensions of mental well-being when background variables were standardized. Examined by gender, the mental strain of women in adulthood was statistically significantly associated with all childhood difficulties except for parental separation. Men’s mental strain was associated with financial hardship, the father’s alcohol problem, the father’s mental health problem, family conflicts, and being bullied. Depression was associated with all childhood difficulties for women and financial difficulties for men, the father’s alcohol problem, the father-mother mental health problem, family contradictions, and being bullied. The accumulation of childhood difficulties impaired perceived health and increased mental strain and depression. Two childhood difficulties in women and at least three childhood difficulties in men were associated with adult mood problems. Healthcare has a key role to play in supporting well-being and bridging the gap between inequalities. Mapping parental childhood difficulties and providing support would be important in families where parents have experienced childhood difficulties in order to break the intergenerational cycle of difficulties.

This study examined the role of physical activity and changes in physical activity levels during childhood in long‐term labor market outcomes. To address this important but under‐researched theme, the study utilized data drawn from longitudinal research, the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study (YFS), and from registries compiled by Statistics Finland. The study consisted of children aged 9 (n=1565) and 15 (n=2445) at the time their physical activity was measured. Labor market outcomes, including employment status, average employment months, and average unemployment months, were calculated from 1997 to 2010, when the participants were aged 20 to 48 years. Regression models were used to assess the relationship between physical activity and labor market outcomes. The results show that the consequences of childhood physical activity may be far‐reaching, as higher childhood physical activity was positively related to the probability of being employed and employment months and was negatively related to unemployment months. On average, a one‐unit increase in physical activity index was related to a 1% higher probability of being employed, 0.10 more months of yearly employment, and 0.05 fewer months of yearly unemployment. The results also imply that persistently active individuals had the highest level of employment and the lowest level of unemployment compared with other activity groups. In conclusion, investments in childhood physical activity may not only promote health and well‐being but may also correlate with better labor market outcomes later in life, providing both personal and societal benefits. peerReviewed

This study aimed to examine the longitudinal associations of maternal body mass index (BMI), weight status in childhood and late adulthood and device-measured total physical activity (TPA) in older age. The study involves 552 participants from Helsinki Birth Cohort Study who were born in Helsinki, Finland, in 1934-1944. TPA was measured with a multisensory body monitor at a mean age of 70 years and expressed in metabolic equivalent of task hours/day (METh/d). Childhood overweight (BMI > 85th percentile) was based on school health records at 6-7 years of age, and late adulthood overweight (BMI >= 25 kg/m(2)) was based on clinical measurements at the mean age of 61 years. Childhood overweight was associated with lower TPA, particularly in older women (mean difference -3.2 METh/d, 95% confidence interval (CI) -4.6 - -1.9), and late adulthood overweight was associated with lower TPA both in older women (mean difference -6.2, 95% CI (-7.2 - -5.1) and in older men (mean difference -2.6 METh/d, 95% CI -3.7 - -1.5). TPA in older age was highest in participants who were normal weight both in childhood and adulthood and lowest in participants who were overweight in childhood and adulthood. In participants with childhood overweight, TPA was lower in participants who were overweight both in childhood and adulthood compared to those who were overweight only in childhood. There was a U-shaped distribution of TPA according to maternal BMI in older women (P = .002), but not in older men. In conclusion, reaching normal weight after childhood predicted higher physical activity levels in older age.

Tässä laadullisessa tutkimuksessa pyritään yksilön kokemuksen kautta ymmärtämään kaupunkilaislapsen kokemusta asuinympäristöstään ja paikoista, jotka kodin ympäristössä muodostuvat lapselle merkityksellisiksi. Lapsen ja paikan suhdetta tarkastellaan relationaalisena, jolloin lapsi määrittää paikkaa antaen sille merkityksiä ja tulkintoja, mutta myös paikka luo fyysisillä ominaisuuksillaan puitteet, jotka vaikuttavat kokijaan ja luovat puitteet lapsuudelle. Tarkastelun pohjana ovat lapsuuden maantieteen lähtökohdat ja tutkimuksen tukena toimivat käsitteet paikasta, asustamisesta, paikkatunteesta sekä tarjoumista. Tutkimusta varten on haastateltu kuutta alakouluikäistä lasta, jotka asuivat Tampereen keskustassa Juhannuskylän, Armonkallion ja Tampellan alueilla. Haastattelut toteutettiin keskustelunomaisesti kävelyhaastatteluina, joissa lapsi sai valita reitin ja johdattaa itselleen merkityksellisiin paikkoihin. Haastatteluaineisto on analysoitu teemoittelemalla sitä eri pääteemojen kautta ja peilaten sitä tutkimuksen teoriaan sisällönanalyysin keinoin. Lapsi kokee ja tulkitsee ympäristöään paljon fyysisesti ja luovasti erilaisen toiminnan kautta. Lapsen kokemusmaailmassa todentuvat usein ympäristön sellaisetkin tarjoumat, jotka eivät aikuisen ympäristössä tulisi havaituksi. Ala-asteikäinen lapsi laajentaa vähitellen itsenäisen liikkumisen reviiriään, jolloin myös henkilökohtaisempi suhde ympäristöön pääsee muotoutumaan. Toisaalta perheen säännöt ja toimintatavat vaikuttavat ja rajoittavat vielä ympäristössä toimimista, mikä osaltaan vaikuttaa myös siihen, millaiset paikat voivat muodostua lapselle merkityksellisiksi. Lapsen paikkatunne on paljon sidoksissa myös paikkoihin liittyviin muistoihin ja perinteisiin, paikassa elettyihin ja koettuihin hetkiin. Paikan kokemukseen ja merkityksiin nivoutuvat myös kollektiiviset, niin perheen kuin paikalliseenkin kulttuuriin ja perinteisiin liittyvät seikat. Tämän julkaisun alkuperäisyys on tarkastettu Turnitin OriginalityCheck –ohjelmalla.

This chapter explores the concept of ‘aesthetic sublation’ – a performative mode of meaning making that seeks to degrade its object (; ). Here, the phenomenon of aesthetic sublation is discussed as a form of resistance. Moreover, it is related to intergenerational negotiations through cases in which the labels of ‘childish’ and ‘horrific’ or ‘nasty’ converge. The chapter offers a review of how resistance is conceptualized in, for example, childhood studies, aesthetics and research on popular culture and it asks what can be gained by reconceptualising these instances as aesthetic sublation. peerReviewed

The article presents a picture of the relationship between the public and private targets of upbringingof Finnish common people’s children in early 20th-century Finland. The statutes focusing on childrencontain the information regarding the expectations of the society. The documents date back to the periodfrom 1442 to 1917, when Finland gained independence. However, the legislation influenced people’sattitudes up to the 20th century. The narrative material consists of life stories, including episodes withproverbial speech and interpretations of proverbs. It is composed of two collections from the FolkloreArchives of Finnish Literature Society, which provide information about the childhood in the early 20thcentury in Finland. Even if the pedagogical goals in the rules and regulations are quite similar to theinterpreted contents of the proverbs in pedagogical speech, the interpretations emphasize one’s ownability and responsibility for one’s own life. Moreover, the running order of goals is different. Althoughthe official authorities, state and church, gave the framework for upbringing, the Finnish speaking children were brought up in the context of family and neighbourhood, in which its own educational targetswere set and met.