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Este texto busca problematizar os canais participativos que se di­fundiram no Brasil ao longo dos últimos trinta anos e que resultam da valorização da participação social nos processos de elaboração de políticas públicas. Para tanto, recorremos aos conceitos de es­paço político e de governança territorial como conceitos operacio­nais para uma análise do colegiado territorial do Vale do Paranã, Goiás, nosso objeto de estudo empírico. Procuramos sistematizar o debate conceitual e destacar sua relevância para a análise dos de­safios e das contradições desses canais participativos no contexto político-institucional brasileiro. Este texto busca problematizar los canales participativos que se han difundido en Brasil a lo largo de los últimos treinta años y que resultan de la valorización de la participación social en los pro­cesos de elaboración de políticas públicas. De echo, recurrimos a los conceptos de espacio político y de gobernanza territorial como conceptos operacionales para un análisis del colegio territorial del Valle del Paranã, Goiás, nuestro objeto de estudio empírico. Bus­camos sistematizar el debate conceptual y destacar su relevancia para el análisis de los desafíos y de las contradicciones de esos ca­nales participativos en el contexto político-institucional brasileño. This article aims to problematize the participatory institutions that have spread in Brazil during the last thirty years as the result of social participation’s valorization in the processes of elaboration of public policies. For that, we used the concepts of political space and territorial governance as operational concepts for the analysis of the territorial collegiate of the Paranã Valley, Goiás, our em­pirical study object. We aim to systematize the conceptual debate and highlight its relevance for the analysis of the challenges and contradictions of these participatory institutions in the Brazilian political-institutional context.

Pretende-se, nesse artigo, analisar a relação entre comércio de rua e processos de requalificação do espaço público, a partir de uma abordagem geográfica do problema, buscando-se delinear as táti­cas e estratégias dos agentes envolvidos e suas trajetórias e práti­cas no cotidiano da metrópole. Busca-se também traçar um panorama preliminar dos contextos conjunturais dos embates relativos aos comerciantes e prestadores de serviço de rua, frente às ações dos agentes hegemônicos de produção do espaço metropolitano e aos processos de requalificação/refuncionalização dos espaços públicos na Capital baiana, a partir do final dos anos 1990 até os dias atuais. La intención en este artículo es analizar la relación entre el comer­cio de calle y los procesos de recualificación del espacio público. El análisis se realiza a partir de un abordaje geográfico del problema, buscando delimitar las tácticas y estrategias de los agentes involu­crados, sus trayectorias y prácticas en el cotidiano de la metrópoli. Se busca igualmente trazar un panorama preliminar de los contex­tos coyunturales que presentan los conflictos entre comerciantes y prestadores de servicios en la calle, frente a las acciones de los agentes hegemónicos de producción del espacio metropolitano, y a los procesos de recualificación/refuncionalización de los espacios públicos en capital baiana, desde finales de los años 1990 hasta la actualidad. The aim of this paper is to analyze the relationship between stre­et trade and requalification processes in public spaces based on a geographical approach to the problem. It is intended to pursue and, therefore, make explicit the tactics and strategies of the agents involved in those projects and their trajectories and practices in the everyday life of the metropolis. We hope to outline the con­junctural contexts of the existing conflicts too, which are related to street traders and service providers, as opposed to the actions of the hegemonic agents of production of the metropolitan space and to the processes of requalification/refunctionalization of public spaces in the capital of Bahia state - Salvador, from the late 1990s to the present day.

O presente trabalho discute a relação existente entre sons, política e espaços públicos. Tal discussão é conduzida pela análise dos dados obtidos em um trabalho de campo realizado no Largo da Carioca, Rio de Janeiro, que consistiu no mapeamento das diferentes atividades que ocupam esse espaço público e no registro em áudio dos sons ao longo de uma caminhada pelo Largo da Carioca. A análise evidencia como o som produzido por camelôs, artistas de rua e outras atividades observadas em campo exerce um importante papel no jogo de posições entre elas, configurando-se como importante fator na geografia política dos espaços públicos. El presente trabajo discute la relación existente entre sonidos, política y espacios públicos. Esta discusión es conducida por el análisis de los datos obtenidos en un trabajo de campo realizado en el Largo da Carioca, Río de Janeiro, que consistió en el mapeo de las diferentes actividades que ocupan ese espacio público y en el registro en audio de los sonidos en una caminata por el Largo da Carioca. Nuestro análisis evidencia cómo el sonido producido por « camelôs », artistas callejeros y otras actividades observadas en campo ejerce un importante papel en el juego de posiciones entre ellas, configurándose como importante factor en la geografía política de los espacios públicos. This paper discusses the relationship between sounds, politics and public spaces. This discussion is conducted by the analysis of data obtained in a fieldwork in Largo da Carioca, Rio de Janeiro, which consisted in mapping the different activities that occupy this public space and in the audio recording of the sounds present on a walk along the Largo da Carioca. Our analysis shows how the sound produced by street vendors, street performers and other activities observed in field plays an important role in the positions established between them, becoming an important factor in the political geography of public spaces.

Las infraestructuras de transporte presentes sobre el territorio condicionan las relaciones sociales y de comunicación de muchos espacios. Grandes estaciones, puertos o aeropuertos se presentan como ejes de centralidad sobre los que se distribuyen flujos de mercancías y personas, configurando a su vez el diseño y la funcionalidad de las ciudades. Hoy en día, con el avance producido en sectores como el ferrocarril de alta velocidad, las estaciones han transformado su función principal de nudo de intercambio, proyectándose como nuevos espacios comerciales y de negocio. En este artículo se analiza este nuevo fenómeno de transformación espacial y social vinculado a la alta velocidad ferroviaria, focalizando su ámbito en España. Se desgrana a su vez el papel de las comunidades sociales, políticas y empresariales para la ciudad y el espacio público presentes en las nuevas estaciones de ferroviarias., This work aims to discuss the transport infrastructures presents on the territory and the conditions to the social and communication relations of many spaces. Large stations, ports or airports are presented as axes of centrality on which flows of goods and people are distributed, configuring in turn the design and functionality of cities. Nowadays, with the advance produced in sectors such as high-speed rail, the stations have transformed their main function as an exchange hub, projecting themselves as new commercial and business spaces. This article analyzes this new phenomenon of spatial and social transformation linked to high-speed rail, focusing its scope in Spain. At the same time, the role of the social, political and business communities for the city and the public space present in the new railway stations., As infrainstruturas de trasporte presentes no território condicionam as relações sociais e de comunicação de muitos espaços. Grandes estações, portos e aeroportos se configuram como eixos centrais apresentando ao mesmo tempo um projeto com finalidade turística e funcionalidade das cidades, estando assim acima dos que somente distribuem fluxo de mercadorias ou pessoas,. Hoje em dia, com o avanço produzido nos setores como o ferroviário de alta velocidade, as estações transformaram sua principal função de embarque e desembarque de passageiros em projetos de novos espaços para fins comercias e de negócio. Esse artigo vai mostrar uma análise desse novo fenômeno de transformação espacial e social vinculado as estações ferroviárias de alta velocidade da Espanha. Ao mesmo tempo irá expor o papel social, politico e empresarial representados na cidade e o espaço público das novas estações ferroviárias.

Este artigo busca analisar a potência política das ruas. Aborda-se, à luz de mobilizações políticas contemporâneas, a transformação de espaços do cotidiano social em recurso para a ação política. Este é o objetivo do texto, analisar, com base em episódios do ciclo de protestos recentes, a exemplo das Jornadas de Junho de 2013, no Brasil, o poder das ruas, sua potência política e a conexão existente entre essas arenas e os espaços de decisão. Acredita-se que certas manifestações políticas transformam logradouros públicos em es­paços políticos abertos. Nesse sentido, fez-se uma breve discussão sobre o debate contemporâneo a respeito do espaço público para delinear uma distinção entre esse e o espaço político aberto e prob­lematizar as condições pelas quais espaços de sociabilidade trans­formam-se em espaços de conflito e ação. Procurou-se, através de um levantamento empírico, explicitar a tensão entre as instituições e as ruas, bem como a potência política dessa última. Notar-se-á que diferentes manifestações políticas criam tipos ou subcategori­as de espaços políticos. Espacio político y tensión democrática: las protestas recientes y la fuerza política en las calles de Brasil. Resumen: Este artículo bus­ca analizar la fuerza política en las calles. Se aborda, guiada por las movilizaciones políticas contemporáneas, la transformación de los espacios cotidianos sociales con los recursos de la acción política. El objetivo del texto es analizar, teniendo como referencia los episodios de protestas recientes, como ejemplo las manifesta­ciones que pasaron en Junio de 2012 en Brasil, el poder de las calles, su fuerza política y la conexión existente entre ellas y los espacios de decisión. Se cree que determinadas manifestaciones políticas transforman los espacios públicos en espacios políticos abiertos. En ese sentido, el texto hace una breve discusión sobre el debate contemporáneo acerca del espacio público para establecer una distinción entre eso y el espacio político abierto y reflexionar sobre las condiciones por las cuales espacios de sociabilidad se transforman en espacios de conflicto y acción. Intentó, a través de un estudio empírico, explicar la tensión entre las instituciones y las calles y el poder político de este último. Se observará que los dif­erentes tipos o manifestaciones políticas crean espacios políticos en subcategorías. This paper aims to analyze the potential political power of the streets. The approach, in the light of contemporary political mo­bilizations, is the transformation of social everyday spaces into a resource for political action. This text analyzes the power of the streets based on the cycle of recent protests in Brazil, such as the Journeys of June 2013, as well as their political power and the con­nection between these arenas and the spaces of decision. It is as­sumed that certain political manifestations turn public places into open political spaces. In this sense, a brief discussion was made on the contemporary debate about the public space to delineate a distinction between the public space and the open political space in order to problematize the conditions by which spaces of socia­bility become spaces of conflict and action. Through an empirical survey, it is attempted to explain the tension between institutions and the streets, as well as their political power. It will be noted that different political manifestations create types or subcategories of political spaces.

Onesnaženost zraka v urbanih območjih je pomemben dejavnik kakovosti življenja, nesporen pa je tudi vpliv kakovosti zraka na zdravje ljudi. Med pomembna onesnaževala urbanega ozračja že desetletja uvrščamo dušikov dioksid (NO2), po letu 2000 pa se vse več raziskav posveča tudi črnemu ogljiku (BC). V prispevku predstavljamo stacionarne in mobilne meritve črnega ogljika ter stacionarne meritve dušikovega dioksida v urbanem območju na dveh primerih. V prvem primeru gre za ugotavljanje vpliva ceste na kakovost zraka v neposredni okolici vrtca in nekdanje osnovne šole na Lavrici, v drugem primeru pa so prikazani rezultati meritev črnega ogljika na cestnem omrežju Kranja v gosti prostorski mreži.

Este ensaio visa, a partir de documentos oficiais e literatura especializada, analisar o desempenho da OMS desde sua origem e seu papel em questões relacionadas à saúde global, destacando a dinâmica da cooperação-contrapartida. Essa dinâmica é resultado da complexificação das relações internacionais, envolvendo Estados membros, atores não estatais e agências de desenvolvimento, a fim de não apenas seguir as diretrizes da OMS, mas também incentivá-los a priorizar certos projetos globais de saúde. Este ensayo pretende, a partir de documentos oficiales y de la literatura especializada, analizar la actuación de la OMS desde su origen y su papel en los asuntos relacionados con la salud global, destacando la dinámica de cooperación-contrapartida. Tal dinámica es el resultado de la complejidad de las relaciones internacionales, involucrando a los Estados miembros, a los actores no estatales y agencias de fomento, en el sentido de no sólo seguir determinaciones de la OMS, sino también de instigarla a priorizar ciertos proyectos de salud global. This essay aims, from official documents and specialized literature, to analyze the performance of WHO since its origin and its role in matters related to global health, highlighting the dynamics of cooperation-counterpart. This dynamic is a result of the complexification of international relations, involving member States, non-state actors and development agencies, in order not only to follow WHO guidelines but also to encourage them to prioritize certain global health projects.

Os estudos urbanos atualmente são marcados por muitos debates ativos. Em um artigo anterior, abordamos alguns desses debates propondo um conceito fundamental de urbanização e de forma urbana para identificar uma linguagem comum para a pesquisa urbana. No presente trabalho, faremos uma breve recapitulação desse quadro. Utilizaremos então este material preliminar como base para uma crítica das três versões atualmente mais influentes da análise urbana, a saber, a teoria urbana pós-colonial, as abordagens teóricas do agenciamento e da urbanização planetária. Nós avaliaremos cada uma dessas versões e cada uma delas pretende ser considerada a melhor abordagem sobre as realidades urbanas. Faremos a crítica de: a) teoria urbana pós-colonial, por seu particularismo e sua insistência na provincianização do conhecimento, b) abordagens teóricas do agenciamento, por sua indeterminação e ecletismo, e c) urbanização planetária, pela desvalorização radical das forças de aglomeração e de nodalidade na geografia urbano-econômica. Urban studies today is marked by many active debates. In an earlier paper, we addressed some of these debates by proposing a foundational concept of urbanisation and urban form as a way of identifying a common language for urban research. In the present paper we provide a brief recapitulation of that framework. We then use this preliminary material as background to a critique of three currently influential versions of urban analysis, namely, postcolonial urban theory, assemblage theoretic approaches and planetary urbanism. We evaluate each of these versions in turn and find them seriously wanting as statements about urban realities. We criticise (a) postcolonial urban theory for its particularism and its insistence on the provincialisation of knowledge, (b) assemblage theoretic approaches for their indeterminacy and eclecticism and (c) planetary urbanism for its radical devaluation of the forces of agglomeration and nodality in urban-economic geography.

O artigo aborda o estudo da Situação Alimentar Urbana como um caminho analítico para a compreensão das cidades contemporâneas; O centro de Campinas possui um circuito econômico diverso, dinamizado pelo fluxo de trabalhadores que perpassa diariamente a região. Resultante de uma cidade desigual, sobressai-se desse circuito econômico um comércio popular de alimentação. Para tal análise, faz-se uso da teoria dos dois circuitos da economia urbana e do mercado socialmente necessário. Discute-se, assim, o centro da cidade de Campinas como o abrigo das práticas alimentares dos pobres urbano. El artículo aborda el estudio de la Situación Alimentaria Urbana como un camino analítico para la comprensión de las ciudades contemporáneas; El centro de Campinas posee un circuito económico diverso, dinamizado por el flujo de trabajadores que atraviesa diariamente la región. Resultante de una ciudad desigual, sobresale de ese circuito económico un comercio popular de alimentación. Para tal análisis, se hace uso de la teoría de los dos circuitos de la economía urbana y del mercado socialmente necesario. Se discute así el centro de la ciudad de Campinas como el abrigo de las prácticas alimentarias de los pobres urbanos. The article approaches the study of the Urban Food Situation as an analytical way to understand contemporary cities; The center of Campinas has a diverse economic circuit, dynamized by the flow of workers that pervades the region daily. Resulting from an unequal city, a popular food trade stands out from this economic circuit. For this analysis, one makes use of the theory of the two circuits of the urban economy and of the socially necessary market. Thus, the center of the city of Campinas is discussed as the shelter of the poor urban food practices.

In July 2002, lightning strikes ignited over 250 fires in Quebec, Canada, destroying over one million hectares of forest. The smoke plume generated from the fires had a major impact on air quality across the east coast of the U.S. Using data from the Medicare National Claims History File and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) National air pollution monitoring network, we evaluated the health impact of smoke exposure on 5.9 million elderly people (ages 65+) in the Medicare population in 81 counties in 11 northeastern and Mid-Atlantic States of the US. We estimated differences in the exposure to ambient PM2.5—airborne particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter of ≤2.5 µm—concentrations and hospitalizations for cardiovascular, pulmonary and injury outcomes, before and during the smoke episode. We found that there was an associated 49.6% (95% confidence interval (CI), 29.8, 72.3) and 64.9% (95% CI, 44.3–88.5) increase rate of hospitalization for respiratory and cardiovascular diagnoses, respectively, when the smoke plume was present compared to before the smoke plume had arrived. Our study suggests that rapid increases in PM2.5 concentrations resulting from wildfire smoke can impact the health of elderly populations thousands of kilometers removed from the fires.

Quantitative assessments and dynamic monitoring of indicators based on fine-scale population data are necessary to support the implementation of the United Nations (UN) 2030 Agenda and to comprehensively achieve its 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, most population data are collected by administrative units, and it is difficult to reflect true distribution and uniformity in space. To solve this problem, based on fine building information, a geospatial disaggregation method of population data for supporting SDG assessments is presented in this paper. First, Deqing County in China, which was divided into residential areas and nonresidential areas according to the idea of dasymetric mapping, was selected as the study area. Then, the town administrative areas were taken as control units, building area and number of floors were used as weighting factors to establish the disaggregation model, and population data with a resolution of 30 m in Deqing County in 2016 were obtained. After analyzing the statistical population of 160 villages and the disaggregation results, we found that the global average accuracy was 87.08%. Finally, by using the disaggregation population data, indicators 3.8.1, 4.a.1, and 9.1.1 were selected to conduct an accessibility analysis and a buffer analysis in a quantitative assessment of the SDGs. The results showed that the SDG measurement and assessment results based on the disaggregated population data were more accurate and effective than the results obtained using the traditional method.

V prispevku je predstavljeno vrednotenje kakovosti bivalnega okolja, ki temelji na anketiranju lokalnih prebivalcev. Anketiranje smo izvedli v izbranih soseskah organizirane tržne gradnje enodružinskih hiš v obmestnih naseljih v Ljubljanski urbani regiji. Prikazane so tudi osnovne značilnosti razvoja prebivalstva v Ljubljanski urbani regiji s posebnim poudarkom na obmestnih naseljih. Na osnovi raziskave lahko zaključimo, da je večina prebivalcev proučevanih sosesk zadovoljna s kakovostjo bivanja, slabše ocenjujejo le pogoje za dnevno mobilnost.

The aim of the present article is to draw up an analysis on the migratory dynamics of the population from the Apuseni Mountains in the Post-Socialist era. In order to accomplish this aim, we collected statistical data from two representative years, namely 1992 and 2011, which correspond to two censuses. The analysis was meant to reveal the evolution of the settlements (people who settled in the area) and of emigration, as registered in the two reference years and to identify the causes that determined the evolution of the emigration and immigration.

Članek prikazuje nov objektiven sistematičen pristop vrednotenja geodiverzitete na primeru območja med Kočevsko Reko in Kostelom. Metoda temelji na prostorski raznolikosti in gostoti elementov geodiverzitete ter obenem upošteva razgibanost površja. Metodo smo aplicirali na območju kontaktnega krasa, kjer smo evidentirali vroče točke geodiverzitete. Metodo smo na podlagi evalvacije ocenili kot primerno za vrednotenje geodiverzitete.

Using a composite environmental index, we assessed how environmentally sustainable agriculture is by examining water bodies of groundwater (WBG) in Slovenia. Apart from studying identifiable differences among 21 WBG, we also analysed and detailed the pressures of agricultural activities including by different types of aquifer porosity. We found that the most heavily burdened WBG have an intergranular type of porosity. From the standpoint of environmental sustainability agriculture is ill-suited on all five of the alluvial plains with intergranular aquifers in Slovenia. The lowest index was calculated in the area of the WBG in the Drava basin (-0.54), followed by the Mura (-0.34) and Sava basin together with the Ljubljana Marshes (-0.24). In order to better illustrate responsiveness, through analysis of spatial patterns of ecologically cultivated areas, we evaluated the distribution of the most sustainable agricultural practices and found that organic farming is more prevalent on water bodies with predominantly karst type of porosity (17.1% of organically cultivated agricultural land) and it occurs least on alluvial plains with intergranular aquifers (barely 3.7% of organically cultivated agricultural land). Calculations of the sustainability index of agriculture at the level of WBG proved to be very suitable approach for determining environmental sustainability.

Illegal parcellings are a unique case within urban sprawl processes. They are characterised by originating against urban planning and by a lack of basic infrastructure. It is a phenomenon that has not been studied in much depth, and its typological aspect has been the least discussed element. This article analyses the illegal parcellings in the municipality of Cordoba, Spain, where their area has reached 4,606.88 hectares—this, compared to the slightly more than 2,800 hectares occupied by the consolidated city, gives an idea of the significance of the process. The main objective is therefore to present its territorial scope and, secondly, to propose a methodology for its typological classification. Research shows that this issue is important for a correct assessment of the phenomenon and that it must be addressed appropriately by the relevant administrations.

Razvoj metod daljinskega zaznavanja, računalnikov in programske opreme za obdelavo prostorskih podatkov se je dotaknil tudi področja geomorfologije. Vse troje omogoča hitrejšo analizo večjih količin podatkov, ne pa tudi natančnejše. Vzrok za to je slaba matematična definiranost nekaterih geomorfoloških oblik. V raziskavi se osredotočamo na omejevanje kraških kotanj. Za ta namen smo razvili nov pristop, ki pri določanju roba kotanje analizira njene polreze ter učinkovito zaznava tudi robove kotanj na pobočjih. Metoda omogoča pridobivanje natančnejših morfografskih in morfometričnih podatkov o kotanjah. Metodo smo razvili in preizkusili na petih kotanjah Podgrajskega podolja (JZ Slovenija) ter rezultate primerjali z rezultati metode, ki za omejevanje kotanj uporablja hidrološko modeliranje. Opažamo bistveno izboljšanje rezultatov pri omejevanju z novo metodo.

In the last twenty years, herbalism has become a multifunctional production and service activity in which entrepreneurship, traditional knowledge, agriculture, environmental protection and modern lifestyles are intertwined. A key, relatively new player in Slovenian herbalism are herbal entrepreneurs, who enter the market with different knowledge and marketing approaches. Qualitative analysis of semi-structured interviews with herbal entrepreneurs produced a qualitative profile for each company and a schematic representation of entrepreneurial and marketing characteristics (diversity of offer, sales channels, opportunity for expansion of of-fer, promotion, networking, availability of workforce and succession issue). They are highly dependent on the characteristics of the operator, namely his or her age, completed formal education, age of the company and entrepreneurial experience, and the reasons for establishing the company. For the successful operation of herbal entrepreneurs their connection with the local and wider (business) environment is of essential importance. V zadnjih dvajsetih letih je zeliščarstvo postalo večfunkcijska proizvodno-storitve-na dejavnost, v kateri se prepletajo podjetništvo, tradicionalno znanje, kmetijstvo, varovanje naravnega okolja in sodoben način življenja. Ključni, relativno nov akter slovenskega zeliščarstva, so zeliščarji-podjetniki, ki na tržišče vstopajo z različnim znanjem in trženjskimi pristopi. S kvalitativno analizo polstrukturiranih intervjujev z zeliščarji-podjetniki smo za vsako podjetje izdelali kvalitativni profi l in shematizi-ran prikaz podjetniških in trženjskih značilnosti (raznovrstnost ponudbe, prodajni kanali, možnost za širitev ponudbe, promocija, povezovanje in mreženje ter razpolo-žljivost delovne sile in vprašanje nasledstva). Le-te so močno odvisne od značilnosti nosilca dejavnosti, in sicer njegove starosti, zaključene formalne stopnje izobrazbe, starosti podjetja in podjetniških izkušenj ter razlogov za ustanovitev podjetja. Za us-pešno delovanje zeliščarjev-podjetnikov so ključne njihove povezave z lokalnim in širšim (poslovnim) okoljem.

We present the research results after administering a questionnaire survey about perceptions of the forum theatre as a participatory temporary use practice of the Someșul Mic River area in Cluj-Napoca, Romania. The study aim was assessing inhabitants’ willingness to get involved into the forum theatre activity, putting it into practice and proposing solutions for riverside development. We concluded that the forum theatre could be used to promote ideas and community-based solutions for urban renewal.

Demographic data and data on the availability of capacity in the care facilities for the elderly in Slovenia indicate the need to change the organisation of this segment of care. The paper focused on the analysis and evaluation of the age-friendly design and management of urban green spaces and services of general interest in small towns with regard to the needs of older people who spend their old age in care facilities. At the same time, we have estimated the potential for the actual use of urban green spaces by this population. It is noted that in Slovenia fundamental changes are needed in the area of institutional care for the elderly, including in the management, provision and use of urban green spaces in care institutions. Demografski podatki in podatki o razpoložljivosti kapacitet domov starejših občanov (DSO) v Sloveniji nakazujejo potrebo po spremembi organiziranosti tega segmenta varstva. V prispevku smo se osredotočili na analizo in vrednotenje stanja urejenosti in dostopnosti zelenih površin ter storitev splošnega pomena v majhnih mestih z vidika potreb starejših prebivalcev, ki svojo starost preživljajo v DSO. Hkrati smo ocenili možnosti za dejansko uporabo zelenih površin te skupine prebivalstva. Ugotovili smo, da v Sloveniji potrebujemo temeljite sistemske spremembe na področju institucionalnega varstva starejših občanov, tudi na področju zagotavljanja, urejenosti in uporabe zelenih površin ob DSO.

Over the last few decades, the European Union has intensified its commitments to decouple socio-economic progress from resource use and environmental impacts. This article examines the performance of countries in implementing selected aspects of these commitments in the period 1990–2016. To this end, it focuses on the relationships between progress in human development, in particular in raising people’s incomes, and pressures on natural resources and ecosystem services, as incorporated in the concept of ecological footprint. The results show a certain measure of success in decoupling the two among the countries of the European Union, but the same cannot be said of the world’s countries more generally.

The article deals with the contemporary labor migrations from Bosnia and Herzegovina to Slovenia and the other countries of European Union, specifically during the period of the COVID-19 pandemic On the basis of fieldwork among the participants in these migrations, it seeks to identify the specifics of circumstances and situations that arose suddenly with the closure of political borders and the demands of social di-stancing In these circumstances, we supposed that labor migrants found themselves to be a particularly vulnerable group of population The case study has denied that this is completely true On the other hand, labor migrations from Bosnia and Herzegovina to Central, Western and North European and some non-European countries have been a continuous process for the last century and at least migration flows must be taken as a fact which directions, volumes and character are greatly influenced by labor market regulations in each individual EU member and other states Periodically, specific political and social situations also gain importance The COVID-19 pandemic has exactly such an impact © 2020, University of Ljubljana All rights reserved

The article discusses the methodological perspectives of geodiversity evaluation with the case study of the Logar Valley Landscape Park. We present and compare two par-tially automatized evaluation methods: the first merges spatial relation of the num-ber of the geomorphological and the hidrological geodiversity elements with terrain ruggedness data, whereas the second includes the lithological elements as well. The indices were calculated for 50 x 50 m raster blocks for the purposes of comparing and determining generalisations in the studied area. It was concluded that it is not sensible to include the lithology into the evaluations if the lithology is already included into the evaluation with the geomorphological elements, if it only increases the value of the areas with high ruggedness index, or if the types of the lithologic units are similar to each other according to their characteristics. Članek obravnava metodološke probleme vrednotenja geodiverzitete na primeru Krajinskega parka Logarska dolina. V njem sta predstavljeni in primerjani dve delno avtomatizirani metodi vrednotenja: prva združuje prostorsko odvisnost števila geo-morfoloških in hidroloških elementov geodiverzitete s podatki o hrapavosti površja, druga pa upošteva tudi litološko sestavo. Indeksi geodiverzitete so bili izračunani z velikostjo rastrskih kvadratov 50 x 50 m z namenom primerjav in ugotavljanja po-splošitev na preučevanem območju. Ugotovljeno je bilo, da vključitev litoloških ele-mentov ni smiselna, če je litologija v vrednotenje že vključena preko geomorfoloških elementov, če z množenjem le poveča vrednost območij z visokim indeksom hrapa-vosti ali če so si tipi litoloških enot glede na značilnosti podobni.

The study of cross-border interactions of the former Soviet republics is in the centre of research of many experts in border studies. Dynamics and positive effects of convergence processes are observed in the border regions of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan. The past five years have clearly demonstrated the hidden geographical potential of cross-border cooperation between these states, which is explained by a qualitatively new phenomenon in the post-Soviet space – the formation of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). Therefore, the top-down initiatives have strengthened the processes of economic, social, cultural and political convergence of the regions of Russia and Kazakhstan. The purpose of this study is to consider the overlap and the double effect of “hidden” and “formal” integration of border regions of Russia and Kazakhstan and to assess their impact on the social and economic development of border territories.

The paper presents the development of European and Slovenian geography at the time of the great geographical discoveries between the 15th and the end of the 18th century. During this period geographical horizons were remarkably widened, and a huge amount of information about the world was gathered which prompted the need for new ways of processing and displaying the knowledge of the Earth’s surface. During this time, the number of cartographic, horographic and topographic illustrations of today’s Slovenian territory increased. Some personages who contributed to the progress of European science and to better knowledge of the world lived in Slovenia or originated from this territory.

This article focuses on physical geography of the Rakovško-Unško Polje, which is located in the Notranjsko Podolje. Beside geological and relief characteristics other natural characteristics of this area are discussed. Special attention is given to hydrological, climatic and pedological conditions. Data collection over many years has shown that the Rakovško-Unško Polje is not a dry polje since after more abundant precipitation water rises from many springs, flows over the polje and disappears in many sinkholes. Measurements of air temperatures during the anticyclonic winter weather have shown that in the polje temperature inversion takes place. On the bottom of the polje soils have been formed on clay and at the edges of the polje on dolomite. At the very bottom of the polje natural vegetation has been cleared. It has been replaced by anthropogenic land use and related vegetation. The edges of the polje are covered by grassland and Genisto januensis-Pinetum forest. V prispevku so zajete naravnogeografske značilnosti Rakovško-Unškega polja, ki leži v Notranjskem podolju. Poleg geoloških in reliefnih značilnosti so obravnavane tudi druge naravne sestavine te pokrajinske enote. Večji poudarek je posvečen vodnim in podnebnim razmeram ter prstem. Večletna zbiranja podatkov so pokazala, da Rakovško-Unško polje ni suho polje, saj po večji količini padavin izvira voda v več izvirih, teče po polju in ponika v ponikalnicah. Merjenja zračnih temperatur v mirnem zimskem anticiklonalnem vremenu so pokazala, da tudi na tem polju nastopa tempera-turni obrat. Za prsti je značilno, da so s pedogenezo na robnih delih polja nastale na dolomitni kamnini, na dnu polja pa po vsej verjetnosti na glinasti matični podlagi. Na samem dnu polja naravne vegetacije ni več, razprostira se antropogena raba in z njo povezano rastlinstvo. Robne dele polja poraščajo travišča in gozd bora s trirobo košeničico.

The Nagagamisis Central Plateau (located in Northern Ontario, Canada) is an area of distinct natural and cultural significance. The importance of this land was officially recognized in 1957 through the establishment of the Nagagamisis Provincial Park Reserve. The park has experienced significant expansion since its inception and is currently under development as one of Ontario Parks ‘Signature Sites’. Since the 1980s, timber harvest activity has led to widespread forest disturbance just outside of the park boundaries. This research is focused on the detection of stand level forest disturbances associated with timber harvest occurring near Nagagamisis Provincial Park. The image time-series data selected for this project were Landsat TM and ETM+, spanning a twenty-five year period from 1984 to 2009. The Tasselled Cap Transformation and Normalized Difference Moisture Index were derived for use in unsupervised image classification to determine the land cover for each image in the time-series. Image band differencing and raster arithmetic were performed to create maps illustrating the size and spatial distribution of stand level forest disturbances between image dates. A total area of 1649 km2 or 26.1% of the study area experienced stand level disturbance during the analysis period.

Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menghitung kesesuaian dan daya dukung kawasan Pantai Labombo untuk kegiatan wisata di Kota Palopo. Analisis data kesesuaian kawasan menggunakan rumus IKW= ∑ [ Ni / Nmaks] x 100 % dan analisis daya dukung kawasan menggunakan rumus DDK = K x Lp / Lt x Wt / Wp. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diperoleh untuk kesesuian wisata pantai kategori rekreasi yaitu sangat sesuai (SS) dengan panjang pantai 1.271 dapat menampung 50 orang/hari. Pantai Labombo sangat sesuai untuk dikembangkan aktifitas berenang pada kedalaman 0-2 m. Unit area yang dapat dimanfaatkan untuk aktifitas berenang adalah 392 m, sehingga kawasan Pantai Labombo dapat menampung 15 orang/hari untuk aktifitas berenang. Dengan demikian total wisata yang dapat ditampung oleh aktifitas wisata pantai kategori rekreasi dan berenang secara keseluruhan sekitar 65 orang/hari. Kata kunci: Kesesuaian kawasan, Daya dukung, Wisata pantai, Pantai Labombo ABSTRACT .The aim of this study is to calculate the suitability and carrying capacity of Labombo beach area for tourism activities in Palopo City. Analysis of suitability data using the formula IKW= ∑ [ Ni / Nmax] x 100 % and analysis of carrying capacity using the formula DDK = K x Lp / Lt x Wt / Wp. The result showed that for the suitability of beach tourism in recreation category is very suitable with the length of beach is 1.271 which can accomodate 50 people per day. Labombo beach is very suitable to develop swimming activity at a depth of 0-2 meters. The unit area which can be used for swimming activity is 392 meters, so that Labombo beach can accomodate 15 people per day for swimming activity. Thus, total tours which can be accomodated by activity of beach tourism in recreation category and swimming as a whole is about 65 people per day. Keywords : suitability of the area, carrying capacity, beach tourism, Labombo beach

Borobudur Temple is one of the major destinations in Indonesia as well as being one of the conveniently located destinations in Indonesia tourism development road map. The purpose of this research is to know the impact of the development of tourism on local communities against the Temple of the village. The method of research used the qualitative descriptive. Technique research conducted interviews, observation, and documentation. The results of the research showed that although the potential for job opportunities and seeks ever increasing, but in fact the villagers of Borobuduris still not quite prosperous, because there are still some people who do not have permanent employment. The development of children's Borobudur give effect to social life of local communities around. Positive social impact resulting from the development of the tourist destinations of borobudur Temple is the level of education is getting better, the opening of employment around tourist areas, increasing the chance of trying. While the negative effects of tourism against the social life of the community, the existence of the community profession instead of being farmed and traded Park workers removing local wisdom community, changes in the pattern of community life that began follow the trend or foreign tourist, the density of the social life of the community of traders became more and more dense, and the security level is decreased. Candi Borobudur yang merupakan salah satu destinasi besar di Indonesia serta menjadi salah satu destinasi stategis dalam road map pengembangan pariwisata Indonesia. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui mengetahui dampak perkembangan pariwisata Candi Borobudur terhadap masyarakat lokal Desa Borobudur. Metode penelitian yang digunakan deskriptif kualitatif. Teknik penelitian yang dilakukan wawancara, observasi, dan dokumentasi. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukan bahwa walaupun potensi peluang kerja dan berusaha semakin meningkat, namun pada kenyataanya masyarakat Desa Borobudur masih belum cukup sejahtera, dikarenakan masih ada sebagian masyarakat yang tidak memiliki pekerjaan tetap. Perkembangan Taman Wisata Candi Borobudur memberikan dampak bagi kehidupan sosial masyarakat lokal sekitar. Dampak sosial yang positif diakibatkan dari perkembangan Destinasi Wisata Candi Borobudur adalah tingkat pendidikan yang semakin baik, terbukanya lapangan pekerjaan di sekitar kawasan wisata, meningkatnya kesempatan berusaha. Sedangkan dampak negatif pariwisata terhadap kehidupan sosial masyarakat adalah, adanya alih profesi masyarakat dari bertani menjadi pekerja taman wisata dan berdagang menghilangkan kearifan lokal masyarakat, perubahan pola hidup masyarakat yang mulai mengikuti trend ataupun wisatawan asing, kepadatan kehidupan sosial masyarakat pedagang menjadi semakin banyak dan padat, dan tingkat keamanan menurun.

For the first time since 1945, with the Alternative für Deutschland (AfD) a far-right party has now consolidated itself in Germany on all political scales. In the political sciences as well as sociology, but not so much in human geography, there is much debate on the funding reasons. The debate is polarized and unfolds between two positions: on the one hand economic factors are marked as principal forces, on the other a cultural backlash. Electoral analyses have focused on the spatial division of the AfD's success between urban and rural areas as well as West and East Germany. By contrast, we focus on urban divisions. We examine the AfD's results in the general election of 2017 on the scale of districts in the largest city of each federal state by analyzing the correlation of the share of AfD votes with social data. In contrast to the polarized debate in the social sciences we choose a multidimensional perspective and analyze social data related to class, migration, acceptance of democracy and age. First, the resulting picture is heterogeneous across the cities and does not show a pronounced East-West polarization. Second, economic factors as well as factors related to migration correlate with the share of the AfD, whereby the former are pronounced somewhat stronger. Third, lack of trust in democracy is the most uniform indicator for a strong showing of the AfD in our sample; and fourth, in all cities there are districts which run counter to the generalized picture. We can show that in urban settings it is primarily, but not exclusively, in marginalized districts that the AfD has its strongholds. But this does not mean that all marginalized districts are dominated by the far-right party. In order to better understand the spatially highly fragmented social processes, in particular more qualitative research is needed.

There has been a proliferation of contemporary art biennials in the past 20 years, especially in cities outside of North America and Europe. What biennials represent to their host cities and what is represented at these events reveal a great deal about the significance of this proliferation. The biennial platform entails formalistic notions of representation with regards to place branding or the selection of artists as emissaries of countries where they were been born, reside, or to which they have some kind of affinity. This notion of representation is obscured considering the instability of center and periphery, artists' biographies, practices, and references. In contradistinction to the colonial world fair, the biennial thwarts the notion or possibility of “authentic” representation. The analysis incorporates works shown at the 2018 biennials in Dakar and Taipei, interviews with artists, curators, and stakeholders, and materials collected during fieldwork in both cities.

Selected book reviews

International historiography has extensively assessed the innovations in war practice experienced during the First World War. However, the consequences of trench warfare in military cartographic production have not been fully investigated yet. Following this line, the essay presents the cartographic corpus of the historical archive of the Terza Armata (Third Army); the Terza Armata had a fundamental role in the conflict, settling on the Piave river after Caporetto and leading the final advance towards Istria. The analysis of the collection, which is still unpublished, can open a new front of research aimed at developing categories of semiological analysis and typological classification of military maps as sources produced in fieri, i.e. manuscript IGM maps that were constantly updated during war operations. First, the cartographic corpus is presented; second, a first typological classification and a semiological decoding of maps are proposed, based on the interpretation of the symbols used, of the legend and of the methods of representation. In particular, the contribution focuses on tactical maps, i.e. cartographies that were continuously updated in proelio to document the evolution of war events on the front line.

Notizie, relative a eventi di carattere geografico, selezionate a cura della Redazione.

According to the COVID-19 lockdown and successive reopening a number of facts can be analysed. The main effects have been detected on: mobility and environment, and specifically on traffic, environmental data and parking. The mobility reduction has been assessed to be quite coherent with respect to what has been described by Google Global mobility report. On the other hand, in this paper a number of additional aspects have been put in evidence providing detailed aspects on mobility and parking that allowed us to better analyse the impact of the reopening on an eventual revamping of the infection, also taking into account of the Rt index. To this end, the collected data from the field have been compared from those of Google and some considerations with respect to the Imperial college Report 20 have been derived. For the pollutant aspects, a relevant reduction on most of them has been measured and rationales are reported. The solution has exploited the Snap4City IOT smart city infrastructure and data collector and Dashboard in place in Tuscany.

The relationship between precipitation and elevation is a well-known topic in the field of geography and meteorology. Radar-based precipitation data are often used in hydrologic models, however, they have several inaccuracies, and elevation can be one of the additional parameters that may help to improve them. Thus, our aim in this article is to find a quantitative relationship between precipitation and elevation in order to correct precipitation data input into hydrologic models. It is generally accepted that precipitation increases with elevation, however, the real situation is much more complicated, and besides elevation, the precipitation is dependent on several other topographic factors (e.g., slope, aspect) and many other climatic parameters, and it is not easy to establish statistically reliable correlations between precipitation and elevation. In this paper, we examine precipitation-elevation correlations by using multiple regression analysis based on monthly climatic data. Further on, we present a method, in which these regression equations are combined with kriging or inverse distance weighting (IDW) interpolation to calculate precipitation fields, which take into account topographic elevations based on digital terrain models. Thereafter, the results of the different interpolation methods are statistically compared. Our study areas are in the hilly or low mountainous regions of Hungary (Bakony, Mecsek, Börzsöny, Cserhát, Mátra and Bükk montains) with a total of 52 meteorological stations. Our analysis proved that there is a linear relationship between the monthly sum of precipitation and elevation. For the North Hungarian Mountains, the correlation coefficients were statistically significant for the whole study period with values between 0.3 and 0.5. Multivariate regression analysis pointed out that there are remarkable differences among seasons and even months. The best correlation coefficients are typical of late spring-early summer and October, while the weakest linear relationships are valid for the winter period and August. The vertical gradient of precipitation is between one and four millimetres per 100 metres for each month. The statistical comparison of the precipitation interpolation had the following results: for most months, co-kriging was the best method, and the combined method using topography-derived regression parameters lead to only slightly better results than the standard kriging or IDW.

Sermaye Piyasası Lisanslama Sicil ve Eğitim Kuruluşu A.Ş. (SPL) tarafından yapılan gayrimenkul ve konut değerleme lisanslama sınavlarında başarı yüzdeleri 2016 yılı için %24.5, 2017 yılı için % 25.5 ve 2018 yılı için %30.4’tür. Başarı yüzdelerinin düşük olması sınav içeriği ile verilen değerleme eğitiminin içeriğinin yeterince örtüşmediğini göstermektedir. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye’deki taşınmaz değerleme lisans ve lisansüstü eğitimi hakkında genel bir değerlendirme yapılması amaçlanmış ve bu eğitimin SPL lisanslama sınav konularının içeriğini karşılayıp karşılamadığı analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma kapsamında taşınmaz değerleme eğitimi veren 28 devlet ve vakıf üniversitesinin web sayfaları 01.01.2019- 01.04.2019 tarihleri arasında incelenmiştir. Bu üniversiteler; ders bazında, lisans ve lisansüstü düzeyinde değerleme eğitimi veren üniversiteler şeklinde gruplandırılmıştır. Çalışmanın web siteleri üzerinden yapılması ve bazı bölümlerin bilgilerine ulaşılamaması çalışmanın sınırlılığıdır. Araştırmada bölümlerin; lisans ve lisansüstü programlarının müfredatlarında zorunlu/seçmeli dersleri ve akademik kadroları incelenmiştir. Çalışmada ders bazlı taşınmaz değerleme eğitimi veren 16 üniversite incelendiğinde zorunlu ve seçmeli olarak verilen ders sayısının birbirine yakın olduğu görülmektedir. Ayrıca bu dersler ağırlıklı olarak 7. Ve 8. Dönem içerisinde verilmektedir. Ders içerikleri ise ağırlıklı olarak SPL lisanslama sınav konu başlıklarından olan “Gayrimenkul Mevzuatı” ile “Gayrimenkul Değerleme Esasları”na yönelik hazırlanmıştır. Diğer sınav konu başlıklarına kısmen değinilmiştir. Lisans düzeyinde eğitim veren 6 üniversite vardır. Bu üniversitelerin lisans eğitim içerikleri incelendiğinde derslerin büyük bir çoğunluğunun zorunlu olarak verildiği görülmüştür. Derslerin dağılımlarına bakıldığında ağırlıklı olarak “Gayrimenkul Mevzuatı” ile “Gayrimenkul Değerleme Esasları” na yönelik olsa da diğer konu başlıklarını içeren derler de mevcuttur. Lisansüstü eğitim veren üniversite sayısı 4’tür. Verilen eğitimin tamamı “tezsiz yüksek lisans” kapsamındadır. Yüksek lisans programı ders içerikleri ise “Gayrimenkul Mevzuatı” ile “Gayrimenkul Değerleme Esasları” ağırlıklı olsa da diğer SPL lisans sınavı konularına da yer verilmiştir. Araştırma sonunda; taşınmaz değerlemenin lisans düzeyinde eğitim olarak verilmesinin teşvik edilmesi, akademik kadronun harita mühendisliği dışındaki diğer meslek grupları (ör. İnşat Mühendisliği, Şehir ve Bölge Planlama, İktisat) açısından da zenginleştirilmesi, ders içeriklerinin taşınmaz değerlemenin çok yönlü olduğu göz önünde bulundurularak zenginleştirilmesi, yüksek lisans eğitimin tezli olarak yaptırılması önerilmiştir.

Erik Kulavig reviews The Russian Revolutions of 1917: The Northern Impact and Beyond edited by Kari Aga Myklebost, Jens Petter Nielsen and Andrei Rogatchevski.

Günümüzde konum belirleme denilince akla gelen ve uzaydan aktarılan sinyalleri kullanarak işlenmesinde ve analiz edilmesinde yardımcı olan GPS+GLONASS+GALILEO ve diğer uydu sistemleri sayesinde konumlandırma işlemi gerçekleştirilmektedir. Uzaydaki uydu tabanlı sistemlerin artması ile daha hassas ve doğruluğu yüksek konumlandırma yapılabilmektedir. Ayrıca sürekli gözlem yapan referans istasyonları (CORS) ile birlikte de konum belirleme işlemleri ekonomik, hızlı, anlık ve cm mertebesinde doğrulukla gerçekleşmektedir. Bu çalışma kapsamında uygulama bölgesindeki ağaçlık alanda iki nokta, yapılaşmış alanda iki nokta ve diğer bölgede iki nokta (hem ağaçlık alandan hem de yapılaşmış alandan biraz uzaktaki bölgelerde) olmak üzere toplam 6 nokta belirlenmiştir. Sinyal Yansıması etkisinin yoğun olduğu hem yapılaşmış hem de ağaçlık alanda sürekli gözlem yapan referans istasyonları kullanılarak gerçekleştirilen gerçek zamanlı kinematik konum belirleme uygulamalarının doğrulukları analiz edilmiştir. Altı nokta için 02.11.2017, 03.11.2017, 04.11.2017 ve 05.11.2017 tarihlerinde Sanal Referans İstasyonu ve Lineer Alan Düzeltme Teknikleri ile ölçümler yapılmıştır. Bu ölçümlere ilaveten 4.11.2017 tarihinde ağaçlık ve yapılaşmış alandaki noktalarda 2’er saat, diğer noktalarda 1’er saatlik statik ölçümler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Total Station ile de yatay-düşey açı, yatay mesafe, alet yüksekliği ve işaret yükseklikleri ölçülmüştür. Daha sonra yapılan bu ölçümlerden elde edilen koordinat farkları, mesafe farkları, uydu sayıları ve karesel ortalama hata değerlerine göre analiz yapılmıştır. Yapılan bu analiz ve değerlendirmede, tamsayı belirsizliğinin çözülmüş olmasına dikkat edilmiştir. GPS+GLONASS uydularının ve Küresel Uydu Seyrüsefer Sistemi Alıcısının Z-Blade sinyal işleme teknolojisinin etkisiyle yatay koordinatlardaki farkları ± (1 mm - 4,5 cm) aralığında, yükseklik değerlerindeki farkları ise ± (5 cm - 30 cm) aralığında elde edilmiştir. Ayrıca da istatiksel test ile de bu farkların anlamlılıkları incelenmiştir.

Kentlerde zaman içerisinde hızlı nüfus artışı ile birlikte görülen kentleşme ve sanayileşme doğal alanların, yok edilerek beton, asfalt vb. güneş enerjisini absorbe eden yüzeylere dönüşmesine neden olmuştur. Kentleşme, kent merkezlerindeki sıcaklığın çevresindeki tarım arazileri, orman vb. doğal alanlarından daha fazla olmasına neden olmaktadır. Bu durum lokal iklim değişikliği, hava kirliliği, enerji tüketimi, sağlık sorunları vb. olayların kaynağı olan kentsel ısı adası etkisini ortaya çıkarmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, son zamanlarda hızlı bir nüfus artışının yaşandığı Mersin ilindeki kentleşmenin Yer Yüzey Sıcaklığı üzerindeki etkisinin araştırılmasıdır. Bu kapsamda, Landsat-5 TM ve Landsat-8 OLI uydu görüntüleri kullanılarak 1990-1999-2007-2011-2018 yıllarına ait sıcaklık haritaları üretilmiştir. Aynı zamanda 1990 ve 2018 yıllarında kentsel alanlarının belirlenmesi için CORINE arazi kullanımı/örtüsü verisinden faydalanılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda 28 yıllık periyotta birçok doğal alanların yok edilerek yapay alanlara dönüştüğü ve bunun neticesinde Mersin kent merkezi için ortalama 6 0C civarında sıcaklık artışı yaşandığı gözlenmiştir.

This study aimed to map soil organic carbon under erosion processes on an arable field in the Republic of Bashkortostan (Russia). To estimate the spatial distribution of organic carbon in the Haplic Chernozem topsoil, we applied Sentinel-2A satellite data and the linear regression method. We used 13 satellite bands and 15 calculated spectral indices for regression modelling. A regression model with an average prediction level has been created (R2 = 0.58, RMSE = 0.56, RPD = 1.61). Based on the regression model, cartographic materials for organic carbon content have been created. Water flows and erosion processes were determined using the calculated Flow Accumulation model. The relationship between organic carbon, biological activity, and erosion conditions is shown. The 13C-NMR spectroscopy method was used to estimate the content and nature of humic substances of different soil samples. Based on the 213C-NMR analysis, a correlation was established with the spectral reflectivity of eroded and non-eroded soils. It was revealed that the effect of soil organic carbon on spectral reflectivity depends not only on the quantity but also on the quality of humic substances and soil formation conditions.

Lazer tarama teknolojisi optik-mekanik bir ölçme tekniğidir. Lazer tarama ile obje ve yakın çevresinin çok kısa sürede üç boyutlu konum bilgileri elde edilir. Alıcı ile nesne arasındaki mesafe ise bir elektromanyetik enerji olan lazer ışının seyahat süresi ile belirlenmektedir. Lidar tekonolojisi olarak ifade edilen bu ölçme yöntemi günümüzde farklı platformlarda yersel lazer tarama, mobil lazer tarama ve havadan lazer tarama olarak karşımıza çıkarak mekâna veya nesnelere ait 3B veri ediniminde hızlı ve doğru çözümler sunmaktadır. Günümüzde yersel lazer tarama teknolojisinin; mimari belgeleme, arkeolojik çalışmalar, 3B modelleme, madencilik çalışmaları, deformasyon analizleri, orman envanterlerinin çıkarılması gibi çeşitli mühendislik uygulamalarında kullanılması ile farklı mühendislik problemleri daha kolay çözüme ulaşabilmektedir. Ayrıca lazer tarama teknolojisi karmaşık sahnelerin yoğun nokta bulutları yoluyla hızlı bir şekilde yeniden oluşturulmasını sağlar. Bu anlamda kazaların veya adli suçların meydana geldiği karmaşık sahnelerin hızlı bir şekilde belgelenmesi, olay sonrası analizler için delil teşkil eden bilgilerin tespiti ve bunların sayısal arşivi içinde yersel lazer tarama bu görevi gerçekleştirebilen önemli bir araçtır. Bu çalışmada yersel lazer tarama ile farklı uygulamalar içinde yer alan farklı geometrik özellikteki yapılar modellenmiştir. Verilerin değerlendirilmesinde SCENE, 3DReshaper, JRC 3D Reconstructor yazılımları kullanılmıştır.

The anthropic and natural elements have become more closely monitored and analysed through the use of remote sensing and GIS applications. In this regard, the study aims to feature a different approach to produce more and more thematic information, focusing on the development of built-up areas. In this paper, multispectral images and Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images were the basis of a wide range of proximity analyses. These allow the extraction of data about the distribution of built-up space on the areas with potential for economic and social development. Application of interferometric coherence and supervised classifications have been accomplished on various territories, such as metropolitan areas of the most developed region of Romania, more specifically Transylvania. The results indicate accuracy values, which can reach 94 per cent for multispectral datasets and 93 per cent for SAR datasets. The accuracy of resulted data will reveal a variety of city patterns, depending mainly on local features regarding natural and administrative environments. In this way, a comparison will be made between the accuracy of both datasets to provide an analysis of the manner of built-up areas distribution to assess the expansion of the studied metropolitan areas. Therefore, this study aims to apply well-established methods from the remote sensing field to enhance the information and datasets in some areas lacking recent research.

Günümüzde doğal ve beşeri nedenlerle artan orman yangınlarının Uzaktan Algılama (UA) ve Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri (CBS) teknikleriyle belirlenmesi, yapılacak müdahale ve planlama için oldukça önemli hale gelmiştir. Orman yangını risk alanlarını haritalamak yangına müdahale anlamında işgücü, zaman ve maliyet bakımından oldukça yararlı olacaktır. Orman yangınlarıyla mücadele etmek için yangın oluşumuna ve davranışına etki eden unsurlar, orman yangını risk haritalarıyla kısmen ortaya konulmaktadır. Ülkemiz koşullarında, orman yangını risk haritaları yardımıyla özellikle arazi sınıflarındaki insan faktörüne ilişkin kullanımların yangın riskini değerlendirmelerdeki önemi net olarak anlaşılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada test alanı olarak Zonguldak ve Ereğli Orman İşletme Müdürlükleri (OİM) seçilmiştir. Bu işletmelerde, 2008-2019 yılları arasında meydana gelen 126 adet orman yangınının, yangın sicil formu incelenmiştir. Yangın çıkan alanlarda yangına neden olan insan faktörü, topoğrafik faktörler, arazi kullanım sınıfları belirlenmiştir. Yerleşim ve yol ağlarına ilişkin vektörel çıkarımlar Google Earth üzerinden yapılmıştır. Topoğrafik veriler için Sayısal Yükseklik Modeli (SYM) verisi kullanılmıştır. Arazi kullanım verileri için Landsat 8 uydu verisi üzerinden sınıflandırma işlemleri gerçekleştirilmiş, yangına konu olan sınıflar belirlenmiştir. Değerlendirmeye alınan her bir faktör için Analitik Hiyerarşi Süreci (AHP) yöntemi kullanılarak uygunluk puanları belirlenmiştir. AHP sonuçlarına göre her bir faktörün ağırlık katsayısı hesaplanmış ve ilgili faktörün etki değeri olarak ilişkilendirilerek CBS ortamında orman yangını risk haritası oluşturulmuştur. Bu harita; düşük, orta ve yüksek risk grubu olmak üzere sınıflandırılmıştır. Sınıflandırılan haritanın doğruluk kontrolü için SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences/Sosyal Bilimler İçin İstatistik Programı) programında diskriminant analizi yapılmıştır. Orman yangınlarına müdahalede ilgili bölge için önemli bir altlık oluşturacak bu araştırma, yangına hassas diğer bölgeler için de geliştirilebilecektir.

İklim karakterlerinin bilinmesi, farklı iklim tiplerine sahip sınırların tespitine olanak sağlamakta; bu durum bölge kaynaklarının sürdürülebilir kullanımının sağlanması ve arazi kullanım planlarına yön verilmesi açısından önem arz etmektedir. İklimsel sınırların tespiti ayrıca iklimin mülkiyet üzerindeki etkilerinin belirlenerek önlenebilmesine ve mülkiyet üzerindeki kullanımın daha planlı ve kontrollü çerçevede ele alınmasına altlık oluşturabilmektedir. Bu bağlamda iklimsel sınırların tespiti noktasında iklim sınıflama yöntemleri geliştirilmiştir. Bu yöntemler, iklim tiplerinin bölgesel farklılığının tespit edilmesi, yıllara bağlı olarak değişiminin incelenmesi ve iklim tiplerine uygun olacak şekilde farklı sınırların oluşturulmasına imkân sağlamaktadır. Bu çalışmada iklimin mülkiyet kullanımında etkili rol oynaması ve dolayısıyla da planlama noktasında altlık oluşturacak olması gereksinimlerinden yola çıkarak, Karadeniz Bölgesi (Artvin, Ordu, Rize, Rize-Pazar, Trabzon, Şebinkarahisar, Akçaabat, Ünye, Bafra, Hopa, Giresun ve Samsun’da yer alan meteorolojik istasyon noktaları) iklim sınır haritasının oluşturulması esas alınmıştır. Bölgeye ait meteorolojik istasyon noktalarında 1988-2018 yılları arasında ölçümü yapılmış son 30 yıllık hava durumu parametreleri temin edilerek, konumla ilişkilendirilmiş ve Coğrafi Bilgi Sisteminde (CBS) bir veritabanında düzenlenmiştir. Ardından meteorolojik veriler Thornthwaite iklim sınıflaması yöntemine göre değerlendirilerek meteorolojik istasyon noktalarının iklim tipleri sınıflandırılmıştır. Son olarak iklim tipi belirlenmiş meteorolojik noktalar esas alınarak, Kriging enterpolasyon yöntemi ile tüm bölgeyi yansıtan iklim sınır haritaları üretilmiştir. Elde edilen sonuç ürünün başta iklim sınırlarını yansıtması, ayrıca mülkiyetin iklim yönünden kullanım vasfının etkilendiği ve değişim gösterdiği alanların tespit edilmesi; böylece yapılacak planlama ve koruma odaklı mülkiyet çalışmalarına altlık oluşturması hedeflenmektedir.

Les années humides de la décennie 1990 ont réduit l'extension de la zone touchée par la sécheresse. Mais des études ont montré que le déficit pluviométrique a persisté dans les régions sahéliennes jusqu'à la fin de la décennie 1990. Face aux évolutions en cours, P. OZER et al. considèrent, en 2003, que la continuité de la période de sécheresse, ou au contraire l'identification d'une rupture pluviométrique vers des conditions plus humides, ne pourra se vérifier statistiquement qu'après dix années de données supplémentaires. C'est dans cette perspective que se situe le présent travail, qui a pour objectif d'analyser la tendance récente des séries pluviométriques annuelles de vingt deux stations réparties sur le territoire sénégalais, avec des données collectées jusqu'en 2013, afin de juger de la persistance ou non de la sécheresse. Les données couvrent la période 1940-2013 et l'approche adoptée comporte les opérations suivantes : (1) critique et comblement des données lacunaires, (2) calcul des indices de pluie standardisés, (3) détection des ruptures au sein des séries pluviométriques par l'application de trois tests (PETTITT, LEE et HEGHINIAN, HUBERT). L'application de ces différents tests aux indices de pluie standardisés (IPS) calculés à partir de l'ensemble des stations et à partir des stations regroupées en fonction de trois zones climatiques (sud-sahélienne, sud-soudanienne et nord-soudanienne) montre deux ruptures (significatives au seuil de 1 % selon t test de STUDENT). La première est comprise entre 1967 et 1969, tandis que la seconde se situe entre 1986 et 1998 selon le test de PETTITT et entre 1992 et 2007 selon les méthodes de LEE et HEGHINIAN et de HUBERT. En analysant chacune des stations, on constate que la seconde rupture se situe en général entre 1998 et 2002. Seule la méthode de segmentation de HUBERT ne détecte pas toujours de seconde rupture, mais l'absence de détection concerne 18 % des stations seulement. On identifie donc une discontinuité vers des conditions humides depuis 1999 (PETTITT) ou 2003 (LEE et HEGHINIAN ; HUBERT), même si les précipitations annuelles restent inférieures à celles d'avant 1970. The wet years of the 1990s have reduced the extent of the area affected by drought. But studies have shown that the rainfall deficit persisted in the Sahelian regions until the end of the 1990s. P. OZER et al., in 2003, thought that the continuity of the drought, or on the contrary the identification of a rainfall break towards weather conditions, could be verified statistically only after ten more years of data. This is the context in which the present work is conducted. It aims to analyze the recent trend of annual rainfall series of 22 stations on Senegalese territory, with data collected through 2013, to see whether the drought persists or not. These data cover the period from 1940 to 2013 and the approach includes the following: (1) review and standardization of data, (2) calculation of rain standardized indices, (3) break and trends detection in annual rainfall series by applying three rupture tests (PETTITT, LEE and HEGHINIAN, HUBERT). The applying of these tests to the rain standardized indices that was calculated from all stations and from stations grouped according to three climatic regions (South-Sahelian, South-Sudanian and North-Sudanian) highlights two rupture dates (significant at 1 % according to STUDENT's t test). The first break ranges out between 1967 and 1969, and the second one occurs between 1986 and 1998 according to the test of PETTITT and between 1992 and 2007 according to the method of LEE and HEGHINIAN and that of HUBERT. By analyzing each station, we notice that the second break in rainfall series occurs generally between 1998 and 2002. Only the HUBERT segmentation method doesn't always detect a second break, but the lack of detection covers only 18 % of the stations. So we identify a discontinuity towards wet conditions from 1998 (PETTITT) or 2003 (LEE and HEGHINIAN ; HUBERT) even though the annual rainfalls remain lower than pre 1970.

La litterature scientifique en matiere de risques urbains, a connu de substantiels developpements dans les vingt dernieres annees. Il ne s’agit pas ici de faire un bilan critique des productions scientifiques qui devraient, en particulier, inclure plusieurs theses recentes. Notre objectif etant d’apporter un regard particulier sur les vulnerabilites urbaines au Sud nous retiendrons certaines conclusions qui permettent de saisir la difficulte d’apprehender geographiquement cette dimension soci...

This paper discusses the challenges of using big Earth observation data for land classification. The approach taken is to consider pure data-driven methods to be insufficient to represent continuous change. We argue for sound theories when working with big data. After revising existing classification schemes such as FAO's Land Cover Classification System (LCCS), we conclude that LCCS and similar proposals cannot capture the complexity of landscape dynamics. We then investigate concepts that are being used for analyzing satellite image time series; we show these concepts to be instances of events. Therefore, for continuous monitoring of land change, event recognition needs to replace object identification as the prevailing paradigm. The paper concludes by showing how event semantics can improve data-driven methods to fulfil the potential of big data.&nbsp