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Accuracy of numerical modelling of ground resistance of the displacement pile highly depends on proper evaluation of its states: prior loading and its changes during the loading. Evaluation of initial ground stage, its subsequent changes caused by pile installation and, finally, evolution of the loaded pile resistance are the modelling stages that require validation with specialized test results performed under controlled laboratory conditions. Selection of the proper physical soil model and its parameters should be also done in accordance with the relevant soil tests results. The first paper briefly introduces testing results of a displacement pile prototype. Tests were conducted in the created sand deposit in the laboratory pit. Determining pile resistance and ground stress-strain distribution in the vicinity of the pile allows selecting the physical model for the soil. Numerical calibration of the parameters for the physical model of the selected soil was performed. The second, following paper will introduce analyses of pile resistance. It involves creation of a discrete model and its parameters, numerical modelling of pile resistance against vertical load. The pile ground resistance modelling applying the physical model of the selected soil includes the following stages: evaluation at rest stage and assessment of residual effects of installation and displacement pile loading resistance. Numerical analyses results were validated with displacement pile prototype testing results.

Driver sleepiness is one of the most important causes of traffic accidents. Efficient and stable algorithms are crucial for distinguishing nonfatigue from fatigue state. Relevance vector machine (RVM) as a leading-edge detection approach allows meeting this requirement and represents a potential solution for fatigue state detection. To accurately and effectively identify the driver’s fatigue state and reduce the number of traffic accidents caused by driver sleepiness, this paper considers the degree of driver’s mouth opening and eye state as multi-source related variables and establishes classification of fatigue and non-fatigue states based on the related literature and investigation. On this basis, an RVM model for automatic detection of the fatigue state is proposed. Twenty male respondents participated in the data collection process and a total of 1000 datasets of driving status (half of non-fatigue and half of fatigue) were obtained. The results of fatigue state recognition were analysed by different RVM classifiers. The results show that the recognition accuracy of the RVM-driven state classifiers with different kernel functions was higher than 90%, which indicated that the mouth-opening degree and the eye state index used in this work were closely related to the fatigue state. Based on the obtained results, the proposed fatigue state identification method has the potential to improve the fatigue state detection accuracy. More importantly, it provides a scientific theoretical basis for the development of fatigue state warning methods.

The rotation superstructure construction method is a widespread technique in bridge engineering. The critical issue for the successful application of this technique is the contact interface analysis and design for the rotating mechanism. A semi-analytical method predicated upon obtaining a uniform distribution of pressure on the slide plates within the interface is proposed. The surface design typically generates a nonlinear stress distribution. It leads to local damage and local asperity interlocking, which increase the contact friction dramatically during the rotation. In contrast, the proposed approach provides a surface that avoids stress concentrations and is expected to reduce the material cost of the slide plates. The proposed method is verified by the Finite Element Model. It can be used in a broad area involving contacting surface design, especially in the rotating mechanism design for bridge construction.

Environmental issues near roads become more and more important in our society daily life. One of the most critical environmental issues is traffic noise. The present paper study louvred noise barrier designed by authors. The louvred noise barrier provides sound attenuation while allowing airflow and sunlight through it. Since the airflow resistance of the barrier is low, it requires a shallow foundation compared to conventional noise barriers. The sound attenuation performance of the louvred noise barrier was tested experimentally in a sound transmission chamber. Airflow resistance simulated using a computational fluid dynamics model. The simulation and experimental study were done with different louvred noise barrier setup: change of louvre blade angle and sound-absorbing material thickness. The results showed potential for future development for the field testing. Sound attenuation was highest in 2500 Hz and 3150 Hz octave frequency bands. Depending on the louvred barrier setup, sound attenuation was up to 28 dB(A) in mentioned frequency bands. The equivalent sound pressure level reduced up to 17 dB(A). The results showed that an increase in the louvre blade angle increases sound attenuation and increases airflow resistance.

© 2021 The Author(s). Published by RTU Press.In this study, scour failure risk of the Çatalzeytin Bridge located in the Western Black Sea Basin, Turkey, was assessed for possible future flood events and appropriate scour countermeasures were considered based on economic and constructability considerations. Waterway adequacy in the spans of the bridge and scour criticality around bridge foundations considered for risk calculations in HYRISK were estimated by hydrological and hydraulic analyses of the watershed and stream. Since the watershed of the bridge is ungauged, geomorphological instantaneous unit hydrograph concept was adopted to estimate the peak discharges with various return periods to be used in hydraulic modelling. Monte Carlo simulation results indicated that most of the simulated peak discharges were in the 95% confidence interval. Hydraulic model results from HECRAS indicated that waterway adequacy and scour criticality were critical for discharges with 200 and 500-year return periods. Scour failure risk of the Çatalzeytin Bridge was classified as high and it was proposed to reduce the risk by constructing partially grouted riprap as the most feasible alternative that would consequently increase the expected lifespan of the bridge. Following this methodology, river bridges may be prioritized based on the risk analysis.

The paper investigates the accidents and fatalities on the main road network in the North-West Region of Romania over a period of 4 years (2015– 2018). The aim of the paper is to highlight some shortcomings and suggest possible improvements of the road network in order to reduce the number of accidents and fatalities. Detailed analyses, including statistical and spatial statistical analyses, were conducted on the accidents involving goods and public transport vehicles considering the scale of their impact. As a result, black corridors and vulnerable municipalities were identified. They were found to be related to the reduced main road density and high levels of freight traffic transit. In conclusion, with one of the lowest motorization rates in the EU and given the important efforts already made by the police, improving road network in Romania becomes the key for reducing accident and fatality rates in the region. In this regard, it is suggested that motorways and ring roads are needed in order to bypass the vulnerable municipalities. The results of this research may enable planners and administrations to act strategically to improve road safety in the critical areas, to prioritize actions for road network development and to formulate better strategies to ensure road safety.

The local series system with typical common plate rubber support/pier in highway reinforced concrete girder bridge is the object of the current research. The finite element numerical simulation method is used to study sensitive parameters – the mechanical properties of the series system under the horizontal load. The simulated results show that the interface bonding strength between the bearing and adjacent structure is reduced; the equivalent shear deformation and the horizontal force of bearing under horizontal load change insignificantly with the increase of horizontal displacement. However, the total shear deformation and equivalent shear deformation increase with the increase of the axial compression ratio. In addition, the top horizontal force and displacement of the pier significantly decrease with reduction of the connection strength at both ends of the bearing. Therefore, adjusting the axial compression ratio of the pier and interfacial connection mode can obviously affect the mechanical properties of the support and adjacent structure, even the failure mode of the local structure. This approach can help estimate the mechanical properties of the existing bridge and determine the reasonable maintenance plan.

This study utilised static triaxial and dynamic cone penetration tests to examine the identification of changes in strength in soil materials as a result of an increase in moisture content. The applicability of a light dynamic cone penetrometer device in railway environments was also studied. On a broader scale, the aim was to find an investigation method suited to field locations that identify low-quality or persistently moist materials directly from the structure. The triaxial tests found an apparent increase in shear strength when the water content dropped below 7%. Based on the series of laboratory tests, the dynamic cone penetrometer reacted strongly to material density, but the impact of moisture content was also evident. Furthermore, the results showed that dynamic cone resistance is a reasonably unfeasible metric for assessing the structural quality of materials consisting primarily of sand, due to the number of factors affecting the resistance. In the laboratory tests, the lowest dynamic cone resistances were measured in the material with the highest structural quality. publishedVersion

Numerous ways to use recycled asphalt (RA) in the road base course will provide both environmental and economic benefits, allowing to recycle and utilise this initially waste material in road or pavement reconstruction projects. However, the properties and parameters of RA necessary for the application of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) in a new pavement structure in most cases are not detectable in the design stage, which complicates design and construction process. The purpose of this paper is to study possibilities for evaluating the performance and parameters of RA, as well as to review the possibilities, methods and applications for RA testing. Data for this case study were obtained from recently completed road structures in the form of FWD measurements, together with lab explored parameters of drilled pavement cores. Based on that data, the relationships between the main pavement structural parameters, such as modulus on the surface of the pavement, compressive strength of RA core segment, thickness of bound layers and back calculated modulus were examined. On the way to exploring different analytical approaches, two approximation models were developed and compared, using the obtained data: by directly approximating the obtained data and after processing them with artificial neural network (ANN).

The article considers the influence of the randomness of traffic load on the fatigue of elements of steel bridge structures. The phenomenon occurs specifically in the case of bridges characterized by significant width, with many traffic lanes and a high vehicle velocity, especially in the case of heavy goods vehicles. It has been shown that underestimation of operational durability, including fatigue durability, can be up to 23%. Operational loads increase due to the overlapping of traffic loads, which leads to the increased fatigue of elements of steel bridge structures. In an effort to assess this influence and its value, elements of the problem of the randomness of road traffic loads were compiled and described, and a simulative analysis of the operational strength of various lengths (spans) of the main girders of bridges was carried out. The analyses showed that for the structures with spans length of up to 10.0 m, the influence of passing vehicles could be skipped in calculations, especially in the case of weak traffic.

Resumen El Microscopio de Fuerza Atómica se utiliza ampliamente para la obtención de imágenes superficiales de alta resolución; así como para obtener información de las propiedades mecánicas de un material. Esta herramienta cuenta con diversos modos de operación, algunos de ellos son: estáticos, dinámicos, tapping y contacto, entre otros. De igual forma, posee diversas geometrías de la punta del cantilever, por lo que escoger la adecuada es un paso crucial en cualquier investigación que desee usar el AFM. El objetivo del presente estudio es brindar un conocimiento general del AFM desde sus modos de operación hasta el uso de este en la investigación de los asfaltos. Se concluye que el Microscopio de Fuerza Atómica se emplea en el estudio de los asfaltos para analizar las propiedades microscópicas del mismo y comprender cómo estas impactan las propiedades macroscópicas del material. Abstract The Atomic Force Microscope is used to obtain superficial images with high resolution. As well, to acquire information about the mechanical properties of a material. This tool has several operation modes, such as static, dynamic, tapping and contact, among others. It is worth to mention that cantilever has several geometries, then choosing the right one is a crucial step in any investigation that uses AFM. The focus of this article is to give a broad outlook of the AFM, from its operation modes to its applications in asphalt studies. Upon this article, the AFM is highly used in asphalts to analyse the microscopic properties and to understand how these properties impact its macroscopic performance.

Resumen El factor camión es uno de los componentes principales en la estimación de la demanda de cargas que tendrá el pavimento de una carretera. Por este motivo, disponer de factores camión confiables es de suma importancia durante la etapa de diseño. En el presente estudio se recopiló y analizó bases de datos sobre factores camión calculados entre los años 2007 y 2017, por el LanammeUCR. Se contabilizaron más de 15 millones de vehículos pesados, distribuidos en diferentes rutas del país. Dada la necesidad de disponer de factores camión actualizados que consideren la realidad nacional, tanto en la época sin control de pesaje como durante esta, se generan factores camión que están asociados a un nivel de confiabilidad específico y que consideran la proporción de vehículos que contribuyen en su estimación. Abstract The truck factor is one of the main components in the estimation of the load demand that pavements will have. For this reason, having reliable truck factors is of utmost importance during the design stage. In the present study, the databases on truck factors calculated between 2007 and 2017 were compiled and analysed by LanammeUCR. More than 15 million heavy vehicles were analysed, distributed on different routes in the country. Given the need to have updated truck factors that take into account the national reality, both during the period without weight control and during the period with, truck factors are generated that are associated with a specific level of reliability and that consider the proportion of vehicles that contribute to their estimate.

The design of rigid pavements is historically based on the classical Theory of proposed by Westergaard in 1929, which considers the rigid pavement as a thin plate resting on an elastic ground with a Winkler reaction, imposing the congruence of vertical displacements at the points of contact between the pavement structure and the ground. Westergaard’s Theory provides expressions for the calculation of maximum stress in concrete slabs for interior, edge and corner load conditions. This work focuses on the development of a Finite Element model, implemented in the ANSYS® environment and calibrated on the basis of the results of the in-scale experimental model developed by Lall and Lees in 1983. The implementation of the FE model was performed through a set of steps capable of reproducing physical and mechanical conditions of the true model, which was further intended to be used for numerical analysis. After the FE model was developed, it was possible to carry out multiple simulations pursuing three main aims: to evaluate the effect of the variation of material properties on the slab stress state, to compare the maximum stresses for the interior and edge load conditions considering Westergaard’s Theory, the experimental data and the results of the numerical model, and to use the developed and calibrated model to formulate an alternative mathematical expression, which would allow calculating the stress in corner load conditions.

Produktivitas tenaga kerja akan menentukan keberhasilan pelaksanaan jadwal proyek konstruksi. Beberapa proyek konstruksi, produktivitas realisasi pekerjaan di lapangan berbeda dengan produktivitas yang ditetapkan oleh SNI. Jika tenaga kerja tidak memanfaatkan waktu untuk pekerjaan konstruksi dengan baik, produktivitas tenaga kerja menurun dan target rencana kerja tidak tercapai. Penelitian ini menganalisis produktivitas tenaga kerja pada proyek pembangunan perluasan Hotel Grand Zuri Kota Padang, yang dibandingkan dengan AHSP SNI 2018. Perhitungan produktivitas lapangan dilakukan dengan metode Time Study, dengan menentukan waktu standar pekerjaan, yang diperoleh dari pengamatan langsung. Hasil analisis didapat selisih nilai produktivitas antara hasil analisa lapangan terhadap AHSP SNI 2018 pada pekerjaan bekisting kolom lebih besar 1,62%. Pekerjaan bekisting plat nilai lebih kecil 35,7%. Pekerjaan bekisting balok lebih kecil 52,47%. Pekerjaan penulangan kolom lebih kecil 68,65%. Pekerjaan penulangan plat lebih kecil 83,15%. Pekerjaan penulangan balok lebih besar 9,98%. Pekerjaan pengecoran kolom lebih besar 85,13%. Pekerjaan pengecoran plat lebih besar 43,76% Pekerjaan pengecoran balok lebih besar 24,7%. Selisih waktu hasil analisa di lapangan terhadap AHSP SNI 2018 pada pekerjaan bekisting kolom lebih lama 0,07 jam, pekejaan bekisting plat lebih cepat 4,2 jam, pekejaan bekisting balok lebih cepat 9,03 jam, pekerjaan penulangan kolom lebih cepat 21,77 jam, pekejaan penulangan plat lebih cepat 23,24 jam. pekejaan penulangan balok lebih lama 1,26 jam, pekerjaan pengecoran kolom lebih lama 1,54 jam, pekejaan pengecoran plat lebih lama 0,56 jam, pekejaan pengecoran balok lebih lama 0,14 jam. Faktor yang mempengaruhi produktivitas tenaga kerja adalah keadaan cuaca, keadaan material, kondisi lokasi kerja, umur, dan pengalaman tenaga kerja

Sungai Siak merupakan sungai yang menjadi sumber air bagi masyarakat bahkan hewan dan tumbuhan untuk memenuhi kebutuhan sebagai kelangsungan hidup, sehingga kualtias air sungai ini perlu dijaga dan dipelihara. Analisa kapasitas muatan sumber polusi pada air sungai merupakan proses yang rumit sehingga dapat direpresentasikan dengan pendekatan model Qual2Kw. Model ini dapat mendeskripsikan hasil parameter kualitas air yang mendekati angka aktual setelah melakukan kalibrasi. Parameter DO pada skenario 1 dimana tidak menginput debit limbah atau sumber pencemaran maka segmen Tandun merupakan nilai parameter terendah yaitu 4,49 mg/l dan tidak memenuhi standar kualitas air baku mutu kelas I, sedangkan untuk ammonia (NH4) tertinggi berada pada segmen Teluk Ketari yaitu 0,43 mg/l dan nilai ini masih memenuhi standar kualitias air baku mutu kelas I. Skenario 2 dengan menginput debit limbah maka parameter DO hanya pada segmen Petapahan yang memenuhi buku mutu dengan nilai 6,20 mg/l sedangkan untuk NH4 nilai tertinggi berada pada segmen Pantai Cermin dengan nilai 0,04 mg/l dimana angka ini masih memenuhi baku mutu.

A research about structural analysis of eight-story office building due to earthquake load and to identify the performance level of the structure referring to ATC-40. Performance Based Seismic Evaluation (PBSE) concept is used for earthquake engineering by using one of the method which is Pushover Analysis to evaluate the structure. This method is to purposely apply escalating static lateral load to the structure until failure occurs to the structural elements and targeted structural displacement was obtained. Determining the targeted displacement is referring to ATC-40, FEMA 365, and FEMA 440. Results show that targeted displacement value is 0,015 m for X direction and Y direction as well as the total drift was obtained as much as 0,0066 m for X direction and 0,00273 m for Y direction. According to the structural deformation and criteria from ATC-40 the performance level of the structure is at Immediately Occupancy (IO).

Jalan Lintas Taluk Kuantan Batas Provinsi Sumatera Barat ini berada di Kecamatan Kuantan Mudik, Kabupaten Kuantan Singingi (lintas tengah), merupakan jalan nasional yang menghubungkan Provinsi Riau, Jambi dan Sumatera Barat, yang terdapat kerusakan pada badan jalan, dimana kendaraan berat bermuatan lebih atau yang melebihi batas beban maksimum sering melewati ruas ini yang mengakibatkan kerusakan pada permukaan jalan sehingga menimbulkan permasalahan seperti, penurunan kecepatan, waktu tempuh dan dapat mengancam keselamatan pengendara (kecelakaan). Tujuan dari penelitian di jalan Taluk Kuantan – Batas Provinsi Sumatera Barat adalah untuk mencarinilai Surface Distress Index (SDI) pada kajian penelitian sepanjang 2,4 km. Hasil perhitungan dari penelitian adalah persentase tingkat kerusakan yang terdapat pada jalan tersebut : retak 82,5%, berlubang 59%, dan bekas roda 17,4%. Tingkat kerusakan pada struktur jalan yang diteliti mecapai 133,3 %. Nilai SDI pada segmen I dan segmen IV didapat nilai SDI sebesar 105 dan segmen II, segmen III, segmen V dan segmen VI didapat nilai SDI sebesar 135. Dengan rata-rata nilai SDI antara 100 – 150 sehingga tingkat kerusakannya termaksud dalam kondisi rusak ringan

Kota Tarakan memiliki banyak pelabuhan, sepert pelabuhan laut Tarakan yang termasuk bagian dari program tol laut yang menjadikannya sebagai pusat konsolidasi barang di Provinsi Kalimantan Utara. Untuk mendistribusikan komoditas yang masuk dan keluar Tarakan dilaksanakan melalui pelabuhan domestik seperti Pelabuhan Tengkayu II Tarakan. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengukur kepuasan pengguna terhadap pelayanan bongkar muat yang telah dilaksanakan dan kemudian menyusun prioritas peningkatan kinerja sesuai kebutuhan pengguna. Hasil analisis IPA diperoleh atribut-atribut pada kuadran I yang perlu mendapat perhatian peningkatan kinerja. Hasil analisis dengan metode Quality Function Deployment (QFD) diperoleh urutan prioritas strategis pemenuhan kebutuhan pengguna yaitu: membuat sistem aplikasi manajemen untuk efisiensi birokrasi pengurusan dokumen, memperluas open storage, membangun jembatan penghubung (trestle) dari jalan raya ke dermaga, mengatur jalur lalulintas masuk keluar dari dermaga ke gudang, memasang crane angkut diatas platform dermaga, dan menambah panjang platform dermaga untuk menambah daya tampung sandar kapal.

Angkutan umum perkotaan merupakan sarana transportasi yang saat ini masih banyak digunakan di daerah perkotaan karena mudah diakses dengan biaya yang cukup terjangkau. Oleh karena itu, sebagai sarana transportasi yang diandalkan oleh masyarakat untuk menunjang kegiatannya, angkutan umum harus memiliki kualitas pelayanan yang baik. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mencari tingkat kepuasan pengguna jasa terhadap kinerja angkutan umum perkotaan di Kota Tasikmalaya. Tingkat kepuasan dihitung dengan metode Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI) dan Importance Performance Analisys (IPA). Untuk menentukan kualitas jasa pelayanan digunakan metode SERVQUAL (Service Quality), yang meliputi dimensi reliabilitas (reliability), daya tanggap (responsiveness), jaminan (assurance), empati (emphaty), dan bukti fisik (tangibles). Hasil analisis dengan metode Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI) menghasilkan nilai sebesar 62,41 %, artinya secara keseluruhan tingkat pelayanan angkutan umum perkotaan di Kota Tasikmalaya cukup memuaskan. Sedangkan berdasarkan hasil pemetaan pada diagram kartesius yang diperoleh dari Importance Performance Analisys (IPA), semua atribut penilaian tersebar pada kuadran II, III, dan IV. Atribut yang masuk ke dalam kuadran II yaitu item no 1,2,5,7, dan 9 mempunyai nilai yang tinggi dari sisi kinerja dan harapan, sehingga pengguna jasa merasa puas dengan layanan yang diberikan. Atribut yang masuk ke dalam kuadran III yaitu item no 3, 6, dan 10 mempunyai tingkat kepuasan yang rendah, sehingga perlu ditingkatkan kualitas pelayanannya. Atribut yang masuk ke dalam kuadran IV yaitu item no 4 dan 8 sudah bisa memuaskan pengguna jasa dari sisi kinerja layanan yang diberikan.

Penggunaan plastik dalam kehidupan sehari-hari telah menjadi hal yang lumrah, namun efek samping yang ditimbulkan yaitu limbah yang sulit diurai dalam tanah. Dilain pihak dengan perkembangan tingkat kebutuhan manusia dan semakin berkurangnya sumber daya alam, maka muncul inovasi dengan memanfaatkan limbah plastik sebagai bahan pembentuk beton. Pada penelitian ini digunakan plastik daur ulang 5 PP sebagai bahan perekat pengganti semen. Plastik dilelehkan dan dicampur dengan agregat halus quarry Tobololo dengan kadar 0% sampai 100% dengan interval kenaikan 10%. Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh kuat tekan optimum pada kadar 30% terhadap berat pasir dengan kuat tekan 13,30 MPa, paving block yang dihasilkan masuk pada kelas mutu C.

Era kini ditandai dengan penekanan pada konsevasi energi, beton ramah lingkungan dan beton hijau. Semen merupakan bahan utama pembentuk beton, dan juga penyumbang pencemaran udara terbesar di antara bahan penyusun material tersebut. Semen slag atau Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS) yang merupakan hasil pengolahan limbah industri baja menjadi salah satu alternatif yang diminati karena proses produksi dan lebih ekonomis bila dibandingkan dengan Portland Cement (PC). Material yang mempunyai sifat cementitious ini berpotensi untuk menggantikan sebagian semen dalam campuran beton dengan tetap mempertahankan kelebihan sifat mekanis beton. Penelitian ini dilakukan di laboratorium dengan pengujian benda uji yang telah didesain dengan komposisi substitusi semen slag sebesar 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, dan 50% dari berat semen yang dibutuhkan dan pada umur 28 hari. Sebagai benda uji kontrol beton direncanakan dengan kuat tekan f’c = 38 MPa. Semen slag yang digunakan berdasarkan referensi memiliki activity index grade 80. Penelitian dilakukan untuk mengetahui kinerja semen slag pada beton melalui pengamatan kuat tekan (f’c), hubungan tegangan-regangan (fc - ε) dan modulus elastisitas (E) beton. Pengujian menunjukkan bahwa substitusi slag menyebabkan terjadinya penurunan kuat tekan beton, regangan dan modulus elastisitas pada umur 28 hari karena adanya proses kimia yang lebih lamban daripada PC.

Proyek pembangunan Apartemen Grand Dharmahusada Lagoon Surabaya adalah proses pembangunan kontruksi gedung yang pada umumnya merupakan kegiatan yang banyak mengandung unsur bahaya. Pekerjaan konstruksi merupakan penyumbang angka kecelakaan yang cukup tinggi. Banyaknya kasus kecelakaan kerja serta penyakit akibat kerja sangat merugikan banyak pihak yang bersangkutan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menerapkan Metode Domino pada proyek pembangunan Apartemen Grand Dharmahusada Lagoon, sehingga dapat diketahui risiko kecelakaan kerja yang paling dominan dan mengetahui bagaimana respon risikonya. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah metode Domino, dimana metode tersebut digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi sumber-sumber dan penyebab terjadinya kecelakaan kerja, dievaluasi dan dilakukan tindak pencegahannya dengan menggunakan penilaian risiko yaitu tabel Risk Assesment. Data yang digunakan adalah data primer dengan menyebarkan kuesioner dan data sekunder berupa Identifikasi Bahaya Potensi Risiko, Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalahh seluruh staff/karyawan dari PT. PP (Persero), Tbk. Penentuan sampel menggunakan Stratified Random Sampling, sehingga diperoleh 22 sampel. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa risiko kecelakaan kerja yang dominan adalah pekerjaan pembesian (rebar & fabrication) dengan risiko pekerja terluka karena terkena besi, pekerjaan pasangan perancah dengan risiko pekerja kejatuhan material perancah, pekerjaan pasangan perancah dengan risiko tangan pekerja terjepit material perancah, pekerjaan railling dengan risiko pekerja terpecik api las. Keempat risiko tersebut tergolong matriks penilaian risiko pada kategori high. Respon risiko dari kecelakaan kerja yang dominan adalah safety management harus menerapkan dan mensosialisasikan kebijakan K3 dengan baik dan benar kepada seluruh staff/karyawan, sehingga dapat mencegah terjadinya suatu kecelakaan kerja dan target zero accident dapat tercapai.

The article considers improvement of the methodology for accounting for the degradation of asphalt concrete working in the upper layers of the pavement. Development of recycling technologies for road structures is an ongoing process; it allows reaching a higher quality of reclaimed materials and using them for subsequent construction of structural layers, including the upper layers without the protective ones, as well as during repair and reconstruction of roads of various technical categories. At the same time, the system of pre-project assessment (diagnostics) of the state of asphalt concrete pavements cannot be considered optimal and effective because the determined indicators demonstrate that, firstly, various surface and structural defects are present, and, secondly, that the indicators mentioned above are more relevant to the road structure as a whole. The joint handling of the theoretical and experimental data allows concluding that damageability level depends on the physical, mechanical and structural properties, the main being maximal structural strength and the number of elastic bonds involved in the deformation process. A variant of modelling of asphalt concrete damageability depending on the work capacity is proposed, when the reduced amount of dissipated energy is replaced with sufficient accuracy for practice by the ratio of the actual number of load application cycles (freezing and thawing cycles) to the limit. A correlation between the level of damageability and the kinetics of changes of the interpore space of asphalt concrete under the influence of strain (temperature, climatic factors) has been established. Results allow fixing (predicting) the level of damageability by measuring the level of water permeability. The research methodology and equipment for implementation thereof was developed earlier, it can be effectively used at the stage of pre-project diagnosis.

A three-dimensional (3D) microstructure-based discrete element (DE) model was developed to study the creep behaviour of high viscoelastic asphalt sand (HVAS) with the uniaxial compression creep tests. The three-point bending creep tests of asphalt mortar were carried out in order to obtain the parameters of the Burger model, to determine the transformation method of macroscopic parameters and microscopic parameters of the model in theory, to obtain the parameters used in the discrete element model, and then establish the discrete element analysis model for the asphalt mixture. A 3D-DE digital specimen was composed of coarse aggregates, asphalt mortar and air voids, which could also take gradation, irregular shape, random distribution of aggregate and air voids into consideration, and the boundary conditions of the model were set through the simulation of the uniaxial compression creep tests. An accurate and extensive mapping model of HVAS was built by 3D-PFC (Particle Flow Code), which can provide a simple alternative to the laboratory tests. This method can simulate a series of numerical examples based on different stress levels, coarse aggregate homogenizations, mortar homogenizations and temperatures in a single factor method. Comparison of results of laboratory and numerical tests shows that the 3D-PFC-viscoelastic model can reflect the creep mechanical behaviour of asphalt mixture accurately. It provides the theoretical basis and auxiliary means for analysing the mechanical properties of asphalt mixtures using PFC software. The research on creep behaviour of the asphalt mixture by numerical simulation opens up a new way for the research on creep behaviour of the asphalt mixture, it is of considerable theoretical value and has broad application prospects.

In this paper, empirical research about Passenger Car Equivalents (PCEs) on the longitudinal downgrade of two-lane roads in Bosnia and Herzegovina has been conducted in order to determine the influence of vehicle structure under free traffic flow conditions. The research has been carried out considering the classes of vehicles at cross-sections on the downgrade of two-lane roads. As a result, the negative influence of vehicle structure under free traffic flow conditions using passenger car equivalents (PCEs) has been determined. The results show that on the downgrade of two-lane roads, the value of passenger car equivalent decreases from the level terrain to the boundary minimum value for the determined downgrade g = −3.00%, after which its value starts to increase slightly. Based on the obtained values, the models calibrated with a second-degree polynomial have been developed to determine the average value of passenger car equivalent as a function of its boundary value. The paper also compares the results obtained by the developed models with the models from the Highway Capacity Manual under free traffic flow conditions. In addition, models for the percentage values of PCE15%, PCE50% and PCE85% have been established.

Two representative programs, MICH-PAVE and KENLAYER, are selected and compared to many key aspects of their analysis algorithms to achieve an in-depth understanding of the features of the Finite Element Method and elastic layered system theory in nonlinear material analysis of the structure of asphalt pavement. Furthermore, by conducting a case study, the impact of using different analysis methods on the calculation results is presented. Moreover, the feasibility of the equivalent resilient modulus obtained by the Finite Element Method is discussed. The results show that the difference among the nonlinear analysis algorithms used by the two software packages is mainly reflected in the determination of the initial resilient modulus, the stress correction, and the convergence condition. Besides, the Finite Element Method could consider the variation of the resilient modulus induced by the change in the stress condition in both the radial and the depth directions simultaneously. In contrast, the theory of the elastic layered system only considers the dependence of the resilient modulus on the stress in the depth direction. Additionally, the use of diverse nonlinear analysis methods has different levels of impact on mechanical responses. Finally, the equivalent resilient modulus obtained by nonlinear analysis can be used to calculate mechanical responses of pavement structure except the surface deflection in a linear analysis.

Soil, or soil structure modulus of deformation, is one of the main design parameters for road engineering and traffic infrastructure design of, for example, highways, railways, runways and embankments. It is also the main soil improvement criterion. When creating any road structure with codified design resistance, one employs structural layers of certain thicknesses and modulus of deformation. Both values need to satisfy the minimum values in accordance with codified requirements. This paper analyzes correlations for the widely applied in engineering practice methods to determine the soil stiffness. The static test methods acknowledged to be exact enough for determining the modulus of deformation for the primary and secondary loadings. As dynamic test methods require significantly less time and financial resources, they are widely accepted in engineering practice. The dynamic methods determine only the dynamic modulus of deformation. Design practice aims to relate it with the static modulus of deformation of the secondary loading. Many countries propose codified correlations, with differing levels of conservatism, to convert the dynamic modulus of deformation into the static one. Developed correlations between the results of the static plate load test and the dynamic plate load tests processed from own test results of different soils are presented and a comparative analysis with other proposed correlations is given.

While many cities around the world qualify themselves as “smart cities”, there is no comprehensive way to evaluate to what extent they are “smart”. This article proposes a framework for comparison of the level of “smartness” of the urban mobility systems. The most relevant indicators that have the greatest impact on smart mobility systems were selected in the course of literature review. The impact of indicators on smart mobility systems is variable. Evaluating smart mobility systems, different authors distinguish between different indicators, which usually do not duplicate. The paper categorizes the indicators of the smart mobility system into five groups, called “factors”: motor travel and congestion reduction measures; pollution reduction measures; travel safety and accident reduction measures; traffic management tools and services; smart infrastructure measures. A number of indicators are attributed to each of the listed groups. A Multiple Criteria Decision-Making method, namely, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method, has been used to evaluate the significance of the smartness level used in the research. This method bases the weighting of subjective criteria on expert judgement. Rank correlation is used to determine the consistency of expert opinions. A model has been developed to compare smart mobility systems of individual cities and their infrastructure.

Reduction of the number of fatalities among pedestrians remains a topical issue in Poland. For many years, this percentage has remained at around 30% of all those who were killed on the road. At the same time, there is an increase in the use of electronic devices by pedestrians and cyclists that may affect their perception when crossing the road. This can lead to traffic accidents. In order to investigate the problem, field studies were carried out and their results are presented in the article. Pilot studies on pedestrian and cyclist behaviour were carried out at three pedestrian crossings with traffic lights in Gdansk. Attention was paid to whether pedestrians and cyclists use headphones when crossing the road, whether they are talking on the phone or writing SMS. The results of the research indicate that currently in Gdańsk about 10% of unprotected traffic users use a telephone and 5% use headphones at pedestrian crossings. Most of them are young people, 70–90% of all users. Women prefer using headphones more than men. Pedestrians exhibited dangerous behaviour involving entering the road at a red light regardless of the use of telephones and headphones. Therefore, as part of the studies described, it cannot be clearly stated whether the use of telephones and headphones increases the risk of being the victim of an accident. Due to the lack of separate statistics with accidents involving mobile phones and headsets, it was not possible to analyse statistical data in this respect. At the same time, research confirmed traffic disruptions at the crossings, caused by telephone users, as indicated in literature.

Building Information Modelling (BIM) is becoming a common language for the construction of buildings and infrastructure sectors worldwide. This paper aims at providing a broad picture of published journal papers on BIM application in infrastructure projects. The review is based on bibliometric analysis of 239 papers. The bibliometric analysis technique is used as the analysis method, which when compared to conventional literature reviews allows for the reduction in the likelihood of subjective judgments. The paper presents the review of BIM applications in infrastructure projects analysed within a 10-year period; the analysis of most recent studies and trends of applying BIM methodology identifies the gaps of BIM applications in infrastructure projects and defines future areas of research. Detailed analyses of citation networks present the co-occurrence map of keywords, citation patterns of journals, articles and the most cited journals in the research area. Research shows that BIM applications in infrastructure projects have been continuously growing with a sudden increase after 2016. The study reveals that the research in this area conducted mainly in isolation comprised disjointed and fragmented research studies. Some of the sources are not available in scientific databases.

Average speed enforcement systems have been used on the roads of foreign countries for many years already, and give a positive effect on reducing accident number. The article presents good practices in the use of average speed enforcement systems in various countries and their impact on improving traffic safety. The article analyses the experience of system installation on the roads of Lithuania and the first results. The article also proposes methodologies for the selection of road sections to be enforced, the equipment used, and distribution of road sections in the road network of Lithuania. A detail analysis is given of the effect of average speed enforcement systems after their installation in three different periods on 25 road sections. The analysed data is differentiated between main and national roads. Conclusions and recommendations are given at the end of the paper for a future development of average speed enforcement systems.

Every day we strive to improve the environment and make it as comfortable as possible, creating new products and new technologies that are literally changing people’s lives. Transport is one of the most important engines of development in the world and, unfortunately, it is one of the most painful taking into account how many people’s lives we are losing in it. Ensuring safe traffic, stabilizing a number of accidents, reducing accidents on motor roads and streets are the most important tasks in the field of transport in Lithuania and the EU today. Lithuania could not be left behind when the EU countries pursued an important goal of halving the number of fatalities by the end of 2010 compared to 2001. Substantial road accident rates are recorded in cities with the highest concentration of road users. The aim of this article is to identify the typical accidents for Lithuanian cities and to compare them with the case of Sweden, which is one of the leading countries in the field of traffic safety. The five largest cities in Lithuania been selected for the analysis, where typical traffic accidents are identified. The analysis will help develop recommendations for changes in traffic infrastructure to ensure safe traffic.

The key factors for effective pavement management system (PMS) are timely preservation and rehabilitation activities, which provide benefit in terms of drivers’ safety, comfort, budget and impact on the environment. In order to reasonably plan the preservation and rehabilitation activities, the pavement performance models are used. The pavement performance models are usually based on damage and distress observations of rural roads, and can be applied to forecast the performance of urban roads. However, the adjustment of the parameters related to traffic volume, speed and load, climate conditions, and maintenance has to be made before adding them to PMS for urban roads. The main objective of this study is to identify the performance indicators and to suggest pavement condition establishment methodology of urban roads in Vilnius. To achieve the objective, the distresses (rut depth and cracks), bearing capacity, and international roughness index (IRI) were measured for fifteen urban roads in service within a two-year period. The distresses, rut depth and IRI were collected with the Road Surface Tester (RST) and bearing capacity of pavement structures were measured with a Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD). The measured distresses were compared to the threshold values identified in the research. According to the measured data, the combined pavement condition indices using two methodologies were determined, as well as a global condition index for each road. The analysed roads were prioritized for maintenance and rehabilitation in respect to these criteria. Based on the research findings, the recommendations for further pavement condition monitoring and pavement performance model implementation to PMS were highlighted.

The assurance of asphalt pavement layer compaction, expressed by ratio between field and laboratory bulk density and air voids content, is one of the main criteria of the durability of asphalt road pavement. Destructive measures should be applied and cores should be taken from the asphalt pavement seeking to determine the representative compaction level of the constructed asphalt layers. New methods are constantly being sought for fast, non-destructive and accurate asphalt layer density and air void determination on road. Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) can allow determining the qualitative characteristics of asphalt pavement across the entire length of the road without causing damage to the road structure. Relative dielectric permittivity, usually called dielectric value or constant, is the leading property used in GPR applications on road pavement surveys. This article presents GPR measurement results from asphalt base and binder layers of four test sections. GPR measurements were conducted immediately after the end of asphalt layer compaction process. Test points on each layer were selected and density, air void content were determined by drilling cores and testing them in the laboratory. To estimate asphalt layer density and air void content, GPR data were analysed using different existing mathematical models. To justify the reliability of the data measured by GPR, results were checked by comparing them with the results measured directly on cores taken from the asphalt pavement layers.

Soil with weak bearing capacity, like peat and organic grounds, is widespread in Latvia. During the geotechnical investigation for road reconstruction projects, in many cases the discovered soils with low physical-mechanical properties are located below the existing road structure. It is a challenge for a road design engineer to find a way how to ensure road loadbearing capacity and prevent the occurrence of various deformations. Various methods and technologies for ground structure reinforcement and stabilization are being developed worldwide. During design of road structures, it is important to analyse the geotechnical situation and to identify the main reasons why deformations could occur in the ground layers under the road structure. Each of the developed technologies for weak and unstable soil reinforcement, stabilization is designed to solve a specific problem. Inaccurately and carelessly identifying the causes of problems, road deformations can affect the performance of the recently designed road and even make the existing problem worse. The aim of this paper is to show the soil strengthening methods used in Latvia and to analyse the benefits and disadvantages of these methods.

Deficiency or inadequate allocation of road maintenance and development funds leads to total road network degradation. In order to ensure proper condition of road pavement with a limited budget, we need road maintenance optimisation for the entire road network. The road maintenance optimisation can be achieved using knowledge-based strategic planning systems. The collection and analysis of necessary data help design different road maintenance long-term strategies. The output results help select priorities for road maintenance and proper fund allocation. Optimal road maintenance strategy is the way to keep a fairly good road network with available funds. In addition, the road user costs can be reduced. The aim of this paper is to offer a road maintenance management system for Lithuanian conditions. The model will help evaluate the performance of the current road network and prepare a multi-year priority list for road works.

Resumen La cal hidratada es un material utilizado normalmente en las mezclas asfálticas, dado que les brinda propiedades únicas y les permite alargar su vida útil. En el presente trabajo se analizaron diversos artículos con el objetivo de comprender los métodos por medio de los cuales se agrega la cal hidratada, la cuantificación del compuesto y la mejora que éste aporta ante diversos factores adversos que acometen a las mezclas asfálticas. Se encontró que los porcentajes usuales en los que se utiliza este aditivo corresponden a un rango entre 1%-2% en peso de los agregados. Asimismo, utilizar cal como un aditivo en húmedo permite mejoras tanto en la dureza del asfalto como en la resistencia contra la humedad, del asfalto. Se concluye que la cantidad de cal hidratada que se debe agregar corresponde al 1,5% en masa de agregados debido a que, en la mayoría de estudios, con esta cantidad se obtuvo las mejores propiedades del asfalto. Abstract Hydrated lime is used as an additive for asphalt mixtures, since it enhances the properties of the material in a unique way, enabling a longer service life. In this study, several scientific articles were analyzed in order to understand some of the methods employed of adding hydrated lime to the asphalt mixtures, as well as the optimum amount of hydrated lime that will significantly improve the material’s response towards diverse factors. It was found that the researchers usually add hydrated lime in percentages ranging between 1%-2% in weight of aggregates. Also, in the case of asphalt modified with hydrated lime, the material is stiffer and more resistant to moisture damage. Finally, after this literature review it is concluded that adding 1,5% of hydrated lime the most promising properties were obtained in most of the studies considered.

Resumen Esta investigación muestra los resultados del desempeño del pavimento flexible (ahuellamiento y fatiga) usando pavimento asfáltico reciclado- RAP y grano de caucho reciclado-GCR. Los dos tipos de materiales son residuos que provienen de diferentes procesos: el primero proviene del reciclaje de pavimento asfáltico y el segundo de las llantas en desuso por desgaste de diferentes vehículos. Los estudios incluyeron el análisis de los materiales en la condición original y una propuesta de su mejoramiento, considerando la disminución de la producción de gases efecto invernadero. El producto obtenido en este proyecto pretende ser utilizado en la red vial secundaria y terciaria de Colombia, para mejorar la conexión entre zonas de producción agrícola y los centros urbanos de tal manera que se contribuye con el mejoramiento y desarrollo de la competitividad de estas zonas. Abstract This research shows the results on the flexible pavement performance (rutting and fatigue) using Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement-RAP and Recycled Tire Rubber. The two types of materials are waste that comes from different processes: the first one comes from recycling asphalt pavement and the second from disused tires due to wear and tear of different vehicles. The studies include analysis of the materials in the original condition and a proposal for improving the material, considering the reduced production of greenhouse gases. The product obtained in this project intended to be used in secondary and tertiary roads (rural roads) in Colombia, to improve the connection between agricultural production areas and urban centers in such a way that it contributes to the improvement and development of the competitiveness of these areas.

La congestión del tránsito es un problema que se manifiesta a nivel internacional y del cual Cuba no está exenta, a pesar de que los niveles existentes no llegan a los presentados por los países con alto nivel de motorización. Las intersecciones semaforizadas de las arterias urbanas de La Habana son las más congestionadas, donde se reflejan impactos negativos como accidentes de tránsito, demoras, colas y emisión de contaminantes a la atmósfera. Una de las medidas para mitigar la congestión es coordinar las cadenas semafóricas, lo que clasifica como una importante medida de bajo costo. En esta investigación se aborda el tema de la evaluación de la eficiencia de cadenas sincronizadas utilizando parámetros generales como tiempo de ciclo, intervalos de verde, desfasaje y ancho de banda, teniendo en cuenta la minimización de las demoras de los usuarios, utilizando el software Synchro, y se exponen los resultados obtenidos para un caso de estudio.

El Área Metropolitana de Bucaramanga -AMB- presenta actualmente una situación crítica de movilidad generada por diferentes factores ya sean políticos, sociales o del territorio, por ende se hace necesario una metodología de inversión en términos de infraestructura vial que beneficien a la mayor cantidad de habitantes posibles. Con esta investigación se pretende informar, fortalecer, optimizar y mejorar las condiciones viales presentes en todo el territorio Colombiano, demostrardo que con un procedimiento de selección de proyectos viales en términos de tiempo, costo generalizado del viaje y optimización de los recursos públicos, se asegura un beneficio para la comunidad y no para un particular. La metodología utilizada fue basada en la determinación de índices de accesibilidad obtenidos de dos escenarios el actual, (hace referencia a la malla vial existente en AMB) y el futuro, (malla vial existente más los proyectos viales futuros) modelados por medio del software TransCad en el cual se obtuvieron malla vial futura que representaron ahorros en pesos colombianos de $4.365 millones (1,51 millones de USD).

El módulo resiliente es una medida de la capacidad de un material de almacenar o absorber energía sin que este experimente deformación permanente. Este se determina mediante ensayos triaxiales de carga repetida y es un parámetro importante en el análisis y diseño de pavimentos flexibles. Con su valor es posible predecir la respuesta mecánica del pavimento como esfuerzos, deformaciones y deflexiones. Sin embargo, su obtención es onerosa por los equipos que involucra, razón por la que no todos los laboratorios de materiales cuentan con el ensayo. Debido a esto, los diseñadores de pavimentos recurren a correlaciones para aproximar un valor de módulo resiliente, que generalmente difiere de forma considerable del obtenido con el ensayo. La siguiente investigación tiene como objetivo la estimación de un modelo universal de módulo resiliente para materiales granulares que considere variables relacionadas con los estados de esfuerzo y las características básicas de los materiales. Para ello, se generó un modelo de regresión lineal mediante mínimos cuadrados ordinarios con datos de al menos 13 diferentes materiales granulares. El modelo se validó mediante indicadores estadísticos obteniendo una bondad de ajuste aceptable.

The Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering is a multidisciplinary journal, which provides a forum for a broad range of road and bridge engineering research. The topics such as the road and bridge research and design, the construction materials and technologies of roads and bridges, the construction financing and environmental issues, and the assessment management are included in the scope of the Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering investigation. Due to the reason that various road and bridge engineering related research directions are involved in this journal, it has become the first one that deals with the issues as mentioned above in Baltic countries. Therefore, it is believed that investigating the publications in the Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering assists researchers in great learning the development of road and bridge engineering research in Baltic countries. By analysing the annual publication distribution, the citation structure, the co-citation and cooperation networks, and the significant contributors in terms of countries and regions, institutions, cited journals and authors, the status of Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering is comprehensively presented. In addition, the emerging trends are revealed through the analyses of timeline view and burst detection. This study makes the contribution to the aspect of visualizing the complex and significant results based on objective and quantitative data. It provides readers with access to understand the development of Baltic Journal of Road and Bridge Engineering and helps researchers learn the hot issues in this journal clearly and directly.

The increased cost of virgin material, declining resources and increasing plastic wastes have turned the research momentum towards sustainable and green pavements. Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) from the construction industry and plastic wastes disposal is the main problem for Pakistan as well as other developing countries in the face of fewer funds for the construction, repair, and rehabilitation of the extensive road network. In this research, the attempt has been made to study the use of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement and plastic wastes to counter these issues. Virgin binder was modified with three different contents (2%, 4%, and 6%) of Polyethylene Terephthalate and three contents (20%, 30%, and 40%) of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement. Conventional properties of the modified binder were determined by penetration and softening point. At the same time, thermal stability was checked by Thermal Gravimetric Analysis, and resistance against rutting was evaluated with the help of Dynamic Shear Rheometer. It is observed that modified binder remains stable up to a temperature of 470 °C and showed improved resistance against rutting. Marshall mix properties were determined and compared to specifications of the National Highway Authority of Pakistan. Optimum Marshall stability was observed with 4% Polyethylene Terephthalate, and 30% Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement, while flow and air voids remained in limits. As per the results, utilisation of plastic wastes in asphalt pavements enhances the performance and helps to reduce the environmental pollution and landfill problems due to Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement and plastic wastes.

This paper compares design specifications and parameters for high-speed railway (HSR) earthworks in different countries (i.e., China, France, Germany, Japan, Russia, Spain and Sweden) for different track types (i.e., ballasted and ballastless), and for different design aspects (i.e., HSR embankment substructure, compaction criteria, width of the substructure surface, settlement control, transition section, and design service life). Explanations for differences in HSR implementation among different countries are provided and reference values of the design parameters are obtained. In an attempt to unify different types of HSR substructures around the world, a widely applicable definition of the stratified embankment substructure based on the practices adopted in different countries is proposed. The functions and requirements of each functional layer (i.e., the blanket layer, frost protection layer and filtering layer) are summarized.

The article presents the concept of an integrated rail transit system for Piaseczno, which is one of the main urban centers of the Warsaw Metropolitan Area. The conditions for the development of new lines and the use of existing infrastructure were analyzed. An agglomeration rail transit system based on normal and narrow gauge railways and tram-train was proposed, taking into account the stages of network development and integration of various modes of transport. The proposed solution can be a model for the development of rail transport in the metropolitan area. Keywords: Tram-train; Narrow-gauge railway; Piaseczno

The aim of this article is analyze of usage solution of the toilets in the trains and show of the law regulation how many of the toilets should be in of the train. The article discusses the problem of the number of toilets in trains and the level of maintenance. It is noted that this should not depend on the will of the local government contracting authority, as it has been so far, but should result from the provisions. The problem of the technical standard of the toilet, which would allow for greater convenience for passengers, was also raised. Keywords: Toilet, Rail car, Maintenance

The article is devoted to the problem of accessibility of petrol stations for people with disabilities. In a cross-sectional way it describes the problems of disabled people using all the functions offered by a petrol station, focusing on one - which is neglected in the author's opinion - the problem of refueling a vehicle. It describes the unacceptable current situation and possible ways of improvement. Keywords: Roads; Petrol stations; Disabled

The article is devoted to one of main elements of the technology of IT PLATFORMS, i.e. VIRTUAL PROFILING of the underground infrastructure. Implementing of this technology to the wide scale can very much change investment and administrative processes. This section presents information on the technology of SURFACE UNDERGROUND INFRASTRUCTURE using VIRTUAL REALITY 3D. This technology is extremely useful for interactive support of investment processes. It can be useful for effective engineering work associated with interactive remote visualization in real mode. Keywords: IT platform; Virtual profiling; Underground infrastructure

This article refers to research, that has been conducted by an interdisciplinary research team from the Gdańsk University of Technology and the Maritime University in Gdynia since 2009. These investigation concerns the determination of a railway track axis using the mobile satellite measurement technique. Following the dynamic development of GNSS techniques, that could be seen in the last decade, the team carried out further experiments aimed at developing an effective measurement method. Using the acquired experience in this period, another measurement campaign was carried out on the tram tracks in Gdansk. The main goal of these measurements was to check how the new assumptions regarding the method of mounting the antennas as well as their placement on the measuring platform will work in various field conditions. For this purpose, ten sets of GNSS receivers offered by two independent manufacturers – currently market leaders – were used. The choice of testing track section made it possible to analyze the repeatability of results obtained from multiple measurements in conditions of varying GNSS signal availability. The article presents in a synthetic way the course of this research and the obtained results. Keywords: Tram track; Satellite measurements; Accuracy analysis

The scientific article is about vintage vehicles in the Polish legal system. The article mainly shows the lack of a precise definition of a historic vehicle in any of the legal acts. Moreover it shows how to buy such a vehicle, the advantages and disadvantages of owning it. The second part of the article only describes the procedure for registering a historic vehicle. In practice, this is a different process than for other cars. In Poland, it is recognized as expensive, time-consuming and complicated, which in many cases is effective as a warning to owners of vehicles qualifying as historic. Keywords: Vintage Car; Historic Vehicle; Registration