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The essay offers a deeper understanding of Gloria Anzaldúa’s theorization of borderlands, crisis, mobility, and resistance as a theory for coalition making among women of color. Through an analysis of Anzaldúa’s conceptualization of borderlands, strongly rooted in the socio-political context of the United States in the 1980s, the article deals with Anzaldúa’s innovative resignification of crisis and mobility as constitutive elements of political and coalition-making processes. Anzaldúa’s reconfiguration of borders and borderlands, and her intersectional analysis of politics, should be understood as a crucial formulation in the development of the U.S. multiracial and transnational feminist movement., USAbroad – Journal of American History and Politics, Vol. 4 (2021)

In 1972, when the U.S. feminist movement was proposing to implement gender equality through the Equal Rights Amendment, conservative activist Phyllis Schlafly launched a countermovement in order to revalue a woman’s place in the home. Arguing in favor a sexual division of labor, she defended the traditional vision of the family. According to Schlafly, marriage and motherhood provide women with advantages which they didn’t want to give up in exchange for equality. With the intention of defending their socioeconomic and cultural power, conservative women engaged in a political battle for their rights as housewives., USAbroad – Journal of American History and Politics, Vol. 4 (2021)

espanolEste articulo trata del fondo archivistico de la OFPRA, oficina francesa creada en 1952 para dictaminar sobre las solicitudes de asilo y sustituirse a la administracion para la gestion administrativa de los refugiados. El trabajo describe el fondo e intenta mostrar como se pueden utilizar los expedientes para reunir informaciones valiosas. Se propone un metodo de analisis adaptado al estudio del exilio chileno con un ejemplo de esquema de analisis y los resultados encontrados para el caso particular de los caminos del exilio. EnglishThis article deals with the archival fund of the OFPRA, a French office created in 1952 to rule on asylum applications and replace the administration for administrative management of refugees. The paper describes the background and tries to show how the records can be used to gather valuable information. An analysis method adapted to the study of Chilean exile is proposed with an example of an analysis diagram and the overall results for the specific case of exile roads. portuguesEste artigo trata da colecao de arquivos da OFPRA, um escritorio frances criado em 1952 para se pronunciar sobre pedidos de asilo e para substituir a administracao para a gestao administrativa de refugiados. O documento descreve as fontes e tenta mostrar como os arquivos podem ser usados para coletar informacoes valiosas. Um metodo de analise adaptado ao estudo do exilio chileno e proposto com um exemplo de um esquema de analise e os resultados encontrados para o caso particular dos caminhos do exilio.

El presente artículo describe y analiza el proceso de incorporación de los cuadernos del fallecido agente civil de la Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional (DINA) Osvaldo Romo Mena al Archivo Documental del sitio de memoria Parque por la Paz Villa Grimaldi. A diferencia de las discusiones generales que atraviesan a todos los archivos de derechos humanos en Chile acerca de su revelación, apertura y uso, estos documentos presentan un desafío adicional: su veracidad. Se propone estudiar este asunto desde un dilema doble: como un problema de la archivística del campo de la memoria y los derechos humanos y como una situación controversial asociada a la “duda” que representa para la investigación en un sitio de memoria el abordaje de los represores.

espanolLa archivistica se desarrolla en espacios de alcances amplios, como los archivos nacionales, pero tambien a escalas menores, pasando desde las grandes instituciones, las familias y, como no, las personas y sus archivos privados. Este trabajo propone una revision teorica de los archivos personales y su uso historiografico como fuente para la interpretacion de la historia de Chile, con especial interes a la historia reciente del pais. El articulo se desarrolla desde la definicion de estos archivos, su relacion con la historia, ademas de los desafios de acceso a sus fondos documentales y el rol que los archiveros desempenan en estos espacios, proponiendo como caso de estudio el Archivo Jaime Guzman, persona de controversial interes para la historia nacional. EnglishThe Archival Science develops in ample spaces, as the national archives, but also in minor scales, going through big institutions, families, and not least, individuals and their private archives. This work proposes a theoretical revision of personal archives and its historiographic use as a source for the interpretation of Chilean History, with special interest in the contemporary History of the country. The article addresses the definition of this archives, its relation with History, also the access problems to its documentary collections and the role that archivists develop in these spaces, proposing as a case of study the Jaime Guzman’s Archive, a controversial person of interest to the national history. portuguesA arquivistica se desenvolvido em amplos espacos, como arquivos nacionais, mas tambem em escalas menores, passando por grandes instituicoes, familias e, principalmente, pessoas e seus arquivos privados. Este trabalho propoe uma revisao teorica dos arquivos pessoais e seu uso historiografico como fonte para a interpretacao da historia do Chile, com especial interesse na historia recente do pais. O artigo aborda a definicao desses arquivos, sua relacao com a historia, alem dos desafios de acesso a seus recursos documentais e do papel que os arquivistas desempenham nesses espacos, propondo como estudo de caso o Arquivo Jaime Guzman, pessoa de interesse controverso pela historia nacional.

Desde los años sesenta hasta la primera mitad de los setenta del siglo XX, la emigración española se disparó a países europeos, mientras se reducía en los países iberoamericanos. En este momento, empero, se firmaron convenios de seguridad social entre el franquismo y los Estados iberoamericanos que establecieron nuevas formas de relación entre ambas partes. Nuestro propósito es explicar los motivos por los que se firmaron y analizar sus prestaciones. Como novedad más reseñable, este trabajo estudia la documentación del Boletín Oficial de las Cortes Españolas (BOCE), ignorada prácticamente por la historiografía.

espanolEl articulo reflexiona sobre como los cambios conceptuales en los procesos de patrimonializacion han influido en las politicas de creacion, preservacion y uso de bibliotecas historicas universitarias en el norte de Chile de finales del s. XX hasta la fecha. Tomando como caso de estudio la Coleccion Patrimonial Wormald Cruz, se analizan tres momentos clave en su devenir: la adquisicion por parte de la Junta de Adelanto de Arica en 1968, el expurgo y trabajos desarrollados en los anos de dictadura y su reciente puesta en valor como elemento patrimonial. La revision de los cambios desarrollados permite indagar acerca de la relacion establecida entre coleccion y usuarios locales y abre debate en torno a las diferentes formas de entender la preservacion documental. EnglishThis article reflects on how conceptual changes in heritage processes have influenced policies of creation, preservation and use of historical university libraries in northern Chile from the end of the 20th century up to the present day. Taking the Wormald Cruz Patrimonial Collection of the University of Tarapaca as a case study, three key moments in its evolution are analyzed: the acquisition by the Junta de Adelanto de Arica in 1968, the purge and works developed during the dictatorship years and its recent enhancement as a heritage element. The review of the changes developed allows us to inquire into the relationship established between collection and local users and opens debate about the different ways of understanding documentary preservation. portuguesO artigo reflete sobre como as mudancas conceituais nos processos patrimoniais influenciaram as politicas de criacao, preservacao e uso de bibliotecas universitarias historicas no norte do Chile desde o final do seculo 20 ate hoje. Tomando como estudo de caso a Colecao Wormald Cruz Heritage, sao analisados tres momentos-chave em seu desenvolvimento: a aquisicao pelo Arica Advancement Board em 1968, a expurgo e obras desenvolvidas durante os anos da ditadura e sua recente valorizacao como elemento patrimonial. A revisao das mudancas desenvolvidas permite investigar a relacao estabelecida entre a coleta e os usuarios locais e abre um debate sobre as diferentes formas de entender a preservacao documental.

The role of the vicar of the stick in the daily life of the social relations of the Serro do Frio District, in the Captaincy of Minas Gerais, is analyzed. The mechanisms of action of the vicar of the rod are demonstrated from the Rules of the Auditorium (1704), originated by the formal complaint of a claimant, the preparation of the parts of the process with eight witnesses and the referral to the vicar general and to the diocesan. The research methodology is bibliographic and documentary research in Brazil and Portugal. The result of the research appears in the narrative stages; we explained the work of the vicar of the stick in a chronological way, demonstrating how this figure structured around him the moralizing power of the Catholic Church.

El propósito de este artículo es establecer un concepto sintético de predicación de acuerdo con las declaraciones expresadas por tres frailes predicadores en la segunda mitad del siglo XIII y principios del siglo XIV. Partiendo de la definición ofrecida por el teólogo Alain de Lille (1128-1202), hoy tomada como paradigmática, se analizan y comparan tres obras de diferentes naturalezas: De eruditione religiosorum praedicatorum (1263) de Humberto de Romans (1190-1277); Libellus artis predicatorie (1290), de Jacobus de Fusignano (? -1333); y las reportationes de dos sermones (1304) de Giordano de Pisa (c. 1260-1311). Como conclusión, la predicación se sintetiza en un concepto como instrucción sobre las Sagradas Escrituras, la fe y la verdad; sobre moral, vicios y pecados, cuyo fin es la salvación.

Por medio de un documento escrito por un autor anónimo –posiblemente jesuita– analizamos la llegada del decreto de extrañamiento de la Compañía de Jesús en 1767 realizado por el rey Carlos III. El texto compuesto de una endecha inicial y un epitafio relata el dolor y el lamento de los jesuitas ante la sensación de injusticia y la inconmensurabilidad del futuro exilio, está marcado por la apologética de su historia, la metaforización del dolor y el miedo al futuro. El documento anónimo funciona como una despedida de su lugar específico en el mundo, pero, al mismo tiempo, es un registro-monumento de su transitar histórico en Chile que apela también a su tradición secular en el orbe católico.

El Frente del Pueblo constituyó una alianza para participar de las elecciones legislativas de 1985, fue la primera experiencia conjunta en este terreno de comunistas y trotskistas en Argentina. Al mismo tiempo que para la izquierda el intento de seducir a los trabajadores peronistas fue una prioridad, la importancia de la participación electoral y el imaginario común sobre el binomio liberación/dependencia se fueron constituyendo como dimensiones determinantes al momento de llevar adelante políticas de confluencia como el FREPU. Este artículo recupera aquel intento por sobreponerse a diferencias políticas e ideológicas que algunas veces resultaron irreconciliables.

This essay aims to offer new insights into the controversial relationship between nineteenth-century women reformers and American exceptionalism by presenting the case of a pioneer of white American reformism, Margaret Fuller, and the dispatches she sent as a journalist from Italy during the 1848 revolutions and the establishment of the Roman Republic in 1849. It will illustrate how Fuller used the revolution in Italy to redefine “the contours of the nation and its shifting borders with the foreign,” and to reaffirm the same exceptionalism underlying the creation of the American “Empire of Liberty.”, USAbroad – Journal of American History and Politics, Vol. 3 No. 1S (2020): Special Issue

This article discusses Jacques Delors's narrative battle against "Reaganomics." The research is located within the context of postwar transatlantic relations and centers on the analysis on Jacques Delors' s vision and rhetoric. Its main purpose is to examine how the former President of the European Commission has purposely nurtured Europe's exceptionalist self-perception and contributed to shape America's understanding of the Old World, either as model or antithesis. Discussing Delors's language, imagery and stories, penetrating the symbolic relevance, discursive dimension and ideological ambitions of his initiatives is indispensable to comprehend his long-lasting contribution to the formation of an "imagined" European community., USAbroad – Journal of American History and Politics, Vol. 3 No. 1S (2020): Special Issue

This short essay gives an overview of an academic expertise that lies at the crossroads of different historical subfields. It explains how the Department of History and Politics at the University of Bologna has introduced the author to the core tenets of classical political and international history. It also shows how other international academic environments place an emphasis on bottom-up approaches. The combination of these two approaches is ideal to explore the development of cold war's transatlantic relations through the experiences of organized social movements and assess their political effectiveness as well., USAbroad – Journal of American History and Politics, Vol. 3 No. 1S (2020): Special Issue

USAbroad – Journal of American History and Politics, Vol. 3 No. 1S (2020): Special Issue

This essay analyzes the attitude of American experts and policymakers towards the Italian Communist Party during the 1970s. As the PCI promoted a moderate line at both domestic and international level, members of American think tanks and academia started looking at it as a legitimate actor of Italian and European politics. Such a shift from traditional Cold War balances could turn into actual policy under the Carter administration, whose foreign policy was inspired by a logic of interdependence and trilateralism. By taking into account often overlooked actors, this essay outlines the origins of such potential shift and its failed realization., USAbroad – Journal of American History and Politics, Vol. 3 No. 1S (2020): Special Issue

The tourist image of the South has experienced a profound transformation in the last decades. From a romantic, exotic and anti-modern destination linked with the Lost Cause narrative, the former Confederacy shifted its image towards a more complex and almost chaotic mixture of different images and themes. Analyzing advertisements and documents produced by tourism bureaus in four southern states, the author argues how the main and decisive phase of this transition took place in the years between the mid-1970s and early 1980s both as a reaction to internal developments in the tourism industry and to profound changes in American culture., USAbroad – Journal of American History and Politics, Vol. 3 No. 1S (2020): Special Issue

USAbroad – Journal of American History and Politics, Vol. 3 No. 1S (2020): Special Issue

In the wake of participatory turn, when participatory democracy has been promoted in multiple sectors of society, the essay assesses the relevance of its very political origins for understanding its transformative meaning. For this purpose, the author reviews the late 1960s and 1970s political literature on participatory democracy theory and its basic findings toward the reform of liberal democracy and social change. This research is part of an ongoing PhD project on the institutional implementation of the participatory democracy during the long 1970s in United States, a topic that has still scarcely been studied., USAbroad – Journal of American History and Politics, Vol. 3 No. 1S (2020): Special Issue

The essay focuses on the entanglement of natural resources, progress, and security in the United States. It argues that Progressive Era politics and culture were crucial for the process of securitization of raw materials and that geologists and natural scientists working for the Department of the Interior were the first to grasp the transformations imposed by the use of oil, thus making the case for the "control" of supply. The essay also introduces a research agenda for a project that looks at American power's environmental and human health implications by investigating oil pollution in water in the early twentieth century., USAbroad – Journal of American History and Politics, Vol. 3 No. 1S (2020): Special Issue

espanolEste articulo indaga en la perspectiva y posicionamiento de la revista nacionalista espanola Fuerza Nueva en relacion al gobierno de la Unidad Popular entre los anos 1970-1973. El analisis del contenido se realizo a partir de una revision exhaustiva de los casi cincuenta articulos que se publicaron sobre la experiencia socialista chilena en dicho periodo. La mayor parte de las ideas y opiniones que se expresaron al respecto se articularon en torno a un topico mas o menos transversal que identificaba a dicho gobierno y su proyecto de transformacion estructural como un caso inequivoco de expansion del comunismo sovietico por America Latina. Esta mirada, ademas de mostrar un ferreo posicionamiento anticomunista revelaria tambien un intento por homologar parte de la realidad chilena de entonces al contexto de la Espana de la decada de los treinta, de modo de hacer una lectura interconectada entre ambas experiencias. EnglishThis article explores the perspective and positioning of the Spanish nationalist magazine Fuerza Nueva in relation to the government of the Popular Unity between the years 1970-1973. The content analysis was based on a thorough review of the nearly fifty articles published on the Chilean socialist experiment in that period. Most of the ideas and opinions expressed in this regard were articulated around a more or less transversal topic that identified said government and its structural transformation project as an unequivocal case of expansion of Soviet communism through Latin America. This look, in addition to showing a strong anti-communist position, would also reveal an attempt to standardize part of the Chilean reality at that time in the context of the Spain of the 1930s, in order to make an interconnected reading between the two experiences

espanolEl articulo se inscribe en el cruce entre historia y archivistica que viene impulsando el Centro de Documentacion e Investigacion de la Cultura de Izquierdas (CeDInCI, Buenos Aires, Argentina). Comienza por reconstruir las problematicas teoricas y metodologicas ligadas a un tipo particular de archivos: los fondos personales. Luego se detiene en las caracteristicas de los documentos relativos a la Reforma Universitaria, esto es, al movimiento estudiantil que estallo en Cordoba, Argentina, en 1918 y se expandio en las decadas siguientes por el continente latinoamericano. Finalmente, a partir del analisis de algunos documentos reflexiona sobre el valor historico y patrimonial que portan los fondos producidos por los animadores argentinos de la Reforma. EnglishThe article addresses in the links between history and archival practice promoted by the Centro de Documentacion e Investigacion de la Cultura de Izquierdas (CeDInCI, Buenos Aires, Argentina). In the first part we reconstruct the theoretical and methodological problems related to a particular type of archives: personal fonds. Then we expose the characteristics of the documents related to the Reforma Universitaria, that is, the student movement that broke out in Cordoba, Argentina, in 1918 and expanded in the following decades throughout the continent. Finally, from the analysis of some documents, we reflect on the historical and heritage value of the personal archives produced by the Argentine animators of the Reformation.

espanolLa entrevista ha sido utilizada para levantar informacion por investigadores de diversas disciplinas y empleando para ello metodos y tecnologias distintas. Este articulo revisa los principales problemas asociados a la entrevista en el contexto del surgimiento de la historia oral, tanto desde la perspectiva de su creacion y conservacion, como de su uso cuando es integrada a un archivo de acceso publico. Concluye que, si en un comienzo los principales desafios para archiveros e historiadores radicaban en la metodologia y pertinencia de la entrevista como medio y producto, en las ultimas decadas se han concentrado en aspectos eticos y legales EnglishThe interview has been used to gather information by researchers from different disciplines and using different methods and technologies. This article reviews the main problems associated with the interview in the context of the emergence of oral history, both from the perspective of its creation and conservation, and its use when it is integrated into a public access Archive. It concludes that if at the beginning the main challenges for archivists and historians lay in the methodology and relevance of the interview as a means and product, in the last decades they have concentrated on ethical and legal aspects

espanolA principios de la decada de 1960 se instalo en La Araucania un exitoso movimiento cooperativo campesino que, pese a su rapido crecimiento, perdio importancia a mediados de la decada de 1970. Este articulo busca explicar el declive, caracterizando a las organizaciones cooperativas e identificando los problemas que enfrentaron hasta el ano 1973. La metodologia se sostiene en el analisis de fuentes documentales ineditas y en literatura pertinente. A nuestro juicio, aunque las cooperativas experimentaron un fuerte impulso, no lograron convertirse en un modelo consolidado ni predominante. Mas bien, como resultado de las estrategias de promocion implementadas desde los centros de poder nacional, se formo un movimiento regional dependiente y debilitado. EnglishIn the early 1960s a successful peasant cooperative movement was installed in La Araucania, which, despite its rapid growth, lost importance in the mid-1970s. This article seeks to explain the decline, characterizing cooperative organizations and identifying the problems they faced until 1973. The methodology is based on the analysis of unpublished documentary sources and pertinent literature. In our opinion, although the cooperatives experienced a strong impulse, they did not manage to become a consolidated or predominant model. Rather, as a result of the promotion strategies implemented from the centers of national power, a dependent and weakened regional movement was formed

espanolEste articulo estudia las modalidades de lectura y uso de la documentacion obrante en el archivo de la Direccion de Inteligencia de la Policia de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (DIPBA) en el ambito cientifico-academico. A partir de un corpus de articulos de investigacion cientifica, investigamos los usos de este archivo a partir del analisis estadistico y reconstruyendo la topografia de relaciones intertextuales entre la documentacion y las publicaciones academicas examinadas. En segundo lugar, analizamos los modos de lectura y presentacion de la documentacion registrados en la discursividad de los articulos, focalizando en los efectos discursivos y enunciativos asociados al uso del archivo. Como aproximacion inicial a las gramaticas de reconocimiento del archivo de la DIPBA, se describen algunos de los efectos producidos en el reconocimiento contemporaneo de su documentacion, en el proposito de explorar aristas del trabajo de produccion de representaciones sobre la represion y el pasado reciente en Argentina EnglishThis article studies the modes of reading and use of the documents of the archive of the Police Intelligence Directorate of the Province of Buenos Aires (DIPBA) in the scientific-academic field. Using a corpus of scientific research articles, we investigate the uses of this archive based on statistical analysis and reconstructing the topography of intertextual relationships between the documentation and the academic papers examined. Secondly, we analyze the modes of reading and presentation of the documentation registered in the discursiveness of the articles, focusing on the discursive and enunciative effects related to the use of the archive. As an initial approach to the grammars of recognition of the DIPBA archive, we describe some of the effects produced in the contemporary recognition of its documentation, in order to explore edges of the production of representations about the repression and the recent past in Argentina.

espanolEste articulo indaga los vinculos entre la Internacional Comunista (Komintern) y el Partido Comunista de Chile (PCCh) desde 1922 hasta 1941 a partir de las siguientes hipotesis. Entre 1927 y 1935 el PCCh sufrio dos rupturas mayores, tanto en los contenidos de su politica nacional como en la relacion con la Internacional. El primer quiebre, entre 1927 y 1933, significo el paso de una extraordinaria autonomia politica a una sujecion practicamente absoluta a los diferentes organos komintereanos que, a traves de una ruda intromision trataron de convertirlo en un simple ejecutante de sus decisiones inspiradas por la politica de “clase contra clase”. El paso a la politica frentepopulista en 1935 permitio al partido chileno mayores margenes de autonomia frente a la Internacional Comunista. Aunque la relacion con el Komintern se mantendria –en lo esencial– en los terminos establecidos a comienzos de la decada, los exitos del partido chileno y el eclipse del Buro Sudamericano (BSA) de la Internacional, permitirian al PCCh un margen de accion algo menos asfixiante por parte de los organismos komintereanos. EnglishThis article investigates the links between the Communist International (Comintern) and the Communist Party of Chile from 1922 to 1941 based on the hypotheses set forth below. Between 1927 and 1935 the Communist Party of Chile suffered two major ruptures, both in the contents of its national policy and its relationship with the Communist International. The first break, between 1927 and 1933, marked the transition from extraordinary, political autonomy to practically total subjection to the different Comintern bodies which, through gross interference, attempted to convert the Communist Party of Chile into a simple executor of their decisions which were inspired by the politics of “class against class”. The move to popular front policies in 1935 allowed the Chilean party greater margins of autonomy. Although the relationship with the Comintern would remain –essentially– in the terms established at the beginning of the decade, the successes of the Chilean party and the eclipse of the South American Bureau (BSA) of the Communist International, would allow the Communist Party of Chile room for action somewhat less restricted by the Comintern bodies.

espanolEn el contexto de transformaciones de las formas de lucha popular y de la politizacion de los sectores obreros de finales de s.XIX y principios del S.XX, y a traves de los conceptos de sociabilidad obrera y de la amistad instrumental y el analisis e contenidos de la prensa obrera del partido democratico, examinamos la trayectoria ideologica de los clubes obreros de futbol y como el sector doctrinario del partido democratico, cuales son los beneficios que entrega cada uno para el otro, y analizar como la fundacion de la Asociacion Obrera de Football implica una politizacion de una forma particular de practicar el balompie por la constatacion de las nuevas redes de influencia que generan juntos, nuevas formas de apoyo entre obreros y participacion en actividades de “la democracia”. EnglishIn the context of transformations of the forms of popular struggle and the worker’ politization in the end of the 19th century and beginning of the 20th century, and through the concepts of workers’ sociability and instrumental friendship and the analysis and contents of the workers’ press of the democratic party, we examine the ideological trajectory of the football workers’ clubs and the doctrinal sector of the democratic party, what are the benefits that each one delivers for the other, and analyze how the foundation of the Foot-ball Workers’ Association implies a politicization of a particular way of practicing football by the verification of the new networks of influence that they generate together, new forms of support among workers and participation in activities of the democratic party.

espanolEste articulo estudia, desde una perspectiva descriptiva, la organizacion y finalidad de tres diferentes archivos que tienen como proposito conservar la memoria de quehaceres del mundo politico-social y artistico del pais. A partir de estos tres casos de estudio entramados como una unica unidad de analisis, se desarrolla una estrategia etnografica que, por una parte, posibilita la visualizacion de las principales problematicas a las que se enfrentan los centros de documentacion en tanto los procesos de rescate, registro, documentacion y conservacion de sus fondos y colecciones, y por otra, permite observar que el concepto de puesta en valor de los documentos esta escindido del campo tecnico que caracteriza la labor archivistica, definiendose esta, por ahora, en la potencial vinculacion de sus memorias con las comunidades, los publicos o los usuarios. En sintesis, se propone una reflexion que insta al archivo a situarse no solo como un repositorio de documentos que surgen en un tiempo anterior para hablar justamente de ese pasado, sino, entenderlo como un centro complejo de una memoria de pasado que cobra sentido en el presente EnglishThis article analyzes three different archives and proposes, from an applied research, to visualize the main problems that the rescue, documentation and conservation processes face, and to observe the concept of enhancement of the cultural assets conserved by these institutions as a split axis of the technical field that characterizes archival work, defining itself for now as a potential or intermittent linking exercise. In summary, a reflection is proposed that urges the archives to position themselves not only as a repository of documents that arose in an earlier time to talk about that past, but to understand them as complex centers of memories that make sense in the present when they put the center of its work to the community

espanolEl siguiente articulo describe y analiza el desarrollo conceptual e historico de las politicas de pais seguro en Europa desde la decada de 1980 en adelante. El articulo explora los principales problemas asociados a la creacion y uso de politicas de pais seguro como instrumentos para desestimar solicitudes de asilo. Aunque los paises europeos trataron de racionalizar los procedimientos de asilo designando a mas paises como seguros, estos esfuerzos han fracasado porque la ejecucion y coordinacion de las politicas de pais seguro son complejas y demorosas. A partir de la experiencia europea, el articulo concluye que el objetivo estadounidense de etiquetar a Mexico y Guatemala como terceros paises seguros dificilmente descongestionara su sistema de asilo por dificultades practicas que Europa ha exhibido hace anos. EnglishThe following article analyses the conceptual and historical development of safe country policies in Europe since the 1980s. The article discusses the creation and use of safe country policies as instruments to declare an asylum application inadmissible or unfounded. Although the European countries have sought to streamline asylum procedures by designating more countries as safe, these efforts have failed due to convoluted and time-consuming coordination of safe country policies. Considering the European experience, the article concludes that the United States’ objective to label Mexico and Guatemala as safe third countries will not likely reduce asylum backlogs

espanolLas practicas archivisticas y editoriales de Susana Fiorito, historiadora y militante de la nueva izquierda intelectual, constituyeron a partir de 1970 los materiales del “Archivo del Sindicato de Trabajadores de Concord”. En este articulo nos interesa precisar el rol de Fiorito en la preservacion de dichos materiales, identificar su interpretacion de la historia de la clase trabajadora protagonista de los “Cordobazos”, y analizar en la organizacion del archivo el registro de las divergencias entre los intelectuales sobre la relacion de la militancia obrera “clasista” con las organizaciones politicas de la nueva izquierda. EnglishAs from 1970, the archival and editorial practices of Susana Fiorito, a historian and activist of the new intellectual left, set up the materials of the Archivos del Sindicato de Trabajadores de Concord. In this article we aim at exploring Fiorito’s role in the preservation of such materials, identifying her interpretation of working-class history, focusing on those protagonists of the Cordobazos, as well as analizying, within the organization of the archive, the record of divergences among intellectuals upon the relationship of “clasista” workers activism with New Left political organizations

espanolEn tiempos del antiguo regimen espanol, las relaciones amorosas entre blancos y negras esclavas estuvieron signadas por la represion derivada de la cerrada y jerarquizada estructura social de aquel entonces. El presente articulo intenta abordar las maximas transgresiones ocurridas en este tipo de vinculos en el Nuevo Reino de Granada, tales como: los intentos de matrimonio, el estupro, el desafio los curas amancebados, los vinculos entre esclavas y los hijos de sus amos y los enredos sentimentales entre amas y esclavos, casos que bajo la mentalidad de la epoca eran calificados como un maximo quebrantamiento del orden social y la moral cristiana, siendo desde luego objeto de mayor censura y senalamiento publico. EnglishIn the time of the old Spanish regime, the love relations between whites and black slaves were marked by the repression derived from the closed and hierarchical social structure of that time. The present article tries to address the maximum transgressions that occurred in this type of ties in the New Kingdom of Granada, such as: marriage attempts, rape, the challenge of priests, bonds between slaves and the children of their masters and love affairs between white women and slaves, cases that under the mentality of the time were described as a maximum breach of the social order and Christian morality, being of course the object of greater censorship and public pointing

espanolEste articulo da cuenta de un trabajo de investigacion documental en el Hospital Psiquiatrico El Peral, en Santiago de Chile. Damos a conocer las particularidades de este tipo de archivos, que se relacionan tanto con su contenido como con el acceso a la informacion. Respecto a lo primero, presentamos los desafios de trabajar con historias clinicas, fotografias y documentos historicos relativos a las terapias medicas implementadas. Sobre lo segundo, planteamos las dificultades materiales y culturales de acceder a archivos historicamente cerrados para la comunidad, asi como las restricciones propias relativas al trabajo con documentos de usuarios con trastornos de salud mental y privados de libertad. EnglishThis article reports on a documentary research project at the El Peral Psychiatric Hospital in Santiago, Chile. We observe the specific features of this kind of archive, which are related both to its content and the data access to information. About the former, we present the challenges of working with clinical histories, photographs and historical documents related to the medical therapies implemented. With regard to the second, we present the material and cultural difficulties of accessing historically closed archives for the public, as well as the restrictions inherent in working with documents of users with confined mental health disorders.

En 1965, el presidente Lyndon Johnson envió los primeros contingentes militares de Estados Unidos a Vietnam del Sur y lanzó una importante campaña de bombardeos en Vietnam del Norte llamada Rolling Thunder. Este artículo analiza la reacción de Vietnam del Norte con su sistema defensivo a los ataques, utilizando aviones MiG-17 y MiG-21, cómo aprovechó al máximo sus habilidades y equipos y cómo superó la adversidad, propia. limitaciones e inmenso poder aéreo norteamericano.

Through an analysis of two lesser-known works, Summer on the Lakes (1844) and The First Settlers of New-England: or, Conquest of the Pequods, Narragansets and Pokanokets (1829),the essay aims to investigate the ways in which two American thinkers, Margaret Fuller and Lydia Maria Child, used literature as a means of resistance against American expansionist policies and as an instrument for portraying, addressing and resolving racial conflict at U.S. borders during two crucial moments in antebellum American history., USAbroad – Journal of American History and Politics, Vol 3 (2020)

Occupy Wall Street (OWS) was well placed in the American radical tradition. As did many of its predecessors which targetted inequality, OWS offered a moral critique of political and economic institutions. Likewise, OWS's emphasis on direct action, had its precedent in earlier protest movements. In addition, OWS contained features of a "horizontal movement" that drew from feminist "consciousness raising" and "affinity" groups within the anti-nuke movement in the 1970s. OWS was fervently egalitarian and reaffirmed the practice of participatory democracy as advanced by the Students for a Democratic Society and the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee., USAbroad – Journal of American History and Politics, Vol 3 (2020)

Le succès de l’exposition de Garry Winogrand, au Jeu de Paume, du 14 octobre 2014 au 8 février 2015, atteste encore une fois de l’immense potentiel expressif de la photographie de rue chez les photographes américains, ainsi que de l’intérêt du public pour ce genre photographique. Le paysage urbain, toujours changeant, a une façon particulière chez Winogrand de mettre l’humain au premier plan, suggérant un perpétuel spectacle et créant chez le spectateur, une relation double de complicité et d...

espanolEste articulo describe y analiza las experiencias de las y los chilenos refugiados en las casas de refugio de la Capital Federal y Gran Buenos Aires bajo la orbita de la Comision Argentina para los Refugiados (CAREF) entre 1973 y 1983. El punto de partida es la pregunta por los efectos del contexto represivo, para responder que significaba estar refugiado en la Argentina durante el tercer gobierno peronista y de la dictadura militar. Asimismo, a partir de constatar que la condicion de refugiados puso en juego nuevas dinamicas familiares y formas de convivencia basada en la comunidad, se analizan los conflictos asi como los procesos de construccion de lazos solidarios y se demuestra que tuvieron diferente carnadura en varones y mujeres. EnglishThis article describes and analyzes the experiences of Chilean refugees in the refuge houses of the Capital Federal Capital and Greater Buenos Aires under the orbit of the Argentine Commission for Refugees (CAREF) between 1973 and 1983. The starting point is the he asked about the effects of the repressive context, to answer what it meant to be a refugee in Argentina during the third Peronist government and the military dictatorship. Likewise, after confirming that refugee status brought into play new family dynamics and forms of community-based coexistence, conflicts are analyzed as well as the processes of building solidarity ties and it is shown that they had different expression in men and women. portuguesEste artigo descreve e analisa as experiencias de refugiados chilenos nas casas de refugio da Capital Federal e Grande Buenos Aires sob a orbita da Comissao Argentina para Refugiados (CAREF) entre 1973 e 1983. O ponto de partida e o Ele perguntou sobre os efeitos do contexto repressivo, para responder o que significava ser um refugiado na Argentina durante o terceiro governo peronista e a ditadura militar. Da mesma forma, depois de confirmar que o status de refugiado poe em jogo novas dinâmicas familiares e formas de convivencia comunitaria, sao analisados os conflitos, bem como os processos de construcao de lacos de solidariedade, e e demonstrado que eles tiveram diferentes carnadura em homens e mulheres.

espanolEl articulo examina la legislacion que el Estado argentino aplico sobre un sector de la clase trabajadora empleada en reparticiones y empresas publicas a fin de “depurarla” ideologicamente. Las leyes de prescindibilidad de los anos 1973 y 1976 y las de seguridad nacional de los anos 1974 y 1976, que derivaron en cesantias, bajas, despidos o renuncias forzadas ofrecieron el encuadre legal y la legitimidad necesaria para llevar adelante ese control y persecucion. Se propone en este texto un analisis centrado en la utilizacion que hicieron de estas normativas distintos regimenes constitucionales y de facto. Si en los anos de gobierno peronista (1973-1976) la expulsion se destino a quienes mostrasen un alto grado de autonomia politica y sindical, como el caso testigo que se indaga de las Industrias Mecanicas del Estado (IME); a partir de la etapa de ultima dictadura militar (1976-1983), esto se combino fuertemente con la coaccion fisica, al punto de convertirse en antesala de la desaparicion forzada de numerosos activistas. EnglishThis article examines the legislation the Argentinian State applied on a sector of the working class employed in public agencies and companies, with the aim of “debugging” it, ideologically speaking. The dispensability’s laws from 1973 and 1976 and the ones of national security from 1974 and 1976 that resulted in layoffs, casualties, dismissals or forced resignations offered the legal frame and the necessary legitimacy to carry out that control and persecution. This text proposes an analysis focused in the way different de facto and constitutional regimes made use of these normatives. In the years of the peronist government (1973-1976) the expulsion was destined to whom showed a high level of political and syndical autonomy, as the witness case that is investigated by Industrias Mecanicas del Estado (IME). Since the last military dictatorship (1976-1983), the dismissal combined with the physical coercion to the point of becoming a prelude to the forced disappearance of numerous activists. portuguesO artigo examina a legislacao que o Estado argentino aplicou a um setor da classe trabalhadora empregado em departamentos publicos e empresas, a fim de "purifica-lo" ideologicamente. As leis de dispensabilidade dos anos de 1973 e 1976 e de seguranca nacional dos anos de 1974 e 1976, que resultaram em indenizacao, rescisao, demissao ou renuncia forcada, ofereceram a estrutura legal e a legitimidade necessaria para realizar esse controle e perseguicao. E proposta neste texto uma analise focada no uso desses regulamentos por diferentes regimes constitucionais e de fato. Se nos anos de governo peronista (1973-1976) a expulsao foi destinada aqueles que demonstravam alto grau de autonomia politica e sindical, como testemunha investigada pelas Industrias Mecânicas do Estado (IME); desde o estagio da ultima ditadura militar (1976-1983), isso foi fortemente combinado a coercao fisica, a ponto de se tornar um preludio do desaparecimento forcado de numerosos ativistas.

espanolEl texto propone una aproximacion a algunas de las interpretaciones recientes respecto de la represion masiva que se llevo a cabo en la Union Sovietica a mediados de la decada de 1930. Con esa idea, apunta a destacar la persistencia y profundizacion del debate academico luego de la apertura de archivos que acompano el proceso de crisis y colapso de la experiencia sovietica. portuguesO texto propoe uma aproximacao a algumas das recentes interpretacoes sobre a repressao em massa ocorrida na Uniao Sovietica em meados da decada de 1930. Com essa ideia, visa destacar a persistencia e o aprofundamento do debate academico apos o abertura de arquivos que acompanharam o processo de crise e o colapso da experiencia sovietica. EnglishThe paper proposes an approach to some of the recent interpretations of the massive repression that was carried out in the Soviet Union in the middle of the decade of 1930. With this idea, aims to highlight the persistence and deepening of the academic debate after the opening of the archives that accompanied the crisis process and collapse of the soviet experience.

espanolEste articulo propone que los intermediarios han sido poco considerados o ignorados en las discusiones politicas y academicas sobre migracion internacional en America Latina. Rescatando el rol historico de los intermediarios o brokers en la migracion global, se busca desafiar el enfasis sobre la agencia de migrantes y el rol del Estado en explicar migracion regional, presentando el estado del arte sobre infraestructura de migracion y su relevancia. Finalmente, se muestra que los diversos casos de migraciones asiaticas en Chile evidencian la importancia politica del concepto y el fenomeno del uso de intermediarios. EnglishThis article takes as its starting point the observation that brokers have been overlooked in political and academic discussions about international migration in Latin America. Highlighting the historical role of brokers in global migration, this article challenges current scholarly emphasis on migrant agency and the role of the State in explaining regional migration. It does so by providing an overview of current research on migration infrastructure and arguing for its relevance to Latin America. Finally, diverse cases of Asian migration to Chile are described and analyzed as a way to highlight the political importance and relevance of the concept and the phenomenon of migration brokers. portuguesEste artigo propoe que os intermediarios foram mal considerados ou ignorados nas discussoes politicas e academicas sobre migracao internacional na America Latina. Resgatando o papel historico de intermediarios ou intermediarios na migracao global, buscamos desafiar a enfase na agencia de migrantes e o papel do Estado na explicacao da migracao regional, apresentando o estado da arte da infraestrutura de migracao e sua relevância. Por fim, mostra-se que os varios casos de migracoes asiaticas no Chile mostram a importância politica do conceito e o fenomeno do uso de intermediarios.

espanolEl presente articulo analiza la superposicion del discurso politico del actual gobierno de Presidente Pinera (2018-2022) y el discurso de los medios de comunicacion respecto de la migracion y de los migrantes. El articulo plantea que en ambos discursos se observa una estrecha relacion entre la forma de representar a los migrantes (racializada y estereotipada) y las politicas de control que se han venido sucediendo a traves de medidas implementadas en la actual administracion. Para ello desarrollamos tres ideas centrales: los medios de comunicacion han sido un espacio hegemonizado por el Ministerio del Interior; los medios reproducen la idea de migracion como un problema y refuerzan ciertos estereotipos asociados a la migracion haitiana (pobre, marginal, vulnerable) y venezolana (situacion de crisis, emergencia, desborde) y finalmente el gobierno ha sido eficaz en la instalacion del ideologema “ordenar la casa” que actua como metafora dominante que encierra una posicion ideologica, reduciendo la realidad a una idea sencilla con alto poder manipulador. Se revisaron 197 noticias aparecidas en los medios de comunicacion entre abril de 2018 y agosto de 2019 en medios de prensa disponibles on-line. EnglishThis article analyzes the overlapping of the political discourse of the current government of President Pinera (2018-2022) and the discourse of the media regarding migration and migrants. The article states that in both speeches there is a close relationship between the way of representing migrants (racialized and stereotyped) and the control policies that have been followed through measures implemented in the current administration. For this we developed three central ideas: the media have been a space hegemonized by the Ministry of Interior; the media reproduce the idea of ​​migration as a problem and reinforce certain stereotypes associated with Haitian migration (poor, marginal, vulnerable) and Venezuelan (crisis, emergency, overflow) and finally the government has been effective in installing the ideology ” to order the house ”that acts as a dominant metaphor that encloses an ideological position, reducing reality to a simple idea with high manipulative power. 197 news items appeared in the media between April 2018 and August 2019 in press media available online. portuguesEste artigo analisa a sobreposicao do discurso politico do atual governo do presidente Pinera (2018-2022) e o discurso da midia sobre migracao e migrantes. O artigo afirma que em ambos os discursos existe uma estreita relacao entre a maneira de representar os migrantes (racializados e estereotipados) e as politicas de controle que foram seguidas por meio de medidas implementadas no governo atual. Para isso, desenvolvemos tres ideias centrais: a midia tem sido um espaco hegemonizado pelo Ministerio do Interior; a midia reproduz a ideia de migracao como um problema e reforca certos estereotipos associados a migracao haitiana (pobre, marginal, vulneravel) e venezuelana (crise, emergencia, transbordamento) e, finalmente, o governo tem sido eficaz na instalacao da ideologia ” ordenar a casa ”, que atua como uma metafora dominante que encerra uma posicao ideologica, reduzindo a realidade a uma ideia simples com alto poder manipulador. 197 noticias apareceram na midia entre abril de 2018 e agosto de 2019 na midia disponivel online.

This article analyzes representations of female Wars on Terror witnesses by Helen Benedict and Lynsey Addario. In their narratives of U.S. soldiers and Arab refugee lives, both criticize effects of (counter-)terrorist warfare and argue for transcultural compassion. Benedict’s documentary novel Sand Queen (2011) unsettles the categories of Oriental terrorist and U.S. hero, as a military sexual assault survivor and an Iraqi refugee interact. Journalistic photographs from Addario’s series for The New York Times (“Women at War”; 2010) and National Geographic (“Veiled Rebellion”; 2010) document the suffering experienced by female soldiers and civilians. These counter dominant Wars on Terror discourses by complicating the gender stereotypes underwriting the U.S. defense melodrama and its anti-colonial resistance. Through field research, including interviews, Benedict and Addario strive toward “authentic” reports of war, but their documentary aesthetics anticipate receptions that sensationalize pain and commodify colonial power asymmetries. This article also asks if demanding that subaltern woman testify to oppression commemorates depoliticized compassion or further precludes the participation of “others” from political spheres.

The importance and distinctiveness of the Holocaust as a 20th century genocide make its appearance currently reoccur in studies related to trauma, memory, intergenerational transmission, and postmemory. This article analyzes two works whose authors come from two distinct generations and from two very different cultural spaces. Helga Weiss, a Holocaust survivor from The Czech Republic, is a first-hand witness and a child during World War II, while Art Spiegelman, the renowned American cartoonist, tells and illustrates his father’s survival story through a graphic novel, as a member of the 2nd generation.

espanolLas movilidades forzadas tienen muchas aristas a ser consideradas, y han sido, y son, una realidad que atraviesa la historia pasada y reciente de America Latina; admite formas diferentes en paises y regiones, pero mantiene una presencia y actualidad destacable. Nuestra preocupacion, es tratar de abonar en un terreno de debate sobre que representan desde el punto de vista conceptual, y cuales son sus recortes frente a otro tipo de movilidades. Intentaremos aportar algunos elementos que permitan seguir afianzando las caracteristicas particulares de estas movilidades, a la vez que dar cuenta de su diversidad en cuanto a las modalidades que la integran, reflexionando a partir de investigaciones realizadas en el Cono Sur y el corredor Mexico-Centroamerica. EnglishForced displacement has many aspects to be considered: a phenomenon which has run through the history of Latin America and it is still a current issue today. It takes on different forms in different countries and regions but remains a constant presence. Our main concern is to promote a debate about what this force displacement represents from a conceptual point of view as well as to differentiate between this and other types of migrations We hope to contribute to the continuing research that already exists in Southern America and the Central America-Mexico corridor on the specific characteristics of these displacements, whilst paying special attention to their diversity. portuguesAs mobilidades forcadas tem muitas arestas a serem consideradas e foram e sao uma realidade que atravessa a historia passada e recente da America Latina; Ele admite formas diferentes em paises e regioes, mas mantem uma presenca notavel e atualidade. Nossa preocupacao e tentar pagar em um campo de debate sobre o que eles representam do ponto de vista conceitual e quais sao seus cortes em relacao a outros tipos de mobilidade. Tentaremos contribuir com alguns elementos que nos permitam continuar fortalecendo as caracteristicas particulares dessas mobilidades e, ao mesmo tempo, dar conta de sua diversidade em termos das modalidades que a compoem, refletindo em pesquisas realizadas no Cone Sul e no corredor Mexico-America Central.

Michael Rothberg’s new book, The Implicated Subject. Beyond Victims and Perpetrators, develops his seminal ideas from his 2009 study, Multidirectional Memory. Remembering the Holocaust in the Age of Decolonization. While in his previous work Rothberg focused on intersecting comparative, non-competitive forms of memory deployment, his new book builds upon and nuances the entanglements and networks of previously touched-upon aspects of solidarity and complicity.

espanolEste articulo analiza como los objetos e imagenes ―registros― daban sentido material y afectivo a la existencia de una cofradia; como se producian los vinculos entre los asociados a traves de las imagenes y bienes que pertenecian a su corporacion, y como estas relaciones simbolicas eran las que motivaban el resguardo y defensa de los bienes comunes. Para ello se analizan, a partir de listados de bienes de cofradias, las vinculaciones y produccion que estas materialidades generan en las devociones de sus miembros, asi como con sus sistemas de identidad grupal. Analisis que se enfoca desde la psicologia social y la sociologia para observar la afectividad y devocion desde una perspectiva que vaya mas alla de la religion. EnglishThis article analyzes how objects and images – the records - gave material and emotional meaning to the existence of a brotherhood; how the links between the associates were produced through the images and goods that belonged to their corporation, and how these symbolic relations were the ones that motivated the protection and defense of the common goods. In order to do so, the article also analyzes, from the list of goods the brotherhoods, the linkages and production that these materialities generate in the devotions of their members, as well as with their group identity systems. Analysis that focuses on social psychology and sociology to observe affectivity and devotion from a perspective that goes beyond religion. portuguesEste artigo analisa como objetos e imagens - registros - deram significado material e afetivo a existencia de uma irmandade; como os vinculos entre os associados foram produzidos atraves das imagens e bens que pertenciam a sua corporacao e como essas relacoes simbolicas foram o que motivaram a protecao e defesa de bens comuns. Para isso, os vinculos e a producao que essas materialidades geram nas devocoes de seus membros, bem como com seus sistemas de identidade de grupo, sao analisados com base em listas de bens da irmandade. Analise que se concentra na psicologia social e na sociologia para observar a afetividade e a devocao de uma perspectiva que vai alem da religiao.

For almost thirty years following the end of the Second World War, very few first-person narratives of the war by combat veterans were published in America, and, as a result, those veterans’ traumatic experiences failed to inform the national memory of the conflict. A number of cultural influences contributed to these veterans’ silence, including wartime propaganda, Hollywood’s participation in crafting an image of the war that justified America’s large Cold War military, and postwar perceptions of trauma and manhood. Not until Vietnam veterans returned and told their stories did WWII veterans address their experiences publicly in memoir and challenge the national narrative of the conflict.