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We consider the problem of calculating a refractive element with two surfaces, forming a flat front and a given distribution of illumination. The supporting quadrics method is formulated for calculating a given optical element and it is shown that this method coincides with the gradient method for some functional related to the problem of the Monge-Kantorovich mass transfer problem. This enables adaptive selection of the step in the supporting quadric method. At the end of the article a design example is given.

The use of neural networks to detect differences in radiographic images of patients with pneumonia and COVID-19 is demonstrated For the optimal selection of resize and neural network architecture parameters, hyperparameters, and adaptive image brightness adjustment, precision, re-call, and f1-score metrics are used The high values of these metrics of classification quality (> 0 91) strongly indicate a reliable difference between radiographic images of patients with pneumonia and patients with COVID-19, which opens up the possibility of creating a model with good predictive ability without involving ready-to-use complex models and without pre-training on third-party data, which is promising for the development of sensitive and reliable COVID-19 ex-press-diagnostic methods © 2021, Institution of Russian Academy of Sciences All rights reserved

For non-contact 3D measurements in hydrodynamic tunnels by photogrammetry methods, it is necessary to refine the standard model of image formation in the camera by taking into account an effect of refraction of rays at the boundaries of optical media, namely, at an air-glass boundary and glass-working fluid boundary. The article presents a model of image formation for shooting in a working environment that includes various optical media and methods for calibrating an optical system for 3D measurements of the coordinates of scene objects, while taking into account the real boundaries of the optical media. Experimental results on calibrating the system of three-dimensional measurements when an object image is formed by rays passing through two optical boundaries are discussed.

With the development of economy, the distribution problem of logistics becomes more and more complex. Based on the traffic network data, this study analyzed the vehicle routing problem (VRP), designed a dynamic vehicle routing problem with time window (DVRPTW) model, and solved it with genetic algorithm (GA). In order to improve the performance of the algorithm, the genetic operation was improved, and the output solution was further optimized by hill climbing algorithm. The analysis of example showed that the improved GA algorithm had better performance in path optimization planning, the total cost of planning results was 31.44 % less than that of GA algorithm, and the total cost of planning results increased by 11.48 % considering the traffic network data. The experimental results show that the improved GA algorithm has good performance and can significantly reduce the cost of distribution and that research on VRP based on the traffic network data is more in line with the actual situation of logistics distribution, which is conducive to the further application of the improved GA algorithm in VRP.

Melanoma skin cancer is one of the most dangerous forms of skin cancer because it grows fast and causes most of the skin cancer deaths. Hence, early detection is a very important task to treat melanoma. In this article, we propose a skin lesion segmentation method for dermoscopic images based on the U-Net architecture with VGG-16 encoder and the semantic segmentation. Base on the segmented skin lesion, diagnostic imaging systems can evaluate skin lesion features to classify them. The proposed method requires fewer resources for training, and it is suitable for computing systems without powerful GPUs, but the training accuracy is still high enough (above 95 %). In the experiments, we train the model on the ISIC dataset – a common dermoscopic image dataset. To assess the performance of the proposed skin lesion segmentation method, we evaluate the Sorensen-Dice and the Jaccard scores and compare to other deep learning-based skin lesion segmentation methods. Experimental results showed that skin lesion segmentation quality of the proposed method are better than ones of the compared methods.

In this work, the splitting of resonance lines in a Fabry-Perot resonator formed by a section of a standard curved single-mode fiber with metal-coated ends is investigated numerically and experimentally. It is shown that this splitting is similar to the Autler-Townes splitting and results from a strong coupling between the fundamental mode of the core and the whispering gallery mode of the cladding of the curved fiber. The influence of all basic parameters of the curved resonator on the splitting of its resonance lines in the reflection and transmission spectra is considered. Prospects for the practical application of the effects studied for high-resolution optical refractometry, as well as the direction of further research are outlined.

Many recent studies have focused on developing image reconstruction algorithms in optical systems based on flat optics. These studies demonstrate the feasibility of applying a combination of flat optics and the reconstruction algorithms in real vision systems. However, additional causes of quality loss have been encountered in the development of such systems. This study investigates the influence on the reconstructed image quality of such factors as limitations of mass production technology for diffractive optics, lossy video stream compression artifacts, and specificities of a neural network approach to image reconstruction. The paper offers an end-to-end deep learning-based image reconstruction framework to compensate for the additional factors of quality losing. It provides the image reconstruction quality sufficient for applied vision systems.

Optical character recognition (OCR) in images captured from arbitrary angles requires preliminary normalization, i.e. a geometric transformation resulting in an image as if it was captured at an angle suitable for OCR. In most cases, a surface containing characters can be considered flat, and a pinhole model can be adopted for a camera. Thus, in theory, the normalization should be projective. Usually, the camera optical axis is approximately perpendicular to the document surface, so the projective normalization can be replaced with an affine one without a significant loss of accuracy. An affine image transformation is performed significantly faster than a projective normalization, which is important for OCR on mobile devices. In this work, we propose a fast approach for image normalization. It utilizes an affine normalization instead of a projective one if there is no significant loss of accuracy. The approach is based on a proposed criterion for the normalization accuracy: root mean square (RMS) coordinate discrepancies over the region of interest (ROI). The problem of optimal affine normalization according to this criterion is considered. We have established that this unconstrained optimization is quadratic and can be reduced to a problem of fractional quadratic functions integration over the ROI. The latter was solved analytically in the case of OCR where the ROI consists of rectangles. The proposed approach is generalized for various cases when instead of the affine transform its special cases are used: scaling, translation, shearing, and their superposition, allowing the image normalization procedure to be further accelerated.

Here we show theoretically that a superposition of two Bessel-Gaussian (BG) beams with different topological charges (TC) and different scaling factors (radial components of the wave vectors) has the TC equal to that of the BG beam with the larger scaling factor. If the scaling factors of the BG beams are equal, then TC of the whole superposition equals TC of the BG beam with the larger (in absolute value) weight coefficient in the superposition (i.e. with larger power). If the constituent BG beams are also same-power, TC of the superposition equals the average TC of the two BG beams. Therefore, if the sum of TCs of both beams is odd, TC of the superposition is a half-integer number. In practice, however, TC is calculated over a finite radius circle and, hence, the half-integer TC for the degenerated case cannot be obtained. Instead of the half-integer TC, the lower of the two integer TCs is obtained. Numerical simulation reveals that if the weight coefficients in the superposition are slightly different, TC of the superposition is not conserved on propagation. In the near field and in the Fresnel diffraction zone, TC is equal to the highest TC of the two BG beams, while in the far field it is equal to the lower TC. What is more, TC changes its value from high to low not instantly, but continuously at some propagation distance. In the intermediate zone TC is fractional.

The scope of uses of automated document recognition has extended and as a result, recognition techniques that do not require specialized equipment have become more relevant. Among such techniques, document recognition using mobile devices is of interest. However, it is not always possible to ensure controlled capturing conditions and, consequentially, high quality of input images. Unlike specialized scanners, mobile cameras allow using a video stream as an input, thus obtaining several images of the recognized object, captured with various characteristics. In this case, a problem of combining the information from multiple input frames arises. In this paper, we propose a weighing model for the process of combining the per-frame recognition results, two approaches to the weighted combination of the text recognition results, and two weighing criteria. The effectiveness of the proposed approaches is tested using datasets of identity documents captured with a mobile device camera in different conditions, including perspective distortion of the document image and low lighting conditions. The experimental results show that the weighting combination can improve the text recognition result quality in the video stream, and the per-character weighting method with input image focus estimation as a base criterion allows one to achieve the best results on the datasets analyzed.

Цель статьи – комплексный анализ вопросов технологической независимости и информационной безопасности вычислительных систем. Применение системного подхода предполагает анализ технологий защиты на всех уровнях архитектуры и их взаимодействие между собой. Рассматриваются аппаратные технологии защиты на уровне процессора и системы команд. Аппаратная поддержка виртуализации, которая обеспечивает поддержку со стороны аппаратного обеспечения такой функции как виртуализация операционных систем, становится необходимой функцией защиты и не уступает в важности уже классическим функциям: управление доступом, идентификация, аутентификация, аудит и контроль безопасности. Помимо аппаратной поддержки виртуализации рассмотрены реализации в современных процессорах группы технологий аппаратной поддержки обособленной доверенной среды. Проведен анализ возможности использования аппаратных технологий защиты злоумышленниками для вредоносных воздействий. По результатам исследований предложен подход по созданию отечественной защищенной архитектуры средств вычислительной техники (СВТ) с использованием зарубежных аппаратных технологий защиты. При этом импортозамещение не должно сводиться исключительно к репликации зарубежных решений, т.к. зарубежные СВТ содержат массу недокументированных возможностей и, как следствие, несут угрозу информационной безопасности.

The paper presents the results of simulation modeling of the dynamics of the implementation of a network attack in its conflict interaction with the information protection system from unauthorized access of an automated system in the form of quantitative values of the probabilistic and time characteristics of the attack. The aim of simulation modeling is to identify the possibility of using the results obtained in calculating the implementation probability and conducting an accurate quantitative assessment of the risk of network attacks on the information resource of automated systems operated in a protected version at the objects of Informatization of internal Affairs bodies. A generalized formal model of the functioning of a destabilizing influence is presented and a Petri-Markov network is constructed that reflects the dynamics of the information conflict, taking into account the differences in the capabilities of the conflicting parties. A simulation model describing the mechanism of information conflict "Network attack – protection system" was developed, and simulation was performed using the "CPN Tools" software environment. The results of simulation modeling are presented in the form of time statistics of the process of implementing a network attack in the dynamics of conflict interaction with the protection system. The average implementation times of typical network attacks on the information resource of protected automated systems of internal Affairs bodies, obtained by simulating these attacks using the Petri-Markov network in the "CPN Tools" software environment, are given. The prospects of using the results obtained to improve the real security of automated systems in their development and operation at the objects of Informatization of internal Affairs bodies are outlined.

The analysis of mobile technologies used to improve the quality of management in the banking sector, service and public administration is carried out. Based on the analysis of vulnerabilities of mobile stations (smartphones, tablets, smart devices, various peripheral devices of smart phones, etc.), technologies for providing Internet access for mobile systems (used in cellular networks, wireless access), as well as mobile services of information systems. A classification of information security threats is proposed and an analysis of the possibilities for implementing these threats is carried out. The aim of the work is to develop an up-to-date model of security threats to mobile technologies and to study the completeness and consistency of currently used mobile system protection tools, such as a mobile device manager, mobile application manager, trusted mobile application store, mobile application security gateway, etc. The paper discusses the sources of threats, vulnerabilities of technologies of mobile systems, the channels of exposure to threats, objects of exposure and the resulting damage from the implementation of threats that are characteristic of mobile systems and have different applications of threat implementations and vectors. The analysis of the context of the use of mobile medicine and the impact on the processes of providing medical services is carried out.

This paper opens a series of studies devoted to the problems of assessing the characteristics of measures to ensure the cyber resilience of information resources of critical information infrastructure objects. The paper substantiates the relevance of issues of increasing the efficiency of mechanisms for detecting, preventing and eliminating the consequences of computer attacks on the information resources of critical information infrastructure objects as a prerequisite for ensuring the cyber stability of these objects. A detailed analysis of the methodological apparatus of probabilistic assessment of the relevance of threats to information security is provided, the provisions of which are reflected in the regulatory and methodological documents of the FSTEC of Russia. The circumstances that do not allow characterizing the existing level of development of mathematical methods in the field of information protection against unauthorized access as high are analyzed. The necessity of solving the problems of adequate assessment of the effectiveness of mechanisms for detecting, preventing and eliminating the consequences of computer attacks on the information resources of critical information infrastructure objects is substantiated as a prerequisite for substantiating the requirements for measures to ensure the cyber stability of these segments.

The paper describes methods of protection against reverse engineering of logic circuits of pseudo-random number generators (PRNG) on linear and non-linear feedback shift registers. These methods are based on the use of additional logic elements in the structure of the generator to hide its original functionality. Obfuscation of the generator logic circuit changes its design such that the device works correctly only if the signals at the additional key inputs of the generator take on the correct values. It is shown that even with a small bit capacity of generators, it is possible to provide a huge number of PRNG implementations with different numbers of states and different properties. The concept of a (М + 1)-sequence generator is introduced. The possibility of transforming (M – 1)- and (M – 3)-sequences generators into (M + 1)-sequences generators is demonstrated. The proposed methods can be used to ensure the security of IoT devices.

The need in this research arises since issues of labor reorganization in a financial institution has not been elaborated and studied scientifically and practically, considering development of technology and cybercrime. The article deals with reorganization of labor in a credit and financial institution. The object of research is the operations of a credit institution. The subject is reengineering of business processes of a Bank, which is an alternative to the “Six Sigma” and “Kaizen” methods. The purpose of these methods is to improve the quality of business processes of a commercial bank minimizing the number of operational errors. The review of sources made it possible to determine the requirements for ensuring cybersecurity and increasing customer confidence in electronic banking technologies. Development dynamics of the countries of the world according to their readiness of transition to e-government, depending on the value of the gross national product per capita, is analyzed. As a key performance indicator of the company, an assessment method has been developed for calculate the amount of fine for cybercriminals. An example of a quantitative assessment of the penalty is given. The studied reengineering of the business process of a commercial bank is aimed at improving the process of work of the client and the bank employee at the computer. The necessity of introducing the method of high-speed typing (a topic related to cybersecurity) in the educational program of Russia is investigated and justified. The research results may be of further use for the development of risk management in credit institutions using electronic banking technologies.

Для формализации математической постановки задачи исследования по обоснованию программ модернизации автоматизированных систем охраны был проанализирован их состав, структура построения и основные тактико-технические характеристики. Современные системы охраны стационарных удаленных объектов повышенной защищенности представляют собой сложные автоматизированные системы, включающие в свой состав несколько функционально завершенных и объединенных в единый комплекс подсистем и дежурные силы охраны. Анализ структурной схемы типовых автоматизированных систем охраны стационарных удаленных объектов повышенной защищенности показал, что в общем случае применительно к рассматриваемой задаче существующих систем охраны целесообразно использовать декомпозицию на подсистемы, как способ метода системного анализа. С помощью подсистем автоматизированных систем охраны формируются периметровая и локальные зоны охраны. Каждая из подсистем и входящие в нее составные части в процессе функционирования выполняют одну или несколько функций, возлагаемых на систему охраны в целом. Результаты анализа показывают, что существующие автоматизированные системы охраны не в полной мере соответствуют требованиям руководящих документов, указывая, таким образом, на возможные направления их модернизации, включая применение технических средств обнаружения, работающих на различных физических принципах действия, телевизионных средств наблюдения и средств проноса (провоза) запрещенных материалов. Причем, принципиально возможна частичная модернизация в виде замены одного из двух технических средств обнаружения на более совершенные. Результаты исследования показали, что основными характеристиками автоматизированных систем охраны, определяющими их качество, являются интегральные показатели: эффективности; надежности; устойчивости функционирования; стоимости создания и эксплуатации автоматизированных систем охраны. Объединение нескольких интегральных показателей в один комплексный показатель было осуществлено с помощью процедур их специальной логико-весовой обработки, предусматриваемых в методе расстановки приоритетов. С учетом проведенного анализа состава, структуры построения и основных тактико-технических характеристик автоматизированных систем охраны, в дальнейшем может быть сформулирована математическая постановка задачи исследования.

The paper is devoted to the actual problem of compression of processed and transmitted data, as well as of the data storage and protection. The analysis and features of data compression methods are presented. The method of universal coding by triples of binary sets (CT) is considered. The method is intended for lossless compression of binary data under conditions of unknown message source statistics. The method is based on dividing the original sequence of binary data into blocks of length n . Based on the analysis of the contents of the n–block, three parameters are assigned to each block: the number of units in the block, the sum of the unit position numbers, and the number of this particular combination in the corresponding prefix class. Approaches to reducing the complexity of procedures for calculating the parameters of CT are considered. A tabular algorithm for calculating coefficients and an algorithm for filling table rows using a recursive relation for elements of sets and an estimate of the amount of memory for storing tables as well as the ways to reduce the memory capacity are presented. The dependence of the bit width of the QT codewords on the bit width of n -blocks is considered. The approaches and features of the use of coding by triplets for information protection are analyzed.

This paper describes the methodology for comprehensive assessment of the vulnerability of critical information infrastructure (CII) and its critical elements at hazardous production facilities, including those of the fuel and energy production. The elements of CII at such enterprises, first of all, include automated control systems for technological processes. The smooth operation of complex technological and production processes based on critical elements depends on the normal functioning of the CII. Therefore, the assessment of vulnerabilities in the information security system, as well as the study of the security system stability at the facilities as a whole, will allow taking preventive measures against various types of threats. The following methods were used in this study. Methods of system analysis (decomposition and synthesis): when assessing the resilience of an information system as a whole, its hierarchical structure is considered using the example of a graph with possible structural connections of the components (assets) of the system. Four types of asset relationships are considered (their complete independence, weak dependence, strong dependence, feedback). Assessing the resilience of the system as a whole is based on calculating the resilience of its paired assets and information technology of recurrent recalculation when new components are connected. The method of simulation modeling, in particular, for modeling the impact of information security risks on CII in conditions of incomplete and ambiguous data on their components, logical and probabilistic methods - for assessing the impact of risks both on the components (assets) of the information system, and the system as a whole, taking into account the hierarchical relationship of these assets. The Monte Carlo method was used to assess the impact of the basic threat of "technical impact" (information security and physical protection systems) on the security risks of production facilities. The implementation of measures to assess the resilience of information systems and the security systems stability is focused on critical objects in medicine, education, industry, and public administration.

The paper presents a method for monitoring the integrity of telemetric data on the state of a mobile object, namely, an aircraft engine, based on a comparison of technological time series. The technological time series obtained from the mobile object are compared with the technological time series generated by the model of the mobile object at the developer (manufacturer). Comparison of time series is carried out in the selected time window by calculating the consistency parameters: the coefficient of determination, Euclidean distance and the average percentage of deviations. According to the calculated consistency parameters, the type of consistency in a given time window (7 types) is determined, and the type of dynamics of the mobile object is also determined: static or dynamic. The decision on data integrity is made according to the formulated rules of fuzzy logic, which are based on three parameters: the type of dynamics of the mobile object, the type of consistency of technological time series and the signal of the control system. Testing of the proposed method was carried out on the data generated by the automatic control system of the aircraft engine. The estimate of the probability of the correctness of the decision made was 0.85.

We show that a 70-nm dielectric nanoparticle placed on the optical axis near the surface (at a distance less than 100 nm) of a high-NA gradient microlens made of silicon, which is illuminated by a laser beam of 1.55 μm wavelength, is attracted to the lens surface with a piconewton force. The profile of the lens refractive index is described by a hyperbolic secant function. If a cut-out is made in the lens output surface, then the nanoparticle will be pulled into this cut-out, producing a kind of 'optical magnet'. If a reverse energy flow is to be generated on the optical axis near the output surface of such a gradient lens, this will lead to an absorbing dielectric nanoparticle being pulled toward the surface with a greater force than a similar non-absorbing particle. In the absence of a reverse flow, both absorbing and non-absorbing particles will be attracted to the surface with an equal force. The electromagnetic fields involved are calculated using a finite difference time domain (FDTD) method and the acting forces are calculated using a Maxwell stress tensor.

В статье описывается разработанная авторами виртуальная лабораторная среда для обучения навыкам тестирования на проникновение с обоснованием принятых проектных решений, а также результаты проведенного исследования применимости разработанной виртуальной лабораторной среды для обучения навыкам тестирования на проникновение в учебном процессе по направлению подготовки 10.03.01 «Информационная безопасность». Показано, что виртуальная лабораторная среда для обучения навыкам тестирования на проникновение вполне может быть реализована с использованием программного обеспечения с открытым исходным кодом. Реализованная программная среда предъявляет достаточно умеренные требования к аппаратной платформе (конкретизированные в тексте статьи), на которой она должна выполняться. Проведенное исследование применимости показало, что разработанная виртуальная лабораторная среда может быть использована в учебном процессе с применением дистанционных образовательных технологий и позволяет сформировать у студентов практические навыки использования методов тестирования на проникновение на примерах объектов различных уровней сложности.

Целью написания статьи является рассмотрение вопросов связанных с обеспечением безопасности информации информационных систем (ИС). Актуальность работы обусловлена, прежде всего, тем, что число кибератак на различные сферы экономики российского государства не уменьшается, а с каждым годом продолжает расти. Наблюдается растущий интерес к информации, циркулирующей в государственных органах управления (всех уровней) и государственных информационных систем (ГИС). Порой важные стратегические (государственные) задачи зачастую приходится отодвигать на «задний» план перед необходимостью решения срочных (важных сиюминутных) тактических задач. ГИС это неотъемлемая часть достаточно сложной системы управления, а (само) управление (фактически) становится ситуационным, а значит, и роль структур государственного управления, и ГИС, в этих условиях не утратила своей актуальности. Предметом исследования в работе является обеспечение безопасности ГИС в условиях неопределенности. Для достижения поставленной цели в работе проводится анализ нормативно правовых актов Российской Федерации. ГИС рассмотрены, как объекты компьютерных атак в условиях неопределенности. Разработана методика категорирования ГИС. В статье рассмотрены основные определения, аргументы и приведены источники, подтверждающие важность оценки угроз безопасности информации ГИС. В результате проведенных в работе исследований подтверждены возрастающая значимость защиты и актуальность разработки методики по оценке угроз безопасности информации. Вывод: правильно поставленная работа (с исходными данными) для проведения исследования в условиях высокой степени их неопределенности является ключевым моментом в решении любых задач, связанных с обеспечением информационной безопасности, в том числе и ГИС. Результаты исследования могут быть использованы при разработке методики оценки угроз безопасности государственных информационных систем.

We propose a new approach to non-contact recording of respiratory function based on the analysis of a sequence of Infrared-terahertz images of the human face, allowing the processes that occur during breathing to be visualized. To obtain quantitative estimates of the respiratory function, two methods are proposed. The first one utilizes a probe which implements the function of spatial differentiation and provides high sensitivity, but requires an increased accuracy of positioning the probe at the nasal opening and scaling in accordance with the camera angle. The other one is a histogram method for obtaining quantitative estimates of the external respiratory function, which is scale invariant and does not require precise positioning, but has a lower sensitivity compared to the first one. The methods proposed have made it possible to remotely evaluate the respiratory rate, which correlates well with the data obtained by a contact method of respiratory function registration.

We investigate a multispiral phase plate (MSPP) with multiple centers of phase singularity arbitrarily located in the MSPP plane. Equations to describe the topological charge of an optical vortex in the initial plane immediately behind the MSPP and orbital angular momentum (OAM) normalized relative to the beam power are derived. The topological charge in the initial plane is found as a sum of the topological charges of all singularities if their centers are located inside a finite-radius circular aperture. If the phase singularity centers are partially located on the boundary of a circular diaphragm limiting the MSPP, the total topological charge is found as the sum of all singularities divided by 2. Total OAM that the vortex carries depends on the location of the singularity centers: the farther from the center of the plate the singularity center is located, the smaller is its contribution to the OAM. If all singularity centers are located on the boundary of the diaphragm limiting MSPP, then the OAM of the vortex beam equals zero, although in this case the topological charge of the beam is nonzero.

В статье представлены результаты анализа и синтеза научно-технической литературы, нормативных актов, стандартов в области обеспечения информационной безопасности информационных систем (ИС), использующих сторонние сервисы аутентификации пользователей. Вводится контекст рассматриваемой ИС. Описываются уязвимости, возникающие при аутентификации пользователей с использованием службы каталогов Active Directory. На основе функциональных особенностей клиентского приложения, входящего в ИС, проводится построение концептуальной модели угроз информационной безопасности ИС, которая применяется для выявления и исследования возможных атак на процесс аутентификации пользователей. В результате выявления критических мест безопасности системы, формируются основные требования, соблюдение которых позволит повысить состояние защищенности систем, а именно: необходимость обеспечения подлинности и целостности ЭВМ, принимающих участие в процессе аутентификации пользователей в приложении, необходимость обеспечения конфиденциальности передаваемых и хранимых аутентифицирующих данных пользователей. Результаты данной работы позволяют обезопасить процесс аутентификации с использованием технологии Active Directory, а также проводить дальнейшие исследования в области аутентификации пользователей в распределенных системах. Проведенный анализ позволяет сделать вывод о безопасности применения предложенного способа аутентификации при соблюдении выявленных требований.

The paper is devoted to the actual problem of ensuring privacy during performing transactions in distributed ledgers. We discuss various aspects of transaction privacy, as well as the specifics of setting the problem for distributed ledgers with two main models for representing participants' balances: the UTXO-model and the account model. Based on these results, we outline definitions and consider security properties of the main cryptographic primitives used for preserving the privacy of transactions: mixers, ring signatures, homomorphic encryption, and zero-knowledge proofs. We analyze well-known solutions for distributed ledgers based on the UTXO-model, such as Zcash, Monero, Zcoin, Dash, CoinShuffle, Verge, Grin, and others, as well as for systems based on the account model: DSC, Zether, Zeth, BlockMaze. Based on the comparison of advantages, disadvantages, and limitations for existing solutions, conclusions are drawn about the future development of distributed ledgers that ensure the privacy of transactions, and new research tasks are outlined.

Classification of the land cover types from multi- and hyperspectral (HS) imagery is traditionally carried out on the basis of analysis of scatter plots of pixel values in a multidimensional feature space, which are used as brightness in individual channels. To increase the reliability of HS image classification, approaches are used based on simultaneously accounting for the characteristics of each pixel and the nearest-neighbor pixels, i.e., on the joint analysis of spectral and spatial features. The pixel neighborhood analysis is performed at various stages of the classification process. In this work, using a test hyperspectral image, the efficiency of spectral-spatial data classification methods that take into account spatial information at various stages of processing is studied. Special attention is paid to selecting the size of the spatial processing core. It is shown that the best results are obtained by combining pre-processing of raw data before performing the procedures of pixel-by-pixel spectral classification and post-processing of the resulting maps. Prospects of multi-scale smoothing of initial images, with the increase of the number of spectral-spatial features being multiple of the number of the scales, are shown.

The buildings are very complex for detection on SAR images, where the basic features of those are shadows. There are many different representations for SAR shadow. As result it is no possible to use convolutional neural network for building detection directly. In this article we give property analysis of SAR shadows of different type buildings. After that, each region (ROI) prepared for training of building detection is corrected with its own SAR shadow properties. Reconstructions of ROI will be put in a modified YOLO network for building detection with better quality result.

The possibility of extending the patterns characteristic of the information process to the educational process is substantiated in this paper. The features of the manifestation of information security properties in the context of educational activities related to the training of specialists in the field of information security are considered. The disadvantages of evaluating this property by quantitative methods are analyzed. It substantiates the possibility of assessing the security of educational activity by qualitative methods. Classification grounds for systematization of security characteristics are determined. The structure of the characteristics of the security of educational activities for the training of specialists in the field of information security is given. Methodological provisions for the implementation of the synthesis procedure of this structure are formulated. Variants of characteristic tables and an example of a decision table for assessing the values of the security characteristics of educational activities in terms of a linguistic scale are given. The results obtained will allow us to assess the feasibility of carrying out measures practically to ensure the information security of educational activities. The developed method can be considered as a methodological support for solving the practical problem of assessing the security of educational activities.

The information security (IS) issues in the currently popular graph database management systems (DBMS), suitable for big data processing and storing information created during the generation of criminal cases on money laundering and financing of terrorism (ML/FT), are examined. This paper continues the previous authors’ research and aims to analyze IS threats and vulnerabilities of graph DBMS. These DBMS differ from the relational ones in the type of stored data and the principle of their storage; therefore the compiling of a list of IS threats is urgent due to its absence on a global scale. The original IS threat list and methods for protecting against them, as well as some recommendations for eliminating vulnerabilities used by IS threats are proposed. The obtained results are based on the analysis of IS threats for conventional DBMS and taking into account the peculiarities of graph DBMS, their structure as well as vulnerabilities of specific graph DBMS.

The numerical simulation and selection of optimal parameters of the diffraction grating for a newly developed technology for the manufacture of plane waveguide systems are performed. In contrast to the use of ready-made silicon wafers on an insulator, the new technology has been developed for the manufacture of a fully autonomous radiation input system, a coupling element and the waveguide itself. A general description of the technology of the ‘radiation input – propagation – radiation output’ system is given. Concrete fabrication parameters of the lattice height, the substrate and coating layers are found. The coupling efficiency of radiation input into the waveguide is found to be 30%.

В статье анализируется взаимосвязь понятия «безопасность» с производными понятиями. Выделена объективная научно-практическая потребность в научном и регуляторном закреплении термина «кибербезопасность», дано его определение. В результате анализа перспективных подходов к обеспечению безопасности отмечена сохраняющаяся актуальность риск-ориентированного подхода. При этом в качестве методов оценки рисков кибербезопасности в ближайшей перспективе будут рассматриваться экспертные методы на основе возможного ущерба. Сделан вывод о необходимости развития инструментов автоматизации оценки рисков кибербезопасности при применении инженерных методик расчета cyberPHA, Security PHA Review и других. В академическом плане наиболее приоритетным направлением исследований остается проблема моделирования и разработки моделей вычисления вероятности наступления рисков кибербезопасности в киберфизических системах.

In the development of modern logistics, the role of automated cargo warehousing is gradually reflected, which is essential for the automatic distribution of goods. This paper briefly introduced the automatic location allocation model and the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm used to optimize the model. At the same time, it introduced the concept of genetic operator and multi-group co-evolution to improve the algorithm, and then the simulation analysis of standard PSO and improved PSO was performed on MATLAB software. The results showed that the improved PSO iterated fewer times and get better solution sets; compared with the manual allocation scheme, the improved PSO calculation reduced more warehousing time, lowered more center of gravity height, and improved shelf stability. In summary, the improved PSO algorithm can effectively optimize the automated goods dynamic allocation and warehousing model.

A 6f-scheme of Fourier holography with resonant architecture is considered, which implements memory replenishment with new information that contradicts the previously recorded. It is shown that the low-frequency attenuation due to the nonlinearity of the exposure characteristics of holographic recording media in the initial reference holographic image recorded in a narrow filtering range corresponding to the degradation in the correlation plane of the global maximum of the autocorrelation function below the lateral maxima leads to the response instability – an intermittent mode. It is shown that the intermittent mode corresponds to the restructuring of the autocorrelation function of a composite standard recorded in holograms from one range of values of the approximation model parameters to another. It is shown that the correlation length of the composite image recorded in holograms is an order parameter of the system; its rapid change precedes the loss of response stability and the transition to an unstable regime with intermittency. The results of numerical simulation are presented.

In this work, a hybrid-forecasting model is proposed. The model includes a recursive penalty P-spline with parameters adaptation based on evolutionary optimization algorithms. In short-term forecasting, especially in real-time systems, the urgent task is to increase the forecast speed without compromising its quality. High forecasting speed has been achieved by an economical computational scheme of a recurrent P-spline with a shallow depth of prehistory. When combined with the adaptation of some parameters of the P-spline, such an approach allows you to control the forecast accuracy.

When laser coagulation of eye retina is carried out, the laser beam is directed to target retinal areas selected by an ophthalmologist. The exposure to laser light produces a photocoagulate. When using laser coagulation, the main problem is selecting both the laser exposure areas that would cover all pathological zones and the laser exposure parameters to prevent retina damage. Any patient has an individual fundus structure. The individual structure of pathological and anatomical elements must be taken into account to achieve the desired therapeutic effect. The formation of coagulates in all hemorrhage-affected areas results in the desired therapeutic effect. The vascular layer must be heated to a sufficient temperature to form a coagulate. Such an effect can be predicted using mathematical modeling of laser exposure. In this paper, we consider methods of mathematical modeling of laser exposure based on the solution of a heat equation. The methods are compared in terms of their computational complexity and solution stability. An analysis of the possibility of predicting the therapeutic effect using methods of mathematical modeling of laser exposure is carried out.

The paper discusses different approaches to image and video processing aiming to solve the problems of detecting, tracking and estimating the parameters of moving objects. The developed algorithms for solving these problems are described in relation to the field of transport analytics. When developing the algorithms, attention was given to solving the problems on an embedded platform of video surveillance cameras, which imposes restrictions on the computational complexity. The first (basic) algorithm for moving object detection and parameter estimation is based on processing two associated areas of an image. This algorithm includes a computationally efficient adaptive procedure for evaluating and updating the background component of an image. The procedure is based on the physics of the process of movement of the object of interest through a processing zone. The second algorithm performs object tracking based on an optical flow method initialized by feature points. The third algorithm is based on object segment tracking and is computationally efficient for the implementation on an embedded platform of intelligent cameras. Results of experimental studies of the proposed algorithms are presented, as well as a comparison with some well-known algorithms. It is shown that tracking algorithms can improve the accuracy of moving object parameter estimation. Tracking also reduces the number of classification errors compared to the basic approach to object detection and parameter estimation.

In this paper we simulated the focusing of left circular polarized beam with a second order phase vortex and a second-order cylindrical vector beam by a gradient index Mikaelian lens. It was shown numerically, that there is an area with a negative Poynting vector projection on Z axis, that can be called an area with backward energy flow. Using a cylindrical hole in the output surface of the lens and optimizing it one can obtain a negative flow, which will be situated in the maximum intensity region, unlike to previous papers, in which such backward energy flow regions were situated in a shadow area. Thereby, this lens will work as an “optical magnet”, it will attract Rayleigh particles (with diameter about 1/20 of the wavelength) to its surface.

Using electronic beam lithography and reactive ion beam etching, a metalens is manufactured in a thin layer of amorphous silicon of a 130-nm depth, a 30-µm diameter, and a 633-nm focal length (equal to the illumination wavelength). The metalens is composed of 16 sectored subwavelength binary gratings with a 220-nm period. The uniqueness of this metalens is that when illuminated by left-handed circularly polarized light, it is capable of generating a left-handed circularly polarized vortex beam with a topological charge of 2, generating a second-order cylindrical vector beam when illuminated by linearly polarized light. Both for linear and circular incident polarization, an energy backflow is found to be generated in the vicinity of the tight focus. Transverse intensity distributions measured with a scanning near-field optical microscope near the focus of the metalens are in qualitative agreement with the intensity distributions calculated by the FDTD method. This confirms that a backward energy flow takes place at the focus of the metalens. A metalens generating an energy backflow near its focus is fabricated and characterized for the first time.

The article describes special aspects of the organization of nonlinear filtering of image contours defined as a sequence of complex numbers. An effect of scale and rotation of the contour on the filtering result is studied. Changes in the contour spectra caused by different nonlinear filters are studied.

The feasibility of generating surface plasmon polaritons carrying orbital angular momentum ("vortex plasmons") on cylindrical conductors by an end-fire coupling technique in the spectral range from 8.5 to 141 μm (~ 2-40 THz) is considered. The front face of the cylinder is illuminated by Bessel beams formed using binary spiral phase axicons, or annual vortex beams formed in the focal plane of an additional lens. Graphs are constructed that reveal the relationship between the waveguide parameters (conductor diameter, which is equal to the diameter of the illuminating beam, and the “twist” angle of the plasmon) and the axicon parameters (the ratio of the axicon period to the radiation wavelength) for the above wavelengths and topological charges of the beams ranging from 1 to 9. The results obtained indicate the possibility of conducting experiments in the long-wavelength range for modeling a plasmon multiplex communication channel.

This study offers an adapted method for monitoring functional failures in NOR flash memory during tests for resistance to heavy charged particles. The experiment was conducted on the basis of the "U-400" cyclotron. Experimental results of approbation of the adapted method have shown the need to divide functional failures (FF) into 5 types depending on the nature of each FF and confirm the need to adapt the methodology and monitoring tools to assess the parameters of sensitivity to the effects of heavy charged particles (HCP) on single radiation effects (SRE) of the FF. The obtained results provide additional data on the parameters of the sensitivity of chips to the effects of HCP on the SRE to the equipment manufacturer for the development of a system for parrying the observed effects in the equipment in order to increase the security of stored information.

The paper presents a method for testing ADC, intended for measurement the basic parameters of converters by histogram test (or code density test). This method is ideally suited for modern wide bandwidth high precision ADCs and is universally accepted, especially with the proliferation of standard PC-based software and ADC manufacturer’s evaluation boards. The histogram and Fast Fourier transform (FFT) tests use essentially the same hardware, both are normally part of a comprehensive ADC test plan [1]. Modular Instrumentation System PXI of NI and Signal Generator SMA100B (ROHDE & SCHWARZ) were used as test equipment for the tests. The basic static and dynamic parameters of the ADC AD7888 were calculated using this method. The degradation of the main parameters of the ADC AD7888 under the influence of the absorbed dose at the «RIK-0401» x-ray unit is presented in the paper.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the existing indicators used in information security implementing threats risk assessing in automated systems. The goal is to identify its advantages, disadvantages and application possibilities, when conducting implementing danger network attacks quantitative assessment on automated systems operated in a secure execution at the Internal Affairs Bodies informatization objects. To achieve this goal we use the method of system analysis of threat hazard indicators based on research of open literature sources, international and industry standards of the Russian Federation for information protection in automated systems, methodological and guiding documents and orders of the Federal service for technical and expert control of Russia on the problem of assessing the risk of unauthorized access to automated systems, as well as the regulatory framework of the Ministry of internal Affairs of Russia, regulating the operation of automated systems of internal Affairs bodies in a protected version. The risk model of the automated system is analyzed to make a correct choice of adequate indicators when conducting a quantitative analysis of the risk of information security violations. To conduct network attacks danger quantitative assessment and study them in a dynamic mode, the main directions for improving the identified indicators are proposed, taking into account Internal Affairs Bodies protected automated systems operation actual features and disadvantages. Development of a dynamic integral attack hazard indicator that reflects the real dynamic properties of the process of implementing a set of typical network attacks on an automated system, and improvement of existing mathematical software for assessing the risk of network attacks by determining the probability-time characteristics of multiple parallel attacks implemented model-based simulation will allow to quantify risk and increase the real security of the automated systems in process of their operation on the objects of Informatization of Internal Affairs bodies.

Статья посвящена проблеме подделки электронных устройств. Постоянно растущие требования к характеристикам и функциональным возможностям изделий электронной компонентной базы (ЭКБ), применяющимся в ответственной аппаратуре (космических аппаратах, технике двойного и специального назначения, транспорте и т.д.), приводят к применению продукции коммерческой категории качества иностранного производства. Таким образом, возникает риск применения ЭКБ контрафактного происхождения, что определяет необходимость проводить испытания и исследования, подтверждающие аутентичность изделий. Но даже применение всего арсенала методов исследований не гарантирует 100% достоверности результата, подтверждающего аутентичность изделия. Кроме того, глобальная тенденция заключается в том, что количество поддельных микросхем (и не только микросхем) увеличивается, но эффективность методов обнаружения падает. Одним из методов борьбы с контрафакцией является маркировка подлинных компонентов. И самый безопасный для маркировки метод, основанный на физически неклонируемых функциях (ФНФ) т.е. таких свойств изделия, которые невозможно воспроизвести в следствие естественного разброса характеристик паразитных структур, неопределенности результатов случайных процессов технологии производства. Распределение амплитуд ионизационных откликов и радиационная деградация параметров по мере накопления поглощенной дозы является одной из таких ФНФ т.к. обладает нужными свойствами: невозможностью воспроизведения с одной стороны, и однородностью результатов в рамках одной партии микросхем или транзисторов с другой стороны. Поэтому предлагается использовать различные признаки ухудшения радиационного поведения в качестве ФНФ. Несколько примеров такого использования представлены в статье.

In this work, the effect of the irradiation intensity on the radiation hardness of CMOS integrated circuits (ICs) was studied. We investigated 3 types of ICs manufactured according to design rules from 0.8 to 3 microns, and used in various information transmission systems: 1586IN4, HEF4093BT and MC14504B. The U-31/33 accelerator of electrons has been used for the study in both gamma-ray mode (for moderate intensity) and pulse electron generation mode (for high intensity). As a result, it was revealed that an increase in the intensity of exposure by 4 orders of magnitude might result in a radiation hardness decrease up to factor of 30. This circumstance has to be taken into account when testing CMOS ICs for radiation hardness to high intensity effects. The obtained experimental data confirm theoretical understanding of the influence of increased irradiation intensity on the dose hardness of CMOS ICs.

Particular definitions of the concept of "Knowledge Graph" (knowledge network) are considered, and a generalizing author's definition of the concept of "knowledge networks" is given. The position of the knowledge network in the General context of network science is revealed. Real-world examples show how network (graph) data models can be effectively used in the subject area of preliminary investigation. The levels of implementation and the main advantages of the concept are discussed.

The development of the technological process in electronics has led to the problem of single event upsets (SEU) in microchips when exposed to neutrons causing loss of information and errors. To evaluate sensitivity of CMOS VLSI to SEU caused by neutrons we propose BGR method. To test this approach we apply BGR method to the data obtained by irradiation of several types of ICs:Artix and Spartan FPGAs (Xilinx) and STM32 microcontroller (ST Microelectronics). Test setup was built using modular devices by National Instruments. In this study, we also consider the areas for which neutron influence evaluation is relevant and present an overview of the available data on neutron induced SEU in CMOS chips. A description of the BGR method and experimental results are given.

The purpose of the paper is to consider issues related to the security of state information systems in the Russian Federation. The relevance of these issues is primarily due to the fact that the number of cyber-attacks (causing significant damage to the state) on various areas of its economy, including its state information systems, is increasing every year in Russia. For example, the national initiative for Cybersecurity Education (NICE) was launched in the United States several years ago. This event has not escaped the attention of Russian and other experts in the field of information security (is). The main areas of information property protection include: protection (state, official, commercial, banking, tax, insurance, personal data (PD), etc.) of secrets and intellectual property. State information systems include information technology tools and systems that rely on advanced scientific research, such as knowledge, advanced technologies (know-how), etc. Today, state information systems are an integral part of a fairly complex system of public administration. It is also important to recall the role of the Russian FSTEC regulator in ensuring information security. The subject of the research is SIS as the basis of management of state bodies. The paper focuses on current trends in the field of SIS information security, a brief overview of SIS legislation, and the critical information infrastructure (CII) of Russia's main geopolitical opponent. The main arguments for the importance of the chosen direction of work are discussed. Further research is expected to be conducted in the field of SIS security in an uncertain environment.