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Using distributed hydrological models to evaluate the effectiveness of reducing non-point source pollution by applying best management practices (BMPs) is an important support to decision making for watershed management. However, complex interfaces and time-consuming simulations of the models have largely hindered the applications of these models. We designed and developed a prototype web-based decision support system for watershed management (DSS-WMRJ), which is user friendly and supports quasi-real-time decision making. DSS-WMRJ is based on integrating an open-source Web-based Geographical Information Systems (Web GIS) tool (Geoserver), a modeling component (SWAT, Soil and Water Assessment Tool), a cloud computing platform (Hadoop) and other open source components and libraries. In addition, a private cloud is used in an innovative manner to parallelize model simulations, which are time consuming and computationally costly. Then, the prototype DSS-WMRJ was tested with a case study. Successful implementation and testing of the prototype DSS-WMRJ lay a good foundation to develop DSS-WMRJ into a fully-fledged tool for watershed management. DSS-WMRJ can be easily customized for use in other watersheds and is valuable for constructing other environmental decision support systems, because of its performance, flexibility, scalability and economy.

Uranium (U) is formed by the interaction of groundwater in aquifer and the surrounding rocks. The area chosen for this study is a hard rock terrain of various lithology in South India, which releases U in groundwater and affect the groundwater quality. Hence, this study was conducted to understand the geochemistry and temporal variations of U in groundwater with respect to saturation state of minerals for different seasons namely Pre-monsoon (PRM), Northeast monsoon (NEM), Southwest monsoon (SWM) and Post-monsoon (POM). A total of 216 groundwater samples were collected, representing various lithology (Fissile hornblende biotite gneiss, Charnockite, Quartzite, Granite and Flood Plain Alluvium) in the study area. The collected samples were analyzed for physical parameters such as Electrical conductivity, Total dissolved solids, pH and major ions. U was measured using Laser Fluorimeter. The study infers that weathering in SWM, ion exchange in PRM and POM and anthropogenic process in NEM were the three major processes that could dominate the hydrogeochemistry of U. The higher concentration of U has been highlighted, and the water–rock interaction has been studied to know the sources of origin and it has been plotted through bivariate and ternary diagrams. The saturation index study was made and calculated for uranium, carbonate, sulfate, silicate and phosphate minerals using PHREEQC Programme. Uraninite and Coffinite are the dominant saturated states of U minerals which tend to attain near saturation to saturation state irrespective of seasons. With the increase in U concentration irrespective of seasons, it was noticed that the saturation state of minerals is also increasing. Overall, the weathering process and the lithological impact are the sources for higher concentration of U and their minerals occurring in the study area. The outcome of the study will help the policy makers for sustainable management to safeguard the groundwater resource in this region.

In recent years, different biomaterials have garnered more research attention due to their usefulness as adsorbents. The present study focuses on a chemical treatment process to improve the adsorption capacity of betel nut husk fibers for a textile effluent (methylene blue). The fibers of chemically modified material were assessed using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analyzer to determine the existing surface functional groups and surface area, respectively. Parameters including contact time, dye concentration, temperature, effects of pH and desorption efficiency were also evaluated to identify optimum adsorption performance. Adsorption followed the Freundlich isotherm model and pseudo-first-order kinetics, indicating physisorption was responsible for adsorption and its occurrence on multilayers. Adsorption capacity was 149.921 mg/g, 149.874 mg/g and 145.462 mg/g at 30, 40 and 50, respectively, and was best at 30 °C. ΔH° was found to be − 1.494 which suggests adsorption is exothermic in nature and thus satisfying the findings that the physical process of adsorption took place in this study.

Hydrogeochemical processes responsible for groundwater composition within the Asutifi-North district were assessed. The aim was to delineate the factors influencing groundwater within the district. Results show that the pH values of groundwater within the district are moderately acidic to neutral and ranged from 4.4 to 7.5 with a mean value and standard deviation of 6.1 ± 0.7 pH units. 67.4% of groundwater is acidic (pH 4–6.5) due principally to the influence of aquifer materials on the chemistry of groundwater. Acid mine drainage investigations in groundwater within the district shows that, when exposed, sulphides such as pyrites (FeS2) and arsenopyrite (FeAsS) react with water and oxygen to principally produce Fe(OH)3. The major ion concentrations are within the WHO (2004) Guideline values for drinking water. The relative abundance of cations and anions in groundwater within the district is in the order of: Ca2+ > Na+ > Mg2+ > K+ and HCO3− > Cl− > SO42−, respectively. The study further shows that, albite/anorthite-(plagioclase) and calcite/dolomite(carbonates) dissolution as well as ion-exchange reactions may have contributed significantly to major ion concentrations in groundwater within the district. Hydrochemical facies using Piper trillinear diagrams delineated two major water types, the Ca–Mg–HCO3 and Na–Cl water types, with Ca–Mg–Cl, Ca–Mg–SO4–Cl and Na–K–HCO3 as minor water types. Using principal component analysis (PCA), three (3) main principal components accounting for 73.1% of the total variance with eigenvalues > 1 were extracted. PCA delineated the main natural processes through which groundwater within the district acquires its chemical characteristics, the incongruent dissolution of silicate/aluminosilicates and the prevalence of pollution principally from the application of inorganic fertilizers such as nitrates and ammonia via agricultural activities within the district.

Results from the assessment of physicochemical qualities of groundwater and soils around Afam in Niger Delta done using, statistical model, geo-accumulation indices (I-geo) and water quality indices showed that pH and Cu did not correlate strongly with any of the parameters analyzed in the study area. At 2-tailed of 0.05 levels of significance, moderate correlation exist between dissolved oxygen and Ca > Na, strong to moderate correlation exist between temperature and total dissolved solids (TDS) > E.C > Na and Ca, whereas at 2-tailed level of 0.02, very strong correlation exist between E.C and TDS (0.988), > Na (0.966), > Ca (0.957). TDS in turn is strongly correlated with Na (0.987), > Ca (0.972). Fe, Zn, Pb and Cr, total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPHC), oil and grease (O&G) (

Deterioration in soil–water environment severely contributed by heavy metal bioavailability and mobility on soil surface and sub-surface due to irrational increase in wastewater discharge and agrochemical activities. Therefore, the feasibility of adsorption characteristics of the soil is paramount in curbing the problem of micropollutant contamination in the farming vicinity. Soil from a farming site in a populated area in Enugu, Nigeria was collected and tested to measure the lead and cadmium contents using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The adsorption potency of the ultisol soil was estimated for identifiable physicochemical properties by standard technique. The mean activity concentration of Pb2+ and Cd2+ was 15.68 mg/kg and 3.01 mg/kg. The pH, temperature, metal concentration and contact time adsorptive effect on the Pb2+ and Cd2+ uptake was evaluated by batch adsorption technique. The Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin models were fitted into equilibrium adsorption data and the calculated results depict a better and satisfactory correlation for Langmuir with higher linear regression coefficients (Pb2+, 0.935 and Cd2+, 0.971). On the basis of sorption capacity mechanism of the soil, pseudo-second-order model best described the kinetics of both metal ions retention process. The results of the present study indicated that the soil being a low cost-effective adsorbent can be utilized to minimize the environmental risk impact of these metal ions.

Over the last two decades, prevalent technologies and Internet of Things (IoT) systems have been found to have potential for carrying out environmental monitoring. The data generated from these infrastructures are readily available and have the potential to provide massive spatial coverage. The costs involved in using these data are minimal since the records are already generated for the original uses of these systems. Commercial microwave links, which provide the underlying framework for data transfer between cellular network base stations, are one example of such a system and have been found useful for monitoring rainfall. Wireless infrastructure of this kind is deployed widely by communication providers across Africa and can thus be used as a rainfall monitoring device to complement the sparse proprietary resources that currently exist or to substitute for them where alternatives do not exist. Here we focus this approach’s potential to acquire valuable information required for agricultural needs across Africa using Kenya as an example.

In order to assess the quality of groundwater near ash pond of Parichha Thermal Power Plant (Jhansi), heavy metal evaluation index (HEI)was calculated. An unlined ash pond is being used for a long time to dispose fly ash generated by thermal power plant. To assess the level of groundwater contamination due to ash slurry disposal, both groundwater and ash slurry samples were collected and analysed in terms of their chemical concentration. In the present study, it was observed that significant amount of trace elements can leach out from ash slurry and may contaminate groundwater due to downward percolation through soil strata in an unlined ash pond. Obtained results revealed the range of heavy metals concentration in groundwater as [Ni (0.02–0.07 mg/l), Pb (0.14–0.41 mg/l), Fe (0.20–7.21 mg/l), Mn (0.01–0.14 mg/l), Cr (0.03–0.05 mg/l) and Al (0.05–0.26 mg /l)]. HEI showed a heavy load of metal pollution within the range of 5 km from the ash pond while moderate pollution within the range of 7 km and very low at a distance of 15 km.

Sixty-seven (67) groundwater samples from different land use areas such as dumpsites, industrial, markets and residential all within Lagos, southwest Nigeria, were sampled and sent to ACME Laboratories, Ontario, Canada, for geochemical analysis to determine some essential and toxic elements using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer method. The purpose was to establish baseline values for the geochemical composition of groundwater in some parts of Lagos as well as the health risk assessment. Based on essential elements, 83%, 80% and 100% of groundwater samples were deficient in Ca, Mg and Se, respectively, while 75%, 10%, 7% and 8% of samples can be categorised as soft, moderately hard, hard and very hard water, respectively. The soft water, as well as different deficiencies in water, had been linked to heart problems, impeded growth, fertility disorders and liver diseases. Concentrations of As, Cd, Cr, Pb, Ni and Fe were higher than recommended standards in 2.94%, 1.5%, 1.5%, 29.4%, 4.4% and 4.7% of groundwater samples, respectively. Groundwater in the study area can be classified between not contaminated ( 5) based on the contamination index. Highly contaminated samples were within dumpsites and industrial areas. The land-use activities have a direct or indirect impact on groundwater quality. The apparent sources of groundwater pollutants include industrial discharge, effluents, leachates and municipal wastes. The result of total health risk index for both ingestion and dermal exposure to water showed values far > 1 for all the toxic elements and generally pose non-carcinogenic health risk hazards for child and adult population in the study area. THI for samples from residential, market, industrial and dumpsites showed mean values of (9.60 and 3.75), (14.17 and 5.37), (9.8 and 3.4) and 95.44 and 37.48) for child and adult population, respectively. The degree of contamination in groundwater showed the following trends: dumpsite > industrial > markets > residential in the study area.

The use of water resources from hand-dug wells, boreholes and streams around cassava processing mills within Ilaro metropolis, Ogun State Nigeria for domestic and industrial activities had led to the assessments of water resources in the vicinities of Ekueme, Olorungbogo, Double Crown, Olalandu and Akewe cassava mills. Eleven water samples were collected and taken to the laboratories for physiochemical, heavy metals and microbial analyses. The values obtained were compared with the WHO standards for drinking water. The pH (4.68–7.41) revealed acidic water with relatively low temperatures (24.7–29.2 ℃). The EC (79.80–221.00 mS/cm) indicated very high level of dissolved ionic salts, TU (0.200–0.684 mg/L) revealed the presence of particulate matters, and TH (15.10–22.70 mg/L) showed moderate water hardness. The anions NO3−, PO43− and Cl− concentrations indicated contaminations ranging from 65.42–110.80, 7.210–8.310 and 195.25–427.00 mg/L, respectively. Cations Na+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ had relatively low concentrations ranging from 14.49–20.96, 4.30–11.29 and 10.50–11.50 mg/L, respectively. The concentrations of Fe, Ni, Cd and Pb were high and ranged from 3.87–5.10, 1.27–2.82, 0.07–2.69 and 0.03–0.96 mg/L, respectively. The microbial counts in for total bacteria, fungi, E. coli and total coliform were also high ranging from 1.0–93.0, 0.1–1.3, 0.1–9.2 and 0.1–9.3 (106 CFU/ml), respectively. All these parameters indicated statistically significant difference between their concentrations at p = 0.000 and between the physiochemical and microbial results at p = 0.006. The qualities of the water resources around the study areas had been highly compromised and are not suitable for domestic activities.

Sidi Bel Abbes plain, in Western Algeria, covers an area of 813 km2 and holds an important groundwater reservoir, providing the region with a large water potential. It displays characteristics of a peri-urban aquifer, with a large agricultural sector. The climatic variations that affected this region, the development of industrial and agricultural activities along with the over-exploitation of the groundwater resource negatively impact the aquifer's hydrodynamic balance. This work is structured around a multiapproach process based mainly on geophysical data to determine the reservoir bathymetry, rainfall data, humidity data using the standardized precipitation index (SPI), piezometric maps, hydrodynamic data, and groundwater extraction rate. Results revealed a significant decrease in humidity values over time. This negatively influences the water potential of the alluvial aquifer and induces a lateral recharge from adjacent aquifers (overfilling). Indeed, the rainfall contribution to the recharge appears low compared to that of the surrounding aquifers. However, total annual rainfall above 500 mm/year may reduce the input of the adjacent aquifers. Besides, our study indicates a well-defined hydrodynamic pattern in the alluvial aquifer, due to the bowl-shaped bedrock of the aquifer and the excessive overexploitation, especially downstream (the region of Sidi Bel Abbes). Thus, this aquifer adapted to such exploitation, through continuous and systematic recharge of drainage flows by the upstream groundwater (regions characterized by a wall uplift). The aquifer’s pluviometric dependence occurs clearly in its south-western part. A 50% humidity value implies a 0–10 m increase in the water table.

Lake Hawassa is one of the major Ethiopian Rift Valley Lakes having an endorheic basin system. The surrounding community makes use of the lake water for the multiple purposes of irrigation, domestic water supply, recreation and fish harvesting. The aim of the present study was to ascertain the water quality of the lake in terms of water quality indices (WQI) and its health over a period of three months covering both dry and wet seasons. Overall, the water quality of Lake was unfit and bad as per the weighted arithmetic method (120.06–228.29) and modified Bascarón water quality index (MBWQI) methods (26.81–33.89), respectively. However, the quality was indicated as marginal, as per the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment (CCME) water quality index method (44.2–51.1). On average, the lake was under the hypertrophic stage as per the standard based on the results of Secchi depth and nutrient concentration. The current study showed the lake being unfit for all-purposes as per WAWQI range (> 100). According to the physicochemical and biological parameters, of the lake, it requires mitigation measures to control Eutrophication and pollutants inflow.

Sagar Island in Indian Sundarbans is bestowed with numerous tidal creeks providing a suitable home to its inherent aquatic biota. The present study investigated the variation in the surface water quality in selected tidal creeks of Sagar Island, Indian Sundarbans to understand the present status of water quality for wildlife propagation and fisheries. Ten water parameters were taken into consideration for analysis on monthly basis from four stations (tidal creeks) from September 2015 to August 2016. One-way ANOVA showed five parameters (water temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, turbidity and chemical oxygen demand) varied significantly between seasons (p ≤ 0.05). Factor analysis exhibited four factors explaining 53.21% total variance in the observed data. Salinity and turbidity showed a maximum annual range of variations followed by dissolved oxygen. The fluctuations of physicochemical parameters throughout the year hinted toward the ever-changing nature of the estuarine ecosystem with possible human-induced impacts. Pronounced variation in turbidity seemed to be the effect of ferrying/transportation, monsoonal runoff and other human-induced activities. In the present study, water parameters viz., water temperature, dissolved oxygen and turbidity were the deterministic parameters influencing the variables in the system. The other important parameters were found to be COD, BOD3 and nitrate concentrations during the study period. The study shall provide baseline information in formulating the management measures in terms of water quality in wildlife propagation and fisheries.

Abstract Electrospun AOPAN/PVDF composite nanofiber membranes for metal ions treatment have been prepared by coaxial electrospinning. AOPAN shell layer was modified chemically for adsorbing metal ions by chelation, whereas the chemically stable PVDF inner core was for maintaining mechanical stability. Polymer concentration and applied voltage had obvious influence on the characteristics of the fibers’ structure, morphology and strength. The amidoxime reaction was sensitive to the pH value of solution, and it was found that the alkaline condition hindered the reaction. The characterization by SEM, FTIR and XRD showed that the AOPAN/PVDF membrane retained the core–shell structure integrity after chemical modification. In the static and dynamic adsorption experiments, the mechanical strength of the AOPAN/PVDF membrane did not change obviously within 5 cycles of adsorption and regeneration. In addition, the AOPAN/PVDF membranes showed a certain level of efficiency in removal of Pb2+ in aqueous solution; the adsorption capacities of the membranes in the 5th run were higher than 45% of the adsorption of the corresponding fresh membranes. The work provides a potential approach for preparing membranes having good feasibility for practical application in adsorption separation of metal ions. Graphical Abstract

Hydrochemistry of groundwater is important in coal mines because it can be used for understanding water–rock interaction and inrush water source identification. In this study, major ion concentrations of groundwater samples from the loose layer aquifer (LA), coal-bearing aquifer (CA) and Taiyuan Formation limestone aquifer (TA) in the Qingdong coal mine, northern Anhui province, China, have been analyzed by a series of statistical methods for identifying the source of chemical constituents in groundwater and the source of inrush water. The results indicate that the mean concentration of the major ions in the LA were ordered as follows: HCO3− > SO42− > Na+ + K+ > Cl− > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > CO32−, whereas average values of the CA in decreasing order are SO42−, Na+ + K+, HCO3−, Cl−, Ca2+, Mg2+ and CO32−, and the major ion concentrations of the TA have the following order: SO42− > Na+ + K+ > Ca2+ > HCO3− > Cl− > Mg2+ > CO32−, and most of the samples are Na-SO4 and Ca-SO4 types. TDS content in water increases with aquifer depth, whereas the pH values ranged from 7.1 to 8.9, indicating a weak alkaline environment. Two sources (weathering of silicate minerals and dissolution of evaporate minerals) have been identified by principal component analysis responsible for the chemical variations of the groundwater, and their contribution ratios have been quantified by Unmix model. Moreover, based on the Q-mode cluster and discriminant analyses, the samples with known sources have been identified correctly to be 95.7% and 97.6%, respectively, and the samples with unknown sources have been determined with high probability (78–100%).

Neochloris minutaandNeochloris alveolarisgrown in nitrogen-rich (+ N) and nitrogen-depleted (-N) media were tested for their heavy metal maximum biosorption capacities (qmax) and adsorption percent efficiencies (R%). By removing nitrogen from the growth media, both algal species showed an increase in their lipid content and a decrease in their protein content. Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms were used to determine the qmaxand adsorption efficiencies of the + N and −N algae in the recovery of Pb2+, Cd2+, Zn2+, Cu2+, and Ni2+. When comparing the two types of algae,N. alveolarisshowed the highest adsorption capacities for all five metals either in + N or -N media. The maximum adsorption efficiency percentage of the lowest concentration metal ions forN. alveolariswas 87.10% for Pb2+, 64.98% for Cd2+, 59.50% for Zn2+, 60.08% for Cu2+, and 50.61% for Ni2+. In both algae, nitrogen depletion (-N) caused an increase in the qmaxvalues for Zn2+and Cu2+. Additionally, the qmaxofN. minutafor Cd2+, Zn2+, Cu2+and Ni2+increased by the nitrogen depletion demonstrating that the treatment can be applied to improve the biosorption capacity of a particular alga for multiple heavy metals. The biosorption capacity for these algae for heavy metals was also discussed in terms of their biomass compositions and the type of hard or soft metal acid based on the Pearson theory of Hard and Soft, Acid and Bases (HSAB).

In arid areas, the pressure on water resources and in particular on groundwater resources is on the rise, mainly due to increasing demand and the deterioration of water quality. In this context, the present work aims to follow the annual evolution, between 2009 and 2019 of the physicochemical parameters, and to evaluate the quality of groundwater of the region of Mougheul, by determining the data of pH, TDS, conductivity and the concentrations of major ions ( Ca+2, Mg+2, Na+, K+, Cl−, HCO3−, SO4−2, NO3−) of 07 water points. The results revealed that all the levels of the physicochemical parameters do not exceed the WHO potability standards, except high values were observed at the level of well W6 which exceeds the limits recommended by the WHO (50 mg /l). The diagram of Schöeller and Berkaloff shows that the groundwater has the bicarbonate magnesium facies. The representation of the data on the Piper triangular diagram shows that W6 has the facies chlorinated and calcium sulfate and magnesium and the other water points have the facies bicarbonate calcium and magnesium. SAR values show that the groundwater of Mougheul is excellent for irrigation. The classification according to the Wilcox diagram shows that the groundwater of Mougheul in general is good quality, but the well of W6 water is suitable for irrigation and requires monitoring the evolution of salinity.

Nanotechnology is a recent field of modern research dealing with synthesis, strategy and manipulation of particle’s structure in size range of 1–100 nm. This study introduces one of the methods of synthesis of nanoparticles, i.e., green synthesis of ZnO NPs using aqueous leaf extract of Becium grandiflorum (AM: ‘Yedegamentisie’). The biomolecules of the plant extract (such as phenols, flavonoids, saponins, glycosides, steroids, tannins and alkaloids) were used as capping and reducing agent during synthesis of ZnO NPs. Response surface methodology coupled with Box-Behnken design (RSM-BBD) was used to optimize the synthesis of ZnO NPs and adsorption studies of the as-synthesized ZnO NPs. Then, ZnO NPs was characterized using different spectroscopic and microscopic instruments such as UV–Vis spectroscopy, FTIR, XRD and SEM–EDS to consider its purity, shape and crystallinity. UV–Vis analysis showed peaks in the range 305–312 nm due to synthesis of ZnO NPs. FTIR analysis showed the availability of different phytochemicals in the plant extract and synthesis of ZnO NPs at 490 cm−1. Powder XRD patterns confirmed formation of phase pure wurtzite structures of ZnO NPs. The synthesized ZnO NPs were used to remove MB dye from aqueous solution by acting as a photocatalyst and adsorbent as well as, it also showed antimicrobial activity against two gram positive (Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus) and three gram negative (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria.

This work studied the removal of paracetamol through the adsorption process using the granular activated carbon. The results indicated that it was possible to obtain 95% of removal under the experimental conditions of pH 6, 120 min of process and 5 g L−1 of solid adsorbent. The kinetic model that best fit the experimental data was the pseudo-first order. The isotherm model that best fit the experimental data was the Sips. The thermodynamic tests indicated that the adsorption process was favorable and spontaneous and confirmed the endothermic nature of the process. In fixed bed column adsorption, the best operating condition found was obtained using the flow rate of 3 mL min−1 and bed mass equal to 0.5 g. In this case, the system presented the highest volume of treated PAR effluent, of 810 mL per gram of carbon in the bed, besides a longer rupture time and bed saturation.

Anoxic–oxic process is also called anaerobic aerobic process and used widely with the membrane bioreactor (MBR) for wastewater treatment, particularly in China, thanks for their high efficiency, good-quality permeate and easy operation. However, because the content of the feed wastewater fluctuates in a large range and the operation condition of the system needs to be controlled accurately, it is very important to find an efficient way to constantly monitor the nodes of the system, and adjust the operation parameters, including the quantities used in the chemical treatment. Therefore, it is necessary to use Internet of things technology (IOT) sensing and control equipment to realize the dynamic monitoring of sewage treatment process parameters, so as to serve the drug delivery and equipment online control. This study introduces an application case based on IOT sensor control and supporting maintenance business. Through the practical application of this technology in an environmental protection sewage treatment enterprise in Wuxi, this study introduces a method of bringing the IOT into the MBR system of industrial wastewater treatment which can continuously and accurately monitoring the nodes of the system. Based on this study, an analysis and decision-making system based on real-time monitoring data can be realized to adjust operation parameters in time. In this method, the IOT is introduced into the MBR system of industrial wastewater treatment. The results show that with the support of IOT, the sewage treatment system runs stably and the treatment efficiency is significantly improved.

The present study gave a preliminary report on the phytofiltration of iron-contaminated waters and aggravation of iron uptake by copper supplementation using Typha latifolia L. in constructed microcosms. During the experiment, Fe concentrations reduced up to 1.67 ± 0.076 mg L−1 (94.43% removal efficiency) and 0.087 ± 0.013 mg L−1 (97.10% removal efficiency) by 14th day from the initial concentrations of 30 mg L−1 in the microcosm setups. Iron accumulation in the plant tissues was 2425.65 ± 41.01 mg kg−1 (Fe with Cu) compared with 1446.00 ± 36.01 mg kg−1 (without Cu), revealing that Cu addition in the microcosm setup magnifies Fe accumulation and removal. Thus, the results signify that constructed wetlands (CW) can serve as the low-cost, ecofriendly alternative for wastewater treatment.

The performance of factorial designs is still limited due to some uncertainties that usually intensify process complexities, hence, the need for inter-platform auto-correlation analyses. In this study, the auto-correlation capabilities of factorial designs and General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS) on the effects of some pertinent operating variables in wastewater treatment were compared. Individual and combined models were implemented in GAMS and solved with the trio of BARON, CPLEX and IPOPT solvers. It is revealed that adsorbent dosage had the highest effect on the process. It contributed the most effect toward obtaining the minimum silica and TDS contents of 13 mg/L and 814 mg/L, and 13.6 mg/L and 815 mg/L from factorial design and GAMS platforms, respectively. This indicates a concurrence between the results from the two platforms with percentage errors of 4.4% and 0.2% for silica and TDS, respectively. The effects of the mixing speed and contact time are negligible.

The upper Benue River watershed is undergoing remarkable modifications due to man-made and natural phenomena. Hence, an evaluation is required to understand the hydrological process of the watershed for planning and management strategies. This study aimed to assess the morphometric characteristics and prioritize the upper Benue River watershed. The boundary of the watershed and sub-watersheds, as well as stream networks, was extracted from the digital elevation model (DEM) coupled with hydrological and topographic maps. Twenty-eight morphometric parameters under three categories, i.e. linear, areal, and relief aspects were computed and mapped. Findings from the study revealed that the watershed is a seventh stream order system characterized by a dendritic drainage pattern. The result also showed that 4821 streams were extracted with a cumulative length of 30,232.84 km. The hypsometric integral of the watershed was estimated to be 0.22, indicating that it is in the old stage. In the prioritization of the watershed, the morphometric variables were utilized to calculate and classify the compound factor. The result showed that sub-watersheds 12, 16, 18, 24, 26, and 27 were ranked as very high priority for which conservation measures are required to mitigate the risk of flood and erosion. The outcome of this study can be used by decision-makers for sustainable watershed management and planning.

En la investigación en laboratorio se evaluó el uso de un material filtrante con base en endocarpio o cáscara de coco (Cocos nucifera) de forma granular para el tratamiento de aguas contaminadas con gasoil de petróleo. Se construyó un sistema de filtros con tubos PVC y se empacaron con el endocarpio, luego de que el mismo fuera triturado manualmente y tamizado a un diámetro de 2 mm. Se utilizaron cinco cantidades de material filtrante (75, 105, 135, 150 y 165 g) y tres concentraciones de gasoil en agua (5, 10 y 15 %). Las muestras de agua contaminada se dejaron fluir a través de los filtros de forma descendente por acción gravitacional y en cada filtrado se determinó la cantidad de aceites y grasas (AyG) a partir de normas internacionales. Los resultados se analizaron estadísticamente mediante ANOVA factorial y test de mínima diferencia significativa de Fisher. Los análisis estadísticos demostraron que existe influencia significativa de los dos factores (% gasoil y cantidad de material filtrante) sobre la variable respuesta en estudio (AyG) con un nivel de confianza de 95 %. Se demostró que el endocarpio de coco con el tamaño de granos utilizado es efectivo para la remoción de hidrocarburos en el agua, al lograrse porcentajes de remoción de 85.10, 84.23 y 82.10 %. Se obtuvo que a mayor cantidad del material filtrante, mayor es el grado de remoción con resultados estadísticamente significativos.

The traditional wastewater treatment plants are mostly not designed to deal with polar micropollutants such as pharmaceuticals. Therefore, antibiotics must be completely removed before their emission to ecosystems. Catalytic ozonation is used to increase the efficiency of sole ozonation further. In the present study, semi-batch experiments were conducted to investigate the efficiency of sole ozonation and catalytic ozonation in the degradation of oxy-tetracycline (OTC) as an environmental hazards contaminant in an aqueous solutions. Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO) were used as a catalytic agent with ozone (ZnO/$${\mathrm{O}}_{3})$$ O 3 ) . The influence of operational parameters such as pH (3–11), initial oxy-tetracycline concentration (10–100) mg/l, temperature (15–35)°C, ozone generation rate (0.138–1.38)mg/s and catalyst dosage (25–200) mg/l on the ZnO/$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$$ O 3 process was investigated. Ozone dosage was found to have the noticeable effect on the degradation process; however, the ZnO dosage was found to be less effective. The optimum condition was 1.38 mg/s at pH = 7, and after 35 min, a 94% of OTC removal was achieved. The results demonstrated that catalytic ozonation was a very effective method for degradation and mineralization of OTC in aqueous solution.

Phenol has been introduced as a priority pollutant by the US Environmental Protection Agency. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are one of the most efficient methods for removal of non-degradable organic pollutants in aqueous solutions. The removal efficiencies of phenol and COD under optimal conditions pH = 3, phenol concentration = 5 mg/L, CaO2 concentration = 0.025 mg/L, temperature 25 °C, 1 g/min ozonation rate and contact time = 90 min in synthetic and real samples (Zarand coal washing factory in Kerman) were obtained 97.8%, 87% and 80%, 65.4%, respectively. The kinetics of phenol decomposition follows from the pseudo-first-order equation. Thermodynamic studies show that phenol decomposition with ozonation and calcium peroxide is an endothermic process. The use of ozonation process with calcium peroxide is an efficient method and can be recommended as a coefficient method for the removal of phenol.

La inclusión de los análisis ecotoxicológicos en los estudios ambientales resulta indispensable ya que aporta información sobre los efectos que los contaminantes puedan causar en los organismos expuestos y en los ecosistemas receptores. El objetivo del trabajo fue evaluar la calidad del agua en la cuenca del arroyo Cañuelas (Buenos Aires, Argentina) a partir de determinaciones fisicoquímicas y de bioensayos ecotoxicológicos estandarizados en diferentes niveles tróficos con los organismos: Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata, Lactuca sativa y Caenorhabditis elegans. Las muestras fueron extraídas de cuatro puntos de muestreo representativos a lo largo del cauce de los arroyos Cañuelas y Navarrete. P. subcapitata y la raíz de L. sativa presentaron los valores más altos de inhibición del crecimiento en los puntos de muestreo coincidentes con un mayor deterioro de la calidad del agua de acuerdo con los niveles propuestos por la normativa local. Contrariamente, C. elegans reveló toxicidad en muestras cuyos parámetros fisicoquímicos cumplieron con la normativa vigente. Los resultados de este trabajo respaldan la necesidad de incorporar una batería de bioensayos ecotoxicológicos que complementen los análisis fisicoquímicos y contribuyan a una mejor gestión de los recursos hídricos.

In reverse osmosis seawater treatment process, membrane fouling can be mitigated by degrading organic pollutants present in the feed seawater. The present study evaluates the effectiveness of employing solar photocatalysis using TiO2/ZnO/H2O2 to pretreat reverse osmosis (RO) feed seawater under solar irradiation. Process optimisation and performance evaluation were undertaken using response surface methodology-desirability function and RSM integrated with genetic algorithm (RSM-GA). Statistical analysis was performed to determine the interactive relationships and main effects of input factors such as TiO2 dosage, H2O2 dosage, pH, reaction time and ZnO dosage. The performance evaluation was determined in terms of percentage removal of total organic carbon (TOC) and chemical oxygen demand (COD). The obtained optimum values using RSM-GA evaluation for TOC and COD removal were found to be 76.5% and 63.9%, respectively. The predicted RSM-GA results correspond well with the experimental results (TOC removal = 73.3%, COD removal = 61.2%). Utilization of renewable solar energy coupled with optimum utilisation of nanophotocatalysts enables this technique to be a unique treatment process for RO pretreatment of seawater and membrane fouling mitigation.

Current studies were performed to evaluate the physico-chemical characteristics and therapeutic potential of Chutrun thermal springs located in the North-west of Shigar Valley, Gilgit-Baltistan (Pakistan). Thermal springs with different mineral contents have been used by people for bathing and health purposes since old timings. The mineral water of these springs contains elements like sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium as chlorides, fluorides, sulphates, phosphates and bicarbonates which may be responsible for cure of various diseases. Chutrun hot springs have 7.21–7.8 pH, 40–42° C Temperature, 300–310 ppm TDS, 3.1–6.7 ppm DO, 278–285 ppm hardness, 1.62–2.42 ppm turbidity, 250–260 ppm alkalinity, 500–516 ppm conductivity, 12–18 ppm sodium, 3.8–4.1 ppm potassium, 80–82 ppm calcium, 20 ppm magnesium, 9.6–12 ppm chlorides, 3.4–3.9 fluorides, 260–282 bicarbonates and 80–85 ppm sulphates. Absence of E.Coli and faecal coliforms indicated that waters from thermal springs are free from organic wastes contaminations. Water from thermal springs of Chutrun was unsuitable for drinking purposes due to the presence of high fluoride content and also small amount of total coliforms which may be due to the presence of environmental bacteria and non-protective measures during sampling but it was found suitable for bathing and other body contact activities.

The remediation of methylene blue from wastewater using chitosan-sunflower-nano-iron (CSN) beds was examined in this study with the Fenton process. Nano-iron is synthesized using the green synthesis process. Then, biopolymer beds obtained nano-iron, sunflower tray waste, and chitosan. These beds used the Fenton process for removing Methylene blue (MB) from water. Beds synthesis and dye removing are characterized using SEM, TEM, FTIR, and XRD techniques. For the method optimization, the effects of dye concentration, temperature, pH, H2O2, and amount of biocatalyst were studied. The result of the wavelength scan was found 660 nm for methylene blue dye. Using CSN, catalyst was very effective in color removal for MB under optimal conditions. The highest removal rate 98% was obtained at pH 6 for 270 min. The optimum conditions for the MB dye are as follows; dye concentration: 25 mg/L, amount of absorbent: 2.5 mg/mL, temperature: 60 °C, H2O2 amount: 20 mg/L (600 µL, 30%). When the experiment is studied in optimum conditions, max. dye removal was calculated to be 98%. From SEM, TEM, XRD, and FTIR results, the change in the surface of the biocatalyst could be clearly observed. It is understood that the biocatalyst synthesized from the results we obtained easily removed a large amount of dye (MB).

La cuenca del río Sordo, localizada al oeste de Oaxaca, México, presenta problemas de erosión hídrica y pérdida de biodiversidad. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo comparar los escurrimientos aforados en la estación Ixtayutla (20021), con valores simulados de los modelos WEAP (Water Evaluation And Planning System) y SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool). Se procuró que WEAP, a través del método de la humedad del suelo, utilizara los mismos datos climáticos, de vegetación y suelos que SWAT, reportados para esta misma cuenca por Sánchez-Galindo, Fernández-Reynoso, Martínez-Ménez, Rubio-Granados y Ríos-Berber (2017). La comparación se basó en la eficiencia estadística de ambos modelos para simular los escurrimientos mensuales y anuales ocurridos durante el periodo 1975-1985. Se calcularon tres índices de eficiencia: el coeficiente de determinación (r2), Nash-Sutcliffe (NSE) y el sesgo porcentual (PBIAS). Con respecto a los escurrimientos mensuales aforados, WEAP presentó un NSE = 0.73 (bueno); un PBIAS = -16.05 (satisfactorio), y una r2 = 0.84. SWAT, para ese mismo periodo, mostró un NSE = 0.82 (muy bueno); un PBIAS = -15.92 (satisfactorio), y una r2 = 0.85. Para los escurrimientos anuales, SWAT y WEAP obtuvieron un NSE de 0.73 y 0.3, un r2 de 0.76 y 0.63 y un PBIAS de -4.65 y -16.23, respectivamente. Los dos modelos resultaron satisfactorios para simular escurrimientos mensuales, por lo que la elección de uno u otro modelo dependerá de la problemática de la cuenca, los datos con que se cuente y los objetivos por cumplir.

Batik industries have some positive impact on economic growth and socio-cultural development. However, they also produce wastewater in large quantities with high pH, containing biochemical oxygen demand, containing chemical oxygen demand and also have a substance of total suspended solid that do not meet quality standards and also could have negative impacts on the environment. Paoman village, Indramayu regency, is one of the batik small industries supporting economic and socio-cultural development in local communities, although there is an installations system of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). The study aimed to identify priorities in wastewater management on batik industrial center based on environmental studies, economic studies and social factors in the local community and institutional aspects using analytical hierarchy process. The priorities were identified as follows: (1) application of WWTP systems and technologies for environmental aspect, (2) understanding the perceptions of batik small and medium enterprises (SMEs) for the social aspect, and (3) the cost of installation, operation and maintenance of WWTP for economic aspect.

Two forms of activated carbon (i.e., granular and powdered forms) used to test mercury removal in solution. These activated carbons were obtained from the shells of a palmae biomass and used in mercury ion removal in aquatic systems. The African palmae shell taken out from a broadly and simply full-fledged palm tree. This biomass serves as a precursor in the formulation of activated carbons not documented. The powdered and granular fractions of activated carbons described for chemical composition, isoelectric point, and surface area. The mechanism of reactions and the kinetics involved were studied using the results of protonation and rate limitations. The parameters used in the batch mode study included pH, contact time, initial concentration of the adsorbate and the dose of the activated carbons. A comparison of performances, contact time demonstrated the highest adsorption efficiency of 93% for the powdered activated carbon and 92% for the granular activated carbon. The dosage recorded the lowest adsorption efficiency of 84% using granular activated carbon. Comparatively, this study brought to the fore that activated carbon derived from the Plamae biomass remains a novel bio-sorbent

Rainwater harvesting is adopted to face water scarcity in arid regions. Many studies were developed in Jordan to estimate the potential of water harvesting for several uses. However, the precise estimation of water saving and cost benefits for the potential of rainwater harvesting from the roofs of residential urban areas is insufficient. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of rainwater harvesting from residential rooftops in all the eighty-nine Jordanian districts. The forecast number of buildings was calculated from 2016 to 2025 using building growth rate, where the number of houses and villas was adopted only. The long-term rainfall average from 1937 to 2017 was used. Two scenarios were used to assess the potential of rainwater harvesting; numerical (as scenario 1) and tabulated by plumbing code (as scenario 2) for the years from 2019 to 2025. Also, the growth rate of one cubic meter of water cost was calculated to find the money saving potential for the water companies in Jordan. The results indicated that the water harvesting potential was different between two scenarios in the districts which have annual rainfall more than 100 mm was efficient in scenario 1 compared to scenario 2 with the projected financial return which was increased from $5.4 million at 2019 to reach $33.4 million at 2025, while in the districts which have annual rainfall less than 100 mm was more efficient in scenario 2 compared to scenario 1 with the projected financial return which was increased from $2.4 million at 2019 to reach $14.6 million at 2025.

Considering the environmental, agricultural, and ecological significance of Bhindawas wetland, the present study is the first comprehensive investigation to assess the water quality, determine the suitability of water for aquatic life in the wetland; and its suitability for irrigation in areas around the wetland. Twenty samples of water from Bhindawas wetland were analyzed and spatial variations of dissolved oxygen (DO), dissolved phosphate, nitrate, and biological oxygen demand (BOD5) were observed. The concentration of DO was higher in areas with shallow depth and rich growth of submerged vegetation compared to deeper areas with no vegetation. Spatial variations of phosphate, nitrate, and heavy metals correlated with nesting zone of birds, runoff from agricultural fields, and wastewater from adjoining villages, respectively. Values of heavy metal pollution index (HPI), heavy metal evaluation index (HEI), and degree of contamination (Cd) in water confirmed high level of metal contamination of the medium. Based on the water quality index (WQI), the water was unsuitable for aquatic life and use in agricultural utilization. It can be concluded that water quality of Bhindawas wetland was adversely affected by heavy metals, which is a cause of concern since this wetland is a temporary resort of migratory birds. Immediate intervention is required to improve the water quality, especially scrutiny and inspection of the added wastewater from surrounding villages, and runoff from adjoining agricultural fields.

The circular crested weir (CCW) has been introduced as weirs having a high discharge coefficient (Cd). The ratio of flow head to the radius of the crest (H/R) is the most important parameter affecting the Cd, that the $${\text{Cd}} \approx a\left( {H/R} \right)^{b}$$ Cd ≈ a H / R b can mathematical model their relation. In this study, the parameters of the Cd formula (i.e., a and b) were uncertainty analyzed using Monte Carlo (MC) and Bootstrap methods (BM). To perform these methods, some of the built-in functions of Excel software were utilized. The results declared that the average values of a and b were 1.187 and 0.140. The outcome of the MC method showed that the range of a and b at 95% confidence interval changed between 1.179 to 1.194 and 0.134 to 0.146, respectively, while at the same confidence interval the BM ranged from 1.187 to 1.200 and 0.133 to 0.147.

El índice de calidad del agua (ICA) de un cuerpo hídrico, indica el grado de contaminación para un determinado uso, y está relacionado con las actividades antrópicas que suscitan alrededor. El objetivo fue determinar el ICA, en la microcuenca altoandina del rio Chumbao, Andahuaylas, Perú. El tramo de estudio estuvo comprendido entre la cabecera de cuenca (13°46'42.5" S, 73°13'50.0" O y 4 295 m de altitud), y último punto de muestreo (13°35'26.4" S, 73°27'0.8" O y 2 529 m de altitud), con pendiente media de 4%. El ICA Dinius se evaluó considerando parámetros como nivel de oxígeno (OD y DBO5), nivel de eutrofización (NO3- y PO43-), características físicas (temperatura, turbidez, color y STD), sustancias disueltas (alcalinidad, dureza, pH, conductividad y cloruros), y parámetros microbiológicos (E. coli y Coliformes totales); se muestreo en temporada de avenidas (02 puntos lénticos y 08 lóticos). Los datos fueron recolectados por triplicado, y analizados a través de un ANOVA, test Tukey y correlación de Pearson al 5% de significancia. Se encontró que el uso predominante del agua del rio es para agricultura, pastura y urbanización; el ICA está distribuido en tres categorías Excelente (M1, M2, M3, M4 y M5) cercanos a la cabecera de la microcuenca y los puntos lénticos (lagunas de Pampahuasi y Paccoccocha), Aceptable (M6), y Excesivamente contaminado los puntos M7 y M8 fuera de la zona urbana aguas abajo (p-value < 0.05); presentando buena correlación negativa con los parámetros de estudio. En conclusión, el agua en zonas de baja densidad poblacional es buena.

Many hydraulic structures are constructed in an open channel according to the purposes and the nature of the region. Weir is one of these structures which is used for discharge measurements as well as rising water depth in irrigation channels. According to the crest, there are two different shapes: sharp and broad crested weir. A stepped weir is constructed to reduce scour that happened downstream. There are different studies dealt with discharge coefficient, energy dissipation, and other hydraulic characteristics for flow over the weir. In this study, the coefficient of discharge for the Al-Shalalat stepped weir on the Al-Khusr River has been evaluated. The discharge coefficient equation is predicted, and the result values are compared with previous studies. The percentage error for the predicted discharge equation presented in this study compared with previous studies does not exceed 10%.

Ice dams are among the important risks affecting the operational safety and water conveyance efficiency of water diversion projects in northern China. However, no evaluation indicator system for ice dam risk assessment of water diversion projects has been proposed. Therefore, in this paper, based on the formation mechanism of ice dams, the risk assessment indicator system and the possibility calculation model of ice dams were both proposed for water diversion projects based on the fuzzy fault tree analysis method. The ice dam risk fault tree constructed in this study mainly includes three aspects: ice production, ice transport, and ice submergence conditions. Eighteen basic risk indicators were identified, and 72 minimum cut sets were obtained by using the mountain climb method. Eight risk indicators were determined as the key risk indicators for ice dams, including meteorological conditions, narrowed cross section, sluice incident, erroneous scheduling judgment, ice cover influence, flat bed slope, control structures, and ice flow resistance of piers. Then, the canal from the Fenzhuanghe sluice to the Beijumahe sluice of the Middle Route of the South-to-North Water Diversion Project was taken as the research object. Combined with the expert scoring method, the ice dam risk probability of the canal was determined to be 0.2029 × 10−2, which was defined as a level III risk, which is an occasionally occurring risk. The study results can support ice dam risk prevention and canal system operation in winter for water diversion projects.

Se describe la cuenca hidrológica del área sujeta al presente estudio, a la que pertenecen el río Atoyac y el río San Francisco, del que se realiza una descripción cultural que permita entender la trascendencia social de su cauce y el impacto de su degradación en el ecosistema, detrimento relacionado directamente con las Obras de Derivación de las aguas broncas de la Malinche realizadas entre 1939 y 1947, labores previas al embovedamiento del río (1963-1975), dentro de la Microcuenca del río San Francisco, actual municipio de Puebla perteneciente a la Cuenca Alto-Atoyac; consecuentemente, se determinan las causas que originaron esta decisión, consistente en uno de los primeros ejercicios de colaboración interinstitucional sobre la gestión moderna de aguas en México y se describe la influencia de esta decisión sobre la contaminación actual del río Atoyac y los efectos negativos que contrajo. En la investigación se analiza información técnica oficial, se interpreta y vincula con el ordenamiento jurídico positivo y vigente del Derecho hídrico mexicano bajo la metodología de la hermenéutica jurídica y se desglosa de forma cronológica y en tablas bajo la jerarquía descrita por la Norma Fundante de Hans Kelsen. En un proceso gradual, se descifra la regulación jurídica del río Atoyac, su contaminación y los derechos humanos en riesgo, a través del principio de concurrencia, de utilidad pública y de la propiedad federal de las aguas, su relación con el orden estatal y municipal y el factor de la supremacía constitucional. Finalmente se vinculan los tópicos tratados con la Recomendación No.10/2017 emitida por la Comisión Nacional de los Derechos Humanos el día 21 de marzo de 2017, instrumento promovido para determinar si las autoridades o servidores públicos violaron o no los derechos humanos de los afectados en poblaciones específicas del estado de Puebla y de Tlaxcala, sobre la cual se verifican los alcances jurídicos de las autoridades relacionadas con la contaminación y saneamiento de la Cuenca y se cuestiona el modelo de gestión vigente sobre las aguas nacionales.

En el ámbito internacional se ha incrementado el riesgo por amenazas naturales o antrópicas a las ciudades, zonas productivas y medio ambiente, lo cual ocasiona pérdidas humanas y económicas. La Organización de las Naciones Unidas señala que los desastres por fenómenos hidrometeorológicos son los que mayor impacto socioeconómico generan cada año en las ciudades, lo que se ve agravado por el hecho de que algunas urbes no cuentan con los mecanismos adecuados para minimizar los daños de estos eventos, por lo que existe la necesidad de construir ciudades más seguras y dinámicas que se adapten a las circunstancias cambiantes del clima. Como respuesta a esta necesidad se ha desarrollado el concepto de resiliencia urbana, el cual puede ser una herramienta para los tomadores de decisiones en el proceso de selección de acciones estructurales y no estructurales para incrementar el nivel de resiliencia. El primer paso antes de planear y diseñar estrategias dentro de las agendas gubernamentales es conocer el nivel de resiliencia de la ciudad, así como identificar sus fortalezas y debilidades. Este artículo propone una metodología para evaluar el nivel de resiliencia de una ciudad ante fenómenos hidrometeorológicos, denominada Índice de Resiliencia en Ciudades (IRC), compuesta por dos herramientas de evaluación: una cuantitativa, denominada Índice Técnico de Resiliencia, y otra llamada Perfil Técnico de Resiliencia, que es un análisis cualitativo de las características de la ciudad. Para este análisis se seleccionó como caso de estudio a la ciudad de Cuernavaca, México. Los resultados del índice se generaron a partir del programa de cómputo Índice de Resiliencia en Ciudades (IRC), creado para la aplicación de esta metodología, obteniendo una calificación de 45.52 %, considerado como un nivel medio de resiliencia para la ciudad de Cuernavaca.

El objetivo que se persigue con el presente artículo es explorar los factores que están asociados a la disposición a pagar para mejorar la calidad del agua en la ciudad mexicana de Zapopan, Jalisco. Se lleva a cabo una encuesta a cuatrocientos hogares que arroja que los consultados toman agua embotellada (99%), consideran que el agua suministrada huele mal (53%) y que está contaminada (69%), temen por su salud o la de sus familiares por beber del grifo (74%) pero estarían dispuestos a tomar agua del mismo si la calidad mejorara (77%). Sin embargo, más de la mitad no estaría dispuesto a pagar más por mejorar la calidad del agua o pagaría no más de 40 pesos (31 y 22% respectivamente). A través de un modelo logit ordenado se encuentra que existe una relación significativa y positiva entre la disposición a pagar por mejorar la calidad del agua y estar abierto a tomar agua del grifo si esto sucede, a percibir que las autoridades encargadas del sector agua hacen lo correcto, a una creencia de escasez de agua en la colonia, a tener personas con problemas de salud en casa y al nivel de ingresos. Por otro lado, mayor disposición de pago se relaciona negativa y significativamente con la percepción de que el agua huela mal, el nivel de confianza en los otros y la edad.

El análisis de cambios en la cobertura de suelo es importante y necesario, porque proporcionan la base para conocer las tendencias de los procesos de degradación, desertificación, y pérdida de la biodiversidad y servicios ecosistémicos de una región. La evaluación del servicio ecosistémico de provisión hídrica debido al cambio de uso del suelo es primordial en sistemas con alta vulnerabilidad hidrológica. El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar la distribución espacial del rendimiento hídrico con relación al cambio de uso del suelo (para los años 1997 y 2017) y escenarios de precipitación en la cuenca alta del río Sauce Chico, Tornquist, Argentina, a partir del módulo WY de InVest®, como una herramienta para comprender la variabilidad geoespacial del servicio ecosistémico hidrológico en la cuenca. La agricultura ocupa el 49 % de la cuenca (185 km²) desarrollada sobre áreas de pastoreo y pastizales (64 km²); las zonas urbanas y bosque de ribera ocupan < 1 % del área total de la cuenca para el año 2017. Los resultados sugieren que el rendimiento hídrico total anual para la cuenca es de 224 943 mm. Durante el escenario seco (-30% de la precipitación anual) el rendimiento hídrico disminuyó a 150 495 mm (39.78%). Por el contrario, durante escenario húmedo (+30 de la precipitación anual), el rendimiento hídrico incrementó a 349 940 mm (28.57%). Las áreas rocosas y urbanas presentan máximo rendimiento hídrico seguido por las áreas agrícolas. Las áreas de mayor regulación hídrica corresponden a los pastizales. Los resultados contribuyen al entendimiento de la respuesta hidrológica y proporcionan información base para la toma de decisión y manejo de los recursos hídricos., Land cover changes analysis is important and necessary, it provides the basis for understanding the trends in the processes of degradation, desertification and loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services in a region. The evaluation of the water provisioning ecosystem service due to land use change is crucial in systems with high hydrological vulnerability. The objective of this paper was analyzing the spatial distribution of water yield in relation to land use change (for the years 1997 and 2017) and rainfall scenarios in the upper basin of the Sauce Chico River, Tornquist, Argentina. Using the WY module of InVest®, based on GIS and remote sensing information. We found that agriculture areas occupy 49 % of the basin (185 km²) developed on grazing areas and pastures (64 km²), urban areas and riparian forest occupy < 1 % of the total area of the basin by 2017. The model suggests that the total annual water yield for the basin is 224 943 mm. During the dry scenario (-30% of annual precipitation) water yield decreased to 150 495 mm (39.78%). On the contrary, during the wet scenario (+30% of annual precipitation) water yield increased to 349 940 mm (28.57%). Rocky and urban areas show the highest water yield, followed by agricultural areas. The areas with the highest water regulation correspond to grasslands. The results contribute to the understanding of the hydrological response and provide basic information for decision making and water resource management., Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Centro de Estudios Integrales de la Dinámica Exógena

Se presenta un análisis de eficiencia sobre el uso y aprovechamiento de los recursos hídricos por parte de los principales sectores industriales, que mayor volumen consumen en México en sus procesos de producción. Dicho análisis fue elaborado a nivel nacional para cada uno de los ocho sectores industriales seleccionados. Previo al análisis de eficiencia hídrica, se contextualizan y se describen algunas características y particularidades sobre los recursos hídricos, así como los principales rasgos de la industria. El procedimiento metodológico de la investigación fue de tipo descriptivo y deductivo, basado en fuentes oficiales de México. Entre algunas de las conclusiones se pueden mencionar: i) el acceso limitado y disperso a las fuentes oficiales de información en materia de uso y aprovechamiento del agua en la industria, ii) las estimaciones de eficiencia hídrica muestran cierta heterogeneidad y mayor dominio de los volúmenes de agua por parte de algunos sectores industriales, sobre otros de menor relevancia, iii) la eficiencia hídrica estuvo basada en la relación costo-producción, iv) el aprovechamiento hídrico industrial es geográficamente heterogéneo y disperso, ya que la mayoría de las industrias se localizan en las zonas del centro y norte del país, donde paradójicamente existen menores niveles de disponibilidad hídrica, contrario a las zonas del sur y sureste del territorio mexicano, donde la disponibilidad hídrica es abundante y, paradójicamente, existe menor dinamismo económico y, v) los resultados de eficiencia hídrica son estimaciones aproximadas, debido a la complejidad de los datos y los filtros que se tuvieron que realizar durante la investigación. Objectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::6 - Aigua Neta i Sanejament

Releasing of dye-containing wastewater by the textile industry into general water bodies can adversely affect aquatic ecosystems and human health. The objective of this study is to assess the Congo red dye biodegradation and detoxification by immobilized Aspergillus niger obtained from textile dye wastewater. The effects of process parameters like pH, temperature, reaction time and initial concentration on Congo red degradation were studied. Equilibrium adsorption isotherms, kinetics and thermodynamics were also investigated. The experimental data were analyzed by the Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin models of adsorption. The adsorption isotherm data fitted well to Langmuir isotherm and the kinetic data fitted well to the pseudo-second-order model. The degraded metabolites of Congo red were characterized by using UV–Vis spectrophotometer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and high-performance liquid chromatography, further confirmed that biodegradation of Congo red was due to reduction of the azo bond. Phytotoxicity test confirmed that degradation metabolites were a less toxic than original dye. The reusability of the immobilized Aspergillus niger was repeated with six cycles and removal efficiency ranged from 98 to 72%. The results in this study substantiate that immobilized Aspergillus niger could be employed as a good adsorbent for the removal of Congo red dye from wastewater.

The most important goal of every water distribution system is to deliver water to the consumers in the demand and time determined by its users. However, not all water usages require the potable water quality. One of the technical solutions enabling water recycling and its reuse is a dual installation system. Dual installations recycle rain wastewater or grey water from bathtubs, showers and sinks and further reuse it for irrigation or toilet flushing. The profitability of a dual installation system is highly dependent on the water price, which tends to vary significantly according to the location. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the profitability of dual installation systems in exemplary hotel building hypothetically located in 10 different European countries. The profitability was determined on the basis of multi-criteria decision analysis performed for two installation variants. The investment was evaluated in terms of technical, economic and environmental aspects. As a result, the selected countries were ranked in order of the most profitable location for dual installation system’s investment.

L-Aspartic acid (L-Asp) functionalized magnetite nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) were synthesized through a facile co-precipitation method using L-Asp as a capping agent. UV–Vis, FTIR, XRD, SEM, EDS, TEM, and VSM techniques were used to investigate the formation, morphology, elemental composition, and magnetic properties of the synthesized Fe3O4 NPs. Highly crystalline and spherical shaped pure phase Fe3O4 NPs were successfully synthesized using amino acid as a capping agent. The magnetic measurement analysis confirms the superparamagnetic nature of the synthesized L-Asp capped Fe3O4 NPs. The adsorption efficiency of L-Asp capped Fe3O4 NPs was assessed by the removal of Rhodamine B (RhB). The optimum removal efficiency was found to be 7.7 mg g−1 using 1 mg mL−1 adsorbent, and 30 mg L−1 RhB at pH 7 and 25 °C. The regression (R2adj) and standard deviation (SD) analysis were used to validate both kinetic and isotherm models. Avrami fractional-order and Liu models were selected as the best kinetic and isotherms, respectively. The maximum adsorption capacity (Qo) of L-Asp Fe3O4 NPs toward RhB Liu’s model was found to be 10.44 mg g−1.

Heavy metal contamination in water is happening worldwide. Adsorption using activated carbon is a common choice for cleaning the wastewater. The drawback of activated carbon is the higher cost of production due to the need for high heat in the process. This work investigated on activated carbon produced from the abundantly available Leucaena leucocephala biomass in order to reduce the cost of raw material. The biomass was chemically activated at different activation temperatures. The produced activated carbon was characterized using SEM, FT-IR, surface analyzer, and TGA. Isothermic and thermodynamic studies were done to evaluate the adsorption properties of the activated carbon. It was found out that higher surface area can be obtained using the higher activation temperature. Higher NaOH to carbonized sample ratios also resulted in higher surface area for all activation temperatures, which are 662 m2g-1 for 700 °C activation temperature, 735 m2g-1 for 750 °C, and 776 m2g−1 for 800 °C. Isothermic studies showed that all of the activated carbon that is produced from Leucaena leucocephala biomass are fit to the Langmuir isotherm, regardless of any activation temperature. Lastly, the thermodynamic study found out the adsorption process is endothermic, reflected by the positive value of ΔHo. It can be concluded that Leucaena leucocephala is a promising alternative material for producing activated carbon.

The Hindon River is a major freshwater resource predominantly for the rural population of the western region in Uttar Pradesh, India. The river receives industrial wastewaters having heavy metals concentration at potentially toxic levels. The focus of this study is to estimate the heavy metals (such as Fe, Cu, Zn and Cr) contamination in the Hindon River using Nemerow pollution index followed by environmetrics to identify their pollution source. The water samples are collected from 28 industrial discharge sites in the river to analyze metals concentration during pre- and post-monsoon months. The estimated Nemerow pollution index value is more than 3 indicating severely contaminated river water. Principal component analysis results confirm that Fe and Cu are the major contaminants in the river, which indicates the direct input of wastewater from electroplating industries. Therefore, it is suggested that a strategic eco-conservation plan should be formulated and implemented in advance to prevent the deterioration of the water quality and aquatic life.

The Valdivia River estuary (VRE) located in south-central Chile is known as one of the largest estuarine ecosystems on the Pacific coast. This research aims to determine the intra-tidal and sub-tidal variability of saline intrusions into the VRE between November 2017 and March 2019 derived from salinity sensors located along the VRE. Complementary hydrographic measurements were conducted during flood and ebb conditions of the spring and neap tides for each of the four seasons of the year along the central axis of the VRE. The results of the salinity time series showed that saline intrusions (values greater than 0.5 Practical Salinity Units) occurred ~20 km from the estuary mouth, when the total flow of the Cruces and Calle-Calle rivers (main tributaries of the estuary) was low, around 280&ndash, 300 m3 s&minus, 1. During the same period, the best co-variability was observed between the saline intrusions and the mixed-semidiurnal tide and the fortnightly and monthly periods of the tide. Regression analyses indicated that salinity intrusion length (L) is best correlated to discharge (D) with a fractional power model L &alpha, D&minus, 1/2.64 (R2 = 0.88). The decreasing discharge trend, found between 2008&ndash, 2019, implies that saline water intrusions would negatively impact the Valdivia&rsquo, s main drinking water intake during the low rainfall season under future climate conditions.