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Prolonged exposure to Lead (Pb) detrimentally impact human health through disruption of physiological and biochemical processes. Consequently, it is imperative to conduct research on natural therapeutics aimed at ameliorating Pbinduced intoxication. In this investigation, Lead nitrate (LN) was given orally for one month at a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight with distilled water as the solvent. Based on previous research, two doses low and high of garlic essential oil with carrier oil (50 and 80 mg/kg body weight) were administered to the mice. Silymarin and olive oil were administered from day 12 alongside continued Lead nitrate exposure. The study lasted for 30 days. Results demonstrated that GEO effectively mitigated Leadinduced alterations in ALT and AST parameters. However, silymarin and olive oil were also effective to recover the enzymatic levels to some extent. The anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory and metal-chelating properties of GEO particularly in combination with olive oil offered a natural and potent treatment strategy for heavy metal-induced pulmonary damage. These findings open new avenues for creating natural therapies to address Lead toxicity and other types of heavy metal poisoning, while increasing the clinical significance and efficacy of GEO in safe guarding pulmonary health from environmental toxins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lead nitrate (LN) is frequently employed as an activator in the flotation of cassiterite using hydroxamic acids as the collectors. This study investigated the effect of LN on the hydrophobic aggregation of cassiterite when benzohydroxamic acid (BHA), hexyl hydroxamate (HHA), and octyl hydroxamate (OHA) were used as the collectors through micro-flotation, focused beam reflectance measurement (FBRM) and a particle video microscope (PVM), zeta potential, and the extended DLVO theory. Micro-flotation tests confirmed that LN activated the flotation of cassiterite using the hydroxamic acids as collectors. Focused beam reflectance measurement (FBRM) and a particle video microscope (PVM) were used to capture in situ data on the changes in size distribution and morphology of cassiterite aggregates during stirring. The FBRM and PVM image results indicated that the addition of LN could promote the formation of hydrophobic aggregates of fine cassiterite, when BHA or HHA was used as the collector, and reduce the dosage of OHA needed to induce the formation of hydrophobic aggregates of cassiterite. The extended DLVO theory interaction energies indicated that the presence of LN could decrease the electrostatic interaction energies (Vedl) and increase the hydrophobic interaction energies (Vhy) between cassiterite particles, resulting in the disappearance of the high energy barriers that existed between the particles in the absence of LN. Thus, cassiterite particles could aggregate in the presence of LN when BHA, HHA, or a low concentration of OHA was used as the collector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prolonged lead (Pb) exposure impairs human health due to its interference with physiological and biochemical processes. Therefore, it is necessary to investigate natural therapeutics to alleviate Pb-induced intoxication. In the current investigation, essential oil extracted from the fresh bulbs of Allium sativum was considered as a natural remedy. Initially, in vitro antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of A. sativum essential oil (ASEO) were explored. The results reported that ASEO exhibits potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential. Additionally, an in vivo study was conducted to elucidate its preventive role against Lead-nitrate (LN)–induced hepatic damage in Swiss albino mice. The experimental mice were allocated into six groups: Control, LN-intoxicated group (50 mg/kg), LN + ASEO (50 mg/kg), LN + ASEO (80 mg/kg), LN + Silymarin (25 mg/kg), and LN + vehicle oil control group. The entire duration of the study was of 30 days. From the results, it was determined that LN exposure elevated the Pb content in hepatic tissues which subsequently increased the serum biomarkers, inflammatory cytokines (NF-kB, TNF-α, IL-6) as well as apoptotic factors (caspase-3, BAX), all of which contribute to DNA damage. Meanwhile, it reduced anti-inflammatory (IFN-γ and IL-10) and anti-apoptotic factors (Bcl-2). Furthermore, Pb accumulation in hepatic tissues changed the histological architecture, which was linked to necrosis, central vein dilation, inflammatory cell infiltration and Kupffer cell activation. In contrast to this, ASEO administration decreased the Pb content, which in turn reduced the level of serum biomarkers, inflammatory and apoptotic factors. At the same time, it increased the anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic factors, thereby reduced DNA damage and restored the hepatic histology. In conclusion, exhaustive research is of the utmost demand to elucidate the precise defense mechanisms of ASEO against LN-induced hepatotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background In recent years, anthropogenic activities have released heavy metals and polluted the aquatic environment. This study investigated the ability of the silica-stabilized magnetite (Si-M) nanocomposite materials to dispose of lead nitrate (Pb(NO3)2) toxicity in Nile tilapia and African catfish. Results Preliminary toxicity tests were conducted and determined the median lethal concentration (LC50) of lead nitrate (Pb(NO3)2) to Nile tilapia and African catfish to be 5 mg/l. The sublethal concentration, equivalent to 1/20 of the 96-hour LC50 Pb(NO3)2, was selected for our experiment. Fish of each species were divided into four duplicated groups. The first group served as the control negative group, while the second group (Pb group) was exposed to 0.25 mg/l Pb(NO3)2 (1/20 of the 96-hour LC50). The third group (Si-MNPs) was exposed to silica-stabilized magnetite nanoparticles at a concentration of 1 mg/l, and the fourth group (Pb + Si-MNPs) was exposed simultaneously to Pb(NO3)2 and Si-MNPs at the same concentrations as the second and third groups. Throughout the experimental period, no mortalities or abnormal clinical observations were recorded in any of the treated groups, except for melanosis and abnormal nervous behavior observed in some fish in the Pb group. After three weeks of sublethal exposure, we analyzed hepatorenal indices, oxidative stress parameters, and genotoxicity. Values of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), urea, and creatinine were significantly higher in the Pb-intoxicated groups compared to the control and Pb + Si-MNPs groups in both fish species. Oxidative stress parameters showed a significant decrease in reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration, along with a significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyl content (PCC) concentrations, as well as DNA fragmentation percentage in the Pb group. However, these values were nearly restored to control levels in the Pb + Si-MNPs groups. High lead accumulation was observed in the liver and gills of the Pb group, with the least accumulation in the muscles of tilapia and catfish in the Pb + Si-MNPs group. Histopathological analysis of tissue samples from Pb-exposed groups of tilapia and catfish revealed brain vacuolation, gill fusion, hyperplasia, and marked hepatocellular and renal necrosis, contrasting with Pb + Si-MNP group, which appeared to have an apparently normal tissue structure. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that Si-MNPs are safe and effective aqueous additives in reducing the toxic effects of Pb (NO3)2 on fish tissue through the lead-chelating ability of Si-MNPs in water before being absorbed by fish.

Background: In recent years, anthropogenic activities have released heavy metals and polluted the aquatic environment. This study investigated the ability of the silica-stabilized magnetite (Si-M) nanocomposite materials to dispose of lead nitrate (Pb(NO3)2) toxicity in Nile tilapia and African catfish. Results: Preliminary toxicity tests were conducted and determined the median lethal concentration (LC50) of lead nitrate (Pb(NO3)2) to Nile tilapia and African catfish to be 5 mg/l. The sublethal concentration, equivalent to 1/20 of the 96-hour LC50 Pb(NO3)2, was selected for our experiment. Fish of each species were divided into four duplicated groups. The first group served as the control negative group, while the second group (Pb group) was exposed to 0.25 mg/l Pb(NO3)2 (1/20 of the 96-hour LC50). The third group (Si-MNPs) was exposed to silica-stabilized magnetite nanoparticles at a concentration of 1 mg/l, and the fourth group (Pb + Si-MNPs) was exposed simultaneously to Pb(NO3)2 and Si-MNPs at the same concentrations as the second and third groups. Throughout the experimental period, no mortalities or abnormal clinical observations were recorded in any of the treated groups, except for melanosis and abnormal nervous behavior observed in some fish in the Pb group. After three weeks of sublethal exposure, we analyzed hepatorenal indices, oxidative stress parameters, and genotoxicity. Values of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), urea, and creatinine were significantly higher in the Pb-intoxicated groups compared to the control and Pb + Si-MNPs groups in both fish species. Oxidative stress parameters showed a significant decrease in reduced glutathione (GSH) concentration, along with a significant increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) and protein carbonyl content (PCC) concentrations, as well as DNA fragmentation percentage in the Pb group. However, these values were nearly restored to control levels in the Pb + Si-MNPs groups. High lead accumulation was observed in the liver and gills of the Pb group, with the least accumulation in the muscles of tilapia and catfish in the Pb + Si-MNPs group. Histopathological analysis of tissue samples from Pb-exposed groups of tilapia and catfish revealed brain vacuolation, gill fusion, hyperplasia, and marked hepatocellular and renal necrosis, contrasting with Pb + Si-MNP group, which appeared to have an apparently normal tissue structure. Conclusions: Our results demonstrate that Si-MNPs are safe and effective aqueous additives in reducing the toxic effects of Pb (NO3)2 on fish tissue through the lead-chelating ability of Si-MNPs in water before being absorbed by fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Present study aimed to explore the adverse effects of lead (Pb) induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation on hypothalamo–pituitary–ovarian axis. Adult female Mystus vittatus (n = 48) were exposed to lead nitrate at 0.0 mg/L (control) and 6.02 mg/L (safe dose; 1/10th of LC50 dose) for 60 days. Fish were sacrificed at 15 days interval to collect brain, ovary and serum. Lead concentration in fish tissues increased significantly (p < 0.05) with exposure duration. ROS generation in brain and ovary increased significantly (p < 0.05) in Pb-induced group compared to control. Increased level of lipid peroxidation due to lead induced oxidative stress was marked by significant increase (p < 0.05) in malondialdehyde level in fish brain and ovary compared to control. Significant increase (p < 0.05) were found in reduced glutathione, super oxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione s-transferase, glutathione reductase level in fish brain and ovary in Pb-induced group with exposure duration. Glutathione peroxidase level decreased significantly (p < 0.05) after 30 days of exposure. Brain gonadotropin-releasing hormone and kisspeptin level decreased significantly (p < 0.05) and gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone level increased significantly (p < 0.05) in lead exposed fish. Serum follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone and ovarian vitellogenin, estradiol, maturation inducing hormone level decreased significantly (p < 0.05) with metal exposure. An increased metallothionein level was found in both brain and ovary of metal exposed fish. Current study illuminated the effect of Pb-induced oxidative stress and its consequences on the reproductive endocrine pathway in female M. vittatus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A highly efficient monoclinic bismuth vanadate (BiVO4) photocatalyst was synthesized using a simple, inexpensive, and straightforward precipitation approach. The structure, morphology, composition, and crystal structures were meticulously characterized through various spectroscopic techniques. A scanning electron microscopic images represent the nano-sized ball (NB) like structure of bismuth vanadate nanoparticles. Photocatalytic efficiency was assessed through degradation studies using methylene blue (MB) dye under visible light irradiation, demonstrating an impressive 93% degradation rate. The electrochemical behavior of the bismuth vanadate modified carbon paste electrode exhibits excellent response to dopamine, ascorbic acid, and lead nitrate analytes. Dopamine sensing gives oxidation and reduction peaks at 0.193 V and − 0.092 V, respectively. The presence of ascorbic acid and lead nitrate oxidation and reduction peaks were shifted to 0.361 V and 0.304 V means more positive side as well as here no reductions peaks were observed. Nevertheless, the evaluations of electrochemical impedance studies demonstrate the supercapacitive capabilities of BiVO4 NBs. Therefore, the synthesized material acts as a good photocatalyst, sensor and heavy metal detector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This study was carried out with the freshwater mussel Unio tigridis exposed to lead nitrate. The samples of water and mussels were collected from Qandil water resources situated in Qandil village at 36° 37' 39.55" north latitude and 44° 10' 51.80" east longitude, and it is 322 meters above sea level. In January 2022, rivers and aquariums water were tested for temperature, pH, EC, TDS, DO, total alkalinity, total hardness, and calcium and magnesium ions. Studied organisms were exposed to variable concentrations of lead nitrate ranging from 0 to 900 ppm. The 96-h median lethal concentration (LC50) was measured and a comparison was made between the behavioural responses of the control and treatment groups. Also, the concentrations of lead in the experimental media, shell, and soft tissue of mussels were measured. A sample of mussels collected from aquarium was tested for biochemical markers, including acetylcholinesterase (AChE), Glutathione S-Transferase (GST), Catalase (CAT) and malondialdehyde (MDA). After 96 hours, the LC50 was estimated to be 782.7 ppm. The findings on behaviours revealed that lead slows down species' activities. Lead concentratiom increased within the mussel body as the water lead level decreased. The value of AChE was inversely related to lead concentration. However, GST, CAT and MDA increased with lead exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poisoning of soil and groundwater resources is among the current major environmental issues worldwide. One effective way to stop the spread of pollutants and improve soil's capacity for adsorption is to use natural and inexpensive adsorbents. In this respect, the soil environment can be improved by the addition of zeolite and rice husk ash (RHA). This study examined the behavior of a sand mixture with 20% kaolinite or 20% bentonite in both uncontaminated and contaminated [with Pb(NO3)2 ] states. Two classes of clay minerals were considered: kaolinite and bentonite. The impact of the adsorbent on the strength performance of the contaminated soil was examined by removing 10% of the clay particles and replacing them with zeolite or RHA adsorbents. Triaxial dynamic and bender element tests were carried out to explore the dynamic behavior of contaminated soils and the liquefaction resistance of the samples polluted with Pb(NO3)2 , respectively. The results show that by reducing the heavy metals concentration Pb(NO3)2 , the ultimate strength of sand mix with 20% bentonite increased by 40%–50%. In addition, the ultimate strength increased in polluted and noncontaminated situations by adding zeolite or RHA to the soil. The results of triaxial dynamic tests demonstrated that liquefaction resistance was reduced by increasing the contamination concentrations in both the mixes without and with adsorbent. Furthermore, the initial/maximum shear modulus (G0/Gmax) decreased as the adsorbent content increased in both contaminated and noncontaminated states. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Heavy metal accumulation in agriculture land is one of the major agriculture challenges affecting the crop production and threatens the food safety. A comparative analysis was conducted to assess the tolerance of three sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) genotypes to Lead nitrate under controlled in vitro conditions. Various parameters including fresh and dry weight, callus morphology, shoot morphology, protein contents, catalase, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase, ascorbic acid contents, relative growth rate, stress tolerance index, Pb contents, and Bio concentration factor were evaluated across a range of six different concentrations of Pb (0, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 1 mM). Lead had a noticeable impact on callus growth and regeneration across all three genotypes, whereas it did not significantly affect root regeneration. All genotypes significantly vary at each treatment and parameter except Bio-concentration factor and protein contents. Among the genotypes studied, YT-53 exhibited the highest resistance to Pb-induced stress, followed by CP-77400, while NSG-59 demonstrated the least resistance to Pb stress. Most resistant genotypes can be used in heavy metal effected area for better yield and phytoremediation in Pb affected soil and in other breeding programs.

Contamination of soils and groundwater resources has become one of the most serious global environmental problems in recent years. The use of natural and inexpensive adsorbents such as zeolite is one of the appropriate methods to prevent the spread of contaminants and increase the adsorption capacity of the soil. In this research, the behaviour of the mixture of sand with 15% kaolinite clay is investigated at first, in both conditions of non-contaminated and contaminated with lead nitrate. Due to the limited adsorption capacity of the sand containing kaolinite, different percentages of zeolite adsorbent were added to this mixture to investigate the adsorption capacity and changes in strength parameters of the soil and adsorbent mixture. According to the results of the atomic adsorption test, zeolite has a favorable effect on increasing the adsorption capacity of heavy metals in soils such that by adding 5% zeolite, the amount of lead adsorption capacity increases by about 70%. The dynamic behaviour of these compounds in both conditions of non-contaminated and contaminated with lead nitrate was studied. Dynamic behaviour shows that in the combination of soil with both types of adsorbents, by increasing the concentration of heavy metal, the cycles corresponding to Ru decreases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the flotation behavior of Cyclohexyl hydroxamic acid (CHA) and benzhydroxamic acid (BHA) on cassiterite under lead nitrate activation conditions and elucidates the adsorption mechanism of CHA on the cassiterite surface. Microflotation experiments were performed to compare the capturing efficiency of CHA and BHA at pH values ranging from 4 to 12. Results showed that CHA exhibited superior capability in capturing cassiterite compared to BHA. The recovery of cassiterite in the hydroxamic acid-based flotation system correlated positively with the adsorption of hydroxamic acid on the cassiterite surface. Adsorption experiments revealed an increase in adsorption quantity with an increase in hydroxamic acid dosage, with CHA exhibiting significantly higher adsorption amount than BHA on the cassiterite surface. To analyze the adsorption mechanism of CHA on the cassiterite surface, both infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis were conducted, both before and after lead nitrate activation. IR spectra and XPS results indicated that lead ion activation enhanced the adsorption of CHA on the cassiterite surface, resulting in an increased number of active sites for CHA interaction. Additionally, chemisorption of CHA occurred on the cassiterite surface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-lethal doses of lead compounds such as lead nitrate can negatively impact aquatic life without causing death. The extent of the impact of non-lethal doses of lead nitrate on fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) behavior is unknown. A five-day acute toxicity test was executed and repeated five times to determine lead nitrate’s effects on fathead minnow activity and respiration. Fathead minnows were exposed to various environmentally relevant concentrations of lead nitrate and observed for four full days following a 24-hour acclimation period. Preliminary findings found statistically significant evidence that exposure to lead nitrate corresponded to a decrease in activity frequency and a negative linear relationship between lead nitrate concentration and activity engagement. The findings of the present study suggest the need for EPA guideline re-evaluation as non-lethal doses can affect the behavior of aquatic organisms such as fathead minnows and inhibit their ability to survive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was undertaken to improve gold and silver extraction from a pyritic gold flotation concentrate, which assayed 11 g/t Au, 42 g/t Ag, 0.21% Cu, 3.57% Zn, and 31% Fe. Direct cyanide leaching of the concentrate at 1.5 g/L NaCN yielded a low gold extraction (37%), confirming its refractory nature. Effects of lead nitrate (200-500 g/t Pb(NO3)2) and pre-aeration (24 h) before cyanide leaching at 1.5-3.5 g/L NaCN were investigated. Earlier studies have focused on the impact of these parameters on gold leaching. Besides gold, this study demonstrated the behaviour of silver and base metals (copper and zinc) from the pyritic gold concentrate. Adding lead nitrate had a negligible effect on gold extraction whilst improving silver extraction. Dissolution of copper was substantially suppressed by adding lead nitrate, i.e., from 23% (no Pb(NO3)2) to 4% (500 g/t Pb(NO3)2) over 24 h. Zinc dissolution was negligible (≤0.01%). Pre-aeration of the concentrate improved the gold and silver extractions by 4-14% and 23-44% at the subsequent cyanide leaching (1.5-3.5 g/L NaCN). However, it did not affect the leaching of copper. Only negligible leaching of zinc (≤0.6%) occurred during cyanide leaching. Pre-aeration also reduced cyanide consumption in subsequent cyanide leaching (1.5 g/L NaCN), i.e., from 2.83 kg/t to 2.03 kg/t NaCN per solids. These results suggested that lead nitrate can improve silver extraction while suppressing copper dissolution, which would be advantageous in the leaching-adsorption circuit (CIP), mitigating the dissolved copper-associated problems. Pre-aeration can also be suitable for improved gold/silver extractions and reduced reagent consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lead (Pb) and nickel (Ni) are serious soil pollutants that adversely affect plant growth and development and need to be removed through phytoremediation. The present study aimed to assess the morphological indices of Albizia lebbeck (L.) (Benth.) in relation to anatomical modifications for survival under both Pb and Ni stress. The seedlings of A. lebbeck were established and then subjected to four different concentrations, viz. 0 mM, 25 mM, 50 mM and 75 mM, of Pb and Ni for 14 days in two phases. Morphological traits such as shoot length (70.93%), fresh weight (79.27%), dry weight (83.9%), number of root hairs (65.7%), number of leaves per plant (67.4%) and number of leaflets per plant greatly reduced under Pb or Ni stress. Surprisingly, root length increased rather than decreased with the increase in Pb or Ni concentrations, along with an increase in leaflet width, leaflet length and leaflet area. Moreover, root cortical cell area, metaxylem area and phloem area decreased at 75 mM of Pb and Ni while epidermal thickness and cell area increased. Stem epidermal thickness, cell area and phloem area significantly decreased with the consistent increase in metaxylem area and cortical region thickness under both Pb and Ni stress. Leaf anatomical traits such as midrib thickness, abaxial epidermal thickness and stomatal density and adaxial epidermal thickness and stomatal area significantly increased with increasing Pb or Ni stress. Correlation analysis revealed close relations among morphological and anatomical traits (such as root length with cortical region thickness) for better plant survival under Pb or Ni stress, and a PCA-biplot further verified these correlation analyses. Cluster analyses demonstrated the associations among the morphological and anatomical traits based on different stress levels. Furthermore, we found that the longer exposure (from phase 1 to phase 2) of heavy metals stress is more dangerous for plant survival and can ultimately lead to plant death. Moreover, our results also confirmed that Ni is more harmful or dangerous to plants than Pb at high and moderate concentrations. The anatomical modifications ensured the survival of A. lebbeck in extreme heavy metals stress and therefore unlocked its potential to be used as a natural source of phytoremediation. We also recommend that the genetic potential of A. lebbeck associated with its survival under heavy metal stress be investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Lead, heavy metal, has been associated with various health disorders including respiratory, digestive, nervous and reproductive systems. Male reproductive disorders are rising worldwide in parallel to increased exposure to harmful chemicals through anthropogenic sources. The aim of this study was to find the effect of lead nitrate on sperm quality, serum testosterone level and testicular histopathology in male Swiss albino mice. Male Swiss albino mice were divided as Control and three groups of lead nitrate treated mice (LN-15, LN-30 and LN-45) with four animals in each group. An oral method was applied to administer 52 mg/kg body weight of lead nitrate to each mice of LN-15,LN-30 and LN-45 for 15, 30 and 45 days, respectively. Distilled water was administered to the control group for 45 days. Sperm quality and serum testosterone level was studied for each group on completion of exposure to each group. There was a significant decline in sperm count (10.81±0.97 to 5.85±1.22) in LN-45; sperm motility (74.0±5.95 to 47.75±5.97) in LN-30 and (74.0±5.95 to 40.75±7.81) in LN-45; normal sperm morphology(77±3.11 to 42.0±8.04) in LN-30 and (77.50±3.11 to 35.5 ±5.19). Serum testosterone levels decreased significantly (5.29±0.84 to 2.61±0.51) in LN-45 group. Lead nitrate adversely affected testicular functions and increased adversity with a longer exposure duration in Swiss albino mice. It can reduce male fertility by hampering the formation of normal mature sperms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Toxic substance usage remains one of the major concerns that must be addressed toward the commercialization of perovskite photovoltaics. Herein, we report a highly efficient perovskite solar module (>13%) fabricated via a wet process that uses a unique aqueous Pb(NO3)2 precursor, eliminating the use of toxic organic solvents during perovskite film preparation. In addition, we demonstrate a unique pattern in a monolithically interconnected module structure to check the uniformity of perovskite film and the quality of laser scribing. Finally, we highlight that this aqueous Pb(NO3)2 precursor protocol could achieve an enormous cost reduction over conventional PbI2 organic solutions whether in the laboratory research stage or at mass production scale, strengthening the core competitiveness of perovskite solar cells in the Darwinian ocean of photovoltaic technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excessive exposure to lead may damage the liver by increasing oxidative stress, leading to many serious diseases. Dietary antioxidants may protect the liver from damage. Therefore, the effect of ethanolic and aqueous turmeric extracts against lead-induced liver damage was evaluated by estimating liver function and antioxidant/oxidative stress biomarkers. Forty rats were divided into group (A) served as the control and group (B) was treated with 93 mg/kg b.wt. lead nitrate; while group (C) and group (D) were treated as group B in addition to 400 mg/kg b.wt. of turmeric aqueous and ethanolic extracts, respectively. Group B showed a significant increase in the activities of alanine transaminase by 10 folds, aspartate transaminase by 9 folds, alkaline phosphatase by 3 folds and the level of malondialdehyde by 10 folds, while showed a significant decrease in albumin by 60%, total protein by 54.5%, and superoxide dismutase by 80.5%, catalase by 75% and glutathione by 71.6% in comparison with those of the control group. On the other hand, turmeric treatments (groups C and D) led to a readjustment of levels for such biomarkers. Collectively, these results demonstrate the potential of turmeric extracts (particularly the ethanolic extract) to improve the fatal effect of lead in a rat model.

Lead is a heavy metal that, due to its physicochemical properties, defines it as a bioaccumulative, persistent and toxic contaminant in soil and water bodies. Bioremediation is a sustainable and ecological alternative for the removal of this contaminant. Microorganisms such as Spirulina platensis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa are widely used for their ability to bioadsorb lead, therefore, the objective of this research was to evaluate the bioremoval potential of lead in a photobioreactor by both microorganisms in a free state and immobilized with calcium alginate. Three different concentrations of 10, 20 and 30 mg/L of lead nitrate were used, Hoagland medium was used with Spirulina platensis and CASO broth with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The ANOVA statistical test showed that there is no significant difference in the concentration of chlorophyll “a” between the different treatments with Spirulina platensis, however, there is a significant difference in the percentage of elimination between both microorganisms, but, the Tukey test, It stands out that there is no difference in the media between the treatments with Spirulina platensis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Spirulina consortium with Pseudomonas, therefore, the difference lies in the bioadsorption capacity in different concentrations of lead nitrate. The authors infer that both microorganisms are exceptional for the removal of this contaminant, however, it is necessary to perform more tests under different conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lead (Pb) exposure continues to be a significant public health issue in both occupational and non-occupational settings. The vast majority of exposure and toxicological studies have focused on effects related to inhalation and gastrointestinal exposure routes. Exposure to inorganic Pb compounds through dermal absorption has been less well studied, perhaps due to the assumption that the dermal pathway is a minor contributor to aggregate exposures to Pb compounds. The aim of this rapid review was to identify and evaluate published literature on dermal exposures to support the estimation of key percutaneous absorption parameters (K p, flux, diffusion rate) for use in occupational risk assessment. Eleven articles were identified containing information from both in vitro and in vivo systems relevant to percutaneous absorption kinetics. These articles provided 24 individual study summaries and information for seven inorganic Pb compounds. The vast majority of study summaries evaluated (n = 22, 92%) reported detectable amounts of dermal absorption of inorganic Pb. Data were identified for four Pb compounds (Pb acetate, Pb nitrate, Pb oxide, and Pb metal) that may be sufficient to use in evaluating physiologically based pharmacokinetic models. Average calculated diffusion rates for the pool of animal and human skin data ranged from 10−7 to 10−4 mg cm−2 h−1, and K p values ranged from 10−7 to 10−5 cm h−1. Study design and documentation were highly variable, and only one of the studies identified was conducted using standard test guideline-compliant methodologies. Two studies provided quality estimates on the impacts of dermal absorption from water-insoluble Pb compounds on blood Pb levels. These two studies reported that exposures via dermal routes could elevate blood Pb by over 6 µg dl−1. This estimation could represent over 100% of 5 µg dl−1, the blood Pb associated with adverse health effects in adults. The utility of these estimates to occupational dermal exposures is limited, because the confidence in the estimates is not high. The literature, while of limited quality, overall strongly suggests inorganic Pb has the potential for dermal uptake in meaningful amounts associated with negative health outcomes based on upper bound diffusion rate estimates. Future standard test guideline-compliant studies are needed to provide high-confidence estimates of dermal uptake. Such data are needed to allow for improved evaluation of Pb exposures in an occupational risk assessment context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: Polyphenols can exert free radical scavenging effects by naturalizing dangerous reactive oxidants. Formation of reactive oxygen species can cause oxidative damage to human cells, leading to various diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis and degenerative diseases. In this study, we investigated effect of treatment with various concentrations of lead (II) nitrate, a toxic and an oxidizing agent, on growth and biochemical parameters of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.). Methods: Total phenol content was estimated by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) stable free radical was used for assessment of free radical-scavenging activity. Changes in the activity of catalase and peroxidase as well as in the level of proteins, phenol content and malondialdehyde (as marker of lipid peroxidation) were investigated following treatment with different concentrations (0, 8, 12 and 16 mg/l) of lead nitrate for 21 days. All experiments were done in triplicate. Butylated hydroxytoluene and quercetin were used as standard controls. Results: Treatment with lead significantly altered the level of total phenolic content, proteins, malondialdehyde and the activity of catalase and peroxidase (P

Lead (Pb) and nickel (Ni) are serious soil pollutants that adversely affect plant growth and development and need to be removed through phytoremediation. The present study aimed to assess the morphological indices of Albizia lebbeck (L.) (Benth.) in relation to anatomical modifications for survival under both Pb and Ni stress. The seedlings of A. lebbeck were established and then subjected to four different concentrations, viz. 0 mM, 25 mM, 50 mM and 75 mM, of Pb and Ni for 14 days in two phases. Morphological traits such as shoot length (70.93%), fresh weight (79.27%), dry weight (83.9%), number of root hairs (65.7%), number of leaves per plant (67.4%) and number of leaflets per plant greatly reduced under Pb or Ni stress. Surprisingly, root length increased rather than decreased with the increase in Pb or Ni concentrations, along with an increase in leaflet width, leaflet length and leaflet area. Moreover, root cortical cell area, metaxylem area and phloem area decreased at 75 mM of Pb and Ni while epidermal thickness and cell area increased. Stem epidermal thickness, cell area and phloem area significantly decreased with the consistent increase in metaxylem area and cortical region thickness under both Pb and Ni stress. Leaf anatomical traits such as midrib thickness, abaxial epidermal thickness and stomatal density and adaxial epidermal thickness and stomatal area significantly increased with increasing Pb or Ni stress. Correlation analysis revealed close relations among morphological and anatomical traits (such as root length with cortical region thickness) for better plant survival under Pb or Ni stress, and a PCA-biplot further verified these correlation analyses. Cluster analyses demonstrated the associations among the morphological and anatomical traits based on different stress levels. Furthermore, we found that the longer exposure (from phase 1 to phase 2) of heavy metals stress is more dangerous for plant survival and can ultimately lead to plant death. Moreover, our results also confirmed that Ni is more harmful or dangerous to plants than Pb at high and moderate concentrations. The anatomical modifications ensured the survival of A. lebbeck in extreme heavy metals stress and therefore unlocked its potential to be used as a natural source of phytoremediation. We also recommend that the genetic potential of A. lebbeck associated with its survival under heavy metal stress be investigated.

The effects of the separate and combined action of lead nitrate in a wide range of doses, uranyl nitrate, and chronic low-dose gamma irradiation on the formation of oxidative stress in the liver and the morpho-functional state of the thyroid gland of CBA mice (males) in the early and long-term periods after the end of exposure were studied. Complex and ambiguous changes in the parameters of the system of regulation of oxidative processes in the liver and morpho-physiological changes in the thyroid gland of mice were revealed. The scale and focus of these changes depended on the age of the animals, the chemical nature and concentration of the toxicants, and the time after the end of the treatment. Analysis of the literature and the obtained data allowed us to conclude that it is impossible to predict the consequences for mammals living in unfavorable environmental conditions by extrapolating the results obtained for high doses to small doses of pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copper-cobalt oxide ores contain several minerals that are economically treatable by concentration techniques. The most used technique is froth flotation in which selective reagents are used to recover more valuables. It is, therefore, important to examine the optimal doses of those reagents while investigating the behaviors of minerals at the same time. This study explored the influence of lead nitrate Pb(NO3)2 on the froth flotation of oxide ore to increase valuable metals recoveries. Four factors were investigated including Pb(NO3)2 dosage, its conditioning, its addition dose in the 2nd fraction, and sulfidiser dosage. Other parameters were kept constant. The optimum was found at 25 g/t of Pb(NO3)2, conditioning together with sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) for 5 min, the addition of 5 g/t of Pb(NO3)2 in the 2nd fraction, and 3,000 g/t of sulfidiser. Recoveries in concentrates were 79.51 % Copper (Cu) and 60.27 % Cobalt (Co), with grades of 9.49 and 0.67 %, respectively. The conclusion was that the use of Pb(NO3)2 can considerably improve copper and cobalt recoveries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, structural and physicalproperties of the PbS thin films produced using chemical bath deposition methodwere investigated.Deposition temperature was varied between 25 °C and 50 °C throughout the depositionperiod. The pH value of electrolyte solution and the deposition time of thefilms were 10.5 and 25 min, respectively. Characterizations of the PbS thin filmswere performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-raydiffraction (XRD) methods. XRD results showedthat all PbS thin films had a cubic structure irrespective of depositiontemperature. Morphologicalcharacterizations of the films indicated that not only the number but also thesize of pinholes, formed on the film surfaces, were significantly affected bythe deposition temperature. Consequently,the film obtained at 25 ̊C exhibited a surface morphology with less and smallerpinholes, compared to others deposited at higher deposition temperatures.

Pollution of water bodies caused by heavy metals such as lead is a major problem affecting aquatic fauna. The effect of lead on the fingerlings of fishes has not been widely investigated. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the impact of heavy metal lead on the fingerlings of the freshwater fish, Cirrhinus mrigala. Different concentrations of lead nitrate solutions, viz., 1 ppm, 10 ppm, 40 ppm, 100 ppm, 120 ppm, 160 ppm, 200 ppm, 240 ppm, 300 ppm, 400 ppm and 500 ppm were prepared. Ten fingerlings were introduced into each concentration. The mortality rate and the time of survival of fingerlings in the lead nitrate solution during next 96 hours were recorded. The mortality rate increased to a sudden plateau from 100 ppm to 200 ppm (from 10% to 100%) and total mortality was attained at 200 ppm. LC50 for the fingerlings was found to be 160 ppm. There was almost instantaneous mortality – absolute intolerance – of the fingerlings at 500 ppm. Our study results show that the fingerlings of Cirrhinus mrigala can survive the toxic effect of lead nitrate up to 40 ppm, without physiological stress.

Mercury chloride and lead nitrate are very toxic heavy metals which are widely used and spread in the environment. In the current study, the toxic effects oflead and mercury on liver tissues in rats were evaluated. Lead nitrate (LN, 45 mg/kg of body weight (bw)/day) and mercury chloride (MC, 0.02 mg/kg bw/day) and their mix were administrated orally for 4 weeks. Lipid peroxidation, serum biochemical parameters, antioxidant enzyme activities, and hematological and histopathological changes of liver were observed. Liver function tests, malondialdehyde levels and antioxidant enzyme activities, and certain hematological parameters showed a statistically significant alterations in LN and MC treated groups. Moreover, LN and MC induced severe histopathological alterations. As a result, it was observed that MC provoked more adverse effects than LN in rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The practicality of obtaining liquid‐ and solid‐state 207Pb nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra with a low permanent‐field magnet is investigated. Obtaining 207Pb NMR spectra of salts in solution is shown to be viable for samples as dilute as 0.05 M. The concentration dependence of the 207Pb chemical shifts for lead nitrate was investigated; the results are comparable with those obtained with high‐field instruments. Likewise, the isotope effect of substituting D2O for H2O as the solvent was investigated and found to be comparable with those reported previously. Obtaining solid‐state 207Pb NMR spectra is challenging, but we demonstrate the ability to obtain such spectra for three unique solid samples. An axially symmetric 207Pb powder pattern for lead nitrate and the powder pattern expected for lead chloride reveal linewidths dominated by shielding anisotropy, while 207Pb‐35/37Cl J‐coupling dominates in the methylammonium lead chloride perovskite material. Finally, recent innovations and the future potential of the instruments are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Impact of spraying 50 µM salicylic acid (SA), lead nitrate soil treatments [1 and 2 mM Pb (NO3)2] and their combinations on parsley leaves (Petroselinum crispum L.) for 3 weeks was studied to evaluate leaf symptoms, photosynthetic pigments, anthocyanin, ultrastructure, malondialdehyde (MDA), soluble proteins, phenolic compounds, and guaiacol peroxidase activity (GPOX). Under Pb effect, parsley leaves showed chlorosis and decline in the content of photosynthetic pigments chlorophyll a (Chl a), chlorophyll b (Chl b) and carotenoid (Car) with increasing Pb treatments compared to the control. SA spraying helped to reduce chlorosis and increase photosynthetic pigments of Pb-treated plants compared to that of Pb treatment alone. Leaf anthocyanin content of SA-sprayed plants significantly increased compared to the control. On contrast, the anthocyanin content of Pb-treated plants with or without SA treatment decreased compared to the control. Parsley leaf chloroplasts were characterized by many and large starch grains. Deformations of chloroplast shape, increasing formation of plastoglobules and degeneration of chloroplast grana thylakoids were observed in Pb-treated plants. MDA and total phenolic compound contents increased in Pb-treated plants compared to the control. In contrast, soluble protein content decreased in Pb-treated plants. The decrease in leaf photosynthetic pigments and increase MDA contents was Pb-concentration dependent. The results as indicated by increasing lipid peroxidation confirmed Pb treatments generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) which caused oxidative stress. In contrast, SA application declined the extent of detrimental and harmful influence of Pb toxicity as indicated by the decrease MDA content, and increase in photosynthetic pigments, anthocyanin and phenolic compound contents of parsley leaves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and objectives: Polyphenols can exert free radical scavenging effects by naturalizing dangerous reactive oxidants. Formation of reactive oxygen species can cause oxidative damage to human cells, leading to various diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis and degenerative diseases. In this study, we investigated effect of treatment with various concentrations of lead (II) nitrate, a toxic and an oxidizing agent, on growth and biochemical parameters of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L). Methods: Total phenol content was estimated by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The 1,1- diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) stable free radical was used for assessment of free radicalscavenging activity. Changes in the activity of catalase and peroxidase as well as in the level of proteins, phenol content and malondialdehyde (as marker of lipid peroxidation) were investigated following treatment with different concentrations (0, 8, 12 and 16 mg/l) of lead nitrate for 21 days. All experiments were done in triplicate. Butylated hydroxytoluene and quercetin were used as standard controls. Results: Treatment with lead significantly altered the level of total phenolic content, proteins, malondialdehyde and the activity of catalase and peroxidase (P<0.05). Conclusion: Our results indicate that lead-contaminated soil can significantly alter biochemical and growth parameters of alfalfa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, toxic effects of lead nitrate [Pb(NO3)2] and the hepato-nephroprotective role of Nigella sativa seed extract (NSSE) against toxicity were studied in albino mice. For this aim, mice were randomly divided into six groups as: Group I treated with tap water, Group II: 300 mg kg-1 bw NSSE, Group III: 600 mg kg-1 bw NSSE, Group IV: 500 mg kg-1 bw Pb(NO3)2, Group V: 300 mg kg-1 bw NSSE+500 mg kg-1 bw Pb(NO3)2, Group VI: 600 mg kg-1 bw NSSE+500 mg kg-1 bw Pb(NO3)2. After experimental procedure the changes in blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST) levels of blood serum, glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels of liver and kidney tissues were investigated. And also histopathological examinations of liver and kidney tissues were studied. At result, significant increases were observed in BUN, creatinine, ALT, AST levels of mice treated with Pb(NO3)2. GSH levels were decreased, MDA levels were increased in kidney and liver tissues after Pb(NO3)2 treatment. In histopathological examinations binucleated cell, karyomegaly, stellate cell and bilirubin pigment deposit were observed in liver tissue while hyaline cast, thickening of the basement membrane, albumonid content and inflammatory leukocytes were observed in kidney tissue in Group IV. NSSE treatment in Group V and VI was ameliorated the toxic changes in level of serum parameters, GSH and MDA levels and histopathological damages of tested tissues. As a result, it was determined that NSSE decreases hepato-nephrotoxicity with a dose dependent manner induced by Pb(NO3)2 and leads to an improvement associated with its components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lead is considered as an essential potent environmental contaminant. Various ecological, environmental and evolutionary processes in the microsphere are disrupted because of lead toxicity to the microbial community. Based on this important perspective, the effects of increasing doses (control, 100, 200 and 400 mg L-1) of Lead Nitrate (Pb(No2)2) as heavy metal on seed germination and seedling growth of 11 different sesame genotypes were investigated. The research was carried out according to the Completely Randomized Experimental Design (CRD) with three replications at 25 °C (±2) in the Department of Field Crops laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam University in 2016. In the experiment, 25 seeds of each genotype were for 14 days, and then, some b seedling growth determining germination percentage, radicle length, plumula length, seedling length, seedling fresh weight, seedling dry weight and vigor index were observed. Lead treatments have a strong negative influence on the growth of sesame by reducing significantly all the above parameters. The growth of the plants grown with increasing lead levels were reduced in compared to control plants. As a result, the effects of increasing levels of lead nitrate on the seeds germination percentages of sesame genotypes varied among the genotypes. The most tolerant genotype to the increasing levels of lead nitrate was Muganh-57. The highest values of the other features examined were found to be obtained from the control applications of the genotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was designed to investigate the protective role of dietary supplementation of Spirulina platensis (SP) against cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of lead nitrate in Clarias gariepinus. Four groups of fishes were used: first group as control which fed on basal diet, second group fed on basal diet and exposed to (1 mg/L of lead nitrate), third group fed on diet containing 0.25% SP and exposed to (1 mg/L of lead nitrate), and fourth group fed on diet containing 0.5%SP and exposed to (1 mg/L of lead nitrate). Fish samples were taken at 2nd and 4th week of exposure. The hematological indices of lead nitrate–exposed group were decreased significantly compared to the control group at 2nd and 4th week of exposure. Lead nitrate caused a significant increase in the percentage of poikilocytosis, micronuclei, and apoptotic cells as well as comet tail length and olive tail moment compared with the control group at 2nd and 4th week of exposure. The highest level of damage was found on 4th week of exposure with all parameters. Dietary inclusion of SP ameliorated these cytotoxic and genetic changes, as well as this amelioration was concentration and time dependent. Consequently, the present study proposed that the addition of SP to the fish diet can be used as a promising protective agent to oppose cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of lead nitrate in aquaculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lead nitrate (Pb(NO 3) 2) – filled polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) – polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) composite films were prepared by solution casting method, with filler levels (FL) varying from 2.7 wt% up to 42.7 wt%. Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy and measurements of Doppler broadening of annihilation radiation (DBAR) were carried out to monitor the changes in polymer microstructure due to the filler loading. The lineshape parameter, S , increased at lower doping levels, followed by a decrease at higher FL due to the effects of the filler (Pb(NO 3) 2) on the microstructure of PVA-PVP composite films. A significant drop in the intensity (I 3) of the ortho-positronium (o-Ps) component, from 18% down to approximately 2%, is observed on increasing the FL from 16.2 up to 26.7 wt%. This is accompanied by a decrease in the intensity (I 1) of the shortest lifetime component and a compensating increase in intensity (I 2) of the intermediate lifetime component. It indicated the inhibition of positronium (Ps) formation in Pb(NO 3) 2 -filled PVA-PVP composites. • Lead nitrate filled PVA-PVP composite films are studied using PALS and DBAR. • Significant changes are observed in positron parameters due to filler loading. • Intensity of o-Ps component decreases from 18% to 2%, at higher filler levels (FL). • Inhibition of positronium (Ps) formation is observed for FL beyond 19.8 wt%. • Ps trapping rate in the composite decreased significantly at moderate and high FL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Pyrazole derivatives display diverse biological and pharmacological activities. The aim of this study is to investigate the antioxidant properties of a novel pyrazolecarboxamide derivative (4-amino-N-[(4-chlorophenyl)]-3-methyl-1-phenyl-1H-thieno [2, 3-c] pyrazole-5-carboxamide) in African catfish, Clarias gariepinus , exposed to 1 mg/L PbNO 3. Fish were intramuscularly injected with pyrazole-5-carboxamidederivative according to the following groupings: Group 1 (control), Group 2 (1 mg/L lead nitrate), Group 3 (1 mg/L lead nitrate + 5 mg pyrazole derivative/kg body weight), and Group 4 (1 mg/L lead nitrate + 10 mg pyrazole derivative/kg body weight) for two weeks and four weeks. Lead nitrate (1 mg/L) caused significant elevation of serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), creatinine, uric acid, cholesterol, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) compared to the control group after two and four weeks of exposure, while serum total lipids, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were significantly reduced compared to the control group. Furthermore, levels of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were reduced in group 2 compared to the control group. However, in group 2, hepatic lipid peroxidation (LPO) and DNA fragmentation percentage were significantly increased compared to the control group. Histopathological changes in the liver of lead-exposed groups included marked disturbance of hepatic tissue organization, degeneration of hepatocytes, dilation of blood sinusoids and the central vein as well as necrosis. Injection of pyrazole derivative for two weeks and four weeks reversed alterations in biochemical parameters, antioxidant biomarkers, lipid peroxidation, hepatic DNA damage, and histopathological changes in liver tissue induced by 1 mg/L lead nitrate. This amelioration was higher in response to high-dose pyrazole derivative (10 mg) at the fourth week of exposure, showing concentration-and time-dependency. Overall, the sensitized derivative pyrazolecarboxamide is likely a useful tool to minimize the effects of lead toxicity due to its potent antioxidant activity. Graphical abstract Image 1 Highlights • Lead exposure induced oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, DNA fragmentation and histopathological changes. • Administration of a novel pyrazole-5-carboxamide derivative alleviated the harmful impacts of lead. • The alleviation effect of pyrazole-5-carboxamide derivative is both concentration and time dependent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increased use of biostimulants in conventional agriculture and organic farming requires the implementation of rapid tests to determine their effectiveness in enhancing plant growth and protection against abiotic stresses. However, their innocuity to plant health has rarely been demonstrated. We used the Vicia faba Micronucleus Assay, as described by the standard AFNOR EN ISO 29200(2020-05) to reveal biostimulant, genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of four commercialized wood-based products by comparing mitotic indices and micronucleus frequencies with respect to the controls. Neither genotoxicity, as measured by micronucleus frequency (MN), nor cytotoxicity, assessed by Mitotic index counts, was observed. Additionally, one of these stimulants (BHS®) conferred protective effects against contaminants (maleic hydrazide or lead nitrate). We describe that plotting micronuclei frequency against mitotic indices allows discrimination between cytotoxic/genotoxic effects from growth levels. Vicia faba experiments were successfully transposed to other agronomical important crops such as corn and sunflower. This technique can be valuable to industrials, to assess growth, potential cytoxicity and genotoxicity effects of any new biostimulant or organic.

This paper assesses the risk of lead and cadmium heavy metals on Cyprinus carpio in laboratory conditions. The research determined the 96 hours LC50 value of lead nitrate and cadmium nitrate in the fish Cyprinus carpio. This study combined the ecological toxicology test with the ecological hazard description to determine the acute toxicity effects of lead and cadmium on Cyprinus carpio. Ecological toxicology took place in 96 hours with test concentration of 0.25; 0.5; 1.0; 1.5; 2.0 mg/l on lead and 0.5; 1.0; 1.5; 2.0; 3.0 mg/l on cadmium. Through probit analysis, the LC50 after 96 hours of lead and cadmium in Cyprinus carpio was found to be 0.987 mg/l and 1.171 mg/l, respectively. Through monitoring the biological behaviour of Cyprinus carpio when exposed to lead and cadmium, it was observed that the number of deaths is proportional to the concentration of chemical exposure time. The abnormal morphology and behaviour of the fish also increased with testing time and lead and cadmium concentration. Cyprinus carpio also absorbs lead and cadmium in its body; the cumulative content is similar as above.

Lead nitrate is an inorganic salt, commonly used for the accurate temperature determination in the solid state NMR spectroscopy, due to the strong temperature dependence of the 207Pb chemical shift. As the reason for this phenomenon remained unknown, the main purpose of this study was to explain this temperature dependence at the molecular level. To achieve this, combined CASTEP geometry optimization, quantum molecular dynamics at chosen temperatures and GIPAW NMR computations were performed. Due to the previous literature reports on inaccuracy in the calculation of 207Pb NMR parameters using GIPAW, a large emphasis was put on the optimization of computational method. The application of quantum molecular dynamics provided the simulation of the temperature‐dependent vibrational motions and enabled to accurately compute the changes in the value of Pb δiso resulting from them. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. This study aims to explain, at the molecular level, the experimentally observed temperature dependence of 207Pb isotropic chemical shift value in the solid state NMR spectra of lead nitrate. For this purpose combined CASTEP geometry optimization, quantum molecular dynamics at chosen temperatures and GIPAW calculations of NMR parameters were performed. The influence of temperature‐depending vibrational motions on the NMR parameters was precisely reflected in the calculations results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]