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This article examines the transformation process of Spanish universities in the prevention and action against sexual harassment, drawing on the lessons learned from the #MeToo University Movement. Three pivotal aspects are explored: Spain's pioneering contributions, particularly in co-creation and global impact; the successful inclusion of groundbreaking concepts into legislation and ethical codes; and the societal impact towards ending sexual harassment. Despite the significant social progress, Spain faces criticism from those unwilling to break the silence around harassment, underscoring the ongoing need for change in academia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Constitutional History / Giornale di Storia Costituzionale is the property of Giornale di Storia Costituzionale (Journal of Constitutional History) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Nel presente articolo si intendono comparare le scelte normative dello Stato d’Israele, dell’Unione Indiana e della Federazione Russia relative al fine vita allo scopo di verificare se esse risultano influenzate dalle loro religioni maggioritarie, ovverosia rispettivamente dall’ebraismo, dall’induismo e dal cristianesimo ortodosso. Di conseguenza nel perseguire tale finalità si renderà innanzitutto necessario analizzare i principi che negli ordinamenti in considerazione disciplinano le relazioni tra Stato e confessioni religiose. Successivamente verranno riportate le posizioni dell’ebraismo, dell’induismo e della Chiesa ortodossa russa sul fine vita. Infine, alla luce dell’individuazione di tali posizioni, verrà analizzata l’evoluzione delle scelte normative degli ordinamenti statali in considerazione per verificare in prospettiva comparata se, e in che misura, codificano le posizioni delle rispettive religioni maggioritarie.

L'obiettivo è analizzare e confrontare lo sviluppo degli eSport a livello mondiale tramite la presa in esame delle diverse applicazioni pratiche e legislative. Viene eseguita una revisione della letteratura e una documentale per comprendere lo stato attuale degli eSport a livello mondiale, europeo e italiano. Viene eseguito un confronto tra legislazioni e politiche relative agli eSport in diverse giurisdizioni, evidenziando similitudini e differenze. In Corea del Sud nel 2000 il ministero della Cultura, dello sport e del turismo dà vita alla Korean eSport Association; negli Stati Uniti è stata istituita la California Interscholastic Federation (CIF), che ha riconosciuto gli eSport come sport ufficiali nelle scuole superiori; nell'anno 2017 il Comitato Internazionale Olimpico riconosce gli eSport come attività sportiva; in Francia nell'anno 2016 viene avviata una regolamentazione legislativa per gli eSport. Gli eSport rappresentano una forma di competizione in rapida crescita, con un impatto significativo sulla cultura e sull'industria del gioco.

La ricerca sull’uso delle sostanze psichedeliche per la cura del disagio mentale sta trovando negli ultimi anni un rinnovato interesse. La storia delle culture dell’uomo è da sempre legata all’uso di sostanze. Questo legame, in epoca moderna, ha visto ricerche scientifiche sui loro effetti, con risultati promettenti. Negli anni sessanta ci sono state tensioni sociali che hanno portato le Nazioni Unite a produrre tre Convenzioni internazionali per regolamentare e limitare il fenomeno “droga”. Da un’osservazione del panorama legislativo, è emersa una diversa modalità di espressione dell’alternanza tra proibizionismo e antiproibizionismo. Nel nostro lavoro si evidenzia come nei Paesi maggiormente antiproibizionisti ci sia stato un incremento delle pubblicazioni di articoli scientifici riguardanti l’uso terapeutico degli psichedelici ed effetti positivi a livello sanitario, economico, culturale, sociale.

This article is a short response to a recent contribution by Dietze-Mager in Erga-Logoi 10.2. There, within a larger discussion of the reliability of the Aristotelian Athenaion Politeia as a historical source, Dietze-Mager argues against our proposed identification of the Athenian nomothetai with a special session of the Assembly. In response, we start with a concise summary of our interpretation of the constitutional stages in the Athenaion Politeia in light of the socio-economic methodology of Politics IV, and clarify the role of Aristotle’s political theory in our reconstruction. We then provide a close reading of some key evidence about the identity of the Athenian nomothetai (particularly Aeschin. III 38-40). We demonstrate that Dietze-Mager’s proposed reading of the relevant passage is linguistically and syntactically problematic, arguing that the only possible interpretation of the relevant procedure as described at Aeschin. III 38-40 involves identifying the nomothetai with a special lawmaking session of the Assembly.

The sharing economy provides many new business opportunities, particularly in local areas where culinary traditions guarantee major appreciable sensorial features. In this context, home food and home restaurant find their place. The first one refers to businesses that, in a home kitchen or in premises used mainly as a private home, produce food for retail, while the second one is defined as food businesses producing and administering food and beverages in a private dwelling house. This manuscript analyses the sector legislation applicable to these new business forms, the adherence to the requirements prescribed by the recent guidelines, the executive compliance applicable to the inspection phases, as well as the perspectives and future challenges that healthcare workers designated for food safety official controls will face. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper compares the official status of former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia's constitutive nations in its former republics, with an emphasis on Slovenia and the Slovenians. The first part of the article focuses on legal aspects - do these nations qualify for the status of national minority in the above mentioned countries, on which level and which special collective rights are they granted; whereas the second part examines the existing implementation of minorities' rights, including teaching native languages, coverage of minorities-related topics in the media and financing their cultural activities. Slovenia has not recognised any minority status to these communities, but has entitled them with quite some rights in practice. For instance, it is the only country that cofinances free classes of native languages, in addition to including them as subjects in school programmes. Moreover, these national communities in Slovenia enjoy special media programmes, and cofinancing of the activities of their cultural associations. Slovenians are recognised as a minority in Croatia on the constitutional level and on the legislative level in Serbia and Bosnia-Herzegovina. By contrast, Slovenian communities in North Macedonia, Montenegro and Kosovo are not acknowledged. Whereas Croatia and Serbia allocate some funds for cultural activities, Croatia is the only of these countries where the Slovenian language is also taught in schools. The author concludes that there is no interdependence between official minority status and actual rights entrusted by these countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insofar as the mendicant orders enjoyed greater popularity in the Medieval West, they faced the isolated appearance -or not- of endogenous situations led by their members. The aim of this contribution is to reconstruct cases of endogenous situations in order to help understand the phenomenon of distancing from communities: its causes, its process and its relationship with legislation/regulations, focusing on the Order of Friars Minor. We will delve into three selected cases that are framed at different moments in the history of Francisco's movement, this will allow us to appreciate not only the variation in reasons and modus, but also the evolution of the regulations and how this is reflected in the news we obtain from the subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Synergies Italie is the property of GERFLINT (Groupe d'Etudes et de Recherches pour le Francais Langue Internationale) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Didattica della Storia: Journal of Research & Didactics of History is the property of Centro internazionale di Didattica della storia e del patrimonio (DiPaSt), Universita di Bologna and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Philosophy & Canon Law is the property of Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Slaskiego and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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Copyright of Summa, Animali da Reddito is the property of Point Veterinaire Italie s.r.l. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Domestic service has become a subject of many legislative interventions, nevertheless domestic work still remains elusive from state policy. At first, domestic workers have been frequently singled out from enjoying rights and protective legislation. However, even if domestic workers were given formal recognition of rights, regulations generally arrived later than for many other workers and didn't influence on real empowerment of domestic workers. This durable question of their "problematic position" regarding rights and entitlements can be found in "sectoral disadvantage" which is the direct consequence of the past historical categorization, where legal situation of domestic workers is rooted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper examines the Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement in cultural, historical and relational contexts at the intersection of the U.S. Civil Rights movement, U.S. Civil Rights legislation, the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and reforms thereto in the recent U.S. Supreme Court decision of Shelby County v Holder, 570 U.S.529 (2013). The intergenerational relations between the BLM movement and these ongoing movements for civil and human rights is underscored. In the wake of protests about the sadistic murder of George Floyd, an unarmed African American man, by a Caucasian police officer, the BLM movement has been mischaracterized as an affront to law and order by the Trump-led U.S. administration. The mischaracterization was a re-election campaign effort designed to ignite 'white fear', 'white rage' and to defend police brutality and systemic racism. Analytical psychology and the phenomenology of the trickster archetype, as amplified from the African-centric perspective in the Yoruba deity Esu-Elegba, are employed to interrogate partisan obstructionist behaviours that assault multicultural democracy in both contemporary U.S. electoral politics and the political economy. The paper concludes with a brief note on the social activism of Fair Fight Georgia and the integration of its agenda into the BLM movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Un epitaffio, rinvenuto a Catania intorno al 1731, menziona la mimas Aphrodito, moglie di Eutychus. Il mimo consisteva in uno spettacolo incentrato su parodie mitologiche o, più di frequente, su intrecci erotici, era una sorta di “farsa” recitata da più attori accompagnati da coristi e musicisti e soprattutto connotata dalla bellezza, spesso generosamente esibita, di attrici e danzatrici, che potevano raggiungere considerevole fama e conseguire elevati guadagni. Il marchio dell’infamia, però, colpiva le mimae, equiparate dalla legge alle prostitute: per tale ragione l’utilizzo della prestigiosa lingua latina da parte di individui dal nome grecanico non autorizza a pensare ad un’effettiva integrazione di Aphrodito all’interno della società di Catina. Da un canto l’interesse per il restauro e l’ampliamento del corredo urbanistico della città etnea, soprattutto nel corso del II secolo e, in particolare, per gli edifici adibiti agli spettacoli, dall’altro l’attenzione specificamente rivolta dagli imperatori adottivi agli attori e agli spettacoli di mimo consentono di ipotizzare una datazione dell’iscrizione di Aphrodito all’età degli Antonini.

Copyright of Journal of Constitutional History / Giornale di Storia Costituzionale is the property of Giornale di Storia Costituzionale (Journal of Constitutional History) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Summa, Animali da Reddito is the property of Point Veterinaire Italie s.r.l. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

On September 8, 1881 King Carol I of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen sanctioned and promulgated the Regulation for the ecclesiastical relations of the Romanian orthodox clergy with the heterodox or other rite Christians and with the unbelievers living in the Kingdom of Romania. Formulated and approved during the summer session of the Holy Synod of the Romanian Orthodox Autocephalic Church from 1881, the aforementioned Regulation contains 11 articles regulating different aspects of the relations between Orthodox and Roman-Catholics, Protestants and Muslims living in the Kingdom of Romania (baptism, chrismation, marriage). Our presentation aims to set out four main directions for investigation: 1. the process from the elaboration to the publication in the Official Gazette of Regulation emanating from the Romanian Orthodoxy during the Romanian Old Kingdom; 2. previous regarding the relations between Orthodoxy and other Christian confessions or other religions; 3. a summary presentation of the Regulation for the ecclesiastical relations of the Orthodox clergy with the heterodox and other rite Christians and with the unbelievers living in the Kingdom of Romania; 4. an historical-canonical analysis of articles 1, 3 and 4 of the Regulation. Sources used are primarily documents from the National Archives of Romania, more precisely the Fond of the Ministry of Cults and Public Instruction. Our concludes with an examination the Romanian Euchologions, printed between 1620 and 1820 and the summaries of the sessions of the Holy Synod of the Romanian Orthodox Autocephalic Church, published in the official journal, Romanian Orthodox Church. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of MESO is the property of Zadruzna Stampa D.D. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

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La questione minorile è stata ripercorsa dalla storiografia soprattutto attraverso il prisma della repressione e prevenzione; nell’Italia del Novecento il bisogno di controllo sociale, ‘pensiero dominante’, ha complicato la costruzione del diritto per i minori e dei minori. La codificazione civile, ‘a misura di adulto’, assegnava infatti i diritti al soggetto razionale ed autonomo, quasi a riproporre l’impostazione del paternalismo liberale di Stuart Mill, a proposito di minori da proteggere in primo luogo da se stessi. L’ordinamento contemplava i minori soprattutto per imporgli l’‘antico onora il padre’; anche se il codice civile del 1942 non prevedeva una soggezione totale dei figli rispetto alla potestà genitoriale, prima del fascismo ed ancora negli anni Cinquanta la patria potestà era intesa come ‘rimedio’ all’incapacità di agire del figlio, ostacolo all’«azione dello Stato» nell’ordine e disordine della famiglia. Agli inizi del secolo la «protezione giuridica dei minorenni» pareva «sconosciuta al nostro diritto e fuori della legislazione», inadeguata soprattutto nell’impietoso paragone con la legislazione europea e d’oltreoceano; la comparazione con un ‘altrove felice’ – in primo luogo il Children Act del 1908 – sarebbe stata una costante nelle politiche nazionali per l’infanzia ed adolescenza, dalla Circolare del guardasigilli V.E. Orlando al Progetto di Codice per i minorenni. Lontano dallo ‘specialismo’ – cifra della scientia iuris nazionale – il diritto minorile aveva vocazione ‘interdisciplinare’, nel poggiare soprattutto sul legame tra diritto e pedagogia; nel 1910 Orlando parlava all’Istituto pedagogico forense di Milano del diritto ‘da sempre e per sempre’ preminente per i minori, quello alla «protezione educativa», all’«educazione, sia pure forzata». Nell’Italia liberale era ampio il dibattito e significativa la progettazione; ne era un ‘ultimo atto’ il Progetto Ferri, inteso a distinguere tra bambini e adolescenti e a costruire una giustizia penale speciale rispetto a quella per gli adulti. Negli anni del fascismo – anche in questa materia tutt’altro che parentesi – era invece serrata la legislazione, con l’istituzione dell’Opera nazionale maternità e infanzia – attiva fino al 1975 – l’Opera nazionale Balilla, il Tribunale per i minorenni (Rd. 1404/1934). Il regime intendeva marcare il passaggio della questione minorile dal campo penale a quello «sociale»; era centrale la «rieducazione», come ribadito nel 1941 dal guardasigilli Dino Grandi. Il Rd. 140/1934 si ricollegava alla codificazione penale e penal-processuale (1930), ed era ‘apripista’ della codificazione civile (1942). Nella dottrina degli anni Cinquanta l’«autonomia» del diritto minorile nasceva con il Tribunale per i minori; cenni sporadici erano riservati alla Costituzione ed alla Dichiarazione di Ginevra dei diritti universali dei bambini (1924). Pur in un orizzonte meramente esortatorio, in seguito le fonti internazionali avrebbero avrebbero ‘incalzato’ il legislatore italiano, soprattutto sul piano, problematico, dell’attuazione dei principi. Il diritto minorile si sviluppava inoltre come sorta di judge made law – costruito sopratutto dai presidenti del Tribunale dei minori, Radaelli, Baviera, Cividali, Meucci, Moro, Vercellone, Occhiogrosso, Fadiga – profilo problematico per la prevalente cultura giuridica legalista italiana, ostile all’ampio potere discrezionale, esercitato dal giudice specializzato in materia giurisdizionale ed amministrativa. Nel 1951 nasceva inoltre l’Unione italiana giudici per minorenni, poi Associazione, motore del processo legislativo; nel 1971 era istituita la pianta organica del «giudice specializzato». Il diritto minorile era complicato dai cambiamenti di costume, che investivano la società: nel primo Novecento il dibattito tra giuristi, giudici, politici, scienziati sociali era iscritto nell’orizzonte della autorità, paterna e/o dello Stato, non in quello della libertà ed autonomia del minore. Con un cambio di prospettiva, all’Assemblea Costituente Aldo Moro tematizzava un diritto «problematico», stante l’incapacità di agire del soggetto, ma «autentico». Quasi ad anticipare il best interest of the child, la legge 431/67 – detta dell’adozione speciale – attribuiva al Tribunale il compito di «promuovere e difendere i diritti del minore». Elia – relatore di una densa sentenza della Consulta del 1981 – sostenne che il “centro di gravità” del sistema passava dall’“interesse dall’adottante a quello dell’adottato”. Ma non mancavano problemi: davanti ai concretissimi drammi sulla destinazione del bambino – madre sola e problematica o Istituto – Jemolo si chiedeva «dov’è l’interesse del minore», interrogativo a suo avviso non sciolto dalla legge, che aveva affidato al giudice «un compito che non è suo». Anche il mondo del diritto era lambito da nuove sensibilità e trasformazioni sociali: alla metà degli anni Settanta si poneva il tema del «metodo», con la trasformazione del «diritto minorile», da «diritto dei minori a diritto dei diritti dei minori». Con la riforma del diritto di famiglia del 1975 il «vecchio» diritto minorile pareva destinato a lasciare il posto ad uno «nuovo»; per Alfredo Carlo Moro tramontava il soggetto «unificato», ed entravano in scena «Pierino, Maria»; alla luce della Convenzione internazionale dei diritti del fanciullo del 1989, ratificata in Italia due anni dopo, Moro affermava che il discorso sui «diritti» doveva poggiare sulla «attuazione». D’altro canto si osservava che il legislatore non poteva stabilire per legge i contenuti dei diritti – primo di tutti quello all’educazione – se non con criteri generali e astratti, e che il minore non era considerato dall’ordinamento come soggetto di diritto, ma come destinatario di decisioni prese da altri, genitori, tutori, giudici. Nel 1970 Cividali metteva in scena un «giudice nuovo», impegnato a promuovere i diritti del minore, empatico con la «persona», più che intento ad applicare ‘freddamente’ la legge. La polarità tra il rispetto delle norme, a tutela di tutti i bambini, e la decisione nel migliore interesse di quel particolare bambino, anche contravvenendo alla legge, irrompeva con il ‘caso celebre’ di Serena Cruz, tolta dal Tribunale per i minorenni di Torino alla famiglia, che l’aveva adottata illegalmente; quel ‘caso celebre’ metteva in scena il corto circuito tra legalità e «vera giustizia». Quanto al rapporto tra minori e istituzioni, intese alla rieducazione, la prassi mostra che, dal fascismo alla repubblica, alla «discontinuità politica» è corrisposta una «continuità istituzionale», anche nella violenza esercitata sui minori; da qui una ‘provocazione’, la creazione di un «Tribunale per la difesa dei minori». Neppure il codice di procedura penale minorile del 1988, inteso a «educare responsabilizzando», è parso assicurare ai minorenni una efficace «garanzia».

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The purpose of my paper is to consider a set of policies concerning flows adjustment and naturalization of immigrants. The starting point of my analysis is the Naturalization Act of 1790, the first immigration law of the US government, which inspired the subsequent ones. I have conducted a more detailed investigation into federal measures since 1882, the year of Chinese Exclusion Act, passing through the legislation of the period between 1920 and 1930, influenced by a marked protectionism, to arrive to the acts of 1965, which dismantled the system of national quotas. The goal of my work is to highlight the relationship between the laws and the debate that has been created around them, which involves congress, public opinion, trade unions and associations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Il saggio considera il rapporto tra la legislazione e l'attività di confronto, e la sua evoluzione da quando l'era di giuridico dell'Illuminismo – come scienza delle legislazioni a confronto – fino a quando le dinamiche giuridiche contemporanee della globalizzazione. Ancora la globalizzazione non ha influenzato il metodo comparativo che è ancora identificato da analogie e differenze che segnano e valutare la funzione del diritto comparato. Trasformazioni di legislazioni riguardano il profilo della qualità della legislazione, sia attraverso redazione e attraverso analisi e la valutazione dell'impatto della sentenza. In particolare, le tecniche legate alla formula interessante di una migliore regolamentazione sembrano essere troppo legato a logiche economiche e determinata da una interpretazione orientata economica, che rischia di considerare la legge come un buon commerciale da inserire nel "libero mercato" della ordine giuridica globale.

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The essay analyzes the system applied in the codification of the CIC17, comparing it with that of the civil codifications of the twentieth century. First of all, it examines the possibility of such a comparison between canonical and civil codifications, given the peculiar traits of the Pio-Benedictine Code. Secondly, it offers a panoramic view on the criteria that guided the canonical codification, highlighting what distinguished it from the national legislations. It concludes with an insight into the results of the CIC17, juxtaposed with its proposed system, noting the characteris tic differences of such a re-ordering of Canon Law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of MESO is the property of Zadruzna Stampa D.D. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Through a in-depth examination of the Venetian legislation between the 1410s and the 1540s, this paper aims to highlight the relations which bounded the banishment penalty to the conflict and jurisdictional dimension that animated the Mainland domain in the Italian peninsula. In this way, the several stages which marked the confrontation between two different juridical mentalities will be drawn, while the impact of this process' outcome within the lagoon conflict-system will be shown by analysing some cases which happened in the early XVIth century Venice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing numbers of stray dogs and cats have posed serious public-health, socioeconomic, political and animal-welfare problems in many EU countries. Stray animal population control is a complex issue and there are no easy solutions. Recognising the importance of the issue the European Commission has, since 2007, actively contributed to the elaboration of the first global welfare standards for the control of dog populations in the framework of the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). Problem-solving approaches vary in different countries as there is no common European Community legislation dealing with stray animal control. In this paper the authors describe the characteristics of the stray dog and cat problem in general and focus on existing European legislation. A comparative overview of policies and measures in place in the Czech Republic and in Italy is made to observe the differences between the two countries and understand the different needs in each, considering their historical and social differences (i.e. a post-communist eastern country vs a western country and founder member of what is now the European Union).

This article addresses the ethical requirements to be considered when conducting clinical trials involving human subjects whose mental condition limits their ability to understand the information and to express fully autonomous and informed consent. It does not address other categories of vulnerable persons, such as children, or advanced directives concerning end-of-life care. There are many ethical issues entailed in clinical trials involving subjects with mental disabilities: how to obtain informed consent, balancing risks and benefits, balancing individual benefits with collective scientific and social interests, legal representation and many more. This article focuses on the issues surrounding the concept of minimal risk and the relationship between informed consent and risk. These issues are addressed with particular emphasis on the regulations adopted by the European Union and the federal government of the United States of America. The conclusion proposes a list of working criteria.

This paper examines the emblematic stories of three women: the adulterous wife of the Athenian citizen Euphiletus, Neera, the courtesan who usurped the role of legitimate wife, and Aspasia, the famous mistress of Pericles. These stories indicate that, in Athens, public opinion, legislation, and judicial system all shared the view of women’s subordination. Their behaviours were only judged in relation to their impact on the citizen’s reputation.

The problem of experimentation involving subjects whose mental condition prevents them from understanding information and providing proper informed consent has been addressed in various codes, declarations, conventions, treaties and regulations adopted by national, international and supranational institutions and authorities. This article summarizes the basic ethical criteria these documents provide and stresses the historical development from the nearly total exclusion of incapacitated subjects, established in the mid-twentieth century, to their contemporary inclusion in clinical trials on certain ethical conditions. The problem of proxy consent by legal representatives for participation in clinical trials is addressed particularly in reference to current Italian regulations. Exceptions to human experimentation requirements in emergency situations are also briefly discussed.

Il tentativo di non apportare radicali cambiamenti all’interno dell’istituzione carceraria limitò e rese vane le garanzie, pur sancite dalla stessa legge n. 354 del 1975, poiché un’istituzione che continuava ad avere come fondamento la custodia, e dunque che si basava sulle funzioni del mantenimento dell’ordine e della disciplina, esigeva che questa funzione fosse esplicata “in tempo reale”. È il caso di dire che i buoni propositi in materia di garanzie e di diritti che programmaticamente attengono alla dimensione del “futuribile” si scontrarono sul muro dell’immediata attuazione della disciplina e soprattutto della prioritaria conservazione delle regole fondanti dell’istituto carcerario che attengono invece al presente.