Search

Ganoderma is a mushroom renowned for its medical attributes, encompassing hepatoprotective, hypocholesterolemic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, and immunomodulatory activities. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Ganoderma lucidum supplementation on metabolic profile in adult populations. Articles were retrieved from MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, ProQuest, and Google Scholar databases until the year 2023. Inclusion criteria were all published trials examining the effect of G. lucidum supplementation on metabolic profile in adult populations. The quality assessment and meta-analysis was performed. A total of 13 studies (two in populations with metabolic syndrome, two in type 2 diabetes mellitus, one in fibromyalgia patients, six in healthy populations, and two patients with coronary arterial disease) were included in this study, and seven studies met the eligibility criteria for meta-analysis. G. lucidum was mostly administered as capsules. There were no significant differences among outcomes in between group comparisons of high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, total cholesterol, and fasting plasma glucose in the metabolic syndrome population (p value=1.00, 0.90, 0.78, and 0.33, respectively). Within group comparisons among the healthy population, only serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (p=0.03) and total cholesterol (p

Ganoderma lucidum is a remarkable medicinal macro fungus widely known for its extraordinary healing qualities. Indigenous G. lucidum collected from Punjab, Pakistan, was morpho-⁠anatomically and phylogenetically characterised. After characterisation, it was evaluated for vegetative and reproductive growth potential and subjected to mineral analysis of both wild and cultivated basidiomata of G. lucidum. Among various tested nutrient agar media, maximum G. lucidum mycelial density and growth rate were noted on CEA medium at 32°C. For spawn production, barley grains were found to be the most appropriate medium. The suitability of various types of lignocellulosic substrates was checked for better yield in minimum period of time. The combination of sawdust + wheat straw proved to be the most efficient substrate for the best yield with the maximum number of flushes. Small differences were observed in essential and trace mineral quantities (except nickel) in both wild and cultivated basidiomata, revealing the negligible effect of artificial substrates on the mineral composition of G. lucidum. These findings conclude that indigenous G. lucidum is capable of indoor cultivation on several locally available media and substrates. Cultivating this tremendous medicinal mushroom on a large scale in Pakistan could prove crucial from a pharmaceutical perspective. Providing cultures and fruiting bodies of G. lucidum to the food and therapeutic industries would eliminate their dependence on the availability of G. lucidum for a specific period of the year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mushrooms are considered a valuable food source due to their high protein and fibre and low fat content, among the other health benefits of their consumption. Selenium is an essential nutrient and is renowned for its chemo-preventative properties. In this study, batches of selenium-enriched Lingzhi mushrooms were prepared by growing mycelium and fruit in substrates containing various concentrations of sodium selenite. The mushroom fruit accumulated low levels of selenium with selenomethionine being the most abundant form in all enriched samples. Conversely, the mycelium showed significant selenium accumulation but relatively low proportions of selenomethionine. The red colour of the selenium-enriched mycelia indicated the probable presence of selenium nanoparticles, which was confirmed by single-particle inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Mean particle diameters of 90–120 nm were observed, with size distributions of 60–250 nm. Additional analysis with transmission electron microscopy confirmed this size distribution and showed that the biogenic selenium nanoparticles were roughly spherical in shape and contained elemental selenium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study determined fatty acid compositions of two cultivated Ganoderma. The canopy and stalk lipids of the Ganoderma were analyzed for fatty acid composition, β-carotene content and antioxidant activities. The results showed that Ganoderma samples contained 51 fatty acids. Their lipid extraction yields ranged between 0.45% and 1.09%. The β-carotene content of the red Ganoderma canopy extract was higher than its stalk extract. The canopy extract also had the highest DPPH hydroxyl radical scavenging activity. The data of the overall heat map showed that over 30 fatty acids were positively and highly correlated to the lipid in the black Ganoderma stalk. The main types of fatty acids in these Ganoderma samples were palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acids. The concentration of linoleic acid in the red Ganoderma canopy was as high as 164.02 mg/g lipid. These results suggested that these Ganoderma lipids are lipid-based antioxidants and potential sources of dietary supplements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The medicinal fungus Ganoderma lucidum is used as a dietary supplement and health tonic, but whether it affects longevity remains unclear. We show here that a water extract of G. lucidum mycelium extends lifespan of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. The G. lucidum extract reduces the level of fibrillarin (FIB-1), a nucleolar protein that correlates inversely with longevity in various organisms. Furthermore, G. lucidum treatment increases expression of the autophagosomal protein marker LGG-1, and lifespan extension is abrogated in mutant C. elegans strains that lack atg-18, daf-16, or sir-2.1, indicating that autophagy and stress resistance pathways are required to extend lifespan. In cultured human cells, G. lucidum increases concentrations of the LGG-1 ortholog LC3 and reduces levels of phosphorylated mTOR, a known inhibitor of autophagy. Notably, low molecular weight compounds (

The widely cultivated Chinese Lingzhi is a famous fungus with significant medicinal and economic value, which has commonly been misidentified as Ganoderma lucidum for a long period of time. The scientific binomial of the fungus is always a hotly debated question that revolves around G. lingzhi and G. sichuanense. To interpret the species concept of the taxon, six specific primers for G. sichuanense and one universal primer were designed. Through directed and nested PCRs, we obtained nine ITS sequences from the holotype (HMAS 42798) of G. sichuanense. By genome sequencing, the ITS sequence of the first cultivated Lingzhi (HMAS 25103) was assembled. Based on a phylogenetic study of the genus Ganoderma, the correct name for widely cultivated Ganoderma species in China was confirmed as G. sichuanense, and G. lingzhi should be a later synonym. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For centuries, Ganoderma has been used as a traditional medicine in Asian countries to prevent and treat various diseases. Numerous publications are stating that Ganoderma species have a variety of beneficial medicinal properties, and investigations on different metabolic regulations of Ganoderma species, extracts or isolated compounds have been performed both in vitro and in vivo. However, it has frequently been questioned whether Ganoderma is simply a dietary supplement for health or just a useful "medication" for restorative purposes. More than 600 chemical compounds including alkaloids, meroterpenoids, nucleobases, nucleosides, polysaccharides, proteins, steroids and triterpenes were extracted and identified from Ganoderma, with triterpenes serving as the primary components. In recent years, Ganoderma triterpenes and other small molecular constituents have aroused the interest of chemists and pharmacologists. Meanwhile, considering the significance of the triterpene constituents in the development of new drugs, this review describes 495 compounds from 25 Ganoderma species published between 1984 and 2022, commenting on their source, biosynthetic pathway, identification, biological activities and biosynthesis, together with applications of advanced analytical techniques to the characterization of Ganoderma triterpenoids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ganoderma is a globally distributed genus that encompasses species with forestry ecological, medicinal, economic, and cultural importance. Despite the importance of this fungus, the studies on the species diversity of Ganoderma in Yunnan Province, China (YPC) have poorly been carried out. During this study, opportunistic sampling was used to collect 21 specimens of Ganoderma from YPC. Morphology and multigene phylogeny of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions, the large subunit of nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (nrLSU), the translation elongation factor 1-α gene (TEF1-α), and the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB2) were used to identify them. Morphological and molecular characterization of the 21 specimens showed that they belong to 18 species of Ganoderma, of which three are novel viz. G. artocarpicola, G. obscuratum and G. yunnanense. Ganoderma artocarpicola is characterized by the sessile and concrescent basidiomata, reddish brown to yellowish brown pileus surface, heterogeneous context, wavy margin, and ovoid basidiospores. Ganoderma obscuratum is distinguished by small pores (6-9 per mm), dorsolaterally sub-stipitate basidiomata which become greyish-brown when dry, and narrow ellipsoid basidiospores. Ganoderma yunnanense is characterized by cream color pore surface and context, centrally to laterally stipitate basidiomata with reddish-brown to violet-brown strongly laccate pileus surface, and broadly ellipsoid basidiospores. With the help of an extensive literature survey and the results of this study, a checklist of 32 Ganoderma species from YPC was established, which accounts for 71.11% of the known species in China. In addition, a key to the Ganoderma in YPC is also provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this study was to the assess anti-cancer and antioxidant properties of the Ganoderma lucidum fruiting body, and to identify bioactive compounds found in their extracts. Significant antiproliferative activity was observed against MCF-7, MCF-7/DX, LOVO, LOVO/DX, MDA-MB 231, SW 620, and NHDF cell lines. With IC50 values of 25.38 µg/mL and 47.90 µg/mL, respectively, the extract was most effective against MDA-MB 231 and SW 620 cell lines. The bioactive compounds were identified using an ACQUITY UPLC-PDA-MS system. The extracts contained 13 triterpenoids and 28 polyphenols from the flavonols, phenolic acids, flavones, flavan-3-ols, and stilbenes families. Ganoderic acid derivative was found to be the most abundant triterpenoid (162.4 mg/g DW), followed by ganoderic acid B (145.6 mg/g DW). Resveratrol was the most abundant phenolic in the extract (5155.7 mg/100 g DM). The findings could explain why G. lucidum extracts are used in folk medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiotoxicity induced by anticancer drug; doxorubicin (DOX) is a limiting factor for its prolonged use in chemotherapy. No effective drug is currently available to prevent DOX induced cardiomyopathy. Ganoderma lucidum is highly valued medicinal mushroom used in traditional medicine. Mycelia biomasses are considered as alternate sources of mushroom bioactive compounds. We examined the effect of bioactive extract of G. lucidum mycelia biomass (GLME) to prevent cardiotoxicity induced by DOX in rats using a cumulative dose 18 mg/kg body wt. GLME was administered to animals at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg body wt. once daily for five days prior to DOX administration and continued for three more days. Animals were sacrificed 24 h after the last dose of drug. Activities of creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), endogenous antioxidant status, oxidative stress markers, electrocardiograph (ECG) and haematological parameters were evaluated. DOX administration drastically elevated CK, LDH, myocardial peroxidation and oxidative stress and significantly lowered endogenous antioxidant activity. GLME administration attenuated elevated levels of CK, LDH and oxidative stress and also ameliorated alterations in haematological and ECG parameters. Results revealed that bioactive extract of G. lucidum mycelia imparted significant protection against DOX induced cardiomyopathy suggesting the potential therapeutic significance of G. lucidum mycelia bioactives to alleviate DOX induced cardiomyopathy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ganoderic acids (GAs) and lucidenic acids (LAs) are the two specific triterpene compositions of Ganoderma lucidum. The HPLC fingerprint profile of GAs has been well‐established, but the reports for LAs were rare. In this study, six new lucidenic acids: H2 (1), H3 (2), I2 (3), I3 (4), K (5), L (6) and nine known compounds: lucidenic acids A (7), B (8), C (9), D2 (10), E2 (11), F (12), N (13), P (14), Q (15), were isolated from a strain of G. lucidum fruiting body (YK‐02). A specific fingerprint of the lucidenic acid type (LA‐type) HPLC spectrum comprised of these triterpenes was revealed for the first time. The HPLC spectra of four strains of G. lucidum were investigated and showed identical profiles with the typical ganoderic acid type (GA‐type, strains YK‐01 and BCRC36065) and lucidenic acid type spectra (strains YK‐02 and BCRC36090). The fingerprint profiles can be used in both species and strain identification of G. lucidum. Quantitation of lucidenic acid A by using HPLC was also validated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ganoderma lucidum or Lingzhi is a fungus species widely known as a traditional medicine. Exploring the beneficial peptides by hydrolysis using pepsin and trypsin has been extensively performed to identify new bioactive natural products. A multifunctional peptide that expresses potential scavenging activity and tyrosinase inhibition is valuable in therapeutic and cosmetic applications. This study aimed to identify and investigate the effects of a novel multifunctional peptide from Lingzhi on the melanogenic enzymes in melanoma cells by a targeted-proteomics approach. The multifunctional peptide was de novo sequenced by LC-MS/MS to be NH2-PVRSSNCA-CO2H (octapeptide). This sequence was chemically synthesized by solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). The antioxidant ability of the synthesized octapeptide was measured by the DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays. The results showed that the peptide exhibited an antioxidant activity equal to 0.121 ± 0.01 mg equivalent to ascorbic acid, 0.173 ± 0.03 mg equivalent to gallic acid, and 2.21 ± 0.23 mM equivalent to FeSO4, respectively, which is comparable to these well-known antioxidants. The proteomics approach identified a total of 5804 proteins and several pathways involved in the effects of the octapeptide in melanoma cells. Targeted proteomics revealed three specific proteins associated with pigmentation including Rab29, Dct, and Tyrp1. The Rab29 and Dct were upregulated whereas Tyrp1 was downregulated in the octapeptide treatment group. These findings could be used in the understanding of the molecular functions of the multifunctional octapeptide on melanogenic enzymes, supporting its potential as a therapeutic and cosmetic ingredient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract In this study, we used genotyping by sequencing (GBS) to examine the genetic diversity of 22 strains of Lingzhi and the quality differences in 15 fruit bodies of Lingzhi from different Chinese regions. The phylogenetic trees of 22 strains were constructed based on ITS (Internal transcribed spacer) and SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism). Moisture, ash, water-soluble extracts, alcohol-soluble extracts, polysaccharides, and triterpenoids from 15 fruit bodies of Lingzhi were detected and analyzed based on Chinese Pharmacopoeia and the US Pharmacopoeia references. Moreover, the monosaccharide composition of polysaccharides was studied using PMP-HPLC, and the effect of polysaccharides on the proliferation rate of splenocytes was investigated in vitro. The identification results of these strains by the phylogenetic trees which were constructed based on ITS sequences and SNPs showed that most of the strains applied in the main producing areas of Lingzhi in China were accurate except for a few inaccurate strains. The moisture, ash, water and alcohol soluble extractive, polysaccharide and triterpenoid content of all samples were meet the requirements of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, while the polysaccharide and triterpenoid content of less than half of the samples meet the requirements of the U.S. Pharmacopoeia. The polysaccharide extracted from these samples have different effects on the proliferation rate of spleen cells. To sum up, this is the first study that reported on the differences in Lingzhi strains from the main producing areas in China. The quality of some fruit bodies did not meet the pharmacopeia requirements, and wrong strains were used in some production areas; thus, strains should be given special attention before legal processing.

The article presents the Ganoderma is a genus of mushrooms that is prized in developed nations, especially those in Asia, due to its health-promoting properties, which are attributed to bioactive compounds such as phenolics. Topics include the countries, particularly in Africa, Ganoderma mushrooms are untapped and are barely identified, and the identified Ganoderma species collected from host trees in the wild in Namibia, cultivated them on one substrate their water absorption indices.

Context Various herbal medicines are thought to be useful in the management of cardiometabolic disease and its risk factors. Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst. (Ganodermataceae), also known as Lingzhi, has received considerable attention for various indications, including some related to the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and metabolic disease by ameliorating major cardiovascular risk factors. Objective This review focuses on the major studies of the whole plant, plant extract, and specific active compounds isolated from G. lucidum in relation to the main risk factors for cardiometabolic disease. Methods References from major databases including PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were compiled. The search terms used were Ganoderma lucidum, Lingzhi, Reishi, cardiovascular, hypoglycaemic, diabetes, dyslipidaemia, antihypertensive, and anti-inflammatory. Results A number of in vitro studies and in vivo animal models have found that G. lucidum possesses antioxidative, antihypertensive, hypoglycaemic, lipid-lowering, and anti-inflammatory properties, but the health benefits in clinical trials are inconsistent. Among these potential health benefits, the most compelling evidence thus far is its hypoglycaemic effects in patients with type 2 diabetes or hyperglycaemia. Conclusions The inconsistent evidence about the potential health benefits of G. lucidum is possibly because of the use of different Ganoderma formulations and different study populations. Further large controlled clinical studies are therefore needed to clarify the potential benefits of G. lucidum preparations standardised by known active components in the prevention and treatment of cardiometabolic disease.

Ganoderma is a genus of mushrooms that is prized in developed nations, especially those in Asia, due to its health-promoting properties, which are attributed to bioactive compounds such as phenolics. However, in developing countries, particularly in Africa, Ganoderma mushrooms are untapped and are barely identified. In this study, we identified Ganoderma species collected from different host trees in the wild in Namibia, cultivated them on one substrate and determined their water absorption and solubility indices. Total phenolics (TP), total flavonoids (TF), condensed tannins (CT) and in vitro antioxidant activity (AA) were determined in hot water infusions made from wild and cultivated Ganoderma mushrooms. Folin–Ciocalteu, aluminium chloride, vanillin-HCl, and DPPH assay methods were used to determine TP, TF, CT and AA, respectively. Wild species had 6.12–11.70% moisture, 1.91–5.32% ash, 11.55–24.40 (g of absorbed water/g of dry sample) water absorption index, 3.60–24.10% water solubility index, 18.37–44.78 (mg GAE/g of sample) TP, 0.09–1.67 (mg QE/g of sample) TF, 2.97–6.37 (mg CAE/g of sample) CT and 40.8–49.3% AA. Cultivated species had 9.64 13.45% moisture, 2.34–6.20% ash, 13.55–28.30 water absorption index, 6.40–25.35% water solubility index, 36.70–52.73 (mg GAE/g of sample) TP, 0.41–0.86 (mg QE/g of sample) TF, 11.38–15.29 (mg CAE/g of sample) CT and 53.6–63.7% AA. Infusions prepared from cultivated Ganoderma species had higher levels of TP, CT and AA, but lower levels of TF than those prepared from wild Ganoderma species, suggesting that they have potential as nutraceuticals. Significance: • The identification and confirmation of highly prized Lingzhi ‘mushrooms of immortality’ in Namibia highlights the presence of this untapped resource in Africa that is potentially worth billions of dollars. • The cultivation and phenolic content of this high-value medicinal mushroom have been demonstrated. • Cultivation could lead to sustainable utilisation and employment creation in developing countries which suffer from unemployment rates of at least 30%.

Various herbal medicines are thought to be useful in the management of cardiometabolic disease and its risk factors. Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst. (Ganodermataceae), also known as Lingzhi, has received considerable attention for various indications, including some related to the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and metabolic disease by ameliorating major cardiovascular risk factors. This review focuses on the major studies of the whole plant, plant extract, and specific active compounds isolated from G. lucidum in relation to the main risk factors for cardiometabolic disease. References from major databases including PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were compiled. The search terms used were Ganoderma lucidum, Lingzhi, Reishi, cardiovascular, hypoglycaemic, diabetes, dyslipidaemia, antihypertensive, and anti-inflammatory. A number of in vitro studies and in vivo animal models have found that G. lucidum possesses antioxidative, antihypertensive, hypoglycaemic, lipid-lowering, and anti-inflammatory properties, but the health benefits in clinical trials are inconsistent. Among these potential health benefits, the most compelling evidence thus far is its hypoglycaemic effects in patients with type 2 diabetes or hyperglycaemia. The inconsistent evidence about the potential health benefits of G. lucidum is possibly because of the use of different Ganoderma formulations and different study populations. Further large controlled clinical studies are therefore needed to clarify the potential benefits of G. lucidum preparations standardised by known active components in the prevention and treatment of cardiometabolic disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Lingzhi and Yunzhi are medicinal mushrooms commonly used with cytotoxic chemotherapy in cancer patients in Asian countries. The current systematic review aims to identify potential pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic interactions from the existing literature to ensure their effective and safe combination usage in cancer patients. Methods A systematic search was conducted on nine major Chinese and English databases, including China Journal Net, Allied and Complementary Medicine Database, and Ovid MEDLINE®, etc., to identify clinical, animal, and in-vitro studies that evaluate the effect of combined use of Lingzhi or Yunzhi with cytotoxic drugs. The Jadad scale was used to assess the quality of clinical studies. Results This search identified 213 studies, including 77 clinical studies that reported on the combined use of cytotoxic drugs with Yunzhi (n = 56) or Lingzhi (n = 21). Majority of these clinical studies demonstrated modest methodological quality. In clinical practice, the most commonly used cytotoxic drugs with Lingzhi were cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and paclitaxel, whereas Tegafur/uracil (UFT)/Tegafur, 5-FU, and mitomycin were the ones used more often with Yunzhi. Only two clinical pharmacokinetic studies were available showing no significant interactions between Polysaccharide K (PSK) and Tegafur. From the pharmacodynamic interactions perspective, combination uses of Yunzhi/Lingzhi with cytotoxic drugs in clinical practice could lead to improvement in survival (n = 31) and quality of life (n = 17), reduction in tumor lesions (n = 22), immune modulation (n = 38), and alleviation of chemotherapy-related side effects (n = 14) with no reported adverse effects. Conclusion Our findings suggest that the clinical combination use of Lingzhi or Yunzhi with cytotoxic drugs could enhance the efficacy and ameliorate the adverse effects of cytotoxic drugs, leading to improved quality of life in cancer patients. More high quality clinical studies including pharmacokinetic herb-drug interactions studies are warranted to verify these observations and mechanisms involved. Based on the high quality clinical data, pharmacoepidemiology methods and bioinformatics or data mining could be adopt for further identification of clinical meaningful herb-drug interactions in cancer therapies.

For centuries, Ganoderma has been used as a traditional medicine in Asian countries to prevent and treat various diseases. Numerous publications are stating that Ganoderma species have a variety of beneficial medicinal properties, and investigations on different metabolic regulations of Ganoderma species, extracts or isolated compounds have been performed both in vitro and in vivo. However, it has frequently been questioned whether Ganoderma is simply a dietary supplement for health or just a useful “medication” for restorative purposes. More than 600 chemical compounds including alkaloids, meroterpenoids, nucleobases, nucleosides, polysaccharides, proteins, steroids and triterpenes were extracted and identified from Ganoderma, with triterpenes serving as the primary components. In recent years, Ganoderma triterpenes and other small molecular constituents have aroused the interest of chemists and pharmacologists. Meanwhile, considering the significance of the triterpene constituents in the development of new drugs, this review describes 495 compounds from 25 Ganoderma species published between 1984 and 2022, commenting on their source, biosynthetic pathway, identification, biological activities and biosynthesis, together with applications of advanced analytical techniques to the characterization of Ganoderma triterpenoids.

Background: Ganoderma spp. are a great source of bioactive molecules. The production and recovery of bioactive molecules vary according to strain, growth substrate, and extraction solution. Variations in protease and their inhibitors in basidiomata from a commercial strain (G. lingzhi) and an Amazonian isolate (Ganoderma sp.) cultivated in Amazonian lignocellulosic wastes and extracted with different solutions are plausible and were investigated in our study., Methods: Basidiomata from cultivation in substrates based on açaí seed, guaruba-cedro sawdust and three lots of marupá sawdust were submitted to extraction in water, Tris-HCl, and sodium phosphate. Protein content, proteases, and protease inhibitors were estimated through different assays. The samples were characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR)., Results: Tris-HCl provided higher protein extraction from Ganoderma sp. and higher caseinolytic, gelatinolytic, and fibrinolytic activity for G. lingzhi cultivated in açaí. Water extracts of Ganoderma sp., in general, exhibited higher trypsin and papain inhibitor activities compared to G. lingzhi. Extracts in Tris-HCl and sodium phosphate showed more intense protein bands in SDS-- PAGE, highlighting bands of molecular weights around 100, 50, and 30 kDa. FTIR spectra showed patterns for proteins in all extracts, with variation in transmittance according to substrate and extractor., Conclusion: Water extract from Amazonian Ganoderma sp. cultivated in marupá wastes are promising as a source of protease inhibitors, while the Tris-HCL extract of G. lingzhi from açaí cultivation stands out as a source of proteases with fibrinolytic, caseinolytic, and gelatinolytic activities., (Copyright© Bentham Science Publishers; For any queries, please email at epub@benthamscience.net.)

The cosmopolitan fungal genus Ganoderma is an important pathogen on arboreal plant hosts, particularly in tropical and temperate regions. It has long been used as a traditional medicine because of its medicinal properties and chemical constituents. In this study, Ganoderma collections were made in the Greater Mekong Subregion (GMS), encompassing tropical parts of Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam, and temperate areas in Yunnan Province, China. The specimens used in this study are described based on micro-macro-characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of combined ITS, LSU, TEF1α, and RPB2 sequence data. In this comprehensive study, we report 22 Ganoderma species from the GMS, namely, G. adspersum, G. applanatum, G. australe, G. calidophilum, G. ellipsoideum, G. flexipes, G. gibbosum, G. heohnelianum, G. hochiminhense, G. leucocontextum, G. lucidum, G. multiplicatum, G. multipileum, G. myanmarense, G. orbiforme, G. philippii, G. resinaceum, G. sichuanense, G. sinense, G. subresinosum, G. williamsianum, and G. tsugae. Some of these species were reported in more than one country within the GMS. Of these 22 species, 12 were collected from Yunnan Province, China; three were collected from Laos; three species, two new records, and one new species were collected from Myanmar; 15 species and four new records were collected from Thailand, and one new species was collected from Vietnam. Comprehensive descriptions, color photographs of macroand micro-characteristics, the distribution of Ganoderma within the GMS, as well as a phylogenetic tree showing the placement of all reported Ganoderma from the GMS are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we used genotyping by sequencing (GBS) to examine the genetic diversity of 22 strains of Lingzhi and the quality differences in 15 fruit bodies of Lingzhi from different Chinese regions. The phylogenetic trees of 22 strains were constructed based on ITS (Internal transcribed spacer) and SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism). Moisture, ash, water-soluble extracts, alcohol-soluble extracts, polysaccharides, and triterpenoids from 15 fruit bodies of Lingzhi were detected and analyzed based on Chinese Pharmacopoeia and the US Pharmacopoeia references. Moreover, the monosaccharide composition of polysaccharides was studied using PMP-HPLC, and the effect of polysaccharides on the proliferation rate of splenocytes was investigated in vitro. The identification results of these strains by the phylogenetic trees which were constructed based on ITS sequences and SNPs showed that most of the strains applied in the main producing areas of Lingzhi in China were accurate except for a few inaccurate strains. The moisture, ash, water and alcohol soluble extractive, polysaccharide and triterpenoid content of all samples were meet the requirements of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, while the polysaccharide and triterpenoid content of less than half of the samples meet the requirements of the U.S. Pharmacopoeia. The polysaccharide extracted from these samples have different effects on the proliferation rate of spleen cells. To sum up, this is the first study that reported on the differences in Lingzhi strains from the main producing areas in China. The quality of some fruit bodies did not meet the pharmacopeia requirements, and wrong strains were used in some production areas; thus, strains should be given special attention before legal processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ganoderma is the genus from order Aphyllophorales with more than 300 species. Ganoderma contains various compound that showed many biological activities e.g. enhancer of immune system, antitumor, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and acetyl cholinesterase inhibitory action. These bioactive compounds related to the triterpenoids and polysaccharides classes. Proteins, lipids, phenols, sterols, and others, are also recorded. Ganoderma is currently an important source in the pharmaceutical industry and is one of the most promissing projects in the world of food and medicine, which is being highlighted these days. In Egypt seven species of Ganoderma were recorded by Abdel-Azeem (2018). Among cultivated mushrooms, G. lucidum is unique in that its pharmaceutical rather than nutritional value is paramount. A variety of commercial G. lucidum products are available in various forms, such as powders, dietary supplements, and tea. These are produced from different parts of the mushroom, including mycelia, spores, and fruit body. The commercial cultivation of Ganoderma in Egypt not started yet. In this article the most important bioactive materials produced by Ganoderma, their applications and business opportunity in Egypt will be discussed.

The objective of this study was to determine the optimum rate of palm oil sludge for Ganoderma mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum (Fr.) Karst) cultivation. Different concentrations of palm oil sludge (5-20% by dry weight) were mixed with rubber sawdust and used to grow the Ganoderma mushroom in plastic bags. Growth rate of the mycelia, number of basidiocarp, cap diameter, thickness of pileus and yield were compared with the control (not supplemented) and with 5% rice bran (standard formula). The results showed that use of 5% palm oil sludge was optimal for Ganoderma cultivation. Yield when grown on 850 g/ bag of rubber sawdust with 5% palm oil sludge, 2% Ca( OH) 2 and 0. 2% Mg( SO4) was 74. 82 g/ bag (B.E.=22.01%), which does not differ significantly from that with 5% rice bran in the sawdust (66.31 g/bag, B.E.=19.50%).

The goal of this study was to the assess anti-cancer and antioxidant properties of the Ganoderma lucidum fruiting body, and to identify bioactive compounds found in their extracts. Significant antiproliferative activity was observed against MCF-7, MCF-7/DX, LOVO, LOVO/DX, MDA-MB 231, SW 620, and NHDF cell lines. With IC50 values of 25.38 µg/mL and 47.90 µg/mL, respectively, the extract was most effective against MDA-MB 231 and SW 620 cell lines. The bioactive compounds were identified using an ACQUITY UPLC-PDA-MS system. The extracts contained 13 triterpenoids and 28 polyphenols from the flavonols, phenolic acids, flavones, flavan-3-ols, and stilbenes families. Ganoderic acid derivative was found to be the most abundant triterpenoid (162.4 mg/g DW), followed by ganoderic acid B (145.6 mg/g DW). Resveratrol was the most abundant phenolic in the extract (5155.7 mg/100 g DM). The findings could explain why G. lucidum extracts are used in folk medicine.

Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi mushroom) has well known history of use with regards to ensuring health effects and longevity in Asian countries. Besides, it has an antioxidative protection system to protect the living organism from the action of free radicals. This study examines the bioactive properties of powder form of G. lucidum as a natural functional agent and the antimicrobial effects of the 5 different commercially sold powder of the G. lucidum mushrooms were investigated against various pathogenic bacteria and molds. For this purpose, the phenolic content, antioxidant capacity of G. lucidum samples were determined. The antimicrobial effects of the 5 different G. lucidum mushrooms against various food-related pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 7644, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis ATCC 13076, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 2592, Vibrio parahaemolyticus ATCC 17802) and molds (Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 2999 and Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 465) were expressed as a diameter (mm) of the inhibition zone. The values of total phenolic content of different G. lucidum samples ranged from 2.35 to 10.46 mg GAE g-1. The scavenging activity of DPPH radicals of G. lucidum samples did not show any significant difference for samples 2, 4, and 5. The same trend was observed between for ABTS+ results of these samples. The highest total phenolic content and antioxidative activity were observed in the sample 1. The extracts of different G. lucidum samples demonstrated statistically significant antibacterial activity against E. coli ATCC 25922. Regarding the antifungal activity of G. lucidum samples, there were not found any significant differences when compared different samples. The results demonstrated that G. lucidum can be used as a functional food ingredient to improve the bioactive properties of foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ganoderma lucidum or Lingzhi is a fungus species widely known as a traditional medicine. Exploring the beneficial peptides by hydrolysis using pepsin and trypsin has been extensively performed to identify new bioactive natural products. A multifunctional peptide that expresses potential scavenging activity and tyrosinase inhibition is valuable in therapeutic and cosmetic applications. This study aimed to identify and investigate the effects of a novel multifunctional peptide from Lingzhi on the melanogenic enzymes in melanoma cells by a targeted-proteomics approach. The multifunctional peptide was de novo sequenced by LC-MS/MS to be NH2-PVRSSNCA-CO2H (octapeptide). This sequence was chemically synthesized by solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS). The antioxidant ability of the synthesized octapeptide was measured by the DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays. The results showed that the peptide exhibited an antioxidant activity equal to 0.121 ± 0.01 mg equivalent to ascorbic acid, 0.173 ± 0.03 mg equivalent to gallic acid, and 2.21 ± 0.23 mM equivalent to FeSO4, respectively, which is comparable to these well-known antioxidants. The proteomics approach identified a total of 5804 proteins and several pathways involved in the effects of the octapeptide in melanoma cells. Targeted proteomics revealed three specific proteins associated with pigmentation including Rab29, Dct, and Tyrp1. The Rab29 and Dct were upregulated whereas Tyrp1 was downregulated in the octapeptide treatment group. These findings could be used in the understanding of the molecular functions of the multifunctional octapeptide on melanogenic enzymes, supporting its potential as a therapeutic and cosmetic ingredient.