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We present a rigorous quantum scattering study of the effects of hyperfine and Zeeman interactions on cold Li–H2 collisions in the presence of an external magnetic field using a recent ab initio potential energy surface. We find that the low-field-seeking states of H2 predominantly undergo elastic collisions: the ratio of elastic-to-inelastic cross sections exceeds 100 for collision energies below 100 mK. Furthermore, we demonstrate that most inelastic collisions conserve the space-fixed projection of the nuclear spin. We show that the anisotropic hyperfine interaction between the nuclear spin of H2 and the electron spin of Li can have a significant effect on inelastic scattering in the ultracold regime, as it mediates two processes: the electron spin relaxation in lithium and the nuclear spin–electron spin exchange. Given the predominance of elastic collisions and the propensity of inelastic collisions to retain H2 in its low-field-seeking states, our results open up the possibility of sympathetic cooling of molecular hydrogen by atomic lithium, paving the way for future exploration of ultracold collisions and high-precision spectroscopy of H2 molecules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The link between bipolar disorder (BP) and immune dysfunction remains controversial. While epidemiological studies have long suggested an association, recent research has found only limited evidence of such a relationship. To clarify this, we performed an exploratory study of the contributions of immune-relevant genetic factors to the response to lithium (Li) treatment and the clinical presentation of BP. First, we assessed the association of a large collection of immune-related genes (4925) with Li response, defined by the Retrospective Assessment of the Lithium Response Phenotype Scale (Alda scale), and clinical characteristics in patients with BP from the International Consortium on Lithium Genetics (ConLi+Gen, N = 2374). Second, we calculated here previously published polygenic scores (PGSs) for immune-related traits and evaluated their associations with Li response and clinical features. Overall, we observed relatively weak associations (p

Purpose: To assess the impact of fatigue loading on the internal and marginal fit of CAD/CAM-fabricated endocrowns for restoring endodontically treated molars using different machinable blocks. Materials and Methods: A total of 72 mandibular first molars were prepared using a standardized method and were divided into four groups (n = 18), each restored with a different CAD/CAM material: group V = polymerinfiltrated ceramic (Vita Enamic); group K = partially stabilized tetragonal zirconia (Katana); group E = lithium disilicate ceramic (IPS e.max CAD; and group B = polyetheretherketone (BioHPP). Endocrowns were subjected to thermomechanical fatigue loading. Internal and marginal adaptation of the endocrowns were examined at 66 points using the sectioning technique and a stereomicroscope. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test (a = .05). Results: Statistical tests showed that adhesive cementation resulted in significantly increased marginal and internal gap values in all regions in all four tested groups (P < .001). After thermomechanical fatigue loading, all regions in groups B and K showed a statistically significant difference, while no significant differences were found in the regions in group V (P > .05). In group E, the marginal (F = 71.00) and pulpal (F = 28.065) regions showed statistically significant differences (P < .001). Conclusion: Polymer-infiltrated ceramics showed the lowest gap even after thermomechanical fatigue loading and may therefore provide enhanced clinical survival of the restored tooth, favoring the use of this material for fabricating endocrown restorations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To compare the fracture resistance of five different groups of chairside CAD/CAM molar crowns fabricated from various lithium disilicate ceramic materials (LDC): one conventional precrystallized CAD/CAM LDC, two novel precrystallized LDCs, and one fully crystallized LDC tested both with and without optional sintering. Materials and Methods: A total of 60 chairside CAD/CAM lithium disilicate molar crowns (n = 12 per group) with 1.5-mm occlusal thickness and a 1.0-mm chamfer finish were designed and fabricated with a chairside CAD/CAM system (CEREC, Dentsply Sirona). The restorations were divided into five groups: (1) IPS e.max CAD; (2) Amber Mill; (3) Straumann n!ce; (4) Straumann n!ce with optional sintering; and (5) Supreme CAD. Restorations were cemented using conventional resin luting cement and primer system to 3D-printed resin dies. Bonded restorations were loaded for 100,000 cycles with 275-N force, and the load at break (LB) and peak load (PL) until fracture were measured. SEM images of fracture surfaces on the printed dies were obtained. Results: Fracture resistance was significantly different depending on the material. Supreme CAD showed the highest fracture resistance (LB: 1,557.2 N; PL: 1,785.8 N), followed by Amber Mill (LB: 1,393.0 N; PL: 1,604.2 N) and IPS e.max CAD (LB: 1,315.7 N; PL: 1,461.9 N). Straumann n!ce without (LB: 862.4 N; PL: 942.9 N) and with the optional sintering (LB: 490.4 N; PL: 541.0 N) showed significantly lower fracture resistance than the others. Conclusion: The fracture resistance of chairside CAD/CAM lithium disilicate molar crowns varied depending on the material, and the novel materials did not perform as well as the conventional equivalents. Fully crystallized lithium disilicate ceramic block materials showed lower fracture resistance than precrystallized counterparts and should be used with caution in the clinic, especially with optional sintering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have uncovered susceptibility loci associated with psychiatric disorders such as bipolar disorder (BP) and schizophrenia (SCZ). However, most of these loci are in non-coding regions of the genome, and the causal mechanisms of the link between genetic variation and disease risk is unknown. Expression quantitative trait locus (eQTL) analysis of bulk tissue is a common approach used for deciphering underlying mechanisms, although this can obscure cell-type-specific signals and thus mask trait-relevant mechanisms. Although single-cell sequencing can be prohibitively expensive in large cohorts, computationally inferred cell-type proportions and cell-type gene expression estimates have the potential to overcome these problems and advance mechanistic studies. Using bulk RNA-seq from 1,730 samples derived from whole blood in a cohort ascertained from individuals with BP and SCZ, this study estimated cell-type proportions and their relation with disease status and medication. For each cell type, we found between 2,875 and 4,629 eGenes (genes with an associated eQTL), including 1,211 that are not found on the basis of bulk expression alone. We performed a colocalization test between cell-type eQTLs and various traits and identified hundreds of associations that occur between cell-type eQTLs and GWASs but that are not detected in bulk eQTLs. Finally, we investigated the effects of lithium use on the regulation of cell-type expression loci and found examples of genes that are differentially regulated according to lithium use. Our study suggests that applying computational methods to large bulk RNA-seq datasets of non-brain tissue can identify disease-relevant, cell-type-specific biology of psychiatric disorders and psychiatric medication.

Lithium (Li) is one of the most effective drugs for treating bipolar disorder (BD), however, there is presently no way to predict response to guide treatment. The aim of this study is to identify functional genes and pathways that distinguish BD Li responders (LR) from BD Li non-responders (NR). An initial Pharmacogenomics of Bipolar Disorder study (PGBD) GWAS of lithium response did not provide any significant results. As a result, we then employed network-based integrative analysis of transcriptomic and genomic data. In transcriptomic study of iPSC-derived neurons, 41 significantly differentially expressed (DE) genes were identified in LR vs NR regardless of lithium exposure. In the PGBD, post-GWAS gene prioritization using the GWA-boosting (GWAB) approach identified 1119 candidate genes. Following DE-derived network propagation, there was a highly significant overlap of genes between the top 500- and top 2000-proximal gene networks and the GWAB gene list (Phypergeometric = 1.28E-09 and 4.10E-18, respectively). Functional enrichment analyses of the top 500 proximal network genes identified focal adhesion and the extracellular matrix (ECM) as the most significant functions. Our findings suggest that the difference between LR and NR was a much greater effect than that of lithium. The direct impact of dysregulation of focal adhesion on axon guidance and neuronal circuits could underpin mechanisms of response to lithium, as well as underlying BD. It also highlights the power of integrative multi-omics analysis of transcriptomic and genomic profiling to gain molecular insights into lithium response in BD.

Background: This study examines the association between the coefficient of variation (%CV) of lithium levels and episode risk and frequency in bipolar patients maintaining serum lithium levels within the therapeutic range. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed patients with bipolar disorder under care from 2018 to 2022. Inclusion criteria were at least 2 years of follow-up, a minimum of three annual lithium level measurements within the therapeutic range. Patients were categorized based on seizure status. We calculated mean lithium levels, standard deviation (SD), and %CV. Results: The study included 75 patients (patients with-without episodes, 39–36). Demographic data revealed no significant differences. While mean lithium levels showed no significant disparity between groups, SD and %CV were notably higher in patients with episodes (P <.05). ROC analysis demonstrated AUC values of 0.722 (95% CI: 0.607–0.836 P =.001) for %CV and 0.709 (95% CI: 0.593–0.826; P =.002) for SD. The optimal %CV cutoff was 17.39, with 67% sensitivity and 69% specificity. A weak correlation was found between %CV and the number of episodes (P =.001, r = 0.376). The post-hoc power analysis for this study was 0.78. Conclusions: Despite acceptable lithium levels, patients with recent episodes exhibited significant lithium level fluctuations. Integrating %CV with real-time lithium measurements during bipolar disorder follow-up may enhance clinical monitoring and seizure prediction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid development of electronic and grid storage technologies based on lithium-ion batteries are leading to tight supply of lithium resources in the future. Extracting lithium from seawater can completely solve the problem of lithium resource shortage. An electro-deposition method based on a lithium superionic conductive solid-state electrolyte, Li1.5Al0.5Ge1.5(PO4)3 (LAGP), has been reported to obtain metallic lithium from seawater. However, expensive LAGP increases the cost of lithium extraction, while Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3 (LATP) with relatively lower prices cannot meet the stable requirements. Herein, a low-cost, stable glass–ceramics, Li1.5Al0.3Ti1.7Si0.2P2.8O12 (LATSP), has been prepared for lithium extraction from seawater. The LATSP glass–ceramics show good selectivity towards Li+ and exhibit a high ionic conductivity of 3.98 × 10−4 S cm−1 at 22 °C. After soaking in simulated seawater, LATSP showed much better stability than LATP, comparable to LAGP. The resultant LATSP glass–ceramics was successfully employed in a seawater lithium extraction device, with a high lithium extraction Coulombic efficiency of 94.0%. Moreover, the LATSP exhibits an ionic conductivity of 2.80 × 10−4 S cm−1 and maintains a complete structure after 45 h of lithium extraction. This work presents an effective and practical Li-ion conducting membrane for lithium extraction from seawater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Bipolar disorder is a psychiatric condition commonly treated with lithium. This treatment has various biological effects on the brain; however, variability in the areas and types of changes as a result of lithium treatment has resulted in discourse over lithium's effect. As a result, a comprehensive synthesis is needed to understand lithium's true neurological effect. This review aims to identify a common result of lithium use in the neurobiology of bipolar patients, specifically in the amygdala, to determine whether volumetric changes in the amygdala are a common effect. Methods: We conducted a preliminary search to identify key search terms across electronic databases, including Google Scholar and PubMed. After screening and application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, 9 cross-sectional studies were identified. Results: The evidence from these cross-sectional studies showed either an increase or no change in amygdalar volume. While this fails to identify a definite pattern in amygdalar volume changes, it highlights a need for further research to identify sources of heterogeneity and minimize them to ascertain accurate results. Conclusions: The present review may be used to influence future work concerning neurobiological changes in the amygdala as a result of lithium treatment for bipolar patients by summarizing patterns in the current literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The small, lipophilic tetrafluoroborate anion is ubiquitous in the imidazol(in)ium and iminium precursors to N‐heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs), including cyclic (alkyl)(amino)carbenes (CAACs). Its symmetrical distribution of charge over four highly electronegative fluorine atoms confers high stability, attenuating basicity while shielding the boron center. Here we report that this inertness does not withstand the nucleophilicity of free carbenes, when combined with a polarizing lithium cation. Reaction of CAAC ⋅ HBF4 salts with LiN(SiMe3)2, a protocol widely used to liberate free CAACs, generates zwitterionic CAAC‐BF3 adducts within minutes at 80 °C, or hours at room temperature, even for bulky N‐diisopropylphenyl (DIPP) CAACs. Imidazol(in)ium tetrafluoroborates likewise form NHC‐BF3 adducts in excellent yields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cycling lifespan of high‐energy‐density lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries is dominantly limited by the rapid failure of Li metal anodes. Herein, the evolution of Li metal anode along cycling is systematically investigated in Li–S batteries to clarify the Li plating and stripping behaviors, the generation and accumulation of inactive Li, and the failure mechanism of Li metal anodes. Concretely, plated Li strips preferentially than bulk Li to leave massive stripping Li shells during initial discharge, and the stripping Li shells are refilled by plated Li during the subsequent charge to generate thick Li dendrites. During the following cycles, inactive Li generates and accumulates on top of bulk Li due to solid electrolyte interphase formation and incomplete removal of plated Li. Eventually, the accumulation of inactive Li hinders the diffusion of Li ions through the inactive Li layer to induce cell polarization at the end of the second discharge plateau and rapid decay of discharge capacity. This work elucidates the detailed evolution mechanism of Li metal anode along cycling in working Li–S batteries and highlights the reactivation of inactive Li as an effective strategy to prolong the cycling lifespan of Li–S batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium metal batteries (LMBs) suffer severe capacity deterioration due to sluggish ionic transport kinetics at extremely low temperatures, which limits their practical operation. Selecting solvents with low desolvation energy, and promoting interfacial Li+ transport in solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) are regarded as effective methods to improve electrochemical performances. Herein, 1,3‐dioxolane (DOL) with weak solvating power is adopted for designing a DOL‐based localized high concentration electrolyte (DLHCE) with LiNO3 as a multifunctional additive. The strong coordination between NO3− and DOL molecules not only inhibits the polymerization of DOL at high lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (LiFSI) concentration, but also reduces the solvent‐diluent miscibility and extends the salt‐solvent solubility. As a result, an anion‐dominated solvation structure is obtained that derives an inorganic‐rich SEI composed of LiF and Li3N, guiding the uniform deposition of Li at low temperature. Remarkably, the Li||LiFePO4 cells retain 53.6% of room temperature capacity at −40 °C, and also present potential application of Li||NCM811 cells under cryogenic environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Lithium is the gold-standard treatment for Bipolar Disorder (BD) in both adults and adolescents, effectively managing mood episodes and reducing suicide risk. While its efficacy in neurotypical youth is well established, its use in adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and comorbid BD remains under-researched. Here, we present the protocol for a study aiming to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of Extended-Release Lithium Salts in treating adolescents with BD and comorbid ASD compared to neurotypical BD patients. Methods: This longitudinal prospective naturalistic comparative study will enroll lithium-naïve adolescents aged 12–18 with BD, with or without comorbid ASD, from the Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychopharmacology. Participants will be followed for six months while receiving Extended-Release Lithium Salts treatment. Primary outcomes will include mood instability, suicidality, emotional dysregulation, and aggression, assessed through a range of clinical rating scales and diagnostic tools at baseline, three months, and six months. Secondary outcomes will focus on the safety and tolerability of Extended-Release Lithium Salts, with measures including side effect ratings, physical exams, and laboratory tests. Results: We hypothesize that Extended-Release Lithium Salts will demonstrate non-inferiority in treating BD symptoms in adolescents with comorbid ASD compared to those without ASD. Conclusions: This study is poised to fill a significant gap in the literature by providing critical data on the use of lithium for adolescents with BD and ASD. Findings will inform clinical practice and future research, potentially guiding more personalized treatment approaches for this complex and vulnerable population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The widespread use of reinforced concrete continues to face challenges, particularly in mitigating alkali-silica reaction (ASR), due to its detrimental effects on concrete strength and durability. This paper investigates the effectiveness of using binary supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) in mitigating ASR by incorporating metakaolin (MK) and waste glass powder (GP) as partial replacements for cement. Additionally, the potential of a new cement product, "NewCem Plus" (NCM), along with the use of basalt fibers and lithium, was evaluated through a 14-day accelerated mortar bar test following the ASTM C1260. This study also assessed concrete's properties such as its compressive strength and workability using the flow test. The results indicated that MK was effective, reducing expansion by 79%, 84%, and 88% with 10%, 20%, and 30% cement replacement, respectively, compared to the control mixture. On the other hand, GP showed a more modest reduction in expansion, with 10%, 20%, and 30% replacement levels reducing expansion by 20%, 43%, and 75%, respectively. Furthermore, the addition of lithium to MK significantly mitigated ASR, reducing expansion below the ASTM threshold. However, mixtures containing NewCem Plus, lithium, and basalt fibers showed minimal impact on ASR reduction. These findings underscore the viability of using binary or ternary blends of SCMs to mitigate ASR in concrete, encouraging their adoption in future concrete applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite a variability in response and a narrow therapeutic index, Lithium (Li) remains the gold standard treatment for bipolar disorders (BD), and a treatment of choice for unipolar disorders (UD). Red blood cell Li concentration (RBCLiC) and red blood cell/plasma Li ratio (LiR) have been studied in many areas of mood disorders (such as acute or chronic Li efficacy, adherence, side effects (SE), intoxication management) as well as in several research domains. This systematic review aims to synthesize the existing literature. Methods: We conducted a systematic review, based on preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and Metanalysis (PRISMA) guidelines, of articles published between 1972 and February 2023, indexed in the following databases: EMBASE, MEDLINE, Cochrane Library. The search terms were combinations of the following headings: "Lithium AND Plasma AND Erythrocyte AND Mood disorders". The systematic review protocol was published to PROSPERO (CRD42023406154). Results and conclusion: Out of the 252 identified studies, 57 met the selection criteria. The articles investigated the interest of RBCLiC and other blood parameters (PLiC and LiR) in various areas: (i) disease management (31 articles) (compliance/adherence (5 articles), SE/toxicity (13 articles), prediction of Li response/therapeutic efficacy for acute episode or for relapse prevention (17 articles)), (ii) Li blood parameters as trait markers of mood disorders subtypes (UD, BDI, BDII) (16 articles), (iii) Li blood parameters as state markers of mood episodes (11 articles), (iv) factors influencing Li blood parameters (age, gender, ethnicity, dosage and duration of Li treatment, co-medications with other treatments, seasonality) associated with RBCLiC or LiR (24 articles), and (v) potential pathophysiological mechanisms (30 articles). Conclusion: Overall, this review suggests that RBCLiC or LiR could be of interest for tolerance monitoring. However, the heterogeneity of methods and results, coupled with the limited amount of data, does not allow clear conclusions to be drawn in the other areas explored in this literature review. Given the potential interest in exploring brain Li pharmacokinetics (PK)s, this review calls for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium holds significant importance in energy storage and can be extracted from geothermal water, making it an additional resource to traditional mining. Combining lithium extraction from geothermal water with electricity generation from geothermal energy offers a compelling strategy to address future energy challenges. Situated in Southeast Sumatra, Indonesia, Way Ratai has considerable geothermal potential and is known for its hot springs. This study primarily aims to characterize lithium enrichment within the Way Ratai geothermal system. Water samples from various sources (one spring, seven hot springs, one well, and seawater) were analyzed for cations, anions, trace elements, and isotopic composition. The results show that Way Ratai is an old geothermal system with sodium-chloride water, where lithium enrichment is attributed to interactions between water and rocks, with some influence from seawater. The discrepancy between calculated and observed magnesium (Mg) concentrations suggests a pre-heating mixing process between rainwater and seawater. The reservoir rock in Way Ratai is mostly andesitic, with temperatures ranging from 182o to 227oC. This study enhances our understanding of thermal water characteristics, reservoir temperatures, and water origins in high enthalpy geothermal systems, offering valuable insights into lithium enrichment in coastal geothermal regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium metal batteries (LMBs) are considered as one type of the most promising next‐generation energy storage devices with high‐energy‐density, and stabilizing the lithium metal anodes (LMAs) to overcome LMBs' safety concerns and performance degradation has attracted extensive attention. Introducing advanced polymer materials into the critical components of LMBs has proven to be an effective and promising approach for stabilizing LMAs toward practical application of LMBs. In addressing the lack of a timely review on the emerging progress of advanced polymer materials in LMBs for stabilizing LMAs, a comprehensive article summarizing the most recent developments of multiscale cellulose materials, including micron cellulose (MC) and nanocellulose (NC), in LMBs is reviewed. First, the basic structures of cellulose, characteristics comparison, and the development history of introducing cellulose into LMBs are presented. Furthermore, the roles of multiscale cellulose materials and functional mechanisms in various components of LMBs for stabilizing LMAs are summarized. A general conclusion and a perspective on the current limitations and future research directions of cellulose‐based stable LMBs are proposed. The aim of this review is not only to summarize the recent progress of multiscale cellulose materials in stabilizing LMAs but also to lighten the pathways for realizing LMBs' practical application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Addressing the issue of inactive dead lithium deposition on the anode side remains a significant challenge for anode‐free lithium metal batteries. While lithium compensation techniques can mitigate lithium depletion, directly introducing lithium compounds into the cathode material may degrade the electrode structure. Here the design and fabrication of a novel lithium replenishment separator (LRS) using a lithium compensation agent of Li2C4O4 is reported. The electrospun LRS demonstrates excellent ionic conductivity of 1.82 mS cm−1 and a high Li+ transference number of 0.51. Such a functionalized LRS not only provides additional active lithium for anode‐free lithium metal batteries but also promotes uniform deposition of lithium metal. Compared with conventional polyolefin‐based separators, the LRS effectively boosts LiFePO4||Cu anode‐free batteries with enhanced cyclability. These results suggest this LRS strategy can find promising applications in next‐generation anode‐free batteries with high energy densities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • SiO 2 @G-M layer on Cu collector is achieved at one-step. • SiO 2 @G-M offers a stable Li deposition stable at a high capacity of 2 mAh cm−2. • LiFePO 4 -based AFLMBs offer a specific capacity of 129.82 mAh g−1 at 0.5C after 100 cycles. Anode-free lithium metal batteries (AFLBs) have attracted considerable attention due to their high theoretical specific capacity and absence of Li. However, the heterogeneous Li deposition and stripping on the lithiophobic Cu collector hamper AFLBs in practice. To achieve a uniform and reversible Li deposition, a carbon-based layer on the Cu collector has attracted intense interest due to its high conductivity. However, the 2D single-component carbon-based interface is inadequate lithiophilic for obtaining the homogeneous Li deposition and preventing the lithium dendrite from piercing the separator. Herein, we present a 3D embedded lithiophilic SiO 2 nanoparticles-graphene nanosheet matrix (SiO 2 @G-M) on the Cu collector by organic nano carbon source. In this structure, the lithiophilic SiO 2 nanoparticles as active points promote the homogeneous lithium nucleation and the 3D graphene nanosheet matrix offers homogenous electron distribution and voids to prevent the piercing. Finally, SiO 2 @G-M/Li cell shows a high coulombic efficiency of 98.62 % after 100 cycles at a high current density of 2 mA cm−2 with an areal capacity of 1 mAh cm−2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A facile preparation protocol for a porous carbon skeleton supported lithium iron phosphate nanocomposite material (LFP/C) is derived from a ferric gallate (Fe-GA) metal–organic framework (MOF) precursor. [Display omitted] Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO 4 , LFP) has become one of the most widely used cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries. The inferior lithium-ion diffusion rate of LFP crystals always incurs poor rate capability and unsatisfactory low-temperature performances. To meet with the requirements from the ever-growing market, it is of great significance to synthesize carbon supported LFP nanocomposite (LFP/C) cathode materials using cost effective and environmentally friendly methods. In this work, an LFP/C cathode material is straightforwardly prepared from a metal–organic framework (MOF) precursor ferric gallate (Fe-GA) using its self-template effect. The Fe-GA precursor is firstly fabricated from the redox coprecipitation reaction between Fe foils and gallic acid (GA) molecules in mild aqueous phase. Then the Fe-GA is directly converted to the LFP/C sample after a following solid-state reaction. In half-cells, the LFP/C composite exhibits a reversible capacity of 109.7 mAh·g−1 after 500 cycles under the current rate of 100 mA·g−1 at 25 °C as well as good rate capabilities. In the LFP/C//graphite full-cells, the LFP/C composite can deliver a reversible capacity of 71.4 mAh·g−1 after 50 cycles in the same condition as the half-cells. The electrochemical performances of the LFP/C cathode in half-cells at lower temperature of −10 °C are also examined. Particularly, the evolution of samples has been explored and the lithium-ion storage mechanism of the LFP/C cathode has been unveiled. The sample synthesis protocol is straightforward, eco-friendly and atomic efficient, which can be considered to have good potential for scaling-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the development of polymer electrolytes, the understanding of the complex interplay of factors that affect ion transport is of importance. In this study, the strongly coordinating and flexible poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) is compared to the weakly coordinating and stiff poly (trimethylene carbonate) (PTMC) as opposing model systems. The effect of molecular weight (Mn) and end group chemistry on the physical properties: glass transition temperature (Tg) and viscosity (η) and ion transport properties: transference number (T+), ion coordination strength and ionic conductivities were investigated. The cation transference number (T+) showed the opposite dependence on Mn for PEO and PTMC, decreasing at low Mn for PTMC and increasing for PEO. This was shown to be highly dependent on the ion coordination strength of the system regardless of whether the end group was OH or if the chains were end‐capped. Although the coordination is mainly of the cations in the systems, the differences in T+ were due to differences in anion rather than cation conductivity, with a similar Li+ conductivity across the polymer series when accounting for the differences in segmental mobility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium (Li) metal is considered as a promising anode material for high‐energy batteries; yet, its practical application is hindered by uncontrolled Li dendrite growth, especially at a high rate. Herein, a dual conductive gradient V2CTx/MoO3 (DG‐V2CTx/MoO3) host that integrates electronic/ionic conductive gradients and lithiophilicity is prepared by layer‐by‐layer assembly for dendrite‐free Li anodes. Gradient LiF deriving from different amount of V2CTx endows a good ionic conductive gradient; while, MoO3 is regarded as a spacer to avoid the restacking of V2CTx, increasing space for Li deposition. The dual conductive gradients effectively optimize the current density and Li+ flux distribution at the bottom, achieving fast reduction of Li+ and a "bottom–up" Li deposition mode. Meanwhile, the lithiophilic V2CTx and MoO3 guide the homogeneous Li growth. As a result, the symmetrical half‐cells based on DG‐V2CTx/MoO3@Li anodes conduct 700 h at 5 mAh cm−2 and 20 mA cm−2. The DG‐V2CTx/MoO3@Li||LiFePO4 full‐cells maintain a capacity retention of 85.4% after 1350 cycles at 2 C. Remarkably, the DG‐V2CTx/MoO3@Li||LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 full‐cells can run 150 cycles with 80.6% capacity retention even at harsh conditions. The well‐adjusted materials and structures with both dual conductive gradients and lithiophilic properties will bring inspiration for novel material design of other metal batteries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mixed matrix lithium adsorbents have attracted much interest for lithium recovery from brine. However, the absence of an interfacial interaction between the inorganic lithium-ion sieves (LISs) and the organic polymer matrix resulted in the poor structural stability and attenuated lithium adsorption efficiency. Here, a novel hollow hemispherical mixed matrix lithium adsorbent (H-LIS) with high interfacial compatibility was constructed based on mussel-bioinspired surface chemistry using a solvent evaporation induced phase transition method. The effects of types of functional modifiers, LIS loading amount, adsorption temperature and pH on their structural stability and lithium adsorption performance were systematically investigated. The optimized H-LIS adsorbent with the LIS loading amount of 50 wt.% possessed the structural merit that the LIS functionally modified by dopamine exposed on both the inner and outer surfaces of the hollow hemispheres. At the best adsorption pH of 12.0, it showed a comparable lithium adsorption capacity of 25.68 mg·g−1 to the powdery LIS within 4 h, favorable adsorption selectivity of Mg/Li and good reusability that could maintain over 90% of lithium adsorption capacity after the LiCl adsorption—0.25 M HCl pickling-DI water cleaning cycling processes for three times. The interfacial interaction mechanism of H-LIS for lithium adsorption was innovatively explored via advanced microcalorimetry technology. It suggested the nature of the Li+ adsorption process was exothermic and dopamine modification could reduce the activation energy for lithium adsorption from 15.68 kJ·mol−1 to 13.83 kJ·mol−1 and trigger a faster response to Li+ by strengthening the Li+-H+ exchange rate, which established the thermodynamic relationship between the structure and Li+ adsorption performance of H-LIS. This work will provide a technical support for the structural regulation of functional materials for lithium extraction from brine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-yielding synthetic routes to five new extremely bulky aminopyridine pro-ligands were developed, viz. (C5H3N-6-Ar1)N(H)Ar2-2; Ar1 = Trip, Ar2 = TCHP (HAmPy1), Ar* (HAmPy2) or Ar† (HAmPy3); Ar1 = TCHP, Ar2 = Ar* (HAmPy4) or Ar† (HAmPy5) (Trip = 2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl, TCHP = 2,4,6-tricyclohexylphenyl, Ar* = C6H2(CHPh2)2Me-2,6,4, Ar† = C6H2(CHPh2)2Pri-2,6,4. Four of these were deprotonated with LiBun in diethyl ether to give lithium aminopyridinate complexes which were dimeric for the least bulky ligand, [{Li(AmPy1)}2] or monomeric for the bulkier aminopyridinates, i.e., in [Li(AmPy2−4)(OEt2)]. One aminopyridine was deprotonated with MeMgI to give monomeric [Mg(AmPy3)I(OEt2)2]. When treated with sodium or potassium mirrors or 5% w/w Na/NaCl, over-reduction occurred, leading to the alkali metal aminopyridinates, [M(AmPy3)(η6-toluene)] (M = Na or K) or [{Na(AmPy3)}∞]. An attempted reduction of [Mg(AmPy3)I(OEt2)2] with a dimagnesium(I) compound led only to partial loss of diethyl ether and the formation of [(AmPy3)Mg(μ-I)2Mg(AmPy3)(OEt2)]. All prepared complexes have potential as ligand transfer reagents in salt metathesis reactions with metal halide complexes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium is a strategic metal due to its use in green technologies, particularly battery manufacturing. It is on the US List of Critical Minerals and the European Union's List of Critical Raw Materials. In Mongolia, there are three major types of potentially economic Li deposits: (1) Deposits related to granites, granitic pegmatites and associated rocks; (2) Li-rich clay deposits; (3) Salar (Li brine) deposits. The first type of mineralization is associated with the lithium–fluorine-rich peraluminous A-type granites and related rocks (greisens, pegmatites, ongonites, ongorhyolites). The mineralization includes Li and also Sn, W, Ta and Nb. Lithium is hosted in Li-rich micas, unlike the world-class Li-bearing pegmatite deposits where the bulk of Li is in spodumene. In Mongolia, particularly promising are Li brines of endorheic basins in the Gobi Desert with an arid environment, high evaporation rates and low precipitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A zeolitic sample, named MT-ZLSH, was synthesized using mining tailings (MT) as the precursor material, resulting in a structure comprising: Linde type A (LTA) and sodalite-hydroxysodalite (ZLSH). This naming convention reflects the material's origin and its structural characteristics. The material was further modified by incorporating lithium, producing MT-ZLSH-Li+. Physicochemical characterizations were performed, and the material was evaluated for its potential to remove methylene blue (MB) from synthetic wastewater through adsorption and photocatalysis. Efficient adsorption was observed under typical wastewater pH conditions, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 23.4 mg·g−1, which fit well with the Langmuir isotherm model. The key mechanisms governing MB adsorption were identified as ion exchange, electrostatic attraction, and hydrogen bonding. The adsorption process was exothermic, with kinetic data fitting both the pseudo-second order and intraparticle diffusion models, achieving 82% removal and a maximum adsorption capacity of 40 mg·g−1 over 12 h. MB adsorption followed a two-step process, initially involving film diffusion, followed by intraparticle diffusion. Additionally, photocatalytic degradation of MB achieved 77% degradation within 180 min. However, a decrease in reusability was observed during a second cycle of MB adsorption and photodegradation, highlighting the need for further optimization to enhance the material's long-term performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study, based on the analysis of existing experimental data, presents a third generation Calphad description of lithium, covering all temperature ranges, using nonlinear least squares in Matlab. We have expanded the SGTE database's description of lithium phases (face-centered cube, body-centered cube, liquid) down to 0 K with reasonable accuracy, taking into account the significant effort required to reconstruct the database for each element. During the evaluation process, it was determined that the low-temperature phase of lithium is fcc. The heat capacity of crystalline Li was accurately described using the extended Debye model. The third generation Calphad description of lithium utilized the two-state model and the extended Einstein model, leading to improved agreement with experimental data compared to previous assessments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Lithium, even at low doses, appears to offer neuroprotection against a wide variety of insults. In this controlled pilot, we examined the safety (i.e., side‐effect profile) of lithium in a sample of young people identified at ultra‐high risk (UHR) for psychosis. The secondary aim was to explore whether lithium provided a signal of clinical efficacy in reducing transition to psychosis compared with treatment as usual (TAU). Methods: Young people attending the PACE clinic at Orygen, Melbourne, were prescribed a fixed dose (450 mg) of lithium (n = 25) or received TAU (n = 78). The primary outcome examined side‐effects, with transition to psychosis, functioning and measures of psychopathology assessed as secondary outcomes. Results: Participants in both groups were functionally compromised (lithium group GAF = 56.6; monitoring group GAF = 56.9). Side‐effect assessment indicated that lithium was well‐tolerated. 64% (n = 16) of participants in the lithium group were lithium‐adherent to week 12. Few cases transitioned to psychosis across the study period; lithium group 4% (n = 1); monitoring group 7.7% (n = 6). There was no difference in time to transition to psychosis between the groups. No group differences were observed in other functioning and symptom domains, although all outcomes improved over time. Conclusions: With a side‐effect profile either comparable to, or better than UHR antipsychotic trials, lithium might be explored for further research with UHR young people. A definitive larger trial is needed to determine the efficacy of lithium in this cohort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the effect of a soybean oil-based collector on the surface properties of spodumene, feldspar, quartz, and muscovite was characterized and evaluated. By means of gas chromatography, it was determined that the reagent was composed of a mixture of carboxylic acids: linoleic (48%), oleic (28%), palmitic (13.3%), stearic (3.6%), α-linolenic (3.4%), and elaidic (3.2%). The reagent contained ~14 ppm Ca (determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy – ICP-OES) and a critical micellar concentration (CMC) of 100 mg/L. At pH 6, the spodumene recovery was 50–60% higher than the other mineral recoveries, ascribed to chemical adsorption of the collector ionic-molecular species, which has high hydrophobicity power, on Al3+ sites on the spodumene surface. For pH values >10, the recoveries of feldspar and quartz were higher than spodumene, due to their activation by hydroxyl and hydroxide of Ca and subsequent adsorption of ionic specimen of the collector. The electrokinetic potential curves of spodumene, feldspar, and muscovite with collector were shifted toward more negative values compared to their electrokinetic potential curves without reagent. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) showed chemical adsorption of the anionic species of the collector at pH 6 with the Al3+, Fe3+, and Ca sites on the surface of aluminosilicates and Ca for quartz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The availability of lithium resources is of great significance for the development of modern technologies, as well as for civil and military industries. The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau is a region known for its abundance of lithium-rich salt lakes. However, the specific origin of lithium in these lakes is still unknown, which hinders the advancement of the lithium resource business in this region. To research this issue, this study involved the collection of 20 samples from Lakkor Co Salt Lake on Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, encompassing samples of surface brine, cold springs, fresh lakes, and recharge rivers. The composition of anions and cations in these samples was determined. Furthermore, the analysis extensively utilized the Piper three-line diagram, Gibbs model, and ion proportion coefficient. The findings of this study indicate that as the moves from the recharge water system to salt lake, there is a transition in water type from strong carbonate to moderate carbonate and weak carbonate, as well as Na sulfate. This research based on a similar source of both lithium and boron, utilized ion correlation analysis and boron isotope study in the Lakkor Co area, and analyzed the source and transporting process of lithium. The main origin of lithium in Lakkor Co is the dissolution of lithium-rich rocks, recharge water systems, and deep hydrothermal fluids. These findings are highly significant in enhancing the foundational data of lithium-rich brine resources in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and are beneficial for assessing the future development of such deposits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The δ7Li of marine carbonates has been interpreted as an archive of the evolution of seawater δ7Li, and therefore continental weathering, through geological time. However, little is known about the incorporation of Li into calcium carbonate minerals and, consequently, the controls on Li partitioning (D Li) and isotopic fractionation (Δ7Li solid-fluid) associated with Li incorporation. Crucially, we lack a fundamental understanding of how Li partitioning and Δ7Li solid-fluid change in response to the chemical and physical conditions of crystal formation. Here, we present D Li and Δ7Li solid-fluid data from a series of inorganic calcite precipitation experiments where temperature, and solution pH and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) were independently varied. We find D Li values in the range 0.8–1.5 × 10−3, which show no relationship with temperature, a strong positive correlation with pH, and a weak positive correlation with DIC. At face value, these patterns are inconsistent with the results of previous precipitation studies. However, the correlations with pH and DIC are consistent with a strong precipitation rate control on D Li that aligns well with previous data, with a likely secondary influence from the incorporation of Li-HCO 3 0 ion pairs from solution. We find Δ7Li solid-fluid values in the range −6 to −2 ‰, which show no relationship with temperature or pH, and a weak positive correlation with DIC and crystal precipitation rate. These results do not agree with previously published data. Considered alongside previously published data, we observe no consistent relationship between Δ7Li solid-fluid and any reported physical or chemical experimental parameter, highlighting the need for substantial further work to determine whether systematic controls on Li isotopic fractionation exist in carbonate minerals, and whether they may be environmentally significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the introduction of Ce(OH) 3 , the composite electrolyte layer coating on the PP separator provides a variety of Li-ion transport channels. Coupling with LiFePO 4 (LFP) cathode and Li metal, the cells exhibit long-term cycling stability and highly capacity retention of 91.6 % after 400 cycles. [Display omitted] • The Ce(OH) 3 composite with LLZTO provides multiple effective transport channels for the uniform distribution of Li ions. • Three dimensional of Li+ transport network in the composite electrolyte layer on the PP separator. • LLZTCO@PP exhibits elevated ionic conductivity (>10– 3 S cm– 1) at room temperature, a broad electrochemical window (>4.8 V) and high lithium ion transference number of 0.73. • The cells using LLZTCO@PP exhibit a dendrite-free morphology during repeated discharge–charge, remarkable cycling stability and capacity retention. Lithium (Li) metal anodes (LMAs) are regarded as leading technology for advanced-generation batteries due to their high theoretical capacity and favorable redox potential. However, the practical integration of LMAs into high-energy rechargeable batteries is hindered by the challenge of Li dendrite growth. In this work, nanoparticles of Li 6.4 La 3 Zr 1.4 Ta 0.6 O 12 (LLZTO) loaded with Ce(OH) 3 (LLZTCO) were designed and synthesized by a hydrothermal method. A functional composite separator was crafted by coating one side of a polypropylene (PP) separator with a composite electrolyte comprised of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and LLZTCO. The synergistic interactions between PVDF and LLZTCO provide numerous rapid lithium-ion (Li+) channels, facilitating the efficient redistribution of disparate Li+ flux originating from the insulated PP separator. The composite separator demonstrated an ionic conductivity (σ) of 3.68 × 10–3 S cm−1, substantial Li+ transference number (t+) of 0.73, and a high electrochemical window of 4.8 V at 25℃. Furthermore, the Li/LLZTCO@PP/Li symmetric cells demonstrated stable cycling for over 2000 h without significant dendrite formation. The Li/LiFePO 4 (LFP) cells assembled with LLZTCO@PP separators exhibited a capacity retention of 91.6 % after 400 cycles at 1C. This study offers a practical approach to fabricating composite separators with enhanced safety and superior electrochemical performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Low expansion Li2O-Al2O3-SiO2 (LAS) glass-ceramics were prepared using sintering method. The effect of ZnO partially substitution for Li2O on the microstructure, sintering behavior, crystallization behavior and properties of LAS glass-ceramics was investigated. The results show that the substitution of ZnO for Li2O reduces the initial crystallization temperature of LAS glass-ceramics, leading to significant amount of Li2Al2 Si3O10 phase precipitating out after holding at 800 °C for 10 min, which hinders the sintering shrinkage of glass. In contrast, the LAS glass-ceramics without ZnO exhibits slower crystallization at 800 °C, which is beneficial for sintering densification process. When the sintering temperature is 1 100 °C, the main crystalline phase present in glass-ceramics is identified as β-spodumene. The coefficient of thermal expansion of glass-ceramics without ZnO is 1. 747 x 10-6 K-1, the flexural strength is 138. 4 MPa, the dielectric constant is 3. 52 and the dielectric loss is 0. 0016. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium sulfide was produced in a plasma system by the reaction of plasma-ionized sulfur with lithium metal. Thermodynamic calculations and optical emission spectroscopy were used to investigate the chemical behavior and reaction mechanism of lithium metal in sulfur plasma atmosphere. The effects of radiofrequency (RF) power and radiofrequency (RF) time on the properties of lithium sulfide prepared by the cold plasma method were investigated. The macroscopic morphology, microscopic morphology, elemental distribution and phase of the sulfide product (lithium sulfide) were further tested and analyzed. The results show that under the conditions of power ≥ 210 W and time ≥ 15 min, Li2S2-free lithium sulfide with high purity is generated; with the enhancement of power, lithium oxide is transformed into lithium sulfide. Subsequently, its electrochemical performance as a battery anode was tested. The test obtained: the specific capacity of charging is up to 216.9 mAh/g, and the specific capacity of discharging is up to 182.8 mAh/g; the impedance has a double capacitance to resist arcing, which can be carried out normally in the charging and discharging process, and it has a certain degree of electrochemical performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6), the most commonly used lithium battery electrolyte salt, is vulnerable to heat and humidity. Quantitative and qualitative determination the variation of LiPF6 have always relied on advanced equipment. Herein, we develop a fast, convenient, high-selective fluorescence detection method based on metal--organic cages (MOC), whose emission is enhanced by nearly 20 times in the presence of LiPF6 with good stability and photobleaching resistance. The fluorescent probe can also detect moisture in battery electrolyte. We propose and verify that the luminescence enhancement is due to the presence of hydrogen bond-induced enhanced emission effect in cages. Fluorescent excitation-emission matrix spectra and variable-temperature nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy are employed to clarify the role of hydrogen bonds in guest-loaded cages. Density functional theory (DFT) calculation is applied to simulate the structure of host-guest complexes and estimate the adsorption energy involved in the system. The precisely matched lock-and-key model paves a new way for designing and fabricating novel host structures, enabling specific recognition of other target compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Methods Results Conclusions Older‐age bipolar disorder (OABD) is commonly defined as bipolar disorder in individuals aged 60 or more. There have been no studies to examine temporal trends in the pharmacological treatment of OABD. We aimed to investigate prescription changes among OABD patients discharged from two public mental hospitals in Taiwan from 2006 to 2019.OABD patients discharged from the two study hospitals, from 1 January 2006 to 31 December 2019 (n = 1072), entered the analysis. Prescribed drugs at discharge, including mood stabilisers (i.e., lithium, valproate, carbamazepine, and lamotrigine), antipsychotics (i.e., second‐ and first‐generation antipsychotics (SGAs and FGAs)), and antidepressants, were investigated. Complex polypharmacy was defined as the use of three or more agents among the prescribed drugs. Temporal trends of each prescribing pattern were analyzed using the Cochran‐Armitage Trend test.The most commonly prescribed drugs were SGAs (72.0%), followed by valproate (48.4%) and antidepressants (21.7%). The prescription rates of SGAs, antidepressants, antidepressants without mood stabilisers, and complex polypharmacy significantly increased over time, whereas the prescription rates of mood stabilisers, lithium, FGAs, and antidepressants plus mood stabilisers significantly decreased.Prescribing patterns changed remarkably for OABD patients over a 14‐year period. The decreased use of lithium and increased use of antidepressants did not reflect bipolar treatment guidelines. Future research should examine whether such prescribing patterns are associated with adverse clinical outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Membranes with precise Li+/Na+ and Li+/K+ separations are imperative for lithium extraction from brine to address the lithium supply shortage. However, achieving this goal remains a daunting challenge due to the similar valence, chemical properties, and subtle atomic‐scale distinctions among these monovalent cations. Herein, inspired by the strict size‐sieving effect of biological ion channels, a membrane is presented based on nonporous crystalline materials featuring structurally rigid, dimensionally confined, and long‐range ordered ion channels that exclusively permeate naked Li+ but block Na+ and K+. This naked‐Li+‐sieving behavior not only enables unprecedented Li+/Na+ and Li+/K+ selectivities up to 2707.4 and 5109.8, respectively, even surpassing the state‐of‐the‐art membranes by at least two orders of magnitude, but also demonstrates impressive Li+/Mg2+ and Li+/Ca2+ separation capabilities. Moreover, this bioinspired membrane has to be utilized for creating a one‐step lithium extraction strategy from natural brines rich in Na+, K+, and Mg2+ without utilizing chemicals or creating solid waste, and it simultaneously produces hydrogen. This research has proposed a new type of ion‐sieving membrane and also provides an envisioning of the design paradigm and development of advanced membranes, ion separation, and lithium extraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) hold great promise for future applications of high‐energy lithium metal batteries (LMBs). Unfortunately, inadequate room‐temperature ionic conductivity, sluggish interfacial charge transport, and uncontrolled electrode/electrolyte interface reactions severely limit their widespread applications. Herein, poly(1,3‐dioxolane) electrolytes (PDEs) are prepared in situ by introducing lithium difluorophosphate (LiDFP, LiPO2F2) as a multifunctional additive, which not only achieves excellent ionic conductivity but facilitates interfacial charge transport. Meanwhile, a high‐mechanical‐stability organic–inorganic hybrid solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) is formed by the synergistic effect of PDEs and LiDFP. The enrichment of LiF and LixPOyFz species in SEI formed by the preferential reduction of LiDFP ensures outstanding mechanical stability, and the ring‐opening polymerization of 1,3‐dioxolane provides the SEI excellent adaptability to the repetitive volume changes of lithium metal anode, which mitigates crack and regeneration of SEI and reduces side reactions between active Li and electrolytes. Therefore, based on PDEs, the symmetric Li cell enables steady cycling for 2000 h. The Li‐LiFePO4 cell achieves superior long‐term cycling stability (over 1200 cycles) and wide operating temperature (−20 ∼ 60 °C). Also, the Li‐LiNi0.6Mn0.2Co0.2O2 exhibits favorable cycling stability. This study provides solutions to ongoing pain point issues of SPEs and facilitates practical applications of SPEs in high‐energy LMBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to investigate the behavioral responses and circadian rhythms of mice to both rapid and gradual increases in photoperiod, mimicking the transition from winter to summer, which is associated with a heightened prevalence of hospitalizations for mania and suicidal behavior. Behavioral tests were performed in C57BL/6 male mice exposed to a transitional photoperiod, from short to long durations. To determine if circadian rhythms are affected, we measured spontaneous locomotor activity and body temperature. Mice exhibited heightened exploratory and risk‐taking behaviors compared with equatorial and static long (16:8 h of light–dark cycle for several days) groups. These behaviors were prevented by lithium. Spontaneous locomotor activity and body temperature rhythms persisted and were effectively synchronized; however, the relative amplitude of activity and interdaily stability were diminished. Additionally, the animals displayed increased activity during the light phase. Photoperiodic transition modulates behavior and circadian rhythms, mirroring certain features observed in bipolar disorder patients. This study introduces an animal model for investigating mania‐like behavior induced by photoperiodic changes, offering potential insights for suicide prevention strategies and the management of mood disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims Methods Results Conclusion Lithium is Food and Drug Administration‐approved for bipolar disorder (BD) and is also used in depressive disorders but is underutilized due to concerns about chronic kidney disease (CKD). We explored clinical and demographic profiles of patients on long‐term lithium therapy (LTLT) and assessed kidney function. Our aims were to identify the predictors for CKD stage ≥3 and the impact of lithium discontinuation post‐CKD diagnosis.We conducted a population‐based historical cohort study of adult patients with mood disorders on LTLT at the Marshfield Clinical Health System from 1990 to 2019. Data on lithium therapy and kidney‐related information (estimated glomerular filtration rate and CKD) were extracted from electronic medical records.Among 1603 patients with mood disorders (mean age 42.1 years, 60% females), 15.3% (n = 246) developed CKD stage ≥3. Patients without CKD were on lithium for 4.5 years, compared to 6.6 years for those with CKD. Hypertension, age, and BD were significant CKD risk factors. Kidney function declined linearly with lithium duration, returning to pre‐treatment trajectory in patients without CKD but showed no improvement in those with CKD after lithium discontinuation.The findings suggest that CKD occurs in 15% of patients with mood disorder receiving LTLT, with its progression potentially influenced by existing comorbidities rather than lithium alone. These results underscore the importance of monitoring kidney function in patients on LTLT and considering individual risk factors for CKD development. In patients who developed CKD, Li discontinuation did not impact change in kidney function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The effect of an immune-boosting beverage (SAM) containing Sambucus Nigra, an energy beverage (ENE), an in-office bleaching (BLE) agent with 25% hydrogen peroxide superior, glazing (GLA) or polishing (POL) methods, and professional dental prophylaxis (PDP) on the color of CAD-CAM restorative materials is unknown. Methods: In total 210 specimens were prepared, consisting of CAD-CAM feldspathic (FC), zirconia-reinforced lithium disilicate ceramic (ZLS) and hybrid ceramic (HC). The ceramic specimens were divided according to the polishing methods of glazing (GLA) and mechanical polishing (POL). All materials were divided into two groups: with and without BLE. A 25% hydrogen peroxide superior (HPS) gel was used for BLE. After the baseline (BAS) measurement, the specimens were immersed in 3 different beverages (distilled water (DIS), SAM, ENE). After 28 days, a fine-grained (RDA 7) prophylaxis paste was applied. Statistical analysis of ∆E00 color difference values was performed by 3-way ANOVA and Bonferroni test (α = 0.05). Results: The effect of all other actions except material-BLE-beverage on color for BAS-Day 28 was statistically different (p < 0.05). The effect of material, material-BLE, beverage on color for Day 28-PDP was statistically different (p < 0.05). After 28 days, the lowest color change was found in FC-GLA and HC immersed in DIS (p = 0.0001) and the highest in FC-POL immersed in ENE (p = 0.0002). PDP was efficient in color recovery in HC immersed to DIS, ENE and SAM (p = 0.0010). For FC, HC and ZLS, BLE caused a higher color change (p < 0.0001). Regardless of the material, the highest color change for BLE-beverage was found in BLE-treated specimens immersed in ENE (p = 0.0496) and the lowest color change was found in non-BLE-treated specimens immersed in SAM (p = 0.0074). Conclusions: In materials pre-exposed to 25% HPS, the effect of PDP on color recovery was lower than in unexposed materials. After 28 days, mechanical polishing produced higher color change in FC than glazing, however, in ZLS effects of glazing and mechanical polishing on color were similar. For material/polishing method, HC was the most effective. ENE caused higher color change than DIS and SAM. PDP was more effective than ENE in restoring color to DIS- and SAM-immersed specimens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global demand for lithium is steadily increasing, driving an increased focus on exploration efforts worldwide. Lithium, a crucial metal for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) used in renewable energy technologies, is vital in the global drive to reduce carbon emissions. India’s ambitions to become a manufacturing hub for LIBs and achieve 100% electric vehicle (EV) sales by 2030 require significant quantities of lithium. However, challenges due to limited domestic reserves within the country, prompting efforts to define new exploration targets and develop existing lithium occurrences. Recent discoveries in northern Jammu and Kashmir and southern Karnataka highlight promising lithium deposits. This study focuses on India’s lithium exploration within pegmatite belts across various cratonic blocks, identifying significant potential for lithium exploration and mining. Notably, spodumene-rich pegmatites are found in Karnataka’s Dharwar Craton, while lepidolite-rich pegmatites exist in Rajasthan’s Aravalli-Delhi Fold Belt and the Madhya Pradesh-Chhattisgarh region. Regions like Bihar-Jharkhand, Maharashtra, Odisha, and Assam-Meghalaya also exhibit promise for lithium exploration. These findings emphasize the diverse lithological settings where lithium exploration can be strategically pursued in India. This study recommends adopting modern exploration techniques and developing cost-effective extraction technologies to advance India’s lithium exploration efforts. These initiatives are crucial in meeting the escalating demand for lithium and advancing India’s clean energy objectives in the transition to renewable energy sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Partial coverage concepts have met the main goal of conservative dentistry. Vonlays, which combine features of veneers and onlays, are a recent alternative to full coverage designs and overlay partial coverage restorations. This in vitro study was conducted to compare the fracture resistance of the newly introduced pressable zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate with pressable lithium disilicate ceramic and to determine the optimal preparation design for partial coverage on upper premolars. Methods: Fifty-two duplicated epoxy resin dies were prepared following vonlay and overlay preparation guidelines. For each preparation (n = 26), the specimens were divided into two subgroups to be restored with lithium disilicate (IPS e.max Press) or zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate (Vita Ambria) (n = 13 each). Ceramic vonlays and overlays were bonded using dual cure resin cement, subjected to thermomechanical fatigue, and the load to fracture was tested by using a universal testing machine. The specimens were fractographically analyzed via scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The normality of the fracture resistance data was checked using the Shapiro‒Wilk test and Q‒Q plots, and two-way ANOVA was used to assess the effect of the type of preparation and ceramic material on the fracture resistance. Results: The group of overlays restored with zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate showed the highest mean fracture load (1218.69 N), while the group of vonlays restored with lithium disilicate had the lowest mean fracture resistance (967.15 N). The effect of preparation design and material type on fracture resistance was significant for both factors, p = 0.003 and p < 0.0001, respectively. Different features of the fracture surfaces, such as arrest lines, hackles, and directions of crack propagation, were observed. Conclusions: Zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate exhibited greater resistance to fracture compared to lithium disilicate, making it a potential substitute for partial coverage restorations. Additionally, the overlay showed superior fracture resistance when compared to the vonlay preparation design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract\nKEY POINTSStudies of lithogeochemical dispersion haloes of rare metal pegmatites, particularly those of economic interest, are known to display strong development of haloes of rare alkali elements (Li–Rb–Cs), in particular lithium, into country rocks. The use of these haloes in exploration for pegmatites has had apparently little application in an Australian context, where it has the potential to assist exploration undercover by expanding the known ‘footprint’ of these mineral systems. Dispersion haloes have two parts: proximal (typically of centimetres to metres thickness), characterised by visible changes to mineralogy relating to metasomatism, and distal, where there are typically cryptic geochemical changes, but no changes in host mineralogy. Collation of global data have shown that the lithogeochemical haloes of large rare metal pegmatites can extend laterally at least 200 m, with a few localities giving indications extending several kilometres along strike. Lithium displays the largest haloes, with Rb and Cs typically being less extensive; other elements are mostly localised close to the pegmatite wallrock interface. These haloes are more extensive in mafic host rocks than other host-rock types. Mafic host rocks also provide the best geochemical contrast for rare alkali elements. Of the 22 datasets reviewed here, many are simply ‘proof of concept’ studies based on single sample lines and may not have had their outer limits defined. The actual distribution of these haloes is likely to be controlled by anisotropies that control host-rock permeability in the host units, with fluids emanating from the rare metal pegmatites being commonly channelled into structures or exploiting foliation or bedding. Regional-scale structures are likely to control kilometre-scale haloes. Sheet silicates and amphiboles are the most important hosts for these elements, which consequently accumulate in units or structures rich in these minerals. The actual distributions of these elements are, in most cases, likely to be irregular and complex anomalies of varying three-dimensional shapes, and thus ‘vectoring’ based on systematic changes in concentration away from a source should be treated with caution. It is important to note that given anomaly types do not indicate the presence of particular minerals, such as spodumene. The presence of these haloes in Australian Archean cratons is supported by dispersion haloes in saprolite and saprock units in deep weathering profiles and is potentially applicable to lag sampling over near fresh or unweathered host-rock units in exposed terranes.Lithogeochemical haloes of Li–Rb–Cs represent a simple exploration tool that can be readily integrated into exploration workflows by assay of host rock units in proximity to LCT granitic pegmatites.Haloes extend laterally at least 200 m and show indications of kilometre-scale anomalies relating to structurally controlled fluid flow.Haloes are spatially more extensive and show greater geochemical contrast with backgrounds, in mafic host units.These rare alkali haloes may persist into weathered host-rock units such as saprolite in regolith profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The practical application of lithium metal batteries (LMBs) is inevitably associated with serious safety risks due to the uncontrolled growth of lithium dendrites. Thus, to inhibit the formation of lithium dendrites, many researchers have focused on constructing three-dimensional porous current collectors with a high specific surface area. However, the homogeneous structure of porous collectors does not effectively guide the deposition of lithium metal to the bottom, leading to a phenomenon known as "top-growth." Recently, the construction of 3D porous current collectors with a lithiophilic gradient has been widely reported and regarded as an effective approach to inhibit lithium top-growth, thus improving battery safety. In this review, we summarize the latest research progress on such anode current collector design strategies, including surface modification of different base materials, design of gradient structures, and field factors, emphasizing their lithium-affinity mechanism and the advantages and disadvantages of different collector designs. Finally, we provide a perspective on the future research directions and applications of gradient affinity current collectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research aimed to create a new Li metasilicate-based glass-ceramic for dental use, prioritizing improved chemical durability (CD) and machinability while preserving good glass-forming ability (GFA) and adequate mechanical properties. Characterization also involved examining fracture strength (S f) and fracture toughness (K IC). The experimental approach involved precise microstructural adjustments through designed compositional changes and controlled thermal treatments. Four compositions underwent scrutiny using mechanical tests, microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and X-ray diffraction to analyze the impact of lithium metasilicate (LS) and disilicate (LS2) crystals on these properties. Machinability was evaluated by weight loss measurements during controlled grinding experiments. The developed GCs exhibited interconnected acicular LS and LS2 crystals, which resulted in favorable S f ∼300 MPa and K IC ∼1.7 MPa m1/2 (SEVNB). Although the K IC was smaller than that of an experimental LS-LS2 GC (285 MPa and 3 MPa m1/2(double torsion)) used as a reference, the chemical durability (126 μg/cm2 for ML14F GC) improved by nearly 50 % compared to the reference (∼220 μg/cm2). This study introduced three new GCs with LS as the major phase (rather than the traditional LS2), showcasing commendable GFA, chemical durability and machinability, with satisfactory flexural strength and fracture toughness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Uneven lithium (Li) metal deposition typically results in uncontrollable dendrite growth, which renders an unsatisfactory cycling stability and coulombic efficiency (CE) of Li metal batteries (LMBs), preventing their practical application. Herein, a novel carbon cloth with the modification of ZnO nanosheets (ZnO@CC) is fabricated for LMBs. The as‐prepared ZnO@CC with a cross‐linked network significantly reduces the local current density, and the design of ZnO nanosheets can promote the uniform deposition of Li metal as lithiophilic sites. As a result, the Li metal anodes (LMAs) based on ZnO@CC (ZnO@CC@Li) enables a long cycle life over 640 hours with a low overpotential of 65 mV at a current density of 4 mA cm−2 with a capacity of 1 mAh cm−2 in the symmetric cell. Moreover, when coupling the ZnO@CC@Li with a LiFePO4 cathode, the assembled full cell exhibits excellent long cycle and rate performance, highlighting its promising practical application prospect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dual‐ion batteries (DIBs) represent a promising alternative for lithium ion batteries (LIBs) for various niche applications. DIBs with polymer‐based active materials, here poly(2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidinyl‐N‐oxyl methacrylate) (PTMA), are of particular interest for high power applications, though they require appropriate electrolyte formulations. As the anion mobility plays a crucial role in transport kinetics, Li salts are varied using the well‐dissociating solvent γ‐butyrolactone (GBL). Lithium difluoro(oxalate)borate (LiDFOB) and lithium bis(oxalate)borate (LiBOB) improve cycle life in PTMA||Li metal cells compared to other Li salts and a LiPF6‐ and carbonate‐based reference electrolyte, even at specific currents of 1.0 A g−1 (≈10C), whereas LiDFOB reveals a superior rate performance, i. e. ≈90 % capacity even at 5.0 A g−1 (≈50C). This is attributed to faster charge‐transfer/mass transport, enhanced pseudo‐capacitive contributions during the de‐/insertion of the anions into the PTMA electrode and to lower overpotentials at the Li metal electrode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]