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The paper aimed at measuring the volatility of sheep price in real pastoral market. It used a long-term empirical data (2003-2017), an Empirical orthogonal Functions analysis (EOF) and statistics. With cumulated variances of 57.89%, EOF divided the results into 3 batches according to linear coefficient of correlation of Pearson (r). It measured low degrees of positive or negative dependence between variables. State intervention was not efficient for stabilizing prices also. The implications of the observed findings are improved instruments based on fundamental market forces for struggling efficiently against price instability.

Purpose: Transhumance has rarely been analyzed through LCA approaches, and there is little evidence about its emissions level when conducted under different practices (by truck or on foot) or compared to sedentary livestock systems. Moreover, mobile pastoralism is strongly linked to natural resources by its seasonal grazing patterns, thereby occupying the niche of wild herbivores. Considering natural emission baselines in these ecosystems could have relevant effects when estimating their carbon footprint. Materials and methods: Inventory data of 20 sheep farms was collected to estimate the carbon footprint (CF) of lamb meat produced. Farms were divided into three sub-groups representing typical management practices in the region: (1) sedentary (SED), (2) transhumance by truck (THT), and (3) transhumance on foot (THF). Livestock GHG emissions were modeled according to herd structure and IPCC guidelines. Off-farm emissions from external feeds and fuels were accounted based on existent LCA databases. A natural baseline of wild herbivores was established from the population of red deer reported in a hunting preserve, previously considered to be a reference for the natural carrying capacity in Mediterranean ecosystems. GHG emissions of wild herbivores were estimated through two methods based on (1) IPCC guidelines and (2) allometric regression equations. Results and discussion: Carbon footprint ranged from 16.5 up to 26.9 kgCO2-eq/kg of lamb liveweight (LW). Significant differences were identified among sedentary and transhumant farms, the latter consistently showing lower CF values (SED: 25.1 kg CO2-eq/kg LW, THT: 18.3 kg CO2-eq/kg LW, THF: 18.2 kg CO2-eq/kg LW). Sedentary farms resulted in higher GHG emissions (+ 27%) and higher CO2 and N2O, contributions derived from the consumption of additional feeds. Both methods applied to compute emissions for wild herbivores led to similar results (25.3–26.8 Mg CO2-eq/km2), comparatively lower than estimation for transhumant sheep (47.7 Mg CO2-eq/km2). When considering natural baseline emissions, the CF of transhumant lamb meat is reduced by almost 30%, reaching values quite below those reported for intensive lamb production systems in Spain. Conclusions: From our results, mobility of grazing livestock can be considered as a strategy promoting climate change mitigation. This is achieved mainly by reducing the need of external feeds, while maximizing the use of local forage resources that otherwise would be difficult to valorize. Further reductions in the CF result when considering natural baseline emissions. The application of this new GHG accounting perspective could have relevant implications when aiming at climate neutrality of grazing-based ruminant systems. Purpose: Transhumance has rarely been analyzed through LCA approaches, and there is little evidence about its emissions level when conducted under different practices (by truck or on foot) or compared to sedentary livestock systems. Moreover, mobile pastoralism is strongly linked to natural resources by its seasonal grazing patterns, thereby occupying the niche of wild herbivores. Considering natural emission baselines in these ecosystems could have relevant effects when estimating their carbon footprint. Materials and methods: Inventory data of 20 sheep farms was collected to estimate the carbon footprint (CF) of lamb meat produced. Farms were divided into three sub-groups representing typical management practices in the region: (1) sedentary (SED), (2) transhumance by truck (THT), and (3) transhumance on foot (THF). Livestock GHG emissions were modeled according to herd structure and IPCC guidelines. Off-farm emissions from external feeds and fuels were accounted based on existent LCA databases. A natural baseline of wild herbivores was established from the population of red deer reported in a hunting preserve, previously considered to be a reference for the natural carrying capacity in Mediterranean ecosystems. GHG emissions of wild herbivores were estimated through two methods based on (1) IPCC guidelines and (2) allometric regression equations. Results and discussion: Carbon footprint ranged from 16.5 up to 26.9 kgCO2-eq/kg of lamb liveweight (LW). Significant differences were identified among sedentary and transhumant farms, the latter consistently showing lower CF values (SED: 25.1 kg CO2-eq/kg LW, THT: 18.3 kg CO2-eq/kg LW, THF: 18.2 kg CO2-eq/kg LW). Sedentary farms resulted in higher GHG emissions (+ 27%) and higher CO2 and N2O, contributions derived from the consumption of additional feeds. Both methods applied to compute emissions for wild herbivores led to similar results (25.3–26.8 Mg CO2-eq/km2), comparatively lower than estimation for transhumant sheep (47.7 Mg CO2-eq/km2). When considering natural baseline emissions, the CF of transhumant lamb meat is reduced by almost 30%, reaching values quite below those reported for intensive lamb production systems in Spain. Conclusions: From our results, mobility of grazing livestock can be considered as a strategy promoting climate change mitigation. This is achieved mainly by reducing the need of external feeds, while maximizing the use of local forage resources that otherwise would be difficult to valorize. Further reductions in the CF result when considering natural baseline emissions. The application of this new GHG accounting perspective could have relevant implications when aiming at climate neutrality of grazing-based ruminant systems.

Climate change represents a profound challenge to the lives and livelihoods of (agro)-pastoralists, who are acutely dependent on natural and nature-based resources. Adapting to climate change is becoming increasingly important for maintaining livelihoods and ensuring sustainable development. With this dissertation, I have investigated to what extent local communities have adapted to climate change and whether, and if so, how large-scale development projects have influenced their adaptation efforts and overall food security status. The analysis was based on the perspectives of agro-pastoralists, using the vivid example of the Nyangatom district as an increasingly popular tourist destination, and recently becoming a hotspot for large-scale agricultural investment in the lower Omo valley. The study takes the Salamago and Dassanech development projects as a showcase, each reflecting similar livelihood options and strategies. The research area presents a complicated situation as this part of the Ethiopian lowland area was subject to extremely rapid agricultural development (mainly for biofuel production) and dam construction, which, combined with climate change, left little room for sustainable use of pastoral resources. The lower Omo valley is just one example of many other pastoral areas in the country that face challenges from climate change, conflict, and changes in land use and land cover. In addition, the participation of local communities in decision-making about pastoral development was limited. Common development strategies previously applied were transforming pastoral livelihoods through sedentarization and promoting large-scale agriculture, such as state-sponsored sugarcane plantations, in pastoral lands. As a result, the livelihoods of the agro-pastoralists were threatened, and the pastoralists fell victim to the over-popularity of the area, leading to competition for land and water resources. The high demand for the use of natural resources was accompanied by differing views (and underlying interests) from stakeholders about what kind of developments were desired and how these resources should be used. The study provides an insight into pastoralism and agro-pastoralism as practiced in the lower Omo valley, i.e., an area where climate variability and change and conflict dynamics are seriously affecting the lives of pastoralists. The thesis contextualizes the importance of pastoral production in line with the ‘socio-ecological’ system in arid and semi-arid environments based on the Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response framework. The latter represents a chain of causal links starting with ‘driving forces’ through ‘pressures’ to ‘states’ and ‘impacts’ on ecosystems, human health, and functions, eventually leading to political ‘responses’. Data were collected through socio-economic surveys, community discussions, field observations, and local weather stations. The household surveys covered 424 randomly selected households from three sites: the Nyangatom (90%), Salamago (5%), and Dassanech (5%) districts. Both spatio-temporal analyses of remote sensing imagery and mobility models were used to investigate livestock mobility strategies and fodder supply-demand balances under conditions of climate change and land use and land cover change. Based on my research, I conclude that the Lower Omo Valley, especially the Nyangatom area, has development potential if the empowerment of pastoralists and the sustainable use of natural resources are facilitated, and if social institutions are respected and livelihood strategies can incorporate the risks of climate variability and change. Additional research is strongly recommended for a better understanding of the economic and ecosystem impacts associated with large-scale agriculture and for a better context-specific understanding of the significant impact of uncontrolled development activities in the valley. Stakeholder perceptions, social and cultural analysis, especially socio-ecological studies for the management of arid environments should receive much more attention. To this end, further studies could explore the question of how to create the best enabling environments for enhancing the socio-economic autonomy of agro-pastoralists, thereby recognizing their agency.

Climate change represents a profound challenge to the lives and livelihoods of (agro)-pastoralists, who are acutely dependent on natural and nature-based resources. Adapting to climate change is becoming increasingly important for maintaining livelihoods and ensuring sustainable development. With this dissertation, I have investigated to what extent local communities have adapted to climate change and whether, and if so, how large-scale development projects have influenced their adaptation efforts and overall food security status. The analysis was based on the perspectives of agro-pastoralists, using the vivid example of the Nyangatom district as an increasingly popular tourist destination, and recently becoming a hotspot for large-scale agricultural investment in the lower Omo valley. The study takes the Salamago and Dassanech development projects as a showcase, each reflecting similar livelihood options and strategies. The research area presents a complicated situation as this part of the Ethiopian lowland area was subject to extremely rapid agricultural development (mainly for biofuel production) and dam construction, which, combined with climate change, left little room for sustainable use of pastoral resources. The lower Omo valley is just one example of many other pastoral areas in the country that face challenges from climate change, conflict, and changes in land use and land cover. In addition, the participation of local communities in decision-making about pastoral development was limited. Common development strategies previously applied were transforming pastoral livelihoods through sedentarization and promoting large-scale agriculture, such as state-sponsored sugarcane plantations, in pastoral lands. As a result, the livelihoods of the agro-pastoralists were threatened, and the pastoralists fell victim to the over-popularity of the area, leading to competition for land and water resources. The high demand for the use of natural resources was accompanied by differing views (and underlying interests) from stakeholders about what kind of developments were desired and how these resources should be used. The study provides an insight into pastoralism and agro-pastoralism as practiced in the lower Omo valley, i.e., an area where climate variability and change and conflict dynamics are seriously affecting the lives of pastoralists. The thesis contextualizes the importance of pastoral production in line with the ‘socio-ecological’ system in arid and semi-arid environments based on the Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response framework. The latter represents a chain of causal links starting with ‘driving forces’ through ‘pressures’ to ‘states’ and ‘impacts’ on ecosystems, human health, and functions, eventually leading to political ‘responses’. Data were collected through socio-economic surveys, community discussions, field observations, and local weather stations. The household surveys covered 424 randomly selected households from three sites: the Nyangatom (90%), Salamago (5%), and Dassanech (5%) districts. Both spatio-temporal analyses of remote sensing imagery and mobility models were used to investigate livestock mobility strategies and fodder supply-demand balances under conditions of climate change and land use and land cover change. Based on my research, I conclude that the Lower Omo Valley, especially the Nyangatom area, has development potential if the empowerment of pastoralists and the sustainable use of natural resources are facilitated, and if social institutions are respected and livelihood strategies can incorporate the risks of climate variability and change. Additional research is strongly recommended for a better understanding of the economic and ecosystem impacts associated with large-scale agriculture and for a better context-specific understanding of the significant impact of uncontrolled development activities in the valley. Stakeholder perceptions, social and cultural analysis, especially socio-ecological studies for the management of arid environments should receive much more attention. To this end, further studies could explore the question of how to create the best enabling environments for enhancing the socio-economic autonomy of agro-pastoralists, thereby recognizing their agency.

Climate change represents a profound challenge to the lives and livelihoods of (agro)-pastoralists, who are acutely dependent on natural and nature-based resources. Adapting to climate change is becoming increasingly important for maintaining livelihoods and ensuring sustainable development. With this dissertation, I have investigated to what extent local communities have adapted to climate change and whether, and if so, how large-scale development projects have influenced their adaptation efforts and overall food security status. The analysis was based on the perspectives of agro-pastoralists, using the vivid example of the Nyangatom district as an increasingly popular tourist destination, and recently becoming a hotspot for large-scale agricultural investment in the lower Omo valley. The study takes the Salamago and Dassanech development projects as a showcase, each reflecting similar livelihood options and strategies. The research area presents a complicated situation as this part of the Ethiopian lowland area was subject to extremely rapid agricultural development (mainly for biofuel production) and dam construction, which, combined with climate change, left little room for sustainable use of pastoral resources. The lower Omo valley is just one example of many other pastoral areas in the country that face challenges from climate change, conflict, and changes in land use and land cover. In addition, the participation of local communities in decision-making about pastoral development was limited. Common development strategies previously applied were transforming pastoral livelihoods through sedentarization and promoting large-scale agriculture, such as state-sponsored sugarcane plantations, in pastoral lands. As a result, the livelihoods of the agro-pastoralists were threatened, and the pastoralists fell victim to the over-popularity of the area, leading to competition for land and water resources. The high demand for the use of natural resources was accompanied by differing views (and underlying interests) from stakeholders about what kind of developments were desired and how these resources should be used. The study provides an insight into pastoralism and agro-pastoralism as practiced in the lower Omo valley, i.e., an area where climate variability and change and conflict dynamics are seriously affecting the lives of pastoralists. The thesis contextualizes the importance of pastoral production in line with the ‘socio-ecological’ system in arid and semi-arid environments based on the Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response framework. The latter represents a chain of causal links starting with ‘driving forces’ through ‘pressures’ to ‘states’ and ‘impacts’ on ecosystems, human health, and functions, eventually leading to political ‘responses’. Data were collected through socio-economic surveys, community discussions, field observations, and local weather stations. The household surveys covered 424 randomly selected households from three sites: the Nyangatom (90%), Salamago (5%), and Dassanech (5%) districts. Both spatio-temporal analyses of remote sensing imagery and mobility models were used to investigate livestock mobility strategies and fodder supply-demand balances under conditions of climate change and land use and land cover change. Based on my research, I conclude that the Lower Omo Valley, especially the Nyangatom area, has development potential if the empowerment of pastoralists and the sustainable use of natural resources are facilitated, and if social institutions are respected and livelihood strategies can incorporate the risks of climate variability and change. Additional research is strongly recommended for a better understanding of the economic and ecosystem impacts associated with large-scale agriculture and for a better context-specific understanding of the significant impact of uncontrolled development activities in the valley. Stakeholder perceptions, social and cultural analysis, especially socio-ecological studies for the management of arid environments should receive much more attention. To this end, further studies could explore the question of how to create the best enabling environments for enhancing the socio-economic autonomy of agro-pastoralists, thereby recognizing their agency.

Climate change represents a profound challenge to the lives and livelihoods of (agro)-pastoralists, who are acutely dependent on natural and nature-based resources. Adapting to climate change is becoming increasingly important for maintaining livelihoods and ensuring sustainable development. With this dissertation, I have investigated to what extent local communities have adapted to climate change and whether, and if so, how large-scale development projects have influenced their adaptation efforts and overall food security status. The analysis was based on the perspectives of agro-pastoralists, using the vivid example of the Nyangatom district as an increasingly popular tourist destination, and recently becoming a hotspot for large-scale agricultural investment in the lower Omo valley. The study takes the Salamago and Dassanech development projects as a showcase, each reflecting similar livelihood options and strategies. The research area presents a complicated situation as this part of the Ethiopian lowland area was subject to extremely rapid agricultural development (mainly for biofuel production) and dam construction, which, combined with climate change, left little room for sustainable use of pastoral resources. The lower Omo valley is just one example of many other pastoral areas in the country that face challenges from climate change, conflict, and changes in land use and land cover. In addition, the participation of local communities in decision-making about pastoral development was limited. Common development strategies previously applied were transforming pastoral livelihoods through sedentarization and promoting large-scale agriculture, such as state-sponsored sugarcane plantations, in pastoral lands. As a result, the livelihoods of the agro-pastoralists were threatened, and the pastoralists fell victim to the over-popularity of the area, leading to competition for land and water resources. The high demand for the use of natural resources was accompanied by differing views (and underlying interests) from stakeholders about what kind of developments were desired and how these resources should be used. The study provides an insight into pastoralism and agro-pastoralism as practiced in the lower Omo valley, i.e., an area where climate variability and change and conflict dynamics are seriously affecting the lives of pastoralists. The thesis contextualizes the importance of pastoral production in line with the ‘socio-ecological’ system in arid and semi-arid environments based on the Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response framework. The latter represents a chain of causal links starting with ‘driving forces’ through ‘pressures’ to ‘states’ and ‘impacts’ on ecosystems, human health, and functions, eventually leading to political ‘responses’. Data were collected through socio-economic surveys, community discussions, field observations, and local weather stations. The household surveys covered 424 randomly selected households from three sites: the Nyangatom (90%), Salamago (5%), and Dassanech (5%) districts. Both spatio-temporal analyses of remote sensing imagery and mobility models were used to investigate livestock mobility strategies and fodder supply-demand balances under conditions of climate change and land use and land cover change. Based on my research, I conclude that the Lower Omo Valley, especially the Nyangatom area, has development potential if the empowerment of pastoralists and the sustainable use of natural resources are facilitated, and if social institutions are respected and livelihood strategies can incorporate the risks of climate variability and change. Additional research is strongly recommended for a better understanding of the economic and ecosystem impacts associated with large-scale agriculture and for a better context-specific understanding of the significant impact of uncontrolled development activities in the valley. Stakeholder perceptions, social and cultural analysis, especially socio-ecological studies for the management of arid environments should receive much more attention. To this end, further studies could explore the question of how to create the best enabling environments for enhancing the socio-economic autonomy of agro-pastoralists, thereby recognizing their agency.

Pastoral social-ecological systems worldwide are threatened by environmental, climatic, and socioeconomic changes. The magnitude of these threats and their impacts is higher in mountain social-ecological systems. This study analyzes how mountain pastoralists in Lotkuh Valley (Chitral, Pakistan) use their rangelands in changing social, environmental, and climatic contexts. Data were collected from a survey, focus groups, and observations through multistage stratified sampling and extensive fieldwork (2016–2019). The findings reveal that the strategy adopted by mountain pastoralists combines 7 different grazing mechanisms and stall feeding to use spatially segregated and seasonally productive rangeland resources in a sustainable manner. These seasonal mechanisms involve different types of livestock mobility, diverse fodder consumption, and grazing patterns. In winter, livestock are kept in stalls near the village. During spring, sheep and goats are taken to nearby low-lying pastures and meadows on a rotation basis. In summer, livestock and people move away from the village to settlements along a 3000 m elevational range to graze on the available pastures. Finally, in autumn, as the livestock descend, they browse intensively on stubble fields before the winter crops are planted. Furthermore, this strategy is based on the coordination of households' available labor force and pasture readiness. This study provides nuanced information on mountain pastoralists and rangeland management systems. The findings are useful for policymakers and practitioners in designing effective programs and policies to decrease the vulnerability and enhance the resilience of mountain social-ecological systems.

Brucellosis is one of the main zoonoses affecting ruminants. Cattle and small ruminants are involved in transhumance and trade between Côte d'Ivoire and Mali. The endemic nature of the disease in both countries, connected through transhumance, poses unique challenges and requires more information to facilitate disease surveillance and the development of integrated control strategies. This study aimed to assess the main factors influencing the historical and current transborder transmission of brucellosis between Côte d'Ivoire and Mali. A literature review was conducted and data collection was performed through a participatory, transdisciplinary process by holding focus group discussions and interviews with key stakeholders. Cattle breeders, herdsmen, professionals of animal and human health, border control agents and experts took part. The data was analyzed to generate essential new knowledge for transborder brucellosis transmission factors and control strategies. From the literature, the seroprevalence of brucellosis in both countries varied from 11% (1987) to 20% (2013) and 15% (1972–1973) to 5% (2012–2014) in Mali and Côte d'Ivoire, respectively. The reduction of seroprevalence in Côte d'Ivoire was the result of the annual vaccination campaigns which lowered it from 28% (1978) to 14% (1984) after an increase due to livestock policy implemented in 1976. The meta-analysis and interviews jointly showed that the cross-border mobility was associated with the livestock development policy in Côte d'Ivoire as well as the ECOWAS act on the free movement of people and goods. This act supported the seasonal transhumance of livestock for access to pasture land in southern humid zones in Côte d'Ivoire. The seasonal mobility for grazing and trade was the main risk factor for the spread of brucellosis between pastoral zones of both countries. The existing legal health framework and border control mechanism do not achieve transborder surveillance to control brucellosis. Existing sanitary regulations should be adapted at regional scale to integrate a joint surveillance of high priority zoonotic diseases like brucellosis at border controls.

The Bronze Age is increasingly characterised as a period in which the search for and trade in metals dominates mobility and exchange in Europe. Chiefs travelled the lands and seas and dominated the acquisition and possession of critical resources. Most research focuses on the provenance and distribution of metals and on the mobility of people. Yet, the mobility of one the most obvious sources of social and economic wealth in the Bronze Age has got little attention: livestock. This study explores the possible social role of livestock of cattle and sheep, both in the household sphere and in the sphere of exchange as a means of ‘connecting people’. Here, strontium isotope data are presented from 58 cattle and sheep from settlement contexts from Bronze Age West-Frisia (2000–800 BCE), the Netherlands, with the aim to gain an isotopic perspective on the socio-economic significance of livestock. The data provide evidence for long-distance trade or exchange of livestock. Besides their monetary value, we suggest that livestock, and in particular cattle, may have been perceived as equal to people in terms of labour and production and as members of the household. Their mobility and exchange therefore signal more than just economic trade, it signals a social practice. By changing our perspective towards the social ideology of farming life, we will move closer to understanding Bronze Age societies in more diverse and inclusive ways. Research into livestock mobility is therefore considered fundamental for a more diverse understanding of Bronze Age farming life.

"Policy design is largely informed by the traditional economic viewpoint that humans behave rationally in the pursuit of their own economic welfare, with little consideration of other regarding behavior or reciprocal altruism. New paradigms of economic behavior theory are emerging that build an empirical basis for understanding how humans respond to specific contexts. Our interest is in the role of human relationships in managing natural resources (forage and livestock) in semiarid systems, where spatial and temporal variability and uncertainty in resource availability are fundamental system drivers. In this paper we present the results of an economic experiment designed to explore how reciprocity interacts with variability and uncertainty. This behavior underpins the Australian tradable grazing rights, or agistment, market, which facilitates livestock mobility as a human response to a situation where rainfall is so variable in time and space that it is difficult to maintain an economically viable livestock herd on a single management unit. Contrary to expectations, we found that variability and uncertainty significantly increased transfers and gains from trade within our experiment. When participants faced variability and uncertainty, trust and reciprocity took time to build. When variability and uncertainty were part of the experiment trust was evident from the onset. Given resource variability and uncertainty are key drivers in semiarid systems, new paradigms for understanding how variability shapes behavior have special importance."

Transhumant pastoralism in north-central Namibia, the former Owambo, was explored from a historical perspective, using the theory of socio-environmental history as a framework. The study used secondary data, informal interviews and discussions, and for recent times, interviews with herders. The change or transformation of transhumant pastoralism in Ohangwena was analysed from three phases, namely, the period before colonialism, during colonialism and after Independence. The goal was to understand how transhumance has been transformed over the years and factors responsible for such transformations. The study shows that livestock mobility in north-central Namibia involved nearly 70-90 per cent of cattle in transhumant migrations. However, the transhumance has changed in scope and extent of movements at geographical scales over the periods under consideration from 1900 to 2006. Some of the traditional routes of migrations have been retained. Since colonial times, particularly during the German rule in Namibia, the changes in transhumant pastoralism were more to man-made than natural causes. During the colonial administration Owambo pastoralism was never understood. In combination with other factors such as political factors, this led to the neglect of agriculture and pastoralism in the north-central regions. The change in livestock mobility is mainly connected to the decrease in rangeland size and communal grazing, the change in communal land rights, introduction of new cattle breeds, adoption of new cattle ranching methods and shortage of professional herdsmen. The rangeland has decreased mainly due to establishment of clearly-defined artificial borders, animal control-fences such as veterinary cordon fence (VCF), introduction of sedentary agriculture in previously grazing reserves, the change in patterns of human settlements and so forth. The change in communal grazing, which has decreased by 20 per cent, and grazing rights is mainly caused by the development and extension of modern infrastructures such as water pipelines, the privatization (enclosures) of large areas of communal land, and weakened power and capacity of traditional rulers on management of grazing and land. The migration of men mainly for formal paid jobs and participation in war has contributed to the shortage of Owambo professional herdsmen to implement transhumant migrations. Since communal grazing and the rangeland have decreased, transhumant pastoralists have been experiencing difficulties with regards to sufficient grazing and livestock mobility. Conflicts associated with grazing resources have become common in the northern Namibia because of more demands for private land and competition for scarce resources among different land users. Land-related conflicts have affected relationships between different ethnic groups and territories or regions. In the long term this can easily result in the politicization of land-related conflicts which in turn can affect the relationship between poor herders and the elites particularly political elites (whose aim is the privatization of land), and the relationship between pastoralists and the state. Environmental conditions will also be affected if future decisions are unfavourable for transhumant pastoralism. M-MNRSA