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The great desert skink (Liopholis kintorei, locally known as tjakuṟa) occupies burrow systems in arid regions of central Australia. Most burrow systems remain occupied for an average of 4, and up to 10, years by the same related individuals. The circumstances associated with changes in occupancy are under active investigation. Factors linked to tjakuṟa abandoning burrow systems include intense fires and predation by feral cats (Felis catus). We examined ecological factors associated with whether burrow systems that were occupied in the previous year were currently occupied by tjakuṟa. We determined occupancy of previously occupied tjakuṟa burrow systems by the presence of fresh scats in their latrines. We also assessed the size, vegetation cover, and proximity of termite calics to burrow systems. Neither overall vegetation cover nor spinifex cover was related to burrow system occupancy, but larger burrow systems were more likely to remain occupied. Burrow systems within 10 m of termite structures were more—and those within 2.5 m of Grevillea were less—likely to remain occupied by tjakuṟa. The role of woody vegetation (Grevillea) and termite presence on risk of predation, the behavior of tjakuṟa, and burrow system occupancy merits further investigation on a longer timescale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the sedation and the physiological effects produced by three doses of intranasal midazolam in green iguanas. Eight adult iguanas weighing 850 ± 165 grams, received each of five treatments: intramuscular midazolam 2 mg.kg-1 (IM), intranasally administered midazolam at doses of 2 mg.kg-1 (IN2), 3 mg.kg-1 (IN3) and 5 mg.kg-1 (IN5), and intramuscular saline (CON). The degree of sedation, heart rate, respiratory rate and body temperature were assessed from the baseline to 360 minutes post-administrations. The IM treatment induced mild to deep sedation from 10 (9 [8-12]) to 120 minutes (8 [3-9]). Sedation was not achieved in groups IN2 and IN3. When compared to the baseline, mild sedation was achieved in IN5 at 20 (5 [2-6]), 45 (5 [1-6]) and 90 minutes (5 [1-7]). There was a reduction in heart rate only in the IM group at 360 minutes (40 ± 15.1 bpm). Respiratory rate decreased to the baseline only in IN5, at 30 (12 [8-16] mpm) and 90 minutes (12 [8-24] mpm). No changes in body temperature were observed with any of the treatments during the evaluation period. Intranasally administered midazolam at a dose of 5 mg.kg-1, but not at 2 and 3 mg.kg-1, induced mild sedation in green iguanas. However, the effect exhibited a lower intensity and duration compared to the intramuscular dose of 2 mg.kg-1. Therefore, the administration of intranasal midazolam is not a reasonable option compared to the intramuscular route. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context: Invasive mammalian predators have caused population declines and extinctions of wildlife worldwide. Many of these species exhibit some form of prey naïveté, which heightens their vulnerability to novel predators. In Australia, introduced feral cats (Felis catus) and red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) have had a particularly negative effect on native fauna, with the impacts of cats on mammals and birds well documented. Although feral cats are known to regularly prey on Australian reptiles, little is known about the behavioural responses of reptiles to cats, including whether native reptiles can recognise cats as a predation risk, and if so, which cues they use. Aims: We investigated behavioural responses of two Australian lizard species, the shrubland morethia skink (Morethia obscura) and eastern striped skink (Ctenotus robustus), to the visual cues of feral cats in semiarid, south-eastern Australia. Methods: We used arena trials to test lizards for predator recognition by using visual cues of an alien mammal predator (taxidermied cat, Felis catus), a native mammal predator (taxidermied western quoll, Dasyurus geoffroyi) and a mammal non-predator (taxidermied European rabbit, Oryctolagus cuniculus), as well as a procedural control (bucket) and a negative control (nothing). Key results: We found little evidence of behavioural change when lizards were exposed to the taxidermied cat. Morethia obscura basked less when exposed to all treatments and C. robustus increased vigilance when in the presence of the taxidermied cat, but overall responses were similar among treatments. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that stationary visual cues of cats do not trigger behavioural responses in these two lizard species. Implications: Future research should assess behavioural responses to combinations of cat cues (e.g. movement, scent). Developing a deeper understanding of predator recognition systems and prey naïveté in reptile communities will be crucial for conservation of Australian reptiles that are negatively affected by feral cats. Feral cats pose a significant threat to native fauna across the globe, with Australia being particularly affected. We examined the behavioural reactions of two Australian lizard species to the visual cues from a model cat and found that the lizards showed little response. We recommend further testing of reptile responses towards cat sensory cues to deepen understanding of how reptiles respond to the threat of cat predation. Photograph by Owen Lishmund. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Habitat loss is a key threat to reptiles; therefore, habitat restoration should be an effective means of reptile conservation. However, there is scant evidence that such interventions provide population-level benefits, particularly where native reptiles are also threatened by invasive predators. We conducted a before-after-control-impact habitat enhancement experiment on skinks (Oligosoma polychroma and O. aeneum) in a predator-invaded area of mainland New Zealand. Pre-enhancement lizard monitoring was conducted in 12 plots for six months. Native plants were added to six ‘enhancement’ plots in months 8-10, minor gap infill planting was conducted in months 10-13, and rock piles were constructed in months 13-15. Post-enhancement monitoring was carried out at 12 and 23 months. Apparent survival of O. polychroma increased significantly in response to enhancement, but this did not result in increased abundance within the 23-month monitoring timeframe. Enhancement did not affect any of the measured population parameters of O. aeneum. Therefore, adding rocks and native vegetation to sites may be a suitable intervention for improving survival or reducing emigration of O. polychroma without affecting co-occurring lizard species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assessing the threat status of species in response to global change is critical for biodiversity monitoring and conservation efforts. However, current frameworks, even the IUCN Red List, often neglect critical factors such as genetic diversity and the impacts of climate and land-use changes, hindering effective conservation planning. To address these limitations, we developed an enhanced extinction risk assessment framework using Diploderma lizards as a model. This framework incorporates long-term field surveys, environmental data, and land-use information to predict distributional changes for 10 recently described Diploderma species on the Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, which hold ecological significance but remain underassessed in conservation assessment. By integrating the distribution data and genetically inferred effective population sizes (Ne), we conducted scenario analyses and used a rank-sum approach to calculate Risk ranking scores (RRS) for each species. This approach revealed significant discrepancies with the IUCN Red List assessments. Notably, D. yangi and D. qilin were identified as facing the highest extinction risk. Furthermore, D. vela, D. batangense, D. flaviceps, D. dymondi, D. yulongense, and D. laeviventre, currently classified as “Least Concern”, were found to warrant reclassification as “Vulnerable” due to considerable threat from projected range contractions. Exploring the relationship between morphology and RRS revealed that traits such as snout-vent length and relative tail length could serve as potential predictors of extinction risk, offering preliminary metrics for assessing species vulnerability when comprehensive data are unavailable. This study enhances the precision of extinction risk assessment frameworks and demonstrates their capacity to refine and update risk assessments, especially for lesser-known taxa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The state of Rio Grande do Sul has a great diversity of reptile species distributed throughout its territory. Due to human actions, such as habitat fragmentation, these animals have been frequently observed in urban and peri-urban environments. This facilitates the spread of pathogens between animals and humans, posing a unique health risk, as many diseases are considered zoonoses. Leptospirosis is among the most common zoonoses in the world and is caused by pathogenic species of bacteria of the genus Leptospira. The role of reptiles in the cycle of this disease is yet unknown. However, serological studies have demonstrated positivity for antibodies against Leptospira spp. in tortoises and snakes, which may indicate that these animals act in maintaining the pathogen in the environment. This observed the presence of antiLeptospira antibodies in rescued reptiles taken to the Center for Rehabilitation of Wild Fauna and Screening Center for Wild Animals at the Universidade Federal de Pelotas (NURFS-CETAS/UFPEL). Samples were collected from 55 animals (39 Trachemys dorbigni; 3 Philodryas patagoniensis; 3 Caiman latirostris; 3 Salvator merianae; 2 Acanthochelys spixii; 2 Phrynops hilarii; 2 Hydromedusa tectifera; 1 Philodryas aestiva) from August 2022 to December 2023 and tested for 12 reference serovars. Two animals demonstrated positivity, one for the pathogenic serovar Pyrogenes and the other for the pathogenic serovar Canicola. This result reflected the importance of different species besides mammals as potential reservoirs and responsible for maintaining leptospirosis in the environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Skin structure of the slow worm lizard Anguis fragilis (Anguidae, Sauria, Reptilia) with emphasis on the epidermal micro‐ornamentation in relation to the animal movements (Acta Zoologica, Stockholm). The structure of the skin and superficial micro‐ornamentation in the slow worm Anguis fragilis, a limbless lizard with a fossorial activity, was examined using histology, immunofluorescence, scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The scales, with a triangular to trapezoidal shape, are very overlapped and interlocked to form a smooth surface and are reinforced by osteoderms. The epidermis shows a thin Oberhautchen layer merged with a thicker beta‐layer that contains corneous beta‐proteins. The SEM survey detects a smooth surface made of tile‐like patterned Oberhautchen cells with irregular perimeters that form an interlocking surface. Disk‐like sensory organs of 15–20 μm diameter are observed only on the head scales, the first to sense the environment and contact the ground. Numerous Oberhautchen denticles, namely corneous thorns of about 0.2–0.3 μm, adorn the caudally directed perimeter of Oberhautchen cells in the ventral scales of the trunk and tail. This microstructure may determine gripping and increased friction with the substrate during the lateral undulating and forward movements of the slow worm. TEM observations reveal sparse short serrated protrusions of Oberhautchen cells that are largely merged with the underlying beta‐cells. Altogether, the scale surface of the slow worm efficiently suites this limbless lizard to its environment and lifestyle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Veterinarska Stanica is the property of Croatian Veterinary Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the backyard of an urban residence in San Antonio de los Baños, Artemisa Province, Cuba, an adult Leiocephalus c. carinatus Gray, 1827 was observed performing necrophagy over a two-week period. The lizard consumed domestic cockroaches (Periplaneta americana) and a ground beetle (Carabidae), both of which were fully dehydrated and had been dead for at least three weeks. This behavior is the first instance of necrophagy recorded in Cuba for a Leiocephalus species. Additionally, a list of all the recorded cases of necrophagy in this genus is provided.

Abstract Background Malignant dysgerminomas are infrequently reported ovarian neoplasms in animals, especially in exotic pets (non-traditional companion animals [NTCAs]). In the few published case reports on reptilian species, examples are primarily postmortem without antemortem (clinical) assessment. Patient presentation An adult, 13-year-old, spayed female inland bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps) presented with lethargy, a right-sided head tilt, unilateral exophthalmos and ventrotemporal strabismus on the right eye. On examination, a palpable mass (approximately 3.5 cm in diameter) was detected within the mid coelomic cavity. Computed tomography revealed a retrobulbar swelling and lytic bone lesions affecting the right frontal bone and several vertebrae (T11, T13, and T14). Multiple nodules of soft tissue opacity were also detected within the lungs, liver, and coelomic fat bodies. Haematology revealed leukocytosis with heterophilia and toxic granulation of heterophils. On the basis of these results, differential diagnoses included disseminated abscesses, granulomas (e.g., due to mycobacteriosis) and neoplasms. The lizard was subsequently euthanized due to end-stage disease and a poor prognosis. Postmortem gross examination and histopathology revealed a primary ovarian dysgerminoma with evidence of widespread metastasis as well as localized tissue destruction affecting the right retrobulbar space and frontal bone, the spinal column, the lungs, the liver, and both coelomic fat bodies. Conclusions This report describes a case of malignant dysgerminoma with widespread intraosseous and visceral metastases in a captive inland bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps).

Acute lethality usually determined as LD50 is defined as median dose predicted to kill 50 percent of a given test population. LD50 is a statistical estimate of the number of milligram of toxicant per kilo gram of body weight administered by any of the methods like oral, dermal, inhalation, or intravenous and is sufficient to kill 50 percent of the large population of test animals usually within certain time. Determination of LD50 has always been a much controversial subject among biologists and animal ethicists due to painful treatments on large number of animals. However, to assess the toxicity of various chemicals on different organisms Median lethal dose is still being used by toxicologists to determine acute lethality to non-target organisms. In the present study we aimed to determine the LD50 of two carbamate insecticides bendiocarb and carbaryl on a non-target species Calotes versicolor a reptilian model. An approximate LD50 was initially determined as a pilot study by a so called ‘staircase method’ using only 2 animals (for each dose) and increasing the doses of the drug. Five doses 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 mg/kg body weight for bendiocarb and 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 mg/kg body weight for carbaryl were chosen for determination of LD50 starting from no death to 100% mortality. Intraperitoneal LD50 value calculated by regression analysis is 15.57 and 64.97 mg/kg body weight for bendiocarb and carbaryl respectively in male Calotes versicolor. The result confirms that bendiocarb is more potent than carbaryl in Calotes suggesting that bendiocarb may cause death even at smaller doses in comparison to carbaryl. Our results will help in adding to the fact sheet related to carbamate toxicity in reptiles.

The fovea, a pit in the retina, is crucial for high‐acuity vision in humans and is found in the eyes of other vertebrates, including certain primates, birds, lizards, and fish. Despite its importance for vision, our understanding of the mechanisms involved in fovea development remains limited. Widely used ocular research models lack a foveated retina, and studies on fovea development are mostly limited to histological and molecular studies in primates. As a first step toward elucidating fovea development in nonprimate vertebrates, we present a detailed histological atlas of retina and fovea development in the bifoveated Anolis sagrei lizard, a novel reptile model for fovea research. We test the hypothesis that retinal remodeling, leading to fovea formation and photoreceptor cell packing, is related to asymmetric changes in eye shape. Our findings show that anole retina development follows the typical spatiotemporal patterning observed in most vertebrates: retinal neurogenesis starts in the central retina, progresses through the temporal retina, and finishes in the nasal retina. However, the areas destined to become the central or temporal fovea differentiate earlier than the rest of the retina. We observe dynamic changes in retinal thickness during ocular elongation and retraction—thinning during elongation and thickening during retraction. Additionally, a transient localized thickening of the ganglion cell layer occurs in the temporal fovea region just before pit formation. Our data indicate that anole retina development is similar to that of humans, including the onset and progression of retinal neurogenesis, followed by changes in ocular shape and retinal remodeling leading to pit formation. We propose that anoles are an excellent model system for fovea development research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental factors and interspecific interactions, such as competition and facilitation, can shape species' geographic ranges. Here, we tested the relationship between geographic range overlap of squamate sister species, and their divergence in body size, diel activity, and microhabitat use. Competition theory predicts that sister species with similar traits will overlap less geographically than sister pairs with dissimilar traits. However, similar distributions may present similar selective pressures and favour similar adaptations, such that habitat filtering may result in species with more similar traits in sympatry. Across 1434 sister species contrasts, we found little relationship between range overlap and niche divergence. In some models, the divergence in body size and microhabitat use marginally increased with sympatry, while in other models, sympatric sisters had similar activity times. However, the low R‐squared values of almost all these models lend only weak support to predictions from competition or habitat filtering theories. Sympatric sister species within the same biome showed more similar activity times than expected, lending some support to habitat filtering. Niche divergence in allopatry or sympatry, as calculated using a multi‐trait dissimilarity index, did not show a phylogenetic signal, and niches of sister species from different squamate clades did not deviate significantly from the null expectation. Overall, niche divergence or convergence, across the axes we explored, is not a prerequisite for regional species co‐occurrence. We suggest here that the lack of consistent support for either limiting similarity or habitat filtering may reflect that both these forces act as transient phenomena. More fine‐grained analyses, in space and time, would be needed to detect their fingerprints. Thus, coexistence in the face of competition can arise due to various evolutionary and biogeographic mechanisms, acting concurrently or asynchronously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Land-use change is a main threat to biodiversity due to its impact on habitats, especially for species that inhabit mountainous regions. In the face of this, an adequate management requires knowledge of species habitat requirements, but in Chile, few studies have analyzed these requirements in a vulnerable group like reptiles in anthropized environments. A situation relevant to this problem is the Andes of Chile, which are facing increasing levels of anthropization that could affect species such as Liolaemus nigroviridis, a lizard that inhabits areas where urbanization, skiing, livestock, and waste have been increasing. However, there is no available information on the impact of these activities on this species. To analyze the effect of anthropization on L. nigroviridis, a study of habitat use with anthropogenic and natural resources was carried out through the analysis of resource selection indices (in Farellones, central Chile). Our results show that L. nigroviridis is affected by constructions; above a threshold of 15% of built environment, the species is not present. However, small-scale livestock, waste, and roads showed no apparent effects on the species. We concluded that urbanization is one of the main threats to this lizard in Farellones, since it is a determining factor for its presence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Life–history traits such as age at maturity, longevity, growth patterns, and age–size relationships are primary sources to understand the population dynamics of a species. In lizards, short-lived species tend to reach sexual maturity earlier to produce more offspring than those that have longer lifespans, and this causes differences in demographic features. Moreover, these differences can occur even between populations of a single species, depending on temperature, food availability, and other environmental factors. In this respect, the life–history characteristics of Eremias pleskei are addressed for the first time in this study. The findings indicate that males have larger bodies consistent with higher growth coefficients than females. Moreover, the mean and maximum age were higher in males, as supported by greater survival rates and adult life expectancy. At a large scale, the obtained values resemble other representative species in the same genus. In this study, the life–history traits of Eremias pleskei are presented for the first time. A total of 27 samples (17 ♂♂ and 10 ♀♀) from Iğdır Province, Türkiye, were aged using skeletochronology. Student's t-test was performed to compare mean differences in the variables between sexes. The relationships between age and snout–vent length (SVL) were determined through correlation. Growth patterns were estimated based on the von Bertalanffy equation. Lastly, survival rate and adult life expectancy were calculated for each sex. The mean SVL was 52.93 ± 1.28 mm in males and 46.23 ± 1.55 in females. The mean age was 4.88 ± 0.43 years and 3.20 ± 0.29 years for males and females, respectively. Correlation analysis revealed that age and SVL were highly correlated in males (r = 0.49) and females (r = 0.75). The growth coefficient (K) was found to be 0.28 ± 0.18 in females and 0.62 ± 0.25 in males. The survival rate was 57.14% in females and 75.38% in males. The adult life expectancy was calculated at 2.83 years and 4.56 years in females and males, respectively. To sum up, males were larger than females, indicating male-biased sexual size dimorphism (SDI: −0.144). In addition, males had a greater mean age and longevity (max male age: 8 yr; max female age: 5 yr). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In ectothermic animals, elevational gradients, such as mountainous environments, are often associated with shifts in body size, although patterns differ across taxa and contexts. Mountain landscapes are characterised by relatively rapid shifts in biotic and abiotic conditions along an elevational gradient, commonly referred to as elevational zonation. Such zonation can reduce the geographic scale at which organisms experience the effects of climate change. The upslope range shifts will expose organisms at the colonization front to sub-optimal conditions. We can expect these challenging conditions to influence many life-history traits including growth rates and reproductive output. We tested the hypothesis that body size varies across elevational gradients in a contemporary montane colonizer, the common wall lizard (Podarcis muralis). Further, we assessed active body temperatures and available environmental temperatures in an attempt to discern a potential abiotic factor that might drive such a pattern. We quantified body size in lizards along four replicate transects ranging from 400 to 2400 m above sea level in the Pyrenees. Male body size decreased with increasing elevation. While female body size was invariant, females at higher elevation exhibited lower body condition. These results suggest that the effects of abiotic limitations or selective pressures experienced at the high-elevation colonisation front are sex-specific. Furthermore, lizards from both sexes were able to maintain similar field active body temperatures across elevation, despite reduced ambient temperature. If available temperatures limit activity periods or necessitate higher thermoregulatory investment, as suggested by our results, then further warming may benefit lizards and favour further upslope migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Malignant dysgerminomas are infrequently reported ovarian neoplasms in animals, especially in exotic pets (non-traditional companion animals [NTCAs]). In the few published case reports on reptilian species, examples are primarily postmortem without antemortem (clinical) assessment. Patient presentation: An adult, 13-year-old, spayed female inland bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps) presented with lethargy, a right-sided head tilt, unilateral exophthalmos and ventrotemporal strabismus on the right eye. On examination, a palpable mass (approximately 3.5 cm in diameter) was detected within the mid coelomic cavity. Computed tomography revealed a retrobulbar swelling and lytic bone lesions affecting the right frontal bone and several vertebrae (T11, T13, and T14). Multiple nodules of soft tissue opacity were also detected within the lungs, liver, and coelomic fat bodies. Haematology revealed leukocytosis with heterophilia and toxic granulation of heterophils. On the basis of these results, differential diagnoses included disseminated abscesses, granulomas (e.g., due to mycobacteriosis) and neoplasms. The lizard was subsequently euthanized due to end-stage disease and a poor prognosis. Postmortem gross examination and histopathology revealed a primary ovarian dysgerminoma with evidence of widespread metastasis as well as localized tissue destruction affecting the right retrobulbar space and frontal bone, the spinal column, the lungs, the liver, and both coelomic fat bodies. Conclusions: This report describes a case of malignant dysgerminoma with widespread intraosseous and visceral metastases in a captive inland bearded dragon (Pogona vitticeps). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biological invasions are a growing threat to native ecosystems, and genomic studies have become an increasingly useful tool for invasive species management by providing the ability to identify spatial population structure in the invaded range. In this study, we compared the spatial genetic structure of two ecologically distinct non-native lizard species both established and widespread throughout South Florida, a global hotspot for reptile invasions. We used an individual-based sampling approach to collect genetic samples of Agama picticauda, a rock specialist native to West Africa, and Basiliscus vittatus, a riparian specialist from Central and South America. We collected specimens across Miami-Dade County (the original site of introduction) and then genotyped ~ 4000 single nucleotide polymorphisms for each species. Both species exhibited fine-scale population structure at distances < 5 km for A. picticauda and < 10 km for B. vitattus, but at the county scale B. vittatus showed much stronger spatial structure compared to A. picticauda. Landscape genomic analysis revealed no significant landscape influence on A. picticauda genetic differentiation, while for B. vittatus low canopy cover was the best predictor of genetic connectivity. The genetic structure of both species may suggest human-aided dispersal is driving long distance movements, and A. picticauda appear more susceptible to these events likely due to their affinity for highly urbanized areas. By identifying variable dispersal patterns among two ecologically distinct species, we hope that this study will help combat the spread of these or similar species as they continue to arrive at urban centers across the globe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The establishment of CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing in Anolis sagrei has positioned this species as a powerful model for studies of reptilian gene function. To enhance this model, we developed an immortalized lizard fibroblast cell line (ASEC-1) for the exploration of reptilian gene function in cellular processes. We demonstrate the use of this cell line by scrutinizing the role of primary cilia in lizard Hedgehog (Hh) signaling. Using CRISPR/Cas9 mutagenesis, we disrupted the ift88 gene, which is required for ciliogenesis in diverse organisms. We determined that loss of itf88 from lizard cells leads to an absence of primary cilia, a partial derepression of gli1 transcription, and an inability of the cells to respond to the Smoothened agonist, SAG. Through a cross-species analysis of SAG-induced transcriptional responses in cultured limb bud cells, we further determined that ~46% of genes induced as a response to Hh pathway activation in A. sagrei are also SAG responsive in Mus musculus limb bud cells. Our results highlight conserved and diverged aspects of Hh signaling in anoles and establish a new resource for investigations of reptilian gene function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Otolithic endorgans such as the saccule were thought to be strictly vestibular in amniotes (reptiles, birds, and mammals), with little evidence supporting the auditory function found in fish and amphibians (frogs and salamanders). Here, we demonstrate an auditory role for the saccule in the tokay gecko (Gekko gecko). The nucleus vestibularis ovalis (VeO) in the hindbrain exclusively receives input from the saccule and projects to the auditory midbrain, the torus semicircularis, via an ascending pathway parallel to cochlear pathways. Single-unit recordings show that VeO is exquisitely sensitive to low-frequency vibrations. Moreover, VeO is present in other lepidosaurs, including snakes and Sphenodon. These findings indicate that the ancestral auditory function of the saccule is likely preserved at least in the lepidosaurian lineage of amniotes and mediates sensitive encoding of vibration. [Display omitted] [Display omitted] • The saccule in the tokay gecko inner ear projects to brainstem nucleus VeO • VeO neurons respond to low-frequency vibration • VeO projects to the higher-order auditory nuclei, including the auditory midbrain • Found in all lepidosaurs examined so far Han and Carr demonstrate a connection between the saccule and the auditory midbrain of the tokay gecko, relayed by nucleus vestibularis ovalis (VeO) in the hindbrain. In vivo recordings show VeO is sensitive to low-frequency vibrations, which are likely perceived concomitantly with sound. VeO is found in all lepidosaurs examined so far. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mimics are under selection from a community of predators possessing different perception abilities and modes of prey capture, yet the efficacy of Batesian/Müllerian mimicry in a mimetic complex has typically been tested using a single predator. The males of Eresus spiders appear to mimic black-and-red colored insects and in particular ladybird beetles. Here, we tested the hypothesis of defensive mimicry in this species using 3 co-occurring visually oriented predators: mantids, lizards, and birds, possessing different visual abilities (di- and tetrachromatic vision). We compared 2 salient traits (movement and coloration) of Eresus males and 3 putative co-mimics (Coccinella septempunctata , Graphosoma italicum , Pyrrhocoris apterus). We found that Eresus spiders are far more mobile than the co-mimics, and this could make them unprofitable due to efficient evasion. According to visual models, all 3 predators should not be able to distinguish the coloration of Eresus from that of 2 co-mimics. The natural diet of the green lizard revealed that lizards captured on average Eresus spiders as frequently as co-mimics. In predation trials, mantises captured Eresus males at greater latency but with similar frequency as co-mimics. In the predation experiment, both hand-reared and wild-caught great tits captured Eresus males far more frequently than Coccinella beetles. Eresus males were palatable to all 3 predators consistent with the Batesian form of mimicry, but when considering evasion abilities, they could be classified as quasi-Batesian mimics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colour polymorphic species often exhibit variation in morphology, physiology, and behaviour among morphs. In particular, dominance status may be signalled by the interaction between behaviour and colour morph. Behavioural traits associated with dominance include boldness, exploration, and aggression, which influence access to preferred habitat, territorial defence, and mate acquisition. In ectotherms, the social structure associated with morphs may result in the exploitation of structural niches differing in thermal quality. Hence, social interactions among morphs may generate concordant variation in thermal preference and environmental temperature. However, few studies have assessed thermal preference variation in colour polymorphic species and its covariation with behaviour. Doing so can provide insight into niche specialization and the maintenance of colour polymorphism in populations. Here, we investigated the patterns of covariation in boldness behaviour, exploratory behaviour, and thermal preference in the tree lizard, Urosaurus ornatus. We assessed trait variation between territorial and non‐territorial male morphs and between orange and yellow female morphs. Boldness and exploratory behaviour were repeatable in male U. ornatus and bolder individuals were significantly more likely to incur tail loss, a potential consequence of bold behaviour. Territorial male morphs were significantly bolder and more exploratory and preferred higher body temperatures with a narrower Tset than non‐territorial morphs. Female morphs did not vary in behavioural or thermal traits. This study highlights behavioural mechanisms that underly ecological niche segregation and variable habitat use between morphs in a colour polymorphic species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales is the property of Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Fisicas y Naturales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

An organism's gut microbiota can change in response to novel environmental conditions, in particular when colonisation of new habitats is accompanied by shifts in the host species' ecology. Here, we investigated the gut microbiota of three lizard species (A. inornata, H. maculata and S. cowlesi) from their ancestral-like habitat in the Chihuahuan desert and two colonised habitats with contrasting geological and ecological compositions: the White Sands and Carrizozo lava flow. The host species and the lizards' environment both shape gut microbiota composition, but host effects were overall stronger. Further, we found evidence that colonisation of the same environment by independent host species led to parallel changes of the gut microbiota, whereas the colonisation of two distinct environments by the same host species led to gut microbiota divergence. Some of the gut microbiota changes that accompanied the colonisation of the White Sands were associated with shifts in diet (based on diet information from previous studies), which is congruent with the general observation that trophic ecology has a strong effect on gut microbiota composition. Our study provides insights into how shifts in host ecology accompanying colonisation of novel environments can affect gut microbiota composition and diversity.

Background: Dog and cat bites are the most common animal bites in humans. Lizard bites are rare and can cause significant morbidity. There are over 3000 species of lizards, but only two are venomous and medically significant. Larger lizards have been reported to bite humans, but no cases have been documented of smaller geckos doing this. This case report aims to raise awareness of the potential threat that smaller lizards pose, especially to children. Case Report: A 2-year-old child was bitten on the left ear by a gecko, resulting in multiple lacerations. After primary assessment and stabilization, the wound was irrigated and dressed with a Bat’s ear dressing. Intravenous antibiotics were administered, and the wound was sutured five days later. The child was discharged with a one-week course of oral antibiotics. Discussion: Lizard bites can cause significant morbidity, especially in children. While geckos are not poisonous, they can defend themselves with their teeth and cause harm to humans. The Gila monster and Mexican beaded lizard are the only venomous species. Management of lizard bites is similar to other animal bites, and wound irrigation is crucial. Antibiotic prophylaxis should be considered on a case-by-case basis. Delayed primary closure may be an option for wound management. Conclusions: This case report highlights the need for awareness and appropriate management of lizard bites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Common blue-tongued skinks (Tiliqua scincoides) are popular pets due to their docile temper. Because of their popularity, they are routinely presented to veterinarians for examinations or procedures; however, to date, there has been limited research evaluating sedation protocols for this species. This study aimed to test different sedation combinations in these skinks: alfaxalone alone, alfaxalone with midazolam, dexmedetomidine with midazolam, and a combination of alfaxalone, dexmedetomidine, and midazolam. All four combinations provided safe sedation, but there were different physiologic responses noted. According to our trials, the combinations of all three drugs or alfaxalone with midazolam are recommended for minor procedures. Common blue-tongued skinks (Tiliqua scincoides) are popular pet reptiles; however, there has been limited research to investigate sedatives for this species. The purpose of this study was to measure the physiologic effects of four combinations of alfaxalone, dexmedetomidine, and midazolam for minor procedures such as intubation and blood collection. Eleven common blue-tongued skinks (Tiliqua scincoides) were used for this prospective, randomized cross-over study. The subcutaneous combinations were used as follows: 20 mg/kg alfaxalone (A); 10 mg/kg alfaxalone and 1 mg/kg midazolam (AM); 0.1 mg/kg dexmedetomidine and 1 mg/kg midazolam (DM); and 5 mg/kg alfaxalone, 0.05 mg/kg dexmedetomidine, and 0.5 mg/kg midazolam (ADM). Heart rate, respiratory rate, palpebral reflex, righting reflex, escape reflex, toe pinch withdrawal reflex, tongue flicking, and the possibility of intubation were recorded at baseline and every 5 min for 60 min. Venous blood gases were measured at baseline, full sedation, and recovery. Heart and respiratory rates decreased significantly in all groups, but the reductions were most prominent in DM and ADM. Analgesic effects, as measured by the toe pinch withdrawal reflex, were only observed in DM and ADM. Intubation was possible in all four protocols; however, it was not possible in two DM skinks. Based on these trials, ADM and AM are recommended for minor procedures in blue-tongue skinks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Behavioural thermoregulation has critical ecological and physiological consequences that profoundly influence individual fitness and species distributions, particularly in the context of climate change. However, field monitoring of this behaviour remains labour‐intensive and time‐consuming. With the rise of camera‐based surveys and artificial intelligence (AI) approaches in computer vision, we should try to build better tools for characterizing animals' behavioural thermoregulation.In this study, we developed a deep learning framework to automate the detection and classification of thermoregulation behaviour. We used lizards, the Rough‐tail rock agama (Laudakia vulgaris), as a model animal for thermoregulation. We colour‐marked the lizards and curated a diverse dataset of images captured by trail cameras under semi‐natural conditions. Subsequently, we trained an object‐detection model to identify lizards and image classification models to determine their microclimate usage (activity in sun or shade), which may indicate thermoregulation preferences. We then evaluated the performance of each model and analysed how the classification of thermoregulating lizards performed under different solar conditions (sun or shade), times of day and marking colours.Our framework's models achieved high scores in several performance metrics. The behavioural thermoregulation classification model performed significantly better on sun‐basking lizards, achieving the highest classification accuracy with white‐marked lizards. Moreover, the hours of activity and the microclimate choices (sun vs shade‐seeking behaviour) of lizards, generated by our framework, are closely aligned with manually annotated data.Our study underscores the potential of AI in effectively tracking behavioural thermoregulation, offering a promising new direction for camera trap studies. This approach can potentially reduce the labour and time associated with ecological data collection and analysis and help gain a deeper understanding of species' thermal preferences and risks of climate change on species behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate change may affect the survival and reproduction of ectotherms. The toad‐headed lizard Phrynocephalus theobaldi, which holds the distinction of occupying the highest elevation among all reptile species on Earth, with an elevational range from 3600 to 5000 m, represents an ideal model for studying the adaptations to climatic changes across elevational gradients. Here, we used mechanistic and hybrid species distribution models (HSDM) together with characteristic measurements of thermal biology (CTmax, CTmin, and Tsel) to simulate and compare the distribution and activity periods of the lizard across elevations in response to climate change. NicheMapR simulations using only climate factors predicted that all populations will be negatively impacted by climate change (+3°C) by suffering a reduced distribution. However, the impact was clearly reduced in simulations that accounted for thermal physiological traits. Longer activity periods were predicted for all populations during climate change. The suitable distribution is predicted to change slightly, with an increase anticipated for both high and low elevation populations. However, the forecast indicates a more pronounced increase in suitable habitats for populations at higher elevations (>4200 m) compared to those at lower elevations (<4200 m). This study underscores the key influence of climate change on population establishment and stresses the importance of physiological traits in distribution simulation for future studies to understand the potential constraints in animal adaptation to extreme high environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cryptococcus is an encapsulated yeast that is found in both yeast and hyphal forms. Cryptococcus neoformans and C. gattii are the most medically important species, causing disease in both immunocompromised and immunocompetent individuals. A large, friable, sublingual mass was surgically resected from the oral cavity of a pink‐tongued skink (Cyclodomorphus gerarrdii). Histopathology, fungal culture and PCR testing with Sanger sequencing confirmed granulomatous inflammation containing large numbers of yeasts identified as Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii. Surgical excision and treatment with oral amphotericin B and terbinafine was unsuccessful in managing the infection. On Day 67 after surgery, Cryptococcus DNA was detected by PCR in the blood but not oral, cloacal or skin swabs. The skink was euthanised 72 days after surgery due to anorexia, weight loss and progressive neurological signs of disease. Necropsy results showed disseminated cryptococcosis, including meningoencephalitis and ventriculitis. Two in‐contact pink‐tongued skinks remained asymptomatic and PCR‐negative during 198 days of observation. This case suggests Cryptococcus infections should be considered for oral masses presenting with or without neurological signs in skinks. Further investigation is required to determine the best treatment options for disseminated cryptococcosis in reptiles. This report describes the third reported case of Cryptococcus in a reptile and the first case of cryptococcosis in a pink‐tongued skink. It is also the first report of Cryptococcus in a reptile identified to the variety level using PCR, including in whole blood samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study aims to investigate the urban colonization of the Asian water monitor (Varanus salvator) across its entire range of distribution, addressing the paucity of research on this species in urban ecosystems. The research spans the geographic range of the Asian water monitor, focusing on urbanized areas where the species accumulates more observations (Bangkok, Colombo, Jakarta, Kuala Lumpur and Singapore). Methods: We conducted a systematic review to comprehensively assess the current knowledge of the species' presence in cities. Additionally, citizen science data from repositories like GBIF (Global Biodiversity Information facility) were utilized to analyze the distribution patterns of V. salvator in urban environments. To elucidate urban distribution and correct collection biases, observations were weighted by sampling effort, using as a proxy all squamate occurrences available from 2010–2023, including V. salvator. Results: Despite the widespread presence of the Asian water monitor in numerous cities within its distribution range, the available studies on the topic appear to be scarce. Existing research primarily consists of descriptive reports on diet and behavior. Our findings indicate that V. salvator predominantly colonizes green patches in urban areas, such as parks and small gardens. Larger cities exhibit higher records, potentially due to both permanent populations and increased citizen science reporting. Conclusions: The Asian water monitor, as the largest lizard with established populations in cities, remains scarcely studied on a broader scale. However, the urban design of each city seems relevant to understand the distribution patterns within each context. Our study highlights the need for further research to explore the ecological and human dimensions associated with the species' presence in urban environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite being a central aspect of a species' ecology and having important conservation implications, the use of fine‐scale habitat features (microhabitats), and how they vary over time, are poorly known for most species. In this study, we leveraged 522 relocations of radio‐tracked mallee tree dragons (Amphibolurus norrisi) and painted dragons (Ctenophorus pictus) to investigate the effect of environmental and individual variables on microhabitat use. Mallee tree dragons were more likely to use trees on hot days and in the middle of the day (the hottest time of day), whereas shrub use was more likely on cool days and in the mornings. Painted dragons were more likely to use shrubs and grass trees on warmer days and during the middle of the day, whereas burrows were used during cooler days and in the mornings and afternoons. We expect these patterns represent animals moving from refuge resources, occupied during unsuitable thermal conditions, to microhabitats offering basking, foraging and social opportunities during periods of thermal optimum. Additionally, we found evidence of an ontogenetic shift, with larger mallee tree dragons favouring tree use and higher perches, suggesting a transition from shrub to tree use with age. Our findings underscore the need for diverse microhabitats to accommodate the thermoregulatory and ontogenetic requirements of lizards. These insights can inform conservation and habitat restoration efforts, ensuring the provision of essential microhabitats to support species persistence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to determine the current distribution of Anatololacerta anatolica by using known locations and then to model possible changes in the species distribution against the climate change scenarios, compare the current and the expected future distributions of the species, and provide information for conservation activities. The current distribution of Anatolian Rock Lizard was determined by field trips made during 2019 and 2020. The coordinates of 79 GPS data were obtained from the field trips, and 78 GPS data were collected from the literature survey. Totally, 157 GPS data of Anatololacerta anatolica species were eliminated. IPCC representative Carbon Concentration Pathways (RCP) scenarios (RCP-2.6, 4.5, 6, 8.5) for 2020, 2050 and 2070. Nineteen different bioclimatic variables were obtained from the WorldClim database, and the current and future distributions of the species were modeled using ecological niche modeling. The results of the models were converted into polygon data, and then their surface areas, centroids (the center of mass or center of gravity), displacement of centroids, and their movement directions were calculated and compared. Out of 19 bioclimatic variables, Isothermality, Temperature Seasonality, Minimum Temperature of Coldest Month, Mean Temperature of Wettest Quarter, and Precipitation of Driest Month were found to be the contributing factors explaining the distribution of the species. The current distribution model's Area Under Curve (AUC) value has an explanatory value of 0,901. Significant shifts up to 100 km change in centroids and 550 km change in peripheral regions are expected to happen mainly in northern and northeastern areas. At the same time, it loses some regions located in the south and western parts of Turkey. Nevertheless, such shifts also depend on many other ecological factors besides climate. Therefore, monitoring and conservation of the species are recommended to be put into practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colours relay information to conspecifics and predators unique to an environment and are shaped by natural selection favouring colours that enable higher fitness. For decades, ecologists have grappled with various methods of quantifying colour. Spectrophotometers offer precise and accurate data, but their high price limits accessibility. Here we test the validity of an accessible method of quantifying colour. We analysed photographs from four species of Anolis lizards from urban and forest habitats. We compared dewlap colour in order to determine if photographic analysis can detect inter- and intraspecific differences with the same power as a spectrophotometer. We hypothesized that photographs would capture colour data comparable to a spectrophotometer within the visible light range, and that habitat divergence would be associated with intraspecific differences in dewlap. We demonstrate, as hypothesized, that photographic colour data are consistent with spectrophotometer data and capable of differentiating dewlap variation within the visible light spectrum. Differences in colour between urban and forest populations were significant for some but not all species, and the part of the colour spectrum that shifted was not consistent across species. Our results support photographic analysis as an alternative for quantifying colour to study both inter- and intraspecific variation in visible colour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tail regeneration in lizards derives from the formation of a regenerative blastema. Numerous snoRNAs exclusively up-regulated in the regenerating tail but absent in the scarring limb of the lizard Podarcis muralis have been detected suggesting they are key genes for regeneration. While most snord-, snora-and scarna-RNAs are activators of protein synthesis and cell proliferation (oncogenes) some may also be tumour suppressors. A tail blastema of 2-3 mm in length consists of proliferating mesenchymal cells, fibroblasts and keratinocytes with active nucleoli, rosette-patterned ribosomes and few rough endoplasmic cisternae. In few days, the blastema grows into a new tail indicating intense protein synthesis within this short period. A quantitative RT-PCR analysis of snord87, snord26, snord74, snora63, scarna11, U2 and U4 shows that, aside snord87, the other ncRNAs are up-regulated, particularly, U2, U4 and scarna11. These ncRNAs might regulate the rate of production of ribosomes from the nucleolus (snora-and snord-RNAs), the splicing process (snord-and scarna-RNAs, U2 and U4), the speed of protein synthesis (snora-and snord-RNAs) and cell proliferation in the blastema. These non-coding- RNAs are hypothesized to intensify the production of more functional ribosomes that accelerate the rate of protein synthesis and rapid growth of the blastema into a new tail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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As urbanization expands globally, human–wildlife interactions will inevitably increase. Here, we analysed 10 years of wildlife rehabilitation records of squamate (snake and lizard) reptiles (n = 37 075) from the Greater Sydney region, New South Wales, Australia, to explore their value to address management and conservation issues. Rescues were highly non-random regarding taxonomic focus, spatial occurrences and temporal trends due to the combined influence of (i) reptile phenology and behaviour and (ii) human perceptions of reptiles. Seasonal peaks in rescues reflect reptile and, to a lesser extent, human activity. Spatial patterns of rescues were informative about distributions and presence of easily identified taxa but were primarily driven by human presence. Larger squamate species were rescued more frequently, potentially reflecting a perception of greater danger or rescue priority. While uncommon species were often misidentified, accurate reports of these taxa may guide targeted surveys. The value of these data for conservation and management could be enhanced by emphasizing reptile identification training of volunteers and use of applications for informed species identification. Wildlife rehabilitation data offer a cost-effective means of quantifying thousands of human–reptile interactions, identifying foci (in both time and space) of human–wildlife conflict such as snakebite risk and roadkill-related reptile mortality.

Explaining biodiversity is a fundamental issue in ecology. A long-standing puzzle lies in the paradox of the plankton: many species of plankton feeding on a limited variety of resources coexist, apparently flouting the competitive exclusion principle (CEP), which holds that the number of predator (consumer) species cannot exceed that of the resources at a steady state. Here, we present a mechanistic model and demonstrate that intraspecific interference among the consumers enables a plethora of consumer species to coexist at constant population densities with only one or a handful of resource species. This facilitated biodiversity is resistant to stochasticity, either with the stochastic simulation algorithm or individual-based modeling. Our model naturally explains the classical experiments that invalidate the CEP, quantitatively illustrates the universal S-shaped pattern of the rank-abundance curves across a wide range of ecological communities, and can be broadly used to resolve the mystery of biodiversity in many natural ecosystems.

(1) Background: Although Physaloptera retusa is one of the most widespread species infecting reptiles in the Americas, numerous taxonomic problems and little genetic data are associated with it. To clarify the taxonomy of this species, we used an integrative approach. (2) Methods: Physaloptera retusa-infecting Erythrolamprus typhlus (snake) from the Pantanal wetlands, Brazil, was morphologically and genetically characterised (18S and 28S rDNA; COI mtDNA) and compared with conspecific sequences available in GenBank, from parasites of Tupinambis teguixin (lizard), using species delimitation methods. Type specimens of P. liophis were re-evaluated given its morphological similarities with P. retusa. (3) Results: The morphology of the present specimens was equal to that of P. retusa, in which the only difference from P. liophis was the relative position of the vulva. Species delimitation methods were more accurate for the COI dataset; all of them (except ABGD) indicated interspecificity among P. retusa sequences. However, a lack of morphological data or voucher material, associated with the deposited sequences, prevented more assertive conclusions. (4) Conclusions: The present results highlight the importance of a clear association between genetic data and morphology of the isolation source, or at least its adequate vouchering. Moreover, P. retusa may represent a species complex in cryptic speciation, since it is widespread and has low hosts specificity.

Haemogregarine (Apicomplexa: Adeleorina) parasites are considered to be the most common and widespread haemoparasites in reptiles. The genus Hepatozoon (Apicomplexa: Adeleorina: Hepatozoidae) can be found parasitizing a broad range of species and, in reptiles, they infect mainly peripheral blood erythrocytes. The present study detected and characterized a haemogregarine isolated from the lizard species, Ameiva ameiva, collected from the municipality of Capanema, Pará state, north Brazil. Blood smears and imprints from lungs, brain, heart, kidney, liver, bone marrow and spleen were observed using light microscopy and the parasite was genetically identified by molecular analysis. Morphological, morphometric and molecular data were obtained. Parasite gamonts were found in 49.5% (55/111) of the blood smears from A. ameiva, and were characterized as oval, averaging 12.0 ± 0.8 × 5.9 ± 0.6 μm2 in size, which displaced the nuclei of parasitized monocytes laterally. Parasite forms resembling immature gamonts were observed in the spleen and bone marrow of the lizards. Furthermore, phylogenetic analyses of 18S rRNA sequences did not reveal gene similarity with other Hepatozoon spp. sequences from reptiles. Thus, morphological and molecular analyses have identified a new species of Hepatozoon parasite, Hepatozoon lainsoni sp. nov., which infects monocytes of the A. ameiva lizard.

Reptile white blood cell (WBC) morphological features are strikingly variable across species. In the Argentine black and white tegu (Salvator merianae), red tegu (Salvator rufescens), and Savannah monitor (Varanus exanthematicus), previous reports described a WBC type with a single distinct, clear, linear- to ovoid- to crescent-shaped inclusion of presumptive monocytic origin. The objective of this study was to further investigate the origin of this unique WBC type with crescent-shaped inclusions. Blood samples from two Argentine black and white tegus, tegu 1, a 4-year-old female, and tegu 2, a 2-year-old presumed male, were submitted for routine hematological evaluation. Additional blood films were prepared and stained with these cytochemical stains: alkaline phosphatase (ALP; naphthol AS-MX phosphate substrate), alpha-naphthyl butyrate esterase, alphachloroacetate esterase, myeloperoxidase, Periodic acid-Schiff, and Sudan black B. Blood films from tegu 1 were also stained with a second ALP stain (5-bromo- 4-chloro-3-indoxyl-phosphate and nitroblue tetrazolium substrate), Luna, luxol fast blue, and toluidine blue. The blood from tegu 1 was cytocentrifuged to isolate and fix the buffy coat in glutaraldehyde 2.5% aqueous solution for transmission electron microscopy. Six morphologically distinct WBC types were identified from tegu 1, including heterophils, basophils, monocytes, azurophils, lymphocytes, and the unique WBC type, which were identified as eosinophils with inclusions. WBC types in tegu 2 were similar; however, eosinophils lacked a discernable inclusion. Proper WBC identification will be useful in obtaining accurate hemogram data for this species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]