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One of the most important manifestations of civic behavior is social activity, related to the community nature of activities, the basis of which should be the conscious and common articulation, implementation and defense of the interests, needs and aspirations of a given social group by its members. Civic activity includes primarily the articulation of the interests of a given social group, control of government activities, civic protests, participation in the processes of preparing and making decisions at various levels of government, and independent management of specific public spheres by directly satisfying social needs, including the need for security. Although traditionally the state remains the most important security entity, its dominant position is expanding to other entities -- citizens, society and local communities. The security of a given community can therefore be guaranteed only when, in addition to state entities, members of this community are also involved in its creation. For civic activity to become a sine qua non condition for ensuring the safety of local communities, it must be permanent and formalized. It finds its fullest expression in democratic societies in the third sector, i.e. non-governmental organizations. The aim of the article is to identify the role that the activity of members of these communities organized in non-governmental organizations plays in ensuring the safety of local communities. The article also aims to identify factors that favor and disfavor the creation of grassroots social initiatives in conditions of deficiencies in civil society, which allow for a more complete understanding of the opportunities and challenges related to the use of social potential to ensure the security of local communities. The basic research technique used in the article was content analysis. The article analyzes mainly the content of the literature on the subject. Available source materials and existing legal acts were also used. The results of research on the functioning of the third sector in Poland were also analyzed in the text. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Law & Security / Prawo i Bezpieczeństwo is the property of Jagiellonian University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The management of crime and disorder is increasingly based not only on criminal law, but also on administrative law. This paper deals with the question of how this double strategy can be understood from the perspective of institutional logics. This analysis is based upon a study in the Netherlands about the use of administrative powers in relation to criminal law. Special attention is paid to the relations between local government and the police. The study concentrates on three different administrative powers: the area ban, the closure of premises, and the power to refuse or revoke subsidies and permits if there is a risk that these may facilitate criminal activities. The study shows that the two logics may conflict, but also that new combinations of logics are created. These may create new tensions that result, in particular, from the dominance of criminal law over the administrative logic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Zeszyty Prawnicze Biuro Analiz Sejmowej is the property of Kancelaria Sejmu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Internal Security is the property of Police Academy in Szczytno and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objectives Safety management is a specific process, which should take into account building societal resistance based on flexibility and elasticity of its components. The goal of the paper is to present resilience indices/measures with coexistence of stability and change as well a specific homeostasis accompanied by dynamic evolution that guarantees sustainable development Material and methods Methodology based on approaches adopted among others by the UNU-IAS - SEPLS and selected literature sources allowed the establishment of a set of criteria meant to assist in compilation of input data for needs of analyses of mesoregions. In addition results of the research process were verified/subjected to testing during interviews carried out among community members and representatives of local authorities. All those materials were analysed in a synthetic manner and allowed achieving the assumed goal Results According to the sociological approach, based on the theory of community development and trust culture as well as on an approach assuming the concept of system resilience, a wide set of indicators has been established which form a starting point for further studies in this field. The deliberations took into account not only a subjective perception of security, but also its measurable variables Conclusions The paper has both a theoretical and a practical dimension. The concept of resilience is quite effective under the general theory of systems. However, in situations when systemic formulations tens to hinder rather than help provide clarifications, a different interpretation may be justified. This may happen in case of building societal resistance, limiting the risk of hazards, which seems to be to a bigger extent related with transformation than with preserving “the state of the system”.

In many countries, the police, as a part of public administration, have witnessed many changes during the last few years. This article explores the process of the reform of the Polish police force, which took place between 2015 and 2017. Doing so examines in detail the process of implementing an IT tool – The National Security Threat Map – by paying particular attention to the mechanism of engaging external stakeholders. This study is conceptual but empirically focused. The paper posits that, despite the hierarchical nature of the police administration structure, it is possible to build an engagement of external stakeholders.

The article aims at studying the results of and prospects for the further implementation of the European Green Deal, a roadmap for sustainable nature management. The research results prove the expediency of implementing the European Green Deal aimed at providing balanced nature management amidst decentralization processes. Taking into consideration the content of the "European Green Deal" communiqu? provisions presented by the European Commission, the key areas for its implementation are presented. In particular, such areas are as follows: modernization and transformation of the economy in order to improve the climate; production of clean, affordable and safe energy; mobilization of industry towards a circular economy; intensification of the transiting to sustainable and intelligent mobility; development of a fair, healthy and environmentally friendly food system for the population. It is substantiated that the effective implementation of the Green Deal ideas requires national public authorities to form a holistic vision of the stages of its multilevel implementation, with respect to the economic, social and environmental peculiarities of modern Ukraine. Such an implementation requires an urgent and extensive public discussion of its key points. It has been proved that at the level of legislation and rule-making it is necessary to take a whole range of measures to update the current legal provisions concerning the environment, as well as to adopt a number of qualitatively new ones that would fully comply with the EU policy. In fact, a new paradigm for the development of the Ukrainian state and society in the coming years should center on the standardization and environmentalization of economic, political and legal institutional foundations of their functioning.

The article purpose aims at studying the results of and prospects for further implementing the European participatory model of local security management of territorial communities amidst the local government reform in Ukraine. The research results show that it is worth implementing the European participatory model of governing united territorial communities as a means of forming their local security, activating and accumulating their adaptability. The author of the article understands the local security of territorial communities term as a state guaranteeing protection to the population’s vital interests, resistance to internal and external threats, ability to operate sustainably and progressively. Under the conditions of decentralization, the key factor for its formation is the community’s endogenous potential, which proves the feasibility of using the participatory approach as a tool for activating and accumulating adaptability. Some participatory management tools are already being used successfully at the local level and have confirmed their effectiveness. The analysis of the unite territorial communities (UTCs) in the Zhytomyr region made by the amount of income of the joint purse per 1 inhabitant in 2019 allowed to single out 3 groups of UTCs according to their income. Arguments have been suggested that further active application of the European participation experience (online questionnaires and discussions of initiatives, implementation of comprehensive programs to cover the activities of communities, etc.) will help increase the local security of communities. The scientific results received serve as the methodological basis for substantiating the proposals to increase the UTCs’ local security by intensifying the implementation of the European experience in participatory management.

Copyright of Security: Theory & Practice / Bezpieczeństwo.Teoria i Praktyka is the property of Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski Krakow University, AFM Publishing Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Scientific Journal of the Military University of Land Forces is the property of Gen. Tadeusz Kosciuszko Military Academy of Land Forces and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Goal: The present pandemic situation has revealed system imperfections and gaps in holistic management of societal resilience. Yet it should be borne in mind that the catalogue of potential hazards is extensive and comprises an entire spectrum of threats that affect the functioning of societies. Safety management is a specific process, which should take into account building societal resistance based on flexibility and elasticity of its components. The goal of the paper is to present resilience indices/measures with coexistence of stability and change as well a specific homeostasis accompanied by dynamic evolution that guarantees sustainable development. Method: Methodology based on approaches adopted among others by the United Nations University Institute for the Advanced Study of Sustainability (UNU-IAS)-SEPLS and selected literature sources allowed the establishment of a set of criteria meant to assist in compilation of input data for needs of analyses of mesoregions. In addition results of the research process were verified/subjected to testing during interviews carried out among community members and representatives of local authorities. All those materials were analysed in a synthetic manner and allowed achieving the assumed goal. Results: A developed catalogue of indices that may be used to measure local societal resilience aimed at facilitating the identification of shortcomings in security systems, subsystems and entities assigned with the implementation of tasks for the sustainable development of the community. According to the sociological approach, based on the theory of community development and trust culture as well as on an approach assuming the concept of system resilience, a wide set of indicators has been established which form a starting point for further studies in this field. The deliberations took into account not only a subjective perception of security, but also its measurable variables. Discussion: The paper has both a theoretical and a practical dimension, which may be useful in further stages of academic research and in utilitarian implementation in the security management process. The concept of resilience is quite effective under the general theory of systems. However, in situations when systemic formulations tens to hinder rather than help provide clarifications, a different interpretation may be justified. This may happen in case of building societal resistance, limiting the risk of hazards, which seems to be to a bigger extent related with transformation than with preserving "the state of the system". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article aims at studying the results of and prospects for the further implementation of the European Green Deal, a roadmap for sustainable nature management. The research results prove the expediency of implementing the European Green Deal aimed at providing balanced nature management amidst decentralization processes. Taking into consideration the content of the «European Green Deal» communiqu? provisions presented by the European Commission, the key areas for its implementation are presented. In particular, such areas are as follows: modernization and transformation of the economy in order to improve the climate; production of clean, affordable and safe energy; mobilization of industry towards a circular economy; intensification of the transiting to sustainable and intelligent mobility; development of a fair, healthy and environmentally friendly food system for the population. It is substantiated that the effective implementation of the Green Deal ideas requires national public authorities to form a holistic vision of the stages of its multilevel implementation, with respect to the economic, social and environmental peculiarities of modern Ukraine. Such an implementation requires an urgent and extensive public discussion of its key points. It has been proved that at the level of legislation and rule-making it is necessary to take a whole range of measures to update the current legal provisions concerning the environment, as well as to adopt a number of qualitatively new ones that would fully comply with the EU policy. In fact, a new paradigm for the development of the Ukrainian state and society in the coming years should center on the standardization and environmentalization of economic, political and legal institutional foundations of their functioning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article purpose aims at studying the results of and prospects for further implementing the European participatory model of local security management of territorial communities amidst the local government reform in Ukraine. The research results show that it is worth implementing the European participatory model of governing united territorial communities as a means of forming their local security, activating and accumulating their adaptability. The author of the article understands the local security of territorial communities term as a state guaranteeing protection to the population’s vital interests, resistance to internal and external threats, ability to operate sustainably and progressively. Under the conditions of decentralization, the key factor for its formation is the community’s endogenous potential, which proves the feasibility of using the participatory approach as a tool for activating and accumulating adaptability. Some participatory management tools are already being used successfully at the local level and have confirmed their effectiveness. The analysis of the unite territorial communities (UTCs) in the Zhytomyr region made by the amount of income of the joint purse per 1 inhabitant in 2019 allowed to single out 3 groups of UTCs according to their income. Arguments have been suggested that further active application of the European participation experience (online questionnaires and discussions of initiatives, implementation of comprehensive programs to cover the activities of communities, etc.) will help increase the local security of communities. The scientific results received serve as the methodological basis for substantiating the proposals to increase the UTCs’ local security by intensifying the implementation of the European experience in participatory management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Geopolitical science, due to the establishment of a great relationship between the policy, power and geography, can be considered as the knowledge of supplying security at different levels, that in addition to playing role at different international, regional and national levels, has effective role at the local security level. The current study was performed with the aim of identifying and prioritizing the effective geopolitical factors on the local security by using Multi Criteria Decision Making Technique ( MCDM) and tries to answer the main question that "what are the effective geopolitical factors on the local security? And the secondary question that what priority have the effective geopolitical factors on local security of each other? To answer these questions, the geopolitical factors were studied in 6 groups and 49 sub groups. This research was performed by descriptive-surveying method and its statistical society were the academic elites who were familiar with the concept of national security which were selected by cluster random sampling method. For gathering data, the researcher made questionnaire was used that Cronbach's Coefficient Alpha is equal to 0.966 and for data analysis , Confirmatory Factor Analysis, Kolmogorov Smirnov and one sample T-test were used and also for factors' prioritizing, AHP and TOPSIS method were used that their main findings are as the following: natural , political, security, economical, social and cultural factors as the effective geopolitical factors on the local security are prioritized as the following: Economical, political, social, cultural, security, and natural factors

Copyright of Central European Political Studies / Środkowoeuropejskie Studia Polityczne is the property of Faculty of Political Science & Journalism, Adam Mickiewicz University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article explores the intricacies of the local security network in France, identifying local security actors (nodes) in order to trace their formal and informal exchanges. We outline the workings of nodal governance by looking at the different groups created informally within the local security network to reveal how resources are exchanged between nodes. Three categories of nodes are identified: a first are the most involved nodes, those who lead the local security network; a second are security actors who, while active, do not participate at the same level as the leading team; the third are nodes that use more security than they provide. The characteristics of the first group are similar to those of the super structural nodes discussed by Burris, Drahos, and Shearing in 2005. The main characteristics of the operating mechanisms of these superstructural nodes are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Annals of Criminology is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The weakening role of national states in the international arena and increasing importance of cities at the economic and political levels gave rise to increased interest in the issue of local security. The aim of this paper is to present the way local security is organised and managed in the context of its functioning as part of Poland's internal security. It is concluded by indication of future directions of the development of security management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a security system proposal, providing a low-level endpoint security and network activity monitoring. Its focus is to provide a necessary information for local administrators, who does not necessarily have the knowledge of networking infrastructure or access to it, according to the security policies of a parent organization. The proposed system is designed for academic research environments, where it serves as a tool for an extended security in protection of sensitive data used in research and development against the local and remote threads. The developed system was extended to contain central security point which acts as a server with IDS/IPS capability and enrich the whole functionality of distributed firewalling system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Looking from the angle of the allocation of tasks between cantons and municipalities in Switzerland, this article analyses how security reforms tend to concentrate police institutions at the cantonal level and eliminate local police in order to improve efficiency. As the shift to centralisation is being implemented through consensus-building, cities claim to be special cases and succeed in conserving their local police. The analysis focuses on two cantonal reforms through qualitative data. The results show that institutional changes have led to three main arrangements after reform: the centralisation of police (the municipalities buy the services of the cantonal police); regionalisation (several municipalities implement their policing activities together); and decentralisation (the city conserves its local police). In regard to which arrangement produces the best impact, an evaluation of the perception of actors (citizens and police) shows that the police’s work and the feeling of security are better in a decentralised setting. Points for practitioners Political issues are at the centre of reforms that aim for a new distribution of responsibilities between levels of public authorities in the Swiss security sector. They can strongly influence the new arrangements introduced by reform. Even if cantonal decision-makers have solid arguments to centralise a task, the power of municipalities is stronger. This leads to an asymmetric federalism, where cities can maintain their police and municipalities have to buy cantonal police services. As the decentralised option is better evaluated by citizens and the police, centralisation reforms are difficult to implement where there is a tradition of local police. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article starts with an overview of the role of the police within the German political system and sketches recent developments and tendencies towards structures and processes of plural policing. Plural policing in this context is understood in the sense of 'the expanding role of non-police service providers in policing, and the variety of different public, private and voluntary bodies now engaged in the activity' (Wakefield, 2009, 227), with a special focus on the local level. In addition, the most prominent stakeholders in plural policing are introduced, followed by a description of the current forms and patterns between these stakeholders and the police. After analysing some relevant chances and obstacles of plural policing, the author focuses on local safety and security governance before ending with considerations upon plural policing and the changing role of the state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article applies Diehl & Druckman's peace operation evaluation framework to the activities of the United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) during the Liberian transitional peace process (2003-2006). It finds that in general UNMIL performed strongly during the transitional period, particularly in relation to the core mission goals of violence abatement, conflict containment, conflict settlement and organizational effectiveness. UNMIL's achievements were less clear and less pronounced in relation to the more complex areas of non-traditional and peacebuilding mission goals. The article also provides critical reflections on the framework for evaluating peace operations, arguing that it is difficult to escape the politics that influence the activities of peacekeeping and peacebuilding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]