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In recent years, various approaches have been undertaken to eliminate lipoproteins co‐isolated with extracellular vesicles, as they were initially regarded as contaminating entities. However, novel discoveries are reshaping our perspective. In body fluids, these distinct particles not only co‐exist, but also interactions between them are likely to occur. Extracellular vesicles and lipoproteins can associate with each other, share cargo, influence each other's functions, and jointly have a role in the pathomechanisms of diseases. Additionally, their association carries important implications for therapeutic and pharmacological aspects of lipid‐lowering strategies. Extracellular vesicles and lipoprotein particles may have roles in the elimination of each other from the circulation. The objective of this minireview is to delve into these aspects. Here, we show that under certain physiological and pathological conditions, extracellular vesicles and lipoproteins are 'partners' rather than 'strangers' or 'rivals'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Acute acalculous cholecystitis (AAC) is a type of cholecystitis with high mortality rate while its pathogenesis remains complex. Choline is one of the essential nutrients and is related to several diseases. This study aimed to explore the causal relationship between choline metabolites and AAC and its potential mechanisms. Methods: This research utilized the two-sample Mendelian randomization method to investigate the causal relationship between choline metabolites and AAC. Additionally, multivariable Mendelian randomization and mediated Mendelian randomization were used to explore potential confounding effects from low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), triglycerides (TGs), and coronary artery disease (CAD). Linkage disequilibrium score regression (LDSC), co-localization analysis, and enrichment analysis were used to investigate relevant molecular mechanisms. Results: There is a negative causal relationship between total choline (OR [95%CI] = 0.9982 [0.9974, 0.9990], p = 0.0023), phosphatidylcholine (OR [95%CI] = 0.9983 [0.9976–0.9991], p = 0.0040), sphingomyelin (OR [95%CI] = 0.9980 [0.9971–0.9988], p = 0.0001), and AAC. The mediating effects of LDL were −0.0006 for total choline, −0.0006 for phosphatidylcholine, and −0.0008 for sphingomyelin, indicating a protective effect of total choline, phosphatidylcholine, and sphingomyelin on AAC. Colocalized SNP rs75331444, which is mapped to gene ABCG8, was identified for total choline (PPH4 = 0.8778) and sphingomyelin (PPH4 = 0.9344). Conclusions: There is a causal relationship between choline metabolites and cholecystitis, mediated through the protective action of LDL. Our results suggest that ABCG8 may play a role in the development of non-calculous cholecystitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is one of the most common malignant non-melanoma carcinomas and is an important health problem for all countries. There are many studies on the effect of human lipoprotein metabolism and high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C) function on skin cells, but there are no detailed clinical studies on BCC yet. In addition, higher phospholipid and cholesterol content was found in cancerous and precancerous lesions of the skin compared to normal tissue. The aim of our study was to evaluate the lipid profile in patients with BCC and to try to find any relationship between BCC and molecules that have an important place in HDL-C functionality. Methods The patient group consisted of 39 patients who were clinically diagnosed with BCC by biopsy in hospital clinics. The control group (n:44) was randomly selected from patients of the same age group without a diagnosis of BCC who applied to different clinics of the same hospital. Routine lipid level, Apolipoprotein A1 (Apo-A1) level and Paraoxonase (PON-1) enzyme measurements were made from serum samples taken from the patients and control groups participating in the study. Results The most important findings of this study, a statistically significant decrease in serum Apo-A1 level and a decrease trend in PON-1 enzyme can be considered in BCC patients compared to control groups. Conclusion Lipid metabolism and HDL functionality, may play a role in the development of BCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, cardiovascular diseases are the most common cause of death worldwide. Besides, atherosclerosis is a cardiovascular disease that occurs with persistent narrowing of arteries, especially medium and large-sized arteries. Atherosclerosis begins with a local elevation in the permeability of the arterial wall as a result of endothelial inflammation. Subsequently, excess LDL permeates into the arterial wall. Then, through several chemical responses and reactions, foam cells are produced. These foam cells serve as a crucial indicator for assessing the development of atherosclerosis within the arteries. In this study, the effect of endothelial layer modeling, heart rate (HR) and hypertension on the foam cell accumulation is numerically investigated in a patient-specific geometry of the human thoracic aorta. Navier–Stokes, Darcy, and mass transfer equations are used to obtain the velocity and concentration field within the domain. Regarding the dependence of endothelial cell properties on time-averaged wall shear stress, it is observed that foam cells are mainly concentrated in the outer curvature of the aortic arch, downstream of the left subclavian artery. However, considering oscillatory-shear-rate as the determinant of endothelial cell properties leads to the accumulation of foam cells in the inner curvature of the descending aorta. Regarding the HR, with the increase of HR, the volume average concentration of the foam cell decreases. However, there is no substantial difference between the cases of different HRs. Moreover, foam cell concentration significantly increases in the hypertension case. This result implies that a slight increase in the blood pressure may induce irreparable problems in the circulatory system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dyslipidemia is an important risk factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Although low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is primarily responsible, the importance of triglyceride (TG) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) has also been recognized. The present study investigated the effect of the atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), in which atherogenic and protective lipoproteins were evaluated together, on the initial flow in patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction. AIP was calculated as log(TG/HDL-cholesterol). Patients included in the study (n = 1535) were divided into Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction (TIMI) flow grade 0 and >0. AIP was found to be significantly different between 2 groups (.55 ±.23 vs.67 ±.21; P <.001). AIP was an independent predictor for pre-intervention TIMI flow (Odds Ratio: 2.778). A moderate correlation was found between TIMI frame count measurements, calculated in patients with TIMI 2–3, and AIP (Pearson correlation coefficient:.63, P <.001). In the receiver operating characteristic analysis, AIP showed the highest area under curve (AUC) compared with other lipid parameters for predicting vascular patency. The AUC of AIP was.634, the cut-off value was.59, and the sensitivity and specificity were 67.6% and 68.4%, respectively (P <.001). In conclusion, AIP was found to be an important marker affecting pre-percutaneous coronary intervention TIMI flow. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate the value of proprotein-converting subtilisin kexin type 9 (PCSK9) levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) patients with different stages of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and to compare these findings with a healthy control group without diabetes mellitus (DM). Methods: A total of 135 patients, 100 of whom were patients with T2D and 35 of whom were in the health control group, were included in this prospective study. T2D patients were divided into three groups: the first group included 34 people with T2D without DR, the second group had 32 people with non-proliferative DR (NPDR), and the third group had 34 people with proliferative DR (PDR). Serum PCSK9 levels were analyzed and compared between the groups. Results: Forty-nine percent of the participants were female, and the mean age was 64 ± 9.1 years, with no statistically significant results between the four groups in terms of age and sex. The mean serum PCSK9 value was significantly different (p = 0.01) when all groups were evaluated, and statistically significant change was observed with the progression of DR. When serum PCSK9 levels were evaluated in all T2D patients (groups 1, 2, and 3), a medium-level correlation was observed with low-density lipoprotein (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Serum PCSK9 values differed significantly in diabetic patients compared to the control group. One should be clinically cautious about the usefulness of circulating PCSK9 concentrations as an indicator of the risk of diabetic retinopathy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose of Review: To provide perspective on the current development status, and potential future role, of obicetrapib, a third-generation cholesterylester transfer protein (CETP) inhibitor. Obicetrapib has received recent attention following positive Phase II clinical trial data and initiation of Phase III trials for the treatment of dyslipidemia and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Recent Findings: The ROSE and ROSE2 trials are Phase II studies that examined the lipid lowering effects of obicetrapib in patients on pre-existing high-intensity statin therapy. Obicetrapib significantly reduced key dyslipidemia biomarkers including low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), Apolipoprotein B (Apo B), and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C) while increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Four phase III clinical trials, including a cardiovascular outcomes trial, are ongoing. Summary: Preliminary data for obicetrapib shows favorable effects on dyslipidemia, which could theoretically lead to a decrease in ASCVD clinical events. Short-term safety data in preliminary studies shows no significant safety signals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Accurate lipid profile assessment, mainly low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) measurement, is crucial for diagnosing and managing cardiovascular disease (CVD). The widely used Friedewald formula for LDL-C calculation has limitations, prompting the exploration of alternative equations. Aims This study aims to compare ten LDL-C calculation formulas with direct measurement among study participants attending a tertiary care centre. Materials and Methods Conducted from September 2021 to July 2022 at a tertiary healthcare centre in India, the study involved 114 participants aged 18 years or older. The exclusion criteria were high-serum triglyceride (TG) levels, renal failure, diabetes, liver diseases or unwillingness to participate. Blood samples were analysed for total cholesterol, TG, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and LDL-C. The very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level was calculated. The LDL-C formulas evaluated were Friedewald, Anandaraja, De Cordova, Vujovic, Ahmadi, Puavillai, Chen, Hattori, Martin–Hopkin and Sampson. Results Vujovic’s formula showed a negligible mean difference and strong correlation (r = 0.916, P < 0.001) with direct LDL-C estimation across TG concentrations. Sampson’s formula performed best for TG

Abstract Excessive caloric intake and obesity due to high-fat (HFD) and high-disaccharide (HDD) diets have been recognized as major contributing factors to dyslipidemia and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). However, the effect of HFD and HDD without excessive caloric intake is obscure. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of physiological caloric intake delivered through HFD and HDD on liver and lipid profiles. The study was performed on 6-week-old male and female (50/50%) Sprague Dawley rats, receiving either a standard (controls, n = 16), HFD (n = 14) or HDD (n = 14) chow. All groups received the same, standard daily calorie rations, titrated weekly to the age of growing rats, for 12 weeks. A panel of metabolic in vivo measurement were performed, followed by histological, biochemical and molecular biology assays on tissues harvested from sacrificed rats. There was no significant difference between the groups in body weight. In contrast to controls, HFD and HDD groups showed metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) characterized by liver steatosis, inflammation, ballooning of hepatocytes and fibrosis. These changes were more pronounced in the HFD than in the HDD group. The HFD group showed significantly higher serum LDL than controls or HDD rats. Furthermore, the HFD group had higher liver protein levels of low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) but lower plasma levels of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) than the controls or HDD group. There were no differences between sexes in evaluated parameters. The excessive caloric intake and obesity are not prerequisites for the development of MASH and dyslipidemia in rats. The liver changes induced by the HFD and HDD diets exhibit differences in severity, as well as in the expression patterns of LDLR and PCSK9. Notably, these effects are independent of the sex of the rats.

Background: The benefits of physical activity in health outcomes are well established. However, recent evidence suggests that benefits may differ by domain and population. Thus, we aimed to investigate the prospective association of occupational (OPA) and leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) with cardiovascular risk factors. Methods: In 1982, the maternity hospitals of Pelotas were visited daily; those live births whose families lived in urban areas were evaluated, and their mothers were later interviewed (n = 5914). In the 2004/5 follow-up (23 y old), both OPA and LTPA were measured in 4295 participants using their respective sections of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. In the 2012 follow-up (30 y old), the following cardiovascular risk factors were collected: high-density lipoprotein (in milligrams per deciliter), low-density lipoprotein (in milligrams per deciliter), triglycerides (in milligrams per deciliter), glucose (in milligrams per deciliter), and blood pressure (in millimeters of mercury). Multivariable linear regressions were performed to evaluate associations between OPA and LTPA with these specific cardiovascular risk factors. Results: In total, 3241 participants were analyzed. Our main findings suggest that there was no association between OPA and LTPA with high- and low-density lipoprotein. There were inverse associations between OPA and lower levels of triglycerides among males (β = −0.002; 95% confidence interval, −0.003 to −0.000) and positive associations between LTPA and higher levels of diastolic blood pressure among females (β = 0.111; 95% confidence interval, 0.005–0.216). Conclusion: In conclusion, our findings suggest that there was no association, or association with limited clinical relevance, of OPA and LTPA with cardiovascular risk factors in early adulthood. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Dyslipidemia comprises disorders of lipoprotein metabolism, which is usually characterized by increased plasma levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), or reduced plasma level of high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Dyslipidemia is commonly found in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) patients causing an increased risk of atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Many studies done previously show variable prevalence of dyslipidemia (68 to 85 %) in known diagnosed patients of T2DM (with unknown history of onset), however, only limited studies have been done for finding prevalence of dyslipidemia in newly detected T2DM patients. AIM: This study is a cross-sectional observational study done in a tertiary care hospital in Mumbai (India), aiming to study prevalence and pattern in newly detected T2DM patients. The secondary objective is to compare the prevalence and pattern of dyslipidemia in newly detected T2DM patients with non-diabetic controls. Material and Method: For this, 100 newly detected T2DM patients were chosen along with 100 cases of age & gender-matched non-diabetic controls. Their clinical profile and lipid profile of both groups were observed and compared. Result: Results showed higher prevalence of dyslipidemia in newly detected T2DM patients (64%) which was significantly more than the control group (32%). Moreover, the pattern of dyslipidemia showed greater mean levels of TC, TG, and LDL and low mean levels of HDL in T2DM patients compared to the control group. Conclusion: These findings show that there is an increased risk of Dyslipidemia in new onset T2DM patients.

Globally, Vitamin D insufficiency is a problem that has a considerable impact on people’s health. According to recent studies, Vitamin D may potentially have positive impacts on serum lipid profiles, enhancing coronary condition. Therefore, the main aim of the present review is to examine Vitamin D supplement on hypercholesterolemia and coronary artery disease (CAD). We conducted a comprehensive literature search from 2012 to 2023, comprising Medline, Web of Science, PubMed, Cochrane Library, and additional sources such as Google Scholar and clinicaltrials.gov. We reviewed a wide range of study types, including studies, trials, commentaries, and editorials. To assess bias, we used a recommended methodology, utilizing a two-part tool to address five specific domains: Selection bias, performance bias, attrition bias, selective reporting, and other biases. We also employed a quality assessment tool for evaluating the quality of diagnostic accuracy studies. In this review, we incorporated 11 studies. The mean age of the cases was 60.11 years. The Vitamin D supplement mean dose was 8772.42 IU/day. The Vitamin D supplement group showed mean variations in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglyceride (TAG) cholesterol, and total cholesterol levels of 3.3 mg/dl, 8.6 mg/dl, 10.625 mg/dl, and 9.45 mg/dl, correspondingly. Whereas, the mean variation in HDL-C, LDL-C, TAG as well as total cholesterol levels in the placebo group was 4.185714 mg/dl, 2.60825 mg/dl, 6.50625 mg/dl, and 6.2875 mg/dl, respectively. Vitamin D supplementation demonstrated enhancements in serum levels of total cholesterol, LDL-C, HDL-C, and TAGs. Clinical tests for hypercholesterolemia should be implemented on patients at risk for heart illness and CAD, and Vitamin D supplements are beneficial. For individuals who are Vitamin D deficient, doctors may think about supplementing their routine cholesterol therapies with Vitamin D.

In the present study, a systematic literature review was conducted to examine the prevalence of homo- and heterozygous forms of Familial hypercholesterolemia among different racial and ethnic groups. Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is an inherited disorder characterised by elevated blood levels of cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDL), which increases the risk of cardiovascular disease. Databases PubMed, Web of Science, and Elsiever were searched and only peer-reviewed articles with a large number of contributors and sufficient prevalence and ethnicity data were included. Diagnosis of FH was based on genetic testing or clinical criteria. The results of the study indicate inadequate and untimely diagnosis of FH, resulting in inadequate treatment. To date, only 9% of countries have statistical data on the prevalence of FH in the general population. In order to develop effective prevention strategies for cardiovascular diseases associated with FH, further research is needed to obtain accurate epidemiological data, including the race and ethnicity of patients. This will allow optimisation of strategies to reduce the burden of preventable cardiovascular disease associated with FH.

Abstract Objectives A correlation exists between lipids and osteoporosis (OP), as well as between lipids and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, lipids, the relationship between RA and OP is still unclear. This study mainly investigates the relationship between lipid levels and OP risk in RA patients. Methods Retrospective collection of RA patient data from July 2017 to May 2022, encompassing baseline demographics, treatment regimens, laboratory results, and bone mineral density (BMD) measurements. Analyses, stratified by BMD subgroups, were conducted using propensity score matching (PSM) based on age, sex, and baseline duration, and binary logistic regression to examine the interplay between lipoprotein levels and other risk factors. The relationship between continuous variables and OP risk was assessed using restricted cubic spline (RCS), followed by a reanalysis of the correlation between varying lipoprotein levels and different factors, segmented according to RCS-determined cutoffs. Results The study included 2673 RA patients. Binary logistic regression revealed significant associations between high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and RA–OP (p

Abstract Background With increasing attention given to host-specific lipid metabolism status, it is of urgent need to identify lipid metabolism indices with predictive or prognostic value in locally advanced breast cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC), and to evaluate the performance improvement by incorporating them into the existing Neo-Bioscore staging system. Methods Patients from a prospectively maintained database of locally advanced breast cancer patients who received radical surgery after NAC between January 2014 to December 2020 were enrolled in this study. The enrolled patients were randomly divided into a training set and a test set at a ratio of 6:4. The random forest algorithm was applied to rank the importance of prognostic factors, top-ranked lipid metabolism indices of which were then incorporated into Neo-Bioscore to construct an updated prognostic model. The performances of these two models were compared in both training set and test set from multiple perspectives. Study outcomes included disease-free survival (DFS), relapse-free survival (RFS), distance-recurrence-free survival (DRFS), locoregional-recurrence-free survival (LRFS) and overall survival (OS). Results A total of 200 eligible patients were included in this study. After a median follow-up of 4.73 years, it was demonstrated that the relative increase in total cholesterol (TC; DFS: HR = 4.782, 95%CI 1.410 ~ 16.217, P = 0.012) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL; DFS: HR = 4.622, 95%CI 1.517 ~ 14.088, P = 0.007) during NAC led to poorer survival outcomes. Patients with either a higher body mass index (BMI) or elevated LDL during NAC had a worse prognosis (DFS: HR = 6.351, 95%CI 1.938 ~ 20.809, P = 0.002; OS, HR = 6.919, 95%CI 1.296 ~ 36.932, P = 0.024). Incorporating BMI and LDL fluctuations during NAC into Neo-Bioscore improved the prognostic stratification, especially in terms of LRFS (P = 0.046 vs. P = 0.65) and OS (P = 0.013 vs. P = 0.61). Multidimensional evaluation confirmed the improvement in model fit and clinical use for the updated model in both training set and test set. Conclusions This is the first study to illustrate the relative elevation of LDL and TC levels during NAC as independent prognosticators for locally advanced breast cancer. This is also the first attempt to incorporate lipid metabolism indices into the original Neo-Bioscore staging system, which further improves the prognostic stratification of patients receiving NAC.

This paper focuses on the dual quality of blood, Newtonian and non-Newtonian, in particular by exploring the energy curves. Careful investigation of the dual property of blood has been made by considering two different geometries to represent a stenosed arterial segment. We present a cautious assessment of non-Newtonian blood rheology impacts in arterial stream simulations by coupling the Newtonian and non-Newtonian models. The flow of energy through the two flow dimensions is meticulously investigated using velocity (kinetic energy), pressure, and wall shear stress (pressure energy). Besides, the proper implementation of an interface boundary condition (IBC) was emphasized to ensure consistency with the flow conditions downstream of a backward-facing step. The integration of the Newtonian and non-Newtonian models adjoins the novelty of the current research. The energy curves are obtained by implementing five different non-Newtonian models to designate a suitable non-Newtonian model for blood flow investigations. The combination of the non-Newtonian models enforced in this research is novel and particular attention is paid to the energy curves obtained. The conclusion was to elect the Carreau model as a suitable non-Newtonian rheological model for the blood flow study. This study was able to finalize the fact that the coupling of Newtonian and non-Newtonian models is necessary to obtain accurate results. For the sinusoidal waveform considered for the velocity, Carreau and the Power law models yield better results, eliminating the other non-Newtonian models from the list. With a better inlet condition imposed in the form of the Fourier series for pressure and velocity, the Carreau model yields the best results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In our study, we aimed to compare the Friedewald, Martin/Hopkins, and Sampson formulae with direct LDL-cholesterol (d-LDL-C) measurement. Methods: The study was a retrospective investigation by the Department of Medical Biochemistry of the Ankara Training and Research Hospital between January 1, 2021, and December 31, 2022. Our study evaluated the results of 6297 patients aged 18–95 years who underwent cholesterol panel TC, TG, HDL-C, and direct LDL-C in our laboratory. The estimated LDL-C was calculated according to Friedewald, Martin/Hopkins, and Sampson formulae. Results: All three formulae showed a stronger positive correlation with d-LDL-C (0.905, 0.897, and 0.886, respectively, for all data, p<0.001). In addition, when we compared the total median difference (1st–3rd quartile) of all formulae, it was -0.69 (-1.62 to 0.39) for Friedewald, 0.034 (-0.74 to 1.14) for Martin/Hopkins and -0.40 (-1.19 to 0.55) for Sampson. According to Passing Bablok regression analyses, the intercept was determined as -0.97 (95% CI=-1.01 to -0.93), 0.41 (95%=0.37 to 0.44) and -0.05 (-0.08 to -0. 03) and slopes were calculated as 1.083 (95% CI=1.07–1.09), 0.88 (0.88 to 0.89) and 0. 90 (95%=0.89 to 0.90) for Friedewald, Martin/Hopkins and Sampson, respectively. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that the Martin/Hopkins formula performed better than the Friedewald and Sampson formulas. We figured out utilizing the Martin/ Hopkins formula as a good alternative for estimated LDL-C in Turkish adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atherosclerosis cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) has become one of the leading death causes in humans. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is an important biomarker for assessing ASCVD risk level. Thus, monitoring LDL levels can be an important means for early diagnosis of ASCVD. Herein, a novel electrochemical aptasensor for determination LDL was designed based on nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide-hemin-manganese oxide nanoparticles (NrGO-H-Mn3O4 NPs) integrated with clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and associated proteins (CRISPR/Cas12a) system. NrGO-H-Mn3O4 NPs not only have a large surface area and remarkable enhanced electrical conductivity but also the interconversion of different valence states of iron in hemin can provide an electrical signal. Nonspecific single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) was bound to NrGO-H-Mn3O4 NPs to form a signaling probe and was immobilized on the electrode surface. The CRISPR/Cas12a system has excellent trans-cleavage activity, which can be used to cleave ssDNA, thus detaching the NrGO-H-Mn3O4 NPs from the sensing interface and attenuating the electrical signal. Significant signal change triggered by the target was ultimately obtained, thus achieving sensitive detection of the LDL in range from 0.005 to 1000.0 nM with the detection limit of 0.005 nM. The proposed sensor exhibited good stability, selectivity, and stability and achieved reliable detection of LDL in serum samples, demonstrating its promising application prospects for the diagnostic application of LDL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Real-world data of a national healthcare service on patients initiating inclisiran. • Significant reduction in LDL-C, relative to both peak and pre-inclisiran levels. • High interindividual variability and good short-term adherence. • Attainment rates of LDL-C treatment goals were sub-optimal. • Reduction in concurrent lipid-lowering therapies following initiation of inclisiran. Inclisiran, a small-interfering RNA enabling long-term inhibition of proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 (PCSK9) synthesis, demonstrates a good safety and efficacy profile in clinical trials. Real-world data on the potential to attain lipid-goals and reduce treatment gaps are lacking. To investigate the implementation of inclisiran in real-world clinical setting. Data from a nationwide healthcare organization on patients initiating inclisiran between 3/2022–11/2023. Patients' characteristics, lipid-lowering therapies, post-treatment reduction in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and attainment of treatment goals were evaluated. Inclisiran was initiated by 503 patients (57% women; mean age 66±11 years). Cardiovascular disease was present in 54%, and peak LDL-C levels >190 mg/dL documented in 64%. Prior exposure to PCSK9 monoclonal antibodies was evident in 28%. Lipid profile >2 months after filling first prescription, was available in 397 patients (347 with ≥2 injections). In patients treated by inclisiran only (n = 254), median LDL-C reduction from peak levels was 57% (interquartile range [IQR], 48%-67%), and from pre-injection levels 40% (19%-54%). In those with concomitant lipid-lowering therapies (n = 143), median LDL-C reduction from peak levels was 66% (IQR, 55%-73%), and from pre-injection levels 46% (23%-59%). LDL-C < 70 mg/dL was attained by 39% and LDL-C < 55 mg/dL by 21.9%. Of those treated with concomitant statin therapy, 38% attained LDL-C < 55 mg/dL. Overall, 6.5% discontinued inclisiran therapy after initial injection. In real-world practice, inclisiran showed good efficacy in reducing LDL-C with high interindividual variability. However, attainment rates of lipid goals were suboptimal due to limited use of combination lipid-lowering therapy and high rates of severe hypercholesterolemia in our patient population cohort. Lipid-lowering therapy with Inclisiran in the real-world setting: initial data from a health care service. Percent reduction of LDL-C is presented as median and interquartile range. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: With increasing attention given to host-specific lipid metabolism status, it is of urgent need to identify lipid metabolism indices with predictive or prognostic value in locally advanced breast cancer patients treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC), and to evaluate the performance improvement by incorporating them into the existing Neo-Bioscore staging system. Methods: Patients from a prospectively maintained database of locally advanced breast cancer patients who received radical surgery after NAC between January 2014 to December 2020 were enrolled in this study. The enrolled patients were randomly divided into a training set and a test set at a ratio of 6:4. The random forest algorithm was applied to rank the importance of prognostic factors, top-ranked lipid metabolism indices of which were then incorporated into Neo-Bioscore to construct an updated prognostic model. The performances of these two models were compared in both training set and test set from multiple perspectives. Study outcomes included disease-free survival (DFS), relapse-free survival (RFS), distance-recurrence-free survival (DRFS), locoregional-recurrence-free survival (LRFS) and overall survival (OS). Results: A total of 200 eligible patients were included in this study. After a median follow-up of 4.73 years, it was demonstrated that the relative increase in total cholesterol (TC; DFS: HR = 4.782, 95%CI 1.410 ~ 16.217, P = 0.012) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL; DFS: HR = 4.622, 95%CI 1.517 ~ 14.088, P = 0.007) during NAC led to poorer survival outcomes. Patients with either a higher body mass index (BMI) or elevated LDL during NAC had a worse prognosis (DFS: HR = 6.351, 95%CI 1.938 ~ 20.809, P = 0.002; OS, HR = 6.919, 95%CI 1.296 ~ 36.932, P = 0.024). Incorporating BMI and LDL fluctuations during NAC into Neo-Bioscore improved the prognostic stratification, especially in terms of LRFS (P = 0.046 vs. P = 0.65) and OS (P = 0.013 vs. P = 0.61). Multidimensional evaluation confirmed the improvement in model fit and clinical use for the updated model in both training set and test set. Conclusions: This is the first study to illustrate the relative elevation of LDL and TC levels during NAC as independent prognosticators for locally advanced breast cancer. This is also the first attempt to incorporate lipid metabolism indices into the original Neo-Bioscore staging system, which further improves the prognostic stratification of patients receiving NAC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the blood lipids (total cholesterol, triglycerides, and lipoprotein). In the study, 18 chickens each of Naked Neck (NN), Normal Feather (NF), Kuroiler (KR) and their crossbreds were used. They were reared under the same environment and management. Chickens were slaughtered and blood samples were taken at 24 weeks of age, the serum was harvested by centrifugation, and then the total cholesterol (TCH), triglycerides (TG) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) were assayed using an enzymatic kit, Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were determined using the Friedwald equation. The results obtained indicated that genotype significantly differed (p<0.01) in TCH, TG and HDL levels. Sexwisely, males had significantly higher (p<0.01) levels of TCH (96.99 ± 8.78 mg/dL), TG (102.98 ± 11.15 mg/dL) and LDL (52.11 ± 2.12 mg/dL) in all the genotypes than its female counterpart. Furthermore, NN progenies recorded the lowest values in all parameters studied, TCH (61.44 ± 5.09 mg/dL), TG (61.23 ± 19.46 mg/dL), HDL (26.84 ± 4.04 mg/dL) and LDL (32.55 ± 14.10 mg/dL). The TCH and TG were low in both NN and NF chickens but the HDL and LDL were very low in NN birds while the level of cholesterol and fat was high in the pure exotic breed and low in the crossbred progenies. The reported lower serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations are reflected in their concentrations in blood and protect human beings from atherosclerosis. Therefore, estimation of blood lipid in these birds is recommended for future study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is an autoimmune inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) accompanied by blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption. Dysfunction in microglial lipid metabolism is believed to be closely associated with the neuropathology of NMOSD. However, there is limited evidence on the functional relevance of circulating lipids in CNS demyelination, cellular metabolism, and microglial function. Here, we found that serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) was positively correlated with markers of neurological damage in NMOSD patients. In addition, we demonstrated in a mouse model of NMOSD that LDL penetrates the CNS through the leaky BBB, directly activating microglia. This activation leads to excessive phagocytosis of myelin debris, inhibition of lipid metabolism, and increased glycolysis, ultimately exacerbating myelin damage. We also found that therapeutic interventions aimed at reducing circulating LDL effectively reversed the lipid metabolic dysfunction in microglia and mitigated the demyelinating injury in NMOSD. These findings shed light on the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying the positive correlation between serum LDL and neurological damage, highlighting the potential therapeutic target for lowering circulating lipids to alleviate the acute demyelinating injury in NMOSD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conventional low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) quantification includes cholesterol attributable to lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)-C) due to their overlapping densities. The purposes of this study were to compare the association between LDL-C and LDL-C corrected for Lp(a)-C (LDL Lp(a)corr) with incident coronary heart disease (CHD) in the general population and to investigate whether concomitant Lp(a) values influence the association of LDL-C or apolipoprotein B (apoB) with coronary events. Among 68,748 CHD-free subjects at baseline LDL Lp(a)corr was calculated as "LDL-C—Lp(a)-C," where Lp(a)-C was 30% or 17.3% of total Lp(a) mass. Fine and Gray competing risk-adjusted models were applied for the association between the outcome incident CHD and: 1) LDL-C and LDL Lp(a)corr in the total sample; and 2) LDL-C and apoB after stratification by Lp(a) mass (≥/<90th percentile). Similar risk estimates for incident CHD were found for LDL-C and LDL-C Lp(a) corr30 or LDL-C Lp(a) corr17.3 (subdistribution HR with 95% CI) were 2.73 (95% CI: 2.34-3.20) vs 2.51 (95% CI: 2.15-2.93) vs 2.64 (95% CI: 2.26-3.10), respectively (top vs bottom fifth; fully adjusted models). Categorization by Lp(a) mass resulted in higher subdistribution HRs for uncorrected LDL-C and incident CHD at Lp(a) ≥90th percentile (4.38 [95% CI: 2.08-9.22]) vs 2.60 [95% CI: 2.21-3.07]) at Lp(a) <90th percentile (top vs bottom fifth; P interaction 0.39). In contrast, apoB risk estimates were lower in subjects with higher Lp(a) mass (2.43 [95% CI: 1.34-4.40]) than in Lp(a) <90th percentile (3.34 [95% CI: 2.78-4.01]) (P interaction 0.49). Correction of LDL-C for its Lp(a)-C content provided no meaningful information on CHD-risk estimation at the population level. Simple categorization of Lp(a) mass (≥/<90th percentile) influenced the association between LDL-C or apoB with future CHD mostly at higher Lp(a) levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• BBB damage is a sustained trigger for demyelination during white matter ischemia. • Vessel-adjacent microglia co-activated by myelin and plasma LDL in white matter ischemia. • LDL-stimulated vessel-adjacent microglia showed compromised microglial regenerative properties. • Lowering circulating LDL may show therapeutic potentials in white matter ischemia. The role of microglia in triggering the blood–brain barrier (BBB) impairment and white matter damage after chronic cerebral hypoperfusion is unclear. Here we demonstrated that the vessel-adjacent microglia were specifically activated by the leakage of plasma low-density lipoprotein (LDL), which led to BBB breakdown and ischemic demyelination. Interestingly, we found that LDL stimulation enhanced microglial phagocytosis, causing excessive engulfment of myelin debris and resulting in an overwhelming lipid burden in microglia. Surprisingly, these lipid-laden microglia exhibited a suppressed profile of inflammatory response and compromised pro-regenerative properties. Microglia-specific knockdown of LDLR or systematic medication lowering circulating LDL-C showed protective effects against ischemic demyelination. Overall, our findings demonstrated that LDL-stimulated vessel-adjacent microglia possess a disease-specific molecular signature, characterized by suppressed regenerative properties, which is associated with the propagation of demyelination during ischemic white matter damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the utility of weighted amide proton transfer (APTw) MRI in three different rodent models of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).Methods: APTw MRI was evaluated in models of diethylnitrosamine (DEN) induced HCC, N1S1 syngeneic orthotopic xenograft and human HepG2 ectopic xenograft.Results: All models of HCC showed a higher APTw signal over the surrounding normal tissues. In the DEN model, the APTw signal could differentiate HCC lesions from benign nodules. Intra-arterial administration of low-density lipoprotein docosahexaenoic acid (LDL-DHA) nanoparticles to N1S1 xenografts rapidly lowered the tumor APTw signal within 72 h. Direct injections of LDL-DHA nanoparticles into HepG2 xenografts also showed similar therapeutic responses.Conclusion: We have demonstrated the utility of APTw imaging in the diagnostic/therapeutic management of HCC.

ObjectiveTo explore any correlation between serum urate (SU) level or insulin resistance (IR) and metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) in patients with metabolic syndrome (MS).MethodsData from all MASLD patients, diagnosed by liver biopsy, were enrolled and divided into MASLD alone group and MASLD with MS group. They were subdivided into hyperuricemia group and normal SU group to find correlation between SU/IR and MASLD in patients with MS and independent risk factors for MASLD.ResultsData from 539 MASLD patients were analyzed. Body mass index (BMI) (p = 0.000), waist circumference (WC) (p = 0.004), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (p = 0.000) were dramatically higher in MASLD with MS group than those with MASLD alone; MASLD with MS patients had significantly more family history of diabetes (p = 0.000) and hypertension (p = 0.000) than patients with MASLD alone. Height (p = 0.000), weight (p = 0.000), BMI (p = 0.000) and WC (p = 0.001), and LDL (p = 0.007) were dramatically higher in hyperuricemia patients than those with normal SU. SU was inversely associated with age (p = 0.000) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (p = 0.003), and positively correlated with weight (p = 0.000), BMI (p = 0.000) and WC (p = 0.000), TG (p = 0.000), and LDL (p = 0.000). Logistic Regression analysis showed that age (p = 0.031), TG (p = 0.002), LDL (p = 0.010), HbA1c (p = 0.026), and family history of hypertension (p = 0.000) may be independent risk factors for MASLD in patient with MS.ConclusionInsulin resistance (IR) in MASLD patients with MS, but not higher SU levels, has closer correlation with the occurrence of MASLD in patients with family history of hypertension and diabetes having higher BMI, LDL, HbA1c.

Purpose of reviewCholesteryl ester transfer proteins (CETP) regulate plasma cholesterol levels by transferring cholesteryl esters (CEs) among lipoproteins. Lipoprotein cholesterol levels correlate with the risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). This article reviews recent research on CETP structure, lipid transfer mechanism, and its inhibition.Recent findingsGenetic deficiency in CETP is associated with a low plasma level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and a profoundly elevated plasma level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), which correlates with a lower risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). However, a very high concentration of HDL-C also correlates with increased ASCVD mortality. Considering that the elevated CETP activity is a major determinant of the atherogenic dyslipidemia, i.e., pro-atherogenic reductions in HDL and LDL particle size, inhibition of CETP emerged as a promising pharmacological target during the past two decades. CETP inhibitors, including torcetrapib, dalcetrapib, evacetrapib, anacetrapib and obicetrapib, were designed and evaluated in phase III clinical trials for the treatment of ASCVD or dyslipidemia. Although these inhibitors increase in plasma HDL-C levels and/or reduce LDL-C levels, the poor efficacy against ASCVD ended interest in CETP as an anti-ASCVD target. Nevertheless, interest in CETP and the molecular mechanism by which it inhibits CE transfer among lipoproteins persisted. Insights into the structural-based CETP-lipoprotein interactions can unravel CETP inhibition machinery, which can hopefully guide the design of more effective CETP inhibitors that combat ASCVD. Individual-molecule 3D structures of CETP bound to lipoproteins provide a model for understanding the mechanism by which CETP mediates lipid transfer and which in turn, guide the rational design of new anti-ASCVD therapeutics.

Background: Nowadays, there are many people with hypertension who are not aware of it. Hypertension can be caused by various factors, based on secondary hypertension or primary hypertension. High cholesterol levels are one of the causes of increased blood pressure. Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) is a type of cholesterol that is not good for the body if it exceeds normal limits. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of complementary Wet Cupping nursing on changes in Low-Density Lipoprotein cholesterol levels in people with hypertension. Methods: The research method used was experimental research with a pre-experimental design, namely one group pretest and posttest design. Respondents were selected using purposive sampling techniques, based on the specified inclusion criteria, totaling 16 respondents. Respondents received intervention in the form of complementary wet cupping nursing three times and this was done once a week. The instruments of this research are standard operational procedures and observation sheets for Low-Density Lipoprotein (LDL) measurement results.Results: The results of this study state that there is a less significant effect on Low-Density Lipoprotein in people with hypertension after being given complementary wet cupping treatment with a significant value of 0.717 or p-value> 0.05. Although the results of statistical tests did not show significant results, there were 56.25% of respondents who experienced a decrease in Low-Density Lipoprotein. Conclusions:. Wet cupping is a treatment method that has various benefits for the body's health and does not cause bad side effects after cupping. So wet cupping can be a recommended alternative therapy option for hypertension sufferers to control Low-Density Lipoprotein levels by doing cupping regularly.

Welding is a common method for joining metals by heating them to the welding temperature. Exposure to welding fumes has a serious effect on the health of welders. This study examined serum zinc variability and body composition as route for hyperlipidemia and dyslipidemia in welders exposed to welding fumes and smoking, exploring the possibilities for the risk of possible cardiovascular disease. The experimental case control design was adopted in the study. Forty apparently healthy adult males were randomly selected comprising of twenty control group (non-smokers and smokers without welding experience) and twenty experimental group (non-smokers and smokers with welding experience) welders. Data obtained were represented as Mean ± SEM while comparison of means across group was done by one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's multiple comparison for post hoc test at p-value < 0.05 level of significance using Graph Pad prism version 8. The data obtained showed that the body mass index (BMI) of smokers (non-welders and welders) were slightly reduced while that of non-smoking welders was increased compared to the control. The serum zinc level increased among the smoking welders, while the smoking non-welders and non-smoking welders decreased when compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Exposure to welding fumes has been shown to increase total cholesterol levels compared to the control. Weld fumes significantly (p < 0.05) increased high-density lipoproteins (HDL) levels among smoking non-welders compared to the control group, while, HDL was reduced in non-smoking welders and smoking welders, respectively (p < 0.05). Triglyceride levels significantly (p < 0.05) increased in all experimental groups compared to control levels (p < 0.05). Exposure to welding fumes and smoking caused significant changes in serum zinc, HDL and triglycerides levels with implications for the formation of plaques around the arteries interfering with the effective flow of blood through the vascular system, with implications of hyperlipidemia and dyslipidemia. This study recommends that further studies should be done using biomarkers from urine or toe nails.

Atherosclerosis is a primary cause of illness and death globally and its mechanism is still unclear. Different animal models have been created to evaluate the progression of atherosclerosis, allowing researchers to carefully control the circumstances of the experiment as well as the nutrition and environmental risk factors. To investigate the negative effects of various interventions, pathophysiological alterations might be generated utilizing genetic or pharmacological methods. These models’ molecular and pathophysiological mechanisms have been clarified through experiments, and they have served as platforms for the creation of new drugs. Different models can be employed to address various research problems, each with its own benefits and drawbacks. In the current review study, various species of atherosclerosis models are discussed, along with the viability of using them in experiments.

BACKGROUND: Considering the high cardiovascular risk in patients with familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), early diagnosis and treatment are the basis for the prevention of vascular accidents. In the absence of universal screening, the results of more targeted diagnostics are of interest — the search for lipid metabolism disorders in young relatives of patients with atherosclerotic vascular diseases. OBJECTIVE: To determine the effectiveness of targeted screening for identifying patients with FH, which will justify its widespread use in clinical practice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: At the start of the observational study, 584 patients were identified from the vascular centers of the Krasnoyarsk Regional Hospital, Krasnoyarsk Interdistrict Clinical Hospital No. 20 named after. I.S. Berzon, who had lipid profile data and early cardiovascular events (all forms of coronary heart diseases), including reconstructive vascular interventions up to 55 years in men and up to 60 years in women in the case of first-degree relatives and up to 50 years in second-degree relatives. The study examined patients’ relatives aged 44 years. To diagnose FH in participants aged 16 years, the scale developed by a network of Dutch lipid clinics was used; in participants aged 16 years, the S. Broome criteria were used. Targeted screening and lipid parameters in individuals with probable, possible, and definite FH were analyzed. Data processing was performed using Microsoft Excel and Statistica v. 12.0 (USA). Parametric (calculation of the median and 25th and 75th quartiles) and nonparametric (statistical significance of differences was determined using the Mann–Whitney and χ2 tests) methods were used. RESULTS: The study examined 70 children and 104 adults aged 44 years whose first- and/or second-degree relatives suffered premature vascular events. In the general group of participants, 42 (24.14%) patients had FH (of which 18 were 17 years old) and 37 (21.2%) had hyperlipoproteinemia (a). Definite FH was documented in 16 (9.1%) patients, probable in another 16, and possible in 9. Hyperlipoproteinemia (a) was found in 37 (21.2% of general group) patients, including 12 children (17.1% of pediatric group). CONCLUSION: Not more than 30% of the population are aware of the hereditary nature of lipid metabolism disorders and atherosclerotic diseases. Targeted screening is the least expensive and most effective tool for identifying patients with FH and hyperdipoproteinemia (a).

Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), commonly called "bad cholesterol", is crucial to cardiovascular health. Increased LDL-C levels pose a substantial risk to human health. As a result, there is a demand for reliable, affordable, and highly sensitive analytical methods for LDL-C detection. Herein, a facile fluorometric aptasensor for LDL-C detection based on the aptamer-enhanced peroxidase-mimicking activity of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) has been developed. AuNPs were functionalized with LDL-C-specific thiolated aptamer to enhance their intrinsic peroxidase-like activity, which could effectively catalyze the oxidation of o-phenylenediamine dihydrochloride (OPD) by H2O2 into the yellow-fluorescent product 2,3-diamino phenazine (DAP). The characterization studies confirmed that the presence of the aptamer enhances the affinity of AuNPs toward the OPD substrate, thereby leading to a marked increase in the peroxidase-mimicking activity. Moreover, after being functionalized with an aptamer, increased dispersibility and substrate affinity of AuNPs were achieved. Using LDL-C as a target analyte, under optimum conditions, a linear relationship between smartphone-recorded signal intensity and the logarithm of the analyte concentration was observed in the range of 0.05–1 mg dL–1 and the limit of detection was 0.0230 mg dL–1. The results agree with those obtained by a clinical laboratory method. This proposed method is readily deployable and a promising prototype for diverse diagnostic applications, particularly in biomarker detection within serum or plasma samples. It holds the potential to yield substantial advantages in point-of-care testing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beyond cardiovascular disease protection, the health consequences of very low concentrations of low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) remain a matter of debate. In primary hypobetalipoproteinemia (HBL), liver steatosis and cirrhosis have occasionally been reported. Here, we aimed to investigate the association between HBL and the risk of hepatic complications (cirrhosis complications and/or primary liver cancer) in the general population. A cohort study was conducted in the French population-based cohort CONSTANCES. Participants with primary HBL (LDL-C <5th percentile for age and sex, [HBL]) were compared with those with normal LDL-C concentrations (40th-60th percentile, [Control]). Participants on lipid-lowering therapies were excluded. For hepatic complications, follow-up events were compared by calculating the incidence density ratio (IDR). The same analyses were replicated in the UK Biobank (UKBB) cohort. In the CONSTANCES and UKBB cohorts, 34,653 and 94,666 patients were analyzed, with median ages of 45 and 56 years, mean LDL-C concentrations (HBL vs. control) of 71 vs. 128 mg/dl and 86 vs. 142 mg/dl, and mean follow-up durations of 5.0 and 11.5 years, respectively. The HBL group presented a higher incidence of hepatic complications than the control group: 0.32/ vs. 0.07/1,000 person-years (IDR = 4.50, 95% CI 1.91-10.6) in CONSTANCES, and 0.69/ vs. 0.21/1,000 person-years (IDR = 3.27, 95% CI 2.63-4.06) in the UKBB. This risk proved to be independent of classic risk factors for liver disease (obesity, alcohol consumption, diabetes, viral hepatitis), including in a 5-year landmark analysis excluding early events. Sensitivity analyses based on apoliprotein-B levels (instead of LDL-C levels) or genetically defined HBL showed similar results. HBL is associated with a markedly increased risk of hepatic complications. HBL must be considered as a substantial independent risk factor for liver diseases which justifies specific prevention and screening. Hypobetalipoproteinemia (HBL) is a lipid disorder characterized by permanent, inherited low levels (below the 5th percentile) of low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol. While HBL is associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular events, some studies suggest that it may be associated with a potential risk of hepatic steatosis and hepatic complications. Here, we studied the association between HBL and hepatic complications (defined as cirrhosis complications and/or primary liver cancer) in two populations of several hundred thousand people, both in France (CONSTANCES cohort) and the United Kingdom (UKBB). The results show that HBL is associated with a significant and independent excess risk of hepatic complications, including primary liver cancer. Thus, in people with HBL, the value of regular liver monitoring must be studied. [Display omitted] • Hypobetalipoproteinemia is defined by permanent, inherited low LDL-cholesterol levels. • In two large population cohorts, hypobetalipoproteinemia increased the risk of cirrhosis complications and/or liver cancer. • This risk was observed independently of classical risk factors for liver disease (obesity, alcohol, diabetes, viral hepatitis). • Hypobetalipoproteinemia is a risk factor for liver disease complications that requires appropriate monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atherosclerosis is the primary trigger for severe pathologies. The atherosclerotic inflammatory process is well known after low-density lipoprotein (LDL) adhesion in blood vessel walls, however, limited information exists regarding LDL penetration into subendothelial layers. Here, we propose for the first time, to the best of our knowledge, the pathway for the initial trajectory of the lipid molecules internalization into the arterial endothelial tissue. The investigation shows a computational model analyzing molecules involved in the atherosclerotic process, specifically LDL and molecules of the vascular endothelium. The theoretical model was experimentally tested using carrageenan to simulate the anionic counterparts of vascular tissue and amino acids from apolipoprotein B-100. The molecular interactions were analyzed by conductimetric titration, FTIR, and rheology. The computational model identified potential amino acids involved in the process, and the experimental results demonstrated the interaction between lysine and polymer, as the mechanism of adhesion, confirming the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atherosclerosis is a primary cause of illness and death globally and its mechanism is still unclear. Different animal models have been created to evaluate the progression of atherosclerosis, allowing researchers to carefully control the circumstances of the experiment as well as the nutrition and environmental risk factors. To investigate the negative effects of various interventions, pathophysiological alterations might be generated utilizing genetic or pharmacological methods. These models' molecular and pathophysiological mechanisms have been clarified through experiments, and they have served as platforms for the creation of new drugs. Different models can be employed to address various research problems, each with its own benefits and drawbacks. In the current review study, various species of atherosclerosis models are discussed, along with the viability of using them in experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cholesterol has for decades ruled the history of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), and the present view of the etiology of the disease is based on the transport of cholesterol by plasma lipoproteins. The new knowledge of the lipoprotein-specific transport of lipid oxidation products (LOPs) has introduced another direction to the research of CVD, revealing strong associations between lipoprotein transport functions, atherogenic LOP, and CVD. The aim of this review is to present the evidence of the lipoprotein-specific transport of LOP and to evaluate the potential consequences of the proposed role of the LOP transport as a risk factor. The associations of cholesterol and lipoprotein LOP with the known risk factors of CVD are mostly parallel, and because of the common transport and cellular intake mechanisms it is difficult to ascertain the independent effects of either cholesterol or LOP. While cholesterol is known to have important physiological functions, LOPs are merely regarded as metabolic residues and able to initiate and boost atherogenic processes. It is therefore likely that with the increased knowledge of the lipoprotein-specific transport of LOP, the role of cholesterol as a risk factor of CVD will be challenged. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article, published in the Anatolian Journal of General Medical Research, explores the use of calculated LDL as a cost-effective alternative to direct LDL testing in patients at risk for hypercholesterolemia. The study analyzes test orders from outpatients in a Turkish hospital and calculates the unnecessary test order cost. The findings suggest that using computational LDL tests instead of direct LDL tests and implementing targeted test ordering could be more cost-effective. Additionally, the article discusses the potential use of machine learning algorithms in reducing unnecessary tests. Another article in the same journal discusses the use of a deep neural network to estimate low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels from electronic health records, demonstrating its potential for real-time clinical application. [Extracted from the article]

Purpose of Review: There is ample evidence of the benefits and safety of low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-lowering therapies in the prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. While statins remain the first-line agent for LDL reduction, several new therapies are now available. This narrative review provides an overview of currently available non-statin LDL-lowering agents, specifically mechanisms of action and data on efficacy and safety. It also discusses recommendations on their use in clinical practice. Recent Findings: Ezetimibe, PCSK9 inhibitors, and bempedoic acid have proven safe and efficacious in reducing cardiovascular events in large randomized controlled trials. Inclisiran is a promising agent that suppresses PCSK9 mRNA translation and is currently under investigation in a large clinical outcomes randomized controlled trial assessing its effect on clinical outcomes. Summary: Expert consensus advocates for lower LDL targets in higher risk patients and escalation to or a combination of non-statin therapies as needed to achieve these goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Altered lipid levels may be associated with the development of a number of malignancies, including cancer of the cervix. However, there is limited understanding of this relationship in the rural Ugandan context. Objective: We investigated the connection between dyslipidaemias and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) among women attending the cervical cancer clinic at Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital in south-western Uganda. Methods: This unmatched case-control study was conducted between December 2022 and February 2023 and included women with CIN (cases) and women without intraepithelial lesions (controls) in a 1:1 ratio. Participants were selected based on cytology and/or histology results, and after obtaining written informed consent. Demographic data were collected, and venous blood was drawn for lipid profile analysis. Dyslipidaemia was defined as: total cholesterol 200 mg/dL, low-density lipoprotein 160 mg/dL, triglycerides 150 mg/dL, or high-density lipoprotein 40 mg/dL. At diagnosis, cases were categorised as either CIN1 (low grade) or CIN2+ (high grade). Results: Among the 93 cases, 81 had CIN1, while 12 had CIN2+. Controls had a 13.9% (13/93) prevalence of high triglycerides and cases had a prevalence of 3.2% (3/93; p = 0.016). Reduced high-density lipoprotein was the most prevalent dyslipidaemia among cases (40.9%; 38/93). Statistically significant associations were found between high serum triglycerides and CIN (odds ratio: 1.395, 95% confidence interval: 0.084–1.851, p = 0.007). Conclusion: A notable association was observed between triglyceride dyslipidemia and CIN. Further studies into biochemical processes and interactions between lipids and cervical carcinogenesis are recommended through prospective cohort studies. What this study adds: This research provides additional information on the potential role of lipids in cervical carcinogenesis among women in rural Uganda. It also presents the possible prevalence of multimorbidity involving cervical cancer and cardiovascular diseases, particularly in low-resource settings lacking preventive measures against the increasing prevalence of dyslipidaemia.

Introduction: Exercise training and vegetarian diets have been accepted as suitable and non-pharmacological methods for improving lifestyle and mitigating obesity, and related metabolic diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate the combined effect of aerobic training and vegetarian diet on lipid profile of adults. Material & Methods: A comprehensive search of English and Persian articles was conducted on databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, SID, Magiran, and Google Scholar, up to February 2023. Meta-analyses were conducted to compare the effects of aerobic exercise and vegetarian diet on body weight, as well as lipid profile parameters (low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, triglyceride and total cholesterol). Standardized mean differences (SMD), weighted mean differences (WMD), and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using a random effect model. Additionally, the I2 test was assessed the heterogeneity, and Funnel plots and Egger tests at a (significance level: 0.1) were employed to identify publication bias. Results: The meta-analysis, comprising 36 studies with 10,795 adults, showed that aerobic exercise and vegetarian diet significantly decreased body weight [WMD=-4.5, (CI: -5.68 to -3.31), p=0.001], low-density lipoprotein [SMD=-0.35, (CI: -0.44 to -0.26), p=0.001], high-density lipoprotein [SMD=-0.16, (CI: -0.29 to -0.03), p=0.01], triglyceride [SMD=-0.11, (CI: -0.17 to -0.05), p=0.001], and total cholesterol [SMD=-0.44, (CI: -0.57 to -0.32), p=0.001]. Data analysis utilized Comperhensive Meta-analysis software version 2. Discussion & Conclusion: The findings of the present meta-analysis showed the important role of exercise and vegetarian diet in improving lipid profiles. Therefore, aerobic exercise and vegetarian diet are recommended as non-pharmacogloical strategies for reducing body weight and improving lipid profiles in adults.

Abstract Reducing circulating lipid levels is the centerpiece of strategies for preventing and treating atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Despite many available lipid-lowering medications, a substantial residual cardiovascular risk remains. Current clinical guidelines focus on plasma levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL). Recent attention has been given to very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL), the precursor to LDL, and its role in the development of coronary atherosclerosis. Preclinical investigations have revealed that interventions targeting VLDL production or promoting VLDL metabolism, independent of the LDL receptor, can potentially decrease cholesterol levels and provide therapeutic benefits. Currently, methods, such as mipomersen, lomitapide, and ANGPTL3 inhibitors, are used to reduce plasma cholesterol and triglyceride levels by regulating the lipidation, secretion, and metabolism of VLDL. Targeting VLDL represents an avenue for new lipid-lowering strategies. Interventions aimed at reducing VLDL production or enhancing VLDL metabolism, independent of the LDL receptor, hold promise for lowering cholesterol levels and providing therapeutic benefits beyond LDL in the management of ASCVD.

A facile method for the immobilization of β-cyclodextrin on polysulfone membranes with the aim of selectively adsorbing low-density lipoprotein (LDL) was established, which is based on the self-assembly of dopamine on the membrane followed by the Schiff base reaction with mono-(6-ethanediamine-6-deoxy)-β-cyclodextrin. The surface modification processes were validated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Surface wettability and surface charge of the membranes were investigated through the water contact angle and zeta potential analysis. The cyclodextrin-modified polysulfone membrane (PSF-CD) showed good resistance to protein solutions, as shown by the measurement of BSA adsorption. The assessment of BSA adsorption revealed that the cyclodextrin-modified polysulfone membrane (PSF-CD) exhibited excellent resistance to protein solutions. To investigate the adsorption and desorption behaviors of the membranes in single-protein or binary-protein solutions, an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was employed. The results revealed that the PSF-CD possessed remarkable adsorption capacity and higher affinity for LDL in both single-protein and binary-protein solutions, rendering it a suitable material for LDL apheresis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]