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To improve the drying efficiency and quality of hot air-dried apple slices with blanching pretreatment, this study systematically evaluated the effects of two blanching pretreatments, hot water blanching and vacuum steam pulsed blanching, on the macroscopic drying performance of apple slices. The results indicated that under the conditions of 0.07 MPa vacuum, two blanching cycles, and blanching time of 3 minutes, vacuum steam pulsed blanching significantly enhanced the rehydration rate and textural quality of apple slices while reducing the drying time. Paraffin sectioning, microscopic observation and image processing were used to compare the microstructural changes of apple slices in terms of cell cross-sectional area, perimeter, equivalent diameter, cell roundness, wall roughness factor, and porosity under different branching conditions (temperature and time for hot water blanching; vacuum level, number of cycles, and time for vacuum steam pulsed blanching). The results showed that with the increase in temperature, blanching time and number of blanching cycles, apple cells exhibited changes that accelerated water evaporation during subsequent drying, thus shortening the drying time. Additionally, the relationship between microstructural parameters and rehydration ratio was fitted to a polynomial regression model. The findings of this study provide a theoretical basis for understanding the mechanisms by which vacuum steam pulsed blanching affects the microstructure and quality of dried apple slices.

A major obstacle in the appreciation of classical music is that extensive training is required to understand musical structure and compositional techniques toward comprehending the thoughts behind the musical work. In this paper, we propose an innovative visualization solution to reveal the semantic structure in classical orchestral works such that users can gain insights into musical structure and appreciate the beauty of music. We formulate the semantic structure into macrolevel layer interactions, microlevel theme variations, and macro-micro relationships between themes and layers to abstract the complicated construction of a musical composition. The visualization has been applied with success in understanding some classical music works as supported by highly promising user study results with the general audience and very positive feedback from music students and experts, demonstrating its effectiveness in conveying the sophistication and beauty of classical music to novice users with informative and intuitive displays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taking Toury's model of norms as its starting point, this paper examines the macro-micro relationship evident within the context and culture of interpreting activity. The paper theorises this relationship drawing on Bourdieu's concepts of habitus and field and Bernstein's theory of pedagogic discourse. It proposes a model which directs the analysis of norms to the social dimension of language and cognition, as well as to the sociological and ideological determinants of what counts as a legitimate meaning in a particular context. The paper draws on the analysis of a particular context - the interpreted political asylum interview. However, it suggests the possibility of applying a similar theoretical model across a range of interpreting contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]