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Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein F (HNRNPF) is a widely expressed RNA-binding protein primarily localized in the nucleus. It plays a crucial role in the maturation of mRNA precursors, facilitating their conversion into functional mRNAs through the recognition and binding of specific RNA sequences. Additionally, it regulates mRNA nuclear transport, enhances expression stability, and influences the transmission of tumor ⁃ related signaling pathways. HNRNPF exhibits abnormal expression in various malignant tumors and is strongly correlated with a poor prognosis. It actively participates in crucial biological processes including tumor cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis, thereby potentially serving as both a therapeutic target and a clinical prognostic marker. This paper systematically reviews the molecular structure and function, expression patterns and prognostic implications of HNRNPF in malignant neoplasms, along with its associated mechanism of action, to generate novel insights for the neoplastic diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent development of molecular and genetic technologies has demonstrated at the molecular level the co-evolutionary principles of interaction between microbiota, virome and the host organism, as well as the role of microorganisms and viruses both in maintaining physiological homeostasis and in the development of various diseases, including malignant neoplasms. The presented review is devoted to the analysis and generalization of modern data on microorganisms and viruses inhabiting the human body, their role in the processes of initiation, promotion and progression of carcinogenesis. The review provides information on known oncogenic viruses and microorganisms according to the modern classification of carcinogenic agents of the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Mechanistic data on the procarcinogenic effect of microbiota and virome are considered in accordance with the modern concept of key characteristics of a carcinogenic agent. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of data on the influence of microbiota and virome on the immunity of the host organism, including both the first results of immunotherapy with Coley toxin of soft tissue sarcomas and osteosarcomas, and data on the influence of individual types of microorganisms on the formation of the immunocompetent cell profile of the host organism. In addition, the influence of intratumor and intracellular microbiota, respectively, on the microenvironment of tumor cells and cellular signaling, including in solid tumors that have no contact with the external environment are also discussed. The data presented are important in terms of the holobiota concept, showing the interdependent existence of the human body, microorganisms and viruses, to improve the prevention and therapy of malignant neoplasms.

Background: Colonoscopy is a day to day procedure carried out in hospitals for lower gastrointestinal tract lesions. Lower gastrointestinal tract lesions can vary from mild inflammation to infection to malignant neoplasms. Histopathology of colonoscoy biopsy is considered as gold standard but it is a lengthy process taking multiple days to even weeks. Crush cytology is rapid and handy procedure which can be a good adjunct to histopathology. This study highlights the diagnostic role of crush cytology in colon lesions in correlation to histopathology. Material and Methods: The study was conducted at Nobel Medical College Teaching Hospital,Biratnagar from August 2021 to September 2022 in the Department of Pathology and Gastroenterology among 62 colonoscopic biopsies. Crush cytology smears were prepared and stained with May-Grunwald-Giemsa and ultrapap. Histomorphological slides were prepared and stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin. Both the slides were assessed by 3 pathologists and results were recorded. Results: This study was done among 62 cases in which the age range was 36-78 years with male to female ratio of 3.1:1. On histopathology, benign lesions were 67% and malignant were 32. On crush cytology, benign pathology was seen in 42 cases, positive for malignancy in 17 and suspicious for malignancy in 3 cases. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and overall accuracy of crush cytology when compared to the histopathology were found to be 90%, 95% , 90%, 95% and 93% respectively. Conclusion: Crush cytology has high sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value and is highly comparable to the histopathology reports.

Introduction. In the 10th revision of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10), the code for malignant neoplasms of pharynx (mNN) is C11. These tumors are rare. The state statistics only presents information on morbidity. Data on mortality due to mNN are absent, they are included into the group of other causes of death. The real assessment of the effectiveness of antitumor management of mNN can only be obtained from the population Cancer Registry Database (pCR DB) of the Northwestern federal District of the Russian federation (NwfD Rf) developed by us. This database allows to determine the main analytical values of any parameter included in the case report form. The most reliable criterion of evaluation of the effectiveness of antitumor management is calculation of observed and relative 1-year and corrected 5-year survival rates of patients at the population level and in accordance with international standards.Aim. To perform first in Russia assessment of the effectiveness of antitumor management of mNN with calculation of analytical values including survival (separately for men and women) and detailed characteristics of location and histological structure.Materials and methods. The data of the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), as well as reference books of the p.A. Hertsen moscow Oncology Research Institute and the N.N. petrov National medical Research Center for Oncology were used. Data processing was preformed using mS Excel 2013–2016 and STATISTICA 6.1 licensed software. Survival rates were calculated using modified EuROCARE software. The study was based on the databases of the population cancer registry of Saint petersburg and NwfD Rf developed by us. In total, 950 observations were analyzed. Results. Data obtained during investigation of the incidence and survival rates of mNN confirmed the rarity of this pathology and positive morbidity dynamics, standardized values of which decreased in Russia between 2010 and 2022 by 19.35 %, in NwfD Rf by 27.59 %. The coronavirus pandemic had a significant negative effect on the record keeping. Additionally, between 2010 and 2022 1-year survival of patients with mNN in NwfD Rf increased from 58.5 to 80.6 % (by 22.1 %); 5-year survival increased between 2000 and 2018 from 25.4 to 35.4 % (by 10 %).Conclusion. Analysis of the incidence and survival of patients with malignant neoplasm of rare location can be performed only using a database of population cancer registry of a federal district in compliance with all international rules of its maintenance. unfortunately, currently this is possible only for NwfD Rf.

Abstract Objective The objective of this study is to examine the epidemiological characteristics of very elderly patients (aged over 80 years) with cancer admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), and to elucidate the association between Acute Physiology Score III (APS‐III) and 28‐day mortality. Method A retrospective analysis was conducted using data extracted from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care IV (MIMIC‐IV) database. Patients aged 80 years and above were assigned to three groups: non‐cancer group, non‐metastatic cancer group, and metastatic cancer group, based on their cancer diagnosis and its extent, Kaplan–Meier curves were constructed among these patient groups. Furthermore, patients were divided into a survival group and a non‐survival group based on their 28‐day survival status after ICU admission. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to detect the risk factors for 28‐day mortality among these patients. Additionally, this investigation sought to establish a dose–response relationship by exploring the graded association between APS‐III scores and the 28‐day mortalities among patients diagnosed with cancer. Results A total of 42,037 medical records were screened, from which 11,461 elderly patients aged over 80 years were included, comprising 1020 (8.90%) with non‐metastatic cancer, 537 (4.68%) with metastatic cancer, and 9904 (86.41%) without cancer. Significant differences in 28‐day mortality were observed between both the non‐metastatic and metastatic cancer groups compared to the non‐cancer group (20.98% and 22.35% vs. 15.75%, p

Background: Immune escape and immunosuppression play crucial roles in the onset and progression of head and neck malignant neoplasms (HNMN). However, previous studies on the relationship between immune cells and HNMN have yielded inconsistent results. Methods: In this study, we performed bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomisation (MR) analyses using genome-wide association study (GWAS) and FinnGen databases to examine the association between 731 immune cell features and the risk of HNMN. We conducted sensitivity analyses to assess the robustness of the findings. Results: Subsequent to false discovery rate (FDR) correction, three immune cell phenotypes were found to have a significant correlation with the risk of HNMN: CD28−CD8+ absolute cells (AC) (inverse-variance weighted [IVW] using the multiplicative random effects model: OR [95%]: 1.325 [1.413 to 1.539], P = 0.0002, Pfdr = 0.054), CD3 on secreting Treg (IVW: OR [95%]: 0.887 [0.835 to 0.941], P = 0.00007, Pfdr = 0.025), and CD3 on resting Treg (IVW: OR [95%]: 0.891 [0.842 to 0.943], P = 0.00006, Pfdr = 0.026). The results of the sensitivity analysis were aligned with the primary findings. No statistically significant effects of HNMN on the immunophenotypes were observed. Conclusions: Our research indicates causal relationships among the three immune cell phenotypes and vulnerability to HNMN, providing new insights into immune infiltration within the HNMN tumour microenvironment and the development of immunotherapy drugs targeting checkpoint inhibitors of HNMN. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Perineural tumor spread (PNTS) to the brachial plexus (BP) is a rare and challenging condition. This study aimed to elucidate the clinical presentations, diagnostic challenges, and outcomes of patients with PNTS to the BP. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed patients diagnosed with PNTS to the BP at our institution between January 2009 and June 2024. Clinical characteristics, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) findings, and treatment outcomes were analyzed. Results: Seven patients (mean age, 50.3 years) were identified. The primary cancer diagnoses included invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast (n = 3), metaplastic carcinoma of the breast (n = 1), lung adenocarcinoma (n = 2), and papillary thyroid carcinoma (n = 1). The median time from the initial cancer diagnosis to PNTS symptom onset was 71.0 months. All patients initially presented with progressive unilateral pain or paresthesia, followed by motor weakness. Lower trunk plexopathy was the most common electrodiagnostic finding (n = 5). In most patients, BP MRI showed diffuse tubular enlargement and T2 hyperintensity throughout the BP (n = 6), with gadolinium enhancement primarily in the proximal regions (n = 7). 18F-FDG PET/CT demonstrated increased uptake in the BP, most prominently at the cervical spinal root or trunk levels (n = 6). Despite treatment, neurological outcomes were generally poor. Six of the seven patients died after a median follow-up of 19 months post-PNTS diagnosis. Conclusions: PNTS to the BP can occur years after initial cancer diagnosis and may signify cancer progression. A high index of suspicion is crucial for timely diagnosis, particularly in patients with cancer and progressive upper extremity symptoms. Comprehensive imaging, including BP MRI and PET/CT, is essential for diagnosis. Despite treatment, prognosis remains poor, highlighting the need for improved diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2016, the World Health Organization (WHO) eliminated "oligoastrocytoma" from the classification of central nervous system (CNS) tumors, in favor of an integrated histologic and molecular diagnosis. Consistent with the 2016 classification, in the 2021 classification, oligodendrogliomas are defined by mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) with concurrent 1p19q codeletion, while astrocytomas are IDH mutant tumors, usually with ATRX loss. In 2007, a 24‐year‐old man presented with a brain tumor histologically described as astrocytoma, but with molecular studies consistent with an oligodendroglioma, IDH mutant and 1p19q‐codeleted. Years later, at resection, pathology revealed an astrocytoma, with variable ATRX expression and mutations of IDH, ATRX, TP53, and TERT by DNA sequencing. Fluorescence in situ hybridization studies confirmed 1p19q codeletion in sections of the tumor shown to histologically retain ATRX expression. Separately, in 2017, a 36‐year‐old woman presented with a frontal brain tumor with pathology consistent with an oligodendroglioma, IDH mutant and 1p19q‐codeleted. Two years later, pathology revealed an astrocytoma, IDH1 mutant, with ATRX loss. These two cases likely represent the rare occurrence of dual‐genotype IDH mutant infiltrating glioma. Nine cases of dual‐genotype IDH mutant glioma were previously reported in the literature. We present two cases in which this distinct molecular phenotype is present in a tumor in the same location with surgeries at two points in time, both with 1p19q codeletion and ATRX loss at the time of resection. Whether this represents a true "collision tumor" or genetic switching over time is not known, but the co‐occurrence of these hybrid mutations supports a diagnosis of dual‐genotype IDH mutant glioma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objective of this study is to examine the epidemiological characteristics of very elderly patients (aged over 80 years) with cancer admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU), and to elucidate the association between Acute Physiology Score III (APS‐III) and 28‐day mortality. Method: A retrospective analysis was conducted using data extracted from the Medical Information Mart for Intensive Care IV (MIMIC‐IV) database. Patients aged 80 years and above were assigned to three groups: non‐cancer group, non‐metastatic cancer group, and metastatic cancer group, based on their cancer diagnosis and its extent, Kaplan–Meier curves were constructed among these patient groups. Furthermore, patients were divided into a survival group and a non‐survival group based on their 28‐day survival status after ICU admission. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed to detect the risk factors for 28‐day mortality among these patients. Additionally, this investigation sought to establish a dose–response relationship by exploring the graded association between APS‐III scores and the 28‐day mortalities among patients diagnosed with cancer. Results: A total of 42,037 medical records were screened, from which 11,461 elderly patients aged over 80 years were included, comprising 1020 (8.90%) with non‐metastatic cancer, 537 (4.68%) with metastatic cancer, and 9904 (86.41%) without cancer. Significant differences in 28‐day mortality were observed between both the non‐metastatic and metastatic cancer groups compared to the non‐cancer group (20.98% and 22.35% vs. 15.75%, p < 0.001). However, no statistically significant difference was detected in the 28‐day mortality rate when comparing the non‐metastatic cancer group directly with the metastatic cancer group (20.98% vs. 22.35%, p = 0.576). Univariate analysis revealed significant differences (p < 0.001) in age, gender, BMI, aCCI excluding cancer point, ventilation, presence of cancer, and status of metastatic cancer between the survival and non‐survival groups. In the multivariate logistic regression, the odds ratio (OR) for ventilation was found to be 2.154 (95% CI: 1.799–2.578), cancer conferred an OR of 1.499 (95% CI: 1.137–1.975), metastatic cancer showed an OR of 1.171 (95% CI: 0.745–1.841), APS‐III showed an OR of 1.038 (95% CI: 1.034–1.042). A dose–response relationship was observed, demonstrating that when the APS‐III score exceeded 80 points, the 28‐day mortality rate surpassed 50% among the very elderly cancer patients in ICU. Conclusions: More than one‐tenth of critically ill very elderly patients admitted to the ICU are diagnosed with cancer. Among ICU patients, those with cancer face a short‐term mortality risk approximately 1.5 times higher than those without a cancer diagnosis. Interestingly, while our findings do not indicate an escalated mortality risk due to metastasis within the cancer patient cohort, the presence of cancer itself remains a significant factor influencing ICU mortality rates in this very elderly population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary intracranial malignant melanoma (PIMM) is an exceedingly rare central nervous system tumor, accounting for only 1% of melanoma cases and 0.07% of primary CNS tumors, with limited documentation in adolescents. This case report describes an 18-year-old male who presented with a seizure, marking the onset of his symptoms. Following an emergency assessment, MRI identified a heterogeneous mass in the right parasagittal frontal region, initially misdiagnosed as a cystic meningioma. A craniotomy allowed for total tumor resection, and histopathological analysis revealed a malignant melanoma characterized by neoplastic cells with pronounced nuclear pleomorphism and significant mitotic activity. Postoperative evaluations, including a PET scan, confirmed no extracranial melanoma, affirming the diagnosis of primary CNS melanoma. The patient demonstrated no neurological deficits or seizures one year post-surgery and was managed with adjuvant radiotherapy. This report emphasizes the necessity of considering PIMM in differential diagnoses for seizures in young patients and highlights the importance of comprehensive diagnostic evaluations, including MRI and histopathology, in rare cases. Additionally, the findings underscore the critical role of complete surgical resection in improving outcomes, with adjuvant therapies potentially enhancing long-term management and surveillance. As PIMM presents with nonspecific symptoms, awareness among clinicians is essential for early detection and appropriate intervention, warranting further research to develop standardized treatment protocols and enhance understanding of this rare tumor's pathophysiology.

Undifferentiated carcinoma with osteoclast-like giant cells (UC-OGC) is a rare histological subtype of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma according to the World Health Organization classification of digestive system tumors. This subtype is exceptionally uncommon, accounting for less than 1% of pancreatic malignant tumors. This paper presents a rare case of a 62-year-old female patient diagnosed with UC-OGC. The patient initially presented with symptoms, including epigastric pain and the presence of an abdominal mass, which led to further investigation and the eventual diagnosis of this unusual and challenging form of pancreatic cancer.

Purpose of the study. To analyze the long-term results from various strategies of endovascular treatment for coronary artery disease (CAD) in patients concomitant with cancer.Patients and methods. 74 patients with both CAD disease and cancer were treated in A. V. Vishnevskiy National Medical Research Center of Surgery from 01/01/2018 to 12/31/2022. By a multidisciplinary council, patients were divided into three groups: group 1 (n = 39) – staged treatment: percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is the first stage, the second is surgical treatment of cancer; group 2 (n = 14) – staged treatment: the first stage was surgical treatment of cancer, and the second stage was PCI; group 3 (n = 21) – PCI and open surgery were performed on the same day.Results. In the immediate period, 3 (4.0 %) deaths were observed: 2 (5.1 %) in group 1, 1 (4.8 %) in group 3, the cause of which was complications arising after oncological surgical interventions. One (2.6 %) patient from group 1 had acute myocardial infarction (AMI) due to acute stent thrombosis in the left anterior descending artery (LAD). The patient underwent successful emergency PCI. In the long-term period, 15 (25.4 %) patients died, out of which 11 (18.7 %) from progression of cancer, and 4 (6.7 %) from other causes. Among the major cardiovascular complications, the following were observed: 1 (3.2 %) AMI in group 1 and 1 (7.1 %) in group 2.Conclusion. In the long-term follow-up period, the leading cause of death (73,3 %) was progression of cancer. There were no detected from deaths AMI, which confirms the importance and feasibility of myocardial revascularization in this severe group of patients. PCI in patients with coronary artery disease in combination with cancer allows for effective and safe surgical treatment of malignant pathology without cardiac mortality both in the immediate and long-term follow-up periods.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to determine the prevalence and features of oral and maxillofacial lesions found in the residents of Al‐Qassim region, Saudi Arabia. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted at King Fahad Specialist Hospital, Buraidah, Qassim, KSA. The data for all biopsied oral and maxillofacial lesions were retrieved from January 2014 until August 2022. All patients' data including age, gender, location of the lesion, and histopathologic diagnosis were reviewed and analyzed using IBM SPSS version 23 and Microsoft Excel. Results: A total of 381 oral pathology biopsies for individuals aged 18 and above were included in a descriptive analysis. One hundred ninety five (51.18%) of patients were male, and 186 (48.82%) were female. The site most commonly biopsied was the oral mucosa (26%). The diagnosis was categorized according to the histopathological diagnosis into 13 categories including all pathological lesions in the oral and maxillofacial area. The frequently biopsied category was soft tissue pathological lesion category (26%), second to that is the odontogenic cyst category (22%), and third is the immunological‐mediated lesion category (13%). The sub‐diagnosis that was mostly observed was radicular cyst, lichen planus, and focal fibrous hyperplasia with the percentages of 13.6%, 10.8%, and 9.4%, respectively. Conclusion: The findings provide important information about the oral and maxillofacial pathology in Al‐Qassim region, Saudi Arabia. This study found that biopsied oral lesions were more prevalent in males and in patients in the fourth decade of life. The oral mucosa was the most biopsied site, and the majority of the biopsies were soft tissue pathological lesions and radicular cyst was the most frequent diagnosis. Knowledge of such demographic and clinical features of oral and maxillofacial pathology cases helps in prediction of disease incidence and subsequent proper patient care in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salivary gland lesions are routinely evaluated by fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) preoperatively. The Milan System for Reporting Salivary Gland Cytopathology (MSRSGC) has standardized salivary gland FNAC reporting. Its application in major salivary glands (MSGs) has been well-established; however, its utility in minor salivary glands (MiSGs) is not well-known. We studied the utility of MSRSGC in MiSG FNAC. A retrospective search of MiSG FNACs from 2 academic institutions (2006-2023) was performed. FNACs were classified using the MSRSGC. Histologic data were reviewed and recorded. The risk of malignancy (ROM), risk of neoplasia (RON), diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated. The series included 43 MiSG FNAC (24 males and 18 females), with a mean age of 55 years (range 10-92). Aspirated sites included the following: palate, buccal space, floor of mouth, lip, tongue, and maxillary sinus. FNACs were classified as nondiagnostic (1), nonneoplastic (3), atypia of undetermined significance (6), benign neoplasm (9), salivary gland neoplasm of uncertain malignant potential (15), suspicious for malignancy, (2) and malignant (7). The risk of neoplasia and risk of malignancy were 87% and 39%. The diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 100%, respectively. Milan System for Reporting Salivary Gland Cytopathology offers valuable information for stratifying MiSG lesions. However, the distribution and the range of diagnostic entities encountered differ somewhat from those in MSGs. For instance, mucinous cyst contents may warrant unique consideration in MiSG; while an atypical classification is recommended in MSGs, the high prevalence of mucoceles in MiSG may tilt this group toward benignity. • The Milan System for Reporting Salivary Gland Cytopathology (MSRSGC) provides valuable data for categorizing minor salivary gland lesions. • The distribution of malignant versus benign lesions and diagnostic entities encountered differ from those found in the major salivary glands. • Mucinous cyst contents may warrant special consideration, given the high prevalence of mucoceles in minor salivary glands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence and risk of malignant neoplasm in primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) patients. Potentially eligible studies were retrieved from PubMed and Embase databases from inception to November 2023 using search strategy consisting of terms for "Primary hyperparathyroidism" and "Malignant neoplasm". Eligible study must report prevalence of malignant neoplasm among patients with PHPT or compare the risk of malignant neoplasm between patients with PHPT and comparators. Point estimates with standard errors were extracted from each study and combined using the generic inverse variance method.A total of 11,926 articles were identified. After two rounds of systematic review, 50 studies were included. The meta-analysis revealed that pooled prevalence rates of overall cancer was 0.19 (95%CI: 0.13–0.25; I2 94%). The two most prevalent types of malignancy among patients with PHPT ware papillary thyroid cancer (pooled prevalence: 0.07; 95%CI: 0.06–0.08; I2 85%) and breast cancer (pooled prevalence: 0.05; 95%CI: 0.03–0.07; I2 87%). Subgroup analysis of studies focusing on patients undergoing parathyroidectomy reported a fourfold higher prevalence of papillary thyroid cancer than the remaining studies (0.08 versus 0.02). The meta-analysis of cohort studies found a significant association between PHPT and overall cancer with the pooled risk ratio of 1.28 (95%CI: 1.23–1.33; I2 66.9%).We found that the pooled prevalence of malignant neoplasm in PHPT was 19%, with papillary thyroid cancer and breast cancer being the most prevalent types. The meta-analysis of cohort studies showed that patient with PHPT carried an approximately 28% increased risk of malignancy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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BackgroundImmune escape and immunosuppression play crucial roles in the onset and progression of head and neck malignant neoplasms (HNMN). However, previous studies on the relationship between immune cells and HNMN have yielded inconsistent results.MethodsIn this study, we performed bidirectional two-sample Mendelian randomisation (MR) analyses using genome-wide association study (GWAS) and FinnGen databases to examine the association between 731 immune cell features and the risk of HNMN. We conducted sensitivity analyses to assess the robustness of the findings.ResultsSubsequent to false discovery rate (FDR) correction, three immune cell phenotypes were found to have a significant correlation with the risk of HNMN: CD28−CD8+ absolute cells (AC) (inverse-variance weighted [IVW] using the multiplicative random effects model: OR [95%]: 1.325 [1.413 to 1.539], P = 0.0002, Pfdr = 0.054), CD3 on secreting Treg (IVW: OR [95%]: 0.887 [0.835 to 0.941], P = 0.00007, Pfdr = 0.025), and CD3 on resting Treg (IVW: OR [95%]: 0.891 [0.842 to 0.943], P = 0.00006, Pfdr = 0.026). The results of the sensitivity analysis were aligned with the primary findings. No statistically significant effects of HNMN on the immunophenotypes were observed.ConclusionsOur research indicates causal relationships among the three immune cell phenotypes and vulnerability to HNMN, providing new insights into immune infiltration within the HNMN tumour microenvironment and the development of immunotherapy drugs targeting checkpoint inhibitors of HNMN.

Purpose: The objective of this study was to assess the frequency and management protocols for malignant tumors among cases referred for aeromedical consultation. Methods: The research analyzed data collected from aeromedical consultations conducted between January 2014 and December 2022. Parameters examined included demographic information such as sex, age, flight crew classification, and diagnosis. Results: Out of the cases reviewed, 31 patients were diagnosed with malignant tumors, with an average age at diagnosis of 38.5 years, and a male predominance of 26 cases. The most commonly diagnosed malignancies were thyroid cancer, lung cancer, kidney cancer, stomach cancer, and colon cancer. During the initial aeromedical consultation, 22 cases were temporarily grounded while 8 received waivers. Conclusion: Given the potential rise in malignant tumor incidence among flight crews due to advancements in medical technology facilitating early detection, it is imperative to emphasize regular check-ups and carefully evaluate aeromedical suitability for flying.

The sodium-dependent phosphate transporter NaPi2b is an integral membrane protein of the SLC34 phosphate transporter family and is an attractive target for precision therapy of several human diseases. Together with other members of this family, the NaPi2b transporter is involved in maintaining phosphate homeostasis in the mammalian body. The NaPi2b transporter gene (SLC34A2) has a broad expression pattern in healthy tissues, including small intestinal epithelial cells, where NaPi2b plays a major role in the absorption of dietary phosphate. NaPi2b transports one divalentorthophosphoric acid residue into cells along with three sodium ions. NaPi2b transport is regulated by dietary phosphate, pH, hormones, and vitamins including vitamin D, estrogen, glucocorticoids, and epidermal growth factor. The NaPi2b transporter exists in two isoforms – 689 and 690 amino acid residues. The molecular weight of NaPi2b depends on the degree of glycosylation and varies from 70 to 100 kDa. According to various sources, the transporter has from 6 to 12 transmembrane domains, 2 co-transport domains, a large extracellular localization domain, as well as N- and C-terminal domains that face the inside of the cell. Impaired NaPi2b function leads to the development of several diseases, including pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis and hyperphosphatemia, and pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis is known to be associated with mutations in the SLC34A2 gene encoding NaPi2b. High levels of NaPi2b have been found in several malignant tumors, including ovary, lung, breast, thyroid, colon, bladder, liver, stomach, kidney, and in gliomas. The tumor-specific conformation of the large extracellular domain of the NaPi2b transporter, mutations, and features of expression of the transporter gene in normal and pathological conditions show that NaPi2b is a promising target for the development of highly selective targeted drugs against it for the treatment of cancer and metabolic disorders.

One of the promising directions in antitumor therapy is suicidal gene therapy based on the introduction of cytotoxic genes into tumor cells. Most often, these genes encode for enzymes of bacterial or viral origin, capable of direct or indirect killing of tumor cells. This review provides information about modern strategies for suicidal cancer gene therapy, discusses their advantages and disadvantages, and analyzes the properties of a potential candidate for creating a new highly effective suicidal system, combining the advantages of existing approaches.

Nijmegen syndrome is a rare monogenic pathology with an autosomal recessive type of inheritance. The disease is manifested by congenital developmental anomalies and microcephaly, primary immunodeficiency, frequent recurrent viral and bacterial infections, retardation in physical and neuropsychic development. In the medical literature, 150 cases of the syndrome are described; pathology occurs more often among the Slavic population. Nijmegen syndrome belongs to a group of diseases with chromosomal instability. The pathogenetic feature of the syndrome is congenital immunodeficiency of the humoral (B-lymphocytes) and cellular (T-lymphocytes) components. According to statistics, 40 % of children with Nijmegen syndrome are diagnosed with malignant neoplasms. lymphoid tissue is more often affected (non-Hodgkin’s B and T-cell lymphomas, acute lymphoblastic leukemia), and the development of solid neoplasia is also possible. To diagnose Nijmegen syndrome, in addition to assessing the patient clinical status, it is necessary to conduct an extended immunological examination with the determination of immunoglobulins A, M, G and molecular genetic studies.The article presents a clinical case of diagnosis and treatment of Nijmegen syndrome in childhood.

Purpose: The objective of this study was to assess the frequency and management protocols for malignant tumors among cases referred for aeromedical consultation. Methods: The research analyzed data collected from aeromedical consultations conducted between January 2014 and December 2022. Parameters examined included demographic information such as sex, age, flight crew classification, and diagnosis. Results: Out of the cases reviewed, 31 patients were diagnosed with malignant tumors, with an average age at diagnosis of 38.5 years, and a male predominance of 26 cases. The most commonly diagnosed malignancies were thyroid cancer, lung cancer, kidney cancer, stomach cancer, and colon cancer. During the initial aeromedical consultation, 22 cases were temporarily grounded while 8 received waivers. Conclusion: Given the potential rise in malignant tumor incidence among flight crews due to advancements in medical technology facilitating early detection, it is imperative to emphasize regular check-ups and carefully evaluate aeromedical suitability for flying. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a malignant epithelial neoplasm originating from keratinocytes. It affects areas that have little or no fur, with the oral cavity being the fourth most affected area. Despite its low metastatic capacity, it can affect regional lymph nodes and therefore lungs and bones. The objective of this study is to report the case of a feline with SCC in the labial region that underwent surgery to remove the nodule and mandibular lymph nodes for histopathological analysis. The assessment of metastatic involvement of the bilateral mandibular lymph node allowed the start of systemic chemotherapy, promoting the oncologic staging of the patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Aim To investigate the frequency and location of additional primary malignancies in a Polish cohort of uveal melanoma (UM) patients registered in a single centre database. Material and method Retrospective data analysis of patients treated for uveal melanoma at the Department of Ophthalmology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poland between 1991 and 2017. Data on the diagnosis of the additional malignancies were obtained during the follow-up visits in our Department and/or from the Greater Poland Cancer Registry. The exclusion criteria comprised no confirmed follow-up or incomplete clinical entry data. Results Among 644 UM patients registered in the database up to 2017, the additional malignancy was diagnosed in 126 (20%) patients: 71 men, 55 women at the median age of 67 years (range: 34–94). In 48 patients (38%), the additional malignancy occurred prior to the diagnosis of UM, in 73 (58%) patients - after it. The most common locations of second cancer were skin (20 cases / 15%), breast (17 cases / 13%) and lungs (15 cases / 12%). The median follow-up was 36 months (range: 3–242). 87 patients (69%) died by the study close, 32 (37%) of them due to metastatic disease from uveal melanoma, 41 (47%) due to another cancer. Conclusions The frequency of additional primary malignancies was higher in our cohort than reported by most of other groups. If there is a certain predisposition to a specific type of additional primary carcinoma in UM patients, the analysis of larger database is required.

Tom Kornhauser,1 Christian M Ponder,1 Philip W Dockery,1 Anna B Sharabura,2 Wade Brock,2,3 John Nguyen,4 John D Pemberton1 1Jones Eye Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA; 2College of Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA; 3Arkansas Oculoplastic Surgery, PLLC, Little Rock, AR, USA; 4West Virginia University, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Cancer, Morgantown, WV, USACorrespondence: Tom Kornhauser, Jones Eye Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham Street, Little Rock, AR, 72207, USA, Tel +501-686-5822, Fax +501-686-7037, Email tkornhauser@uams.eduPurpose: To elicit, from a survey of oculoplastic surgeons, the timing and reason for delaying Jones tube placement after the excision of nasal or lacrimal drainage system malignancy.Methods: The authors reviewed current literature and distributed an anonymous survey to 627 members of the American Society of Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery (ASOPRS) to determine the length of time members wait to perform a Jones tube placement after the removal of nasal or lacrimal drainage system malignancy. The survey also included questions about the rationale for this waiting period.Results: Fifty-eight members of ASOPRS (9.3%) responded to our survey, 49 (84.4%) of whom had performed Jones tube placement on patients who had an excision of a nasal or lacrimal drainage system malignancy. Nearly 52% of respondents waited one year for Jones tube placement. However, a sizeable number of respondents opted to wait five years (15.1%). The most common rationale for waiting was a concern for tumor recurrence (42 responses).Conclusion: There is no consensus on when to perform Jones tube placement after the excision of nasal or lacrimal drainage system malignancy. This survey demonstrates a broad array of waiting periods between operations, although most surgeons wait 12 months.Keywords: Conjunctivodacryocystorhinostomy, cDCR, Jones Tube, Malignant Neoplasm

Laparoscopic removal of the affected part of the organ and classic laparotomic resection with open access for surgical manipulations are widespread. The choice of resection method is still controversial because researchers are currently talking about the importance of minimally invasive surgical techniques. The purpose of this study was primarily to compare the intraoperative, early, and late postoperative status of patients who underwent laparoscopic or laparotomic hepatic resection for multiple foci of hepatocellular carcinoma. In general, the operations using the laparoscopy method are much safer, because perioperative complications (including intense stress reactions with the appearance of hypertension, suppression of the immune response, tachycardia, and hypercoagulability) occur much less frequently than in the case of open-access intervention. Less invasiveness of laparoscopic operations contributes to a better recovery of patients after resection. On the other hand, laparotomy provides wider and faster access to the liver. This meta-analysis compares the effectiveness of minimally invasive laparoscopic resections over classic laparotomic operations in patients diagnosed with hepatocellular carcinoma with multiple tumors.

Introduction: Chondrosarcomas are rare malignancies of the cartilage and myxoid chondrosarcoma is its variant which commonly occurs in soft tissue of extremities. Extraskeletal chondrosarcoma is a rare malignant neoplasm of bone or soft tissue origin and is characterized by the presence of spindle cells admixed with well differentiated cartilage or chondroid stroma. They are mostly radioresistant tumours and surgical resections with adequate margins is considered as the ideal treatment modality with adjuvant radiotherapy in high grade tumours and add on chemotherapy, in case of presence of poor prognostic factors. Case Report: A 51-year-old diabetic, hypertensive female patient presented to our outpatient department with difficulty in chewing food for a duration of 6 months. On clinical examination, she had an ulceroproliferative growth involving right lower alveolus and floor of mouth. MRI face and neck with contrast showed a 4.1 × 2.9 × 4.5 cm lesion involving right lower alveolus extending to floor of mouth. Biopsy showed features of extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma. She was planned for upfront surgery (Right composite resection with modified radical neck dissection with free fibula flap). Patient was stable post-surgery and was discharged in stable condition. Final histopathology report was high grade myxoid chondrosarcoma. The case was presented in tumour board and the patient was planned for adjuvant radiotherapy. She has been on regular follow up for the past 2 years and shows no signs of recurrence. Conclusion: Extraskeletal myxoid chondrosarcoma of oral cavity is a rare entity and very few cases are reported. It is a malignant neoplasm which is diagnosed with the help of immunohistochemistry. Surgery is the ideal modality of treatment accompanied by adjuvant radiotherapy in cases of high-grade tumours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sino-nasal cavities represent an anatomical region affected by a variety of tumors with clinical, etiological, genetic and pathological features, which are distinct from tumors commonly encountered in the area of head and neck cancers. We have undertaken this study with the aim of assessing clinical profile, various treatment modalities and outcome of patients with malignant sino-nasal tumors. In this prospective study of two years, done in a rural tertiary care hospital of India, 40 patients with malignant neoplastic tumors of nasal cavity, sinuses and nasopharynx were analyzed for their clinic-pathological and radiological profile and surgical management. The age range found was 10–78 years. There was a significant male preponderance with 23 (57.5%) male patients. Most common histological type seen in our study was Squamous cell carcinoma amongst 32 (80%) of cases. Maximum number of patients were managed with combination therapy of Surgery and Radiotherapy i.e. in 21 patients (52.5%). Multimodality treatment has been deemed the most efficacious choice of treatment which would improve disease free survival for the patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Cancer is a significant contributor to morbidity and mortality worldwide. The purpose of this study was to analyze the cancer burden and trends of 29 groups of malignant neoplasms in Mexico by sex and age from 1990 to 2019. In 2019, there were 222.1 thousand incident cases and 105.6 thousand deaths due to cancer in the general population. The number of new cases and deaths from the 29 cancer groups increased between 10% and 436% from 1990 to 2019, with different patterns by sex and age. Breast, cervical, and colorectal cancers were the leading causes of death among women, while prostate, lung, and colorectal cancers were the leading causes of death among men. In Mexico, malignant neoplasms were the third leading cause of death in 2019, causing significant health loss. The existence of gender disparities emphasizes the need for cancer-specific targeted prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. The global burden of cancer is on the rise, with varying national patterns. To gain a better understanding and control of cancer, it is essential to provide national estimates. Therefore, we present a comparative description of cancer incidence and mortality rates in Mexico from 1990 to 2019, by age and sex for 29 different cancer groups. Based on public data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019, we evaluated the national burden of cancer by analyzing counts and crude and age-standardized rates per 100,000 people with 95% uncertainty intervals for 2019 and trends using the annual percentage change from 1990 to 2019. In 2019, cancer resulted in 222,060 incident cases and 105,591 deaths. In 2019, the highest incidence of cancer was observed in non-melanoma skin cancer, prostate cancer, and breast cancer. Additionally, 53% of deaths were attributed to six cancer groups (lung, colorectal, stomach, prostate, breast, and pancreatic). From 1990 to 2019, there was an increasing trend in incidence and mortality rates, which varied by 10–436% among cancer groups. Furthermore, there were cancer-specific sex differences in crude and age-standardized rates. The results show an increase in the national cancer burden with sex-specific patterns of change. These findings can guide national efforts to reduce health loss due to cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) has become a powerful tool for pathogen detection, but the value of human sequencing reads generated from it is underestimated. Methods A total of 138 patients with pleural effusion (PE) were diagnosed with tuberculous pleurisy (TBP, N = 82), malignant pleural effusion (MPE, N = 35), or non-TB infection (N = 21), whose PE samples all underwent mNGS analysis. Clinical TB tests including culture, Acid-Fast Bacillus (AFB) test, Xpert, and T-SPOT, were performed. To utilize mNGS for MPE identification, 25 non-MPE samples (20 TBP and 5 non-TB infection) were randomly selected to set human chromosome copy number baseline and generalized linear modeling was performed using copy number variant (CNV) features of the rest 113 samples (35 MPE and 78 non-MPE). Results The performance of TB detection was compared among five methods. T-SPOT demonstrated the highest sensitivity (61% vs. culture 32%, AFB 12%, Xpert 35%, and mNGS 49%) but with the highest false-positive rate (10%) as well. In contrast, mNGS was able to detect TB-genome in nearly half (40/82) of the PE samples from TBP subgroup, with 100% specificity. To evaluate the performance of using CNV features of the human genome for MPE prediction, we performed the leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV) in the subcohort excluding the 25 non-MPE samples for setting copy number standards, which demonstrated 54.1% sensitivity, 80.8% specificity, 71.7% accuracy, and an AUC of 0.851. Conclusion In summary, we exploited the value of human and non-human sequencing reads generated from mNGS, which showed promising ability in simultaneously detecting TBP and MPE.

Aim: To investigate the frequency and location of additional primary malignancies in a Polish cohort of uveal melanoma (UM) patients registered in a single centre database. Material and method: Retrospective data analysis of patients treated for uveal melanoma at the Department of Ophthalmology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Poland between 1991 and 2017. Data on the diagnosis of the additional malignancies were obtained during the follow-up visits in our Department and/or from the Greater Poland Cancer Registry. The exclusion criteria comprised no confirmed follow-up or incomplete clinical entry data. Results: Among 644 UM patients registered in the database up to 2017, the additional malignancy was diagnosed in 126 (20%) patients: 71 men, 55 women at the median age of 67 years (range: 34–94). In 48 patients (38%), the additional malignancy occurred prior to the diagnosis of UM, in 73 (58%) patients - after it. The most common locations of second cancer were skin (20 cases / 15%), breast (17 cases / 13%) and lungs (15 cases / 12%). The median follow-up was 36 months (range: 3–242). 87 patients (69%) died by the study close, 32 (37%) of them due to metastatic disease from uveal melanoma, 41 (47%) due to another cancer. Conclusions: The frequency of additional primary malignancies was higher in our cohort than reported by most of other groups. If there is a certain predisposition to a specific type of additional primary carcinoma in UM patients, the analysis of larger database is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Perioperative discontinuation of oral anti‐parkinsonian medication can negatively impact the prognosis of abdominal surgery in patients with Parkinson's disease. Although intravenous levodopa may be an alternative, its efficacy has not yet been investigated. Objectives: To determine the efficacy of intravenous levodopa as an alternative to oral anti‐Parkinsonian drugs during gastric or colorectal cancer surgery. Methods: We identified patients with Parkinson's disease who underwent surgery for gastric or colorectal cancer between April 2010 and March 2020, using the Diagnosis Procedure Combination database, a nationwide inpatient database in Japan. Patients were divided into two groups: those who received intravenous levodopa during the perioperative period and those who did not. We compared in‐hospital mortalities, major complications, and postoperative length of stay between the groups after adjusting for background characteristics with overlap weights based on propensity scores. Results: We identified 648 patients who received intravenous levodopa and 1207 who did not receive levodopa during the perioperative period. In the adjusted cohort, the mean postoperative length of stay was 24.7 and 29.0 days (percent difference, −7.7%; 95% confidence interval, −13.1 to −1.5); in‐hospital death was 3.2% and 3.3% (adjusted odds ratio, 0.95; 95% CI: 0.54–1.67); and incidence of major complications were 21.4% and 19.3% (adjusted odds ratio, 0.89; 95% confidence interval, 0.70–1.13) in those with and without intravenous levodopa, respectively. Conclusions: Intravenous levodopa was associated with a shorter postoperative length of stay, but not with mortality or morbidity. Intravenous levodopa may improve perioperative care in patients with Parkinson's disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Langerhans cell sarcoma (LCS) is a highly malignant neoplasm exhibiting aggressive clinical behavior. In this study, we aimed to explore the current status and trends of research on LCS by doing a bibliometric analysis. Data on LCS were retrieved from the Web of Science database and a bibliometric analysis was conducted to measure the impact of publications, authors, organizations, and countries. Different software packages, including BiblioAnalytics, Bibliomaster, MS Excel, MS Access, VOSviewer, Biblioshiny, Power BI, and an online visualization platform were used for analysis and visualization in the present study. A total of 96 publications were included in the present bibliometric analysis. Authors "Lebbe C", "Lorillon G", "Mourah S", and "Tazi A" received the highest number of citations, and the journal "Histopathology" received the highest number of citations. The outstanding organization was the Mayo Clinic in the USA with the highest number of 5 publications and the highest number of 175 citations. Japan and the USA were the outstanding countries that contributed to the research on LCS. Current literature on LCS is minimal, which stresses the need for more research productivity, especially within areas regarding diagnosis and immunohistochemical staining with CD markers for this pathology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Breast neuroendocrine neoplasms represent a rare subtype of breast cancer which have not been well studied or characterised, particularly in the metastatic setting. Aim: To present clinicopathological characteristics, treatment and outcomes of a series of patients with metastatic neuroendocrine carcinoma of the breast and review the current literature. Methods: We performed a retrospective review to identify and describe patients with metastatic neuroendocrine carcinoma of the breast at our centre between 2011 and 2021. Medical records, pathology and imaging results were examined to evaluate the clinical and histopathological features as well as the treatment pathways and prognosis of these patients. Results: We present a series of seven female patients with metastatic neuroendocrine carcinoma of the breast, as defined by the World Health Organization classification, over a period of 10 years (2011–2021) from a single centre. Median age at diagnosis was 48 years (range 39–63). Six of seven tissue samples expressed synaptophysin and chromogranin and were also oestrogen and progesterone receptor positive; median Ki‐67 index was 50% (range 20–90%). All seven patients had demonstrated avidity on 18F‐FDG PET imaging, and the six who underwent 68Ga‐DOTATATE PET all had significant avidity. Treatment modalities and sequencing varied, but all patients received chemotherapy during their disease course. Six patients received three or more lines of treatment. Median overall survival was 31.8 months (range 3.7–108.6). Median progression‐free survival (PFS) with first‐line therapy for metastatic disease was 5.8 months (range 1.8–37.8). Conclusions: This series shows the use of multiple modalities in treating this disease, with different sequencing in different patients. Despite multiple modalities used in the first‐line setting, first‐line PFS remains short. Larger series and further molecular characterisation are required to aid clinicians in managing this condition and to guide optimal treatment sequencing to improve outcomes in this rare patient group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Thermal ablation techniques including radio frequency ablation and microwave ablation are treatment modalities that have proven efficacy and reliability for the treatment of primary and metastatic hepatic tumors. One of the best measures of the technical success of thermal ablation is local recurrence. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of local recurrence after thermal ablation of hepatic malign tumors in our interventional radiology department. Materials and Methods: A retrospectively maintained database of 83 patients (208 lesions) who underwent thermal ablation from March 2010 to December 2019 for the treatment of malignant hepatic tumors was analyzed. All lesions were assessed regarding age, gender, prior treatment, tumor type, etiology, size, location, and approach of ablation. Imaging and demographic characteristics were compared between groups. Overall intrahepatic recurrence, local recurrence, and intrahepatic distant recurrence were evaluated. Results: The mean tumor size was 1.8 cm (range: 0.2-7 cm). The lesions were hepatocellular carcinoma in 21 (25%) and metastasis in 62 (75%) patients. These were colorectal liver metastasis (n=52, 63%), pancreatic liver metastasis (n=6, 7%), and other tumors (n=4, 4.8%). The mean follow-up was 32.5 months. The local and intrahepatic distant recurrence rates were 13.9% and 50.6%. The significant risk factors for local recurrence were tumor diameter >3 cm and the presence of intrahepatic distant recurrence. Other parameters had insignificant relationship to the local recurrence rate. Conclusion: After ablation, intrahepatic distant recurrence occurred more frequently than local recurrences, and those with intrahepatic distant recurrence had a higher local recurrence rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: The modern prevalence of primary tumours causing metastatic bone disease is ill-defined in the oncological literature. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to identify the prevalence of primary tumours in the setting of metastatic bone disease, as well as reported rates of pathological fracture, postoperative complications, 90-day mortality, and 360-day mortality for each primary tumour subtype. Methods: The Premier Healthcare Database was queried to identify all patients who were diagnosed with metastatic bone disease from January 2015 to December 2020. The prevalence of all primary tumour subtypes was tabulated. Rates of long bone pathological fracture, 90-day mortality, and 360-day mortality following surgical treatment of pathological fracture were assessed for each primary tumour subtype. Patient characteristics and postoperative outcomes were analyzed based upon whether patients had impending fractures treated prophylactically versus treated completed fractures. Results: In total, 407,893 unique patients with metastatic bone disease were identified. Of the 14 primary tumours assessed, metastatic bone disease most frequently originated from lung (24.8%), prostatic (19.4%), breast (19.3%), gastrointestinal (9.4%), and urological (6.5%) malignancies. The top five malignant tumours resulting in long bone pathological fracture were renal (5.8%), myeloma (3.4%), female reproductive (3.2%), lung (2.8%), and breast (2.7%). Following treatment of pathological fractures of long bones, 90-day mortality rates were greatest for lung (12.1%), central nervous system (10.5%), lymphoma (10.4%), gastrointestinal (10.1%), and non-renal urinary (10.0%) malignancies. Finally, our study demonstrates improved 90-day and 360-day survival in patients treated for impending pathological fracture compared to completed fracture, as well as significantly lower rates of deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, urinary tract infection, and blood transfusion. Conclusion: This study defines the contemporary characteristics of primary malignancies resulting in metastatic bone disease. These data should be considered by surgeons when prognosticating patient outcomes during treatment of their metastatic bone disease. Cite this article: Bone Jt Open 2023;4(6):424–431.

Objectives: Employment support for working age people with disease is important. We investigated the intention to work among outpatients with malignant neoplasms, ischemic heart disease, and cerebrovascular disease. Methods: We used anonymous data from the 2007, 2010, and 2013 Comprehensive Survey of Living Conditions in Japan, a self-administered nationwide questionnaire survey. Data for 154,445 participants (76,059 men and 78,386 women) aged 20–64 years were analyzed using logistic regression models adjusted for covariates. Results: The number of outpatients with malignant neoplasms, ischemic heart disease, and cerebrovascular disease was 851, 1,037, and 716, respectively. The adjusted odds ratio for not working in people with the intention to work was significantly higher among outpatients with the three diseases than among non-outpatients, for both men and women. The adjusted odds ratio for intention to seek permanent work in unemployed people with the intention to work was lower among outpatients with cerebrovascular disease than among non-outpatients for men (p=0.093), and was significantly higher among outpatients with malignant neoplasms than among non-outpatients for women (p=0.007). Conclusions: This study identified a high proportion of unemployed people with the intention to work among outpatients with these three diseases, and suggests that there are disease-associated differences in employment type sought.

Abstract Background No clear evidence exists regarding the effects of the different periods and magnitude of spread of the COVID‐19 infection on cancer treatments. This study investigated the effects of the different periods and magnitude of COVID‐19 infection spread on in‐hospital cancer operations. Methods Medical claims data from 17 hospitals where in‐hospital operations for patients with malignant neoplasms were performed between 1 April 2017 and 31 March 2021 in Yamagata were extracted and analyzed. The critical time points as exposure used to evaluate the impact of different COVID‐19 infection spread periods on cancer operations were (1) April 2020 (emergency declaration introduced by the government) and (2) December 2020 (the second wave). From April to November 2020 and December 2020 to March 21, the number of confirmed COVID‐19 cases was 130 and 840, respectively. The 17 hospitals were classified into intervention or control groups based on whether in‐hospital treatments for patients with COVID‐19 were provided. Results The interrupted time series analysis reported that the difference in the trend of pre‐COVID‐19 and postsecond wave (March 2020 to December 2020) periods was statistically significant between groups, with 50.67 fewer operations (95% confidence interval [CI] = 12.19–89.15) performed per month in the intervention group compared with the control group. Moreover, the immediate change in the number of operations in April 2020 (beginning of the first wave) was statistically significant between groups, with 80.14 operations (95% CI = 39.62–120.67) less immediately after the first wave in the intervention group compared with the control group. Conclusion Our findings suggest that a statement of emergency by the government and the COVID‐19 infection spread are both associated with the number of cancer operations performed in the Yamagata prefecture during the COVID‐19 pandemic.

Malignant mixed mullerian tumors (MMMT) are infrequent and highly malignant tumors. MMMTs, emerging from the uterine cervix, are very rare and to the best of our knowledge, there are no specific symptoms for the diagnosis of MMMTs whose early diagnosis is challenging. Almost all of them are diagnosed with pathological tests and reports. A 52-year-old post-menopause woman was referred to us, who suffered from postmenopausal bleeding from four months earlier. Upon pelvic examination, the position of the biopsy was identified in the anterior lip of the cervix. In former fractional dilatation and curettage, we found a pathology report with MMMT in the anterior lip of cervix. We performed a radical hysterectomy type II. In the permanent pathological report, MMMTs stage IBI was established. The patient was followed by chemoradiation. After 20 months, examination showed no evidence of recurrence.

Background: Metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) has become a powerful tool for pathogen detection, but the value of human sequencing reads generated from it is underestimated. Methods: A total of 138 patients with pleural effusion (PE) were diagnosed with tuberculous pleurisy (TBP, N = 82), malignant pleural effusion (MPE, N = 35), or non-TB infection (N = 21), whose PE samples all underwent mNGS analysis. Clinical TB tests including culture, Acid-Fast Bacillus (AFB) test, Xpert, and T-SPOT, were performed. To utilize mNGS for MPE identification, 25 non-MPE samples (20 TBP and 5 non-TB infection) were randomly selected to set human chromosome copy number baseline and generalized linear modeling was performed using copy number variant (CNV) features of the rest 113 samples (35 MPE and 78 non-MPE). Results: The performance of TB detection was compared among five methods. T-SPOT demonstrated the highest sensitivity (61% vs. culture 32%, AFB 12%, Xpert 35%, and mNGS 49%) but with the highest false-positive rate (10%) as well. In contrast, mNGS was able to detect TB-genome in nearly half (40/82) of the PE samples from TBP subgroup, with 100% specificity. To evaluate the performance of using CNV features of the human genome for MPE prediction, we performed the leave-one-out cross-validation (LOOCV) in the subcohort excluding the 25 non-MPE samples for setting copy number standards, which demonstrated 54.1% sensitivity, 80.8% specificity, 71.7% accuracy, and an AUC of 0.851. Conclusion: In summary, we exploited the value of human and non-human sequencing reads generated from mNGS, which showed promising ability in simultaneously detecting TBP and MPE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The study aimed to review the long-term outcomes of ruthenium brachytherapy for iris and iridociliary melanoma. Material and methods: Medical records of patients who underwent ruthenium plaque treatment for iris and iridociliary melanoma at the Department of Ophthalmology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, between 1999 and 2021 were retrospectively reviewed. Results: We identified 24 patients, including 17 women and 7 men, with a median age of 61.5 years (range, 35-84 years). Median observation time before treatment was 3 months (range, 0-68 months). Nineteen (79%) patients received a treatment with 20 mm CCB plaque, 5 (21%) with 15 mm CCA plaque and 2 (8%) patients received total irradiation to the entire iridocorneal angle. Median follow-up was 67.5 months (range, 24-265 months). We noted one (4%) recurrence managed by irradiating the anterior segment. Twelve (50%) patients developed post-operative cataracts in a median time of 38 months following treatment, 5 (21%) required topical medications to control intraocular pressure, and one (4%) developed chronic macular edema (CME) that was managed with anti-VEGF therapy. Final visual acuity between 1.0 and 0.5 was observed for 16 (67%) patients, between 0.49-0.1 for 5 (21%) patients, and below 0.09 for 3 (12%) patients. Nine (37%) patients maintained final visual acuity stable; in 4 (17%) patients, it dropped more than 3 lines, and improved in 6 (25%) patients. Conclusions: Ruthenium brachytherapy with standard applicators is an effective and safe way of treatment for iris and iridociliary melanoma. We observed no significant post-operative complications in a long-term observation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This report presents a rare case of polymorphous low‐grade adenocarcinoma (PLGA) in the anterior maxilla, mimicking a periapical lesion. A 56‐year‐old male reported with a painless swelling in the maxillary right canine‐premolar region. The patient gave a history of root canal therapy for the same teeth one month ago. On intraoral examination, the involved teeth were restored with ceramic crowns. Radiographic examination revealed inadequate obturation with an ill‐defined radiolucency in the periapical region. 3D cone beam computer tomography (CBCT) revealed erosion of the buccal cortical plate near the apices of the roots. Endodontic re‐treatment was performed on both the teeth. Following this, the lesion was excised and submitted for histopathological analysis wherein it was identified as PLGA. Computerised tomographic (CT) scan and positron emission tomography scan (PET) results showed no regional or distant metastasis. Under general anaesthesia, the teeth were extracted, and wide surgical excision of the anterior maxilla was done till the healthy bone was exposed. Healing was uneventful during the follow‐up period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural killer cells are critical players in the antitumor immune response due to their ability to destroy target cells through cytotoxic activity and other means. However, this response is inhibited in the tumor microenvironment, where a crippling hypoxic environment and several inhibitory molecules bind to NK cells to trigger an anergic state. Inhibitory receptors such as PD-1, NK2GA, KIR, TIGIT, and LAG-3 have been associated with inhibition of NK cells in multiple cancer types. Binding to these receptors leads to loss of cytotoxicity, lower proliferation and metabolic rates, and even apoptosis. While these receptors are important for avoiding auto-immunity, in a pathological setting like malignant neoplasms they are disadvantageous for the individual's immune system to combat cancer cells. The use of monoclonal antibodies to block these receptors contributes to cancer therapy by preventing the inhibition of NK cells. In this review, the impact of NK cell inhibition and activation on cancer therapy was summarized and an overview of the blockade of inhibitory pathways by monoclonal antibodies was provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Primary malignant neoplasms of the external auditory canal are very rare; in which, cystic adenoid carcinoma is an extremely rare tumor that represents approximately 5%. Most patients present with constant unilateral otalgia, intense, of prolonged duration, decreased hearing and increased volume in the external ear. These tumors are treated with aggressive surgical excision or radiation therapy, depending on the extent of the lesion. Despite this, the general prognosis is reserved due to recurrence and distance metastases. CLINICAL CASES: The cases of two patients, a woman and a man aged 52 and 41, respectively, who were diagnosed with adenoid cystic carcinoma, are reported. CONCLUSIONS: Adenoid cystic carcinoma should be included in the differential diagnosis in patients with ear pain and a tumor lesion in the external auditory canal for more than 6 months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is an editorial from the journal Frontiers in Oncology, titled "Case reports in surgical oncology: 2022." The author, Riccardo Bertolo, presents a selection of 18 case reports in urologic surgery out of 55 submissions. The cases cover a range of diseases and surgical interventions, including leiomyosarcoma of the penis, superficial angiomyxoma, aggressive angiomyxoma in the scrotum, nuclear protein of the testis carcinoma, and abdominal stromal tumor. Other cases focus on surgeries for renal cell carcinoma, adrenal masses, and retroperitoneal neoplasms. The author encourages readers to explore the full text of each case report for more details. [Extracted from the article]