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Malignant tumors have become a significant risk factor for human mortality. Although there have been notable advancements in the treatment of tumors, patient prognosis remains poor. In recent years, gene diagnosis and gene therapy have brought great benefits to patients. Deoxythymidine kinase (DTYMK) is a highly promising biomarker, has been studied by many scholars, and plays a crucial role in the occurrence and development of various types of cancer. The abnormal expression of DTYMK is involved in tumor occurrence and development, and may also serve as a biomarker for tumor diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis. Several experimental studies have shown that DTYMK can impact tumor progression by regulating mechanisms such as cell cycle, tumor microenvironment, immune infiltration, and signaling pathways. Therefore, this article focuses on clarifying the mechanism of DTYMK in tumors and exploring its clinical application value to help patients prolong their survival cycle and improve their quality of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Malignant tumors represent a significant pathology with a profound global impact on the medical system. The fight against cancer represents a significant challenge, with multidisciplinary teams identifying numerous areas requiring improvement to enhance the prognosis. Facilitating the patient's journey from diagnosis to treatment represents one such area of concern. One area of research interest is the use of various biomarkers to accurately predict the outcome of these patients. A substantial body of research has been conducted over the years examining the relationship between C-reactive protein (CRP) and malignant tumors. The existing literature suggests that combining imaging diagnostic modalities with biomarkers, such as CRP, may enhance diagnostic accuracy. Methods: A systematic review was conducted on the PubMed and Web of Science platforms with the objective of documenting the interrelationship between CRP value and tumor grading for malignant tumors. After the application of the exclusion and inclusion criteria, 17 studies were identified, published between 2002 and 2024, comprising a total of 9727 patients. Results: These studies indicate this interrelationship for soft tissue sarcomas and for renal, colorectal, esophageal, pancreatic, brain, bronchopulmonary, ovarian, and mesenchymal tumors. Conclusions: Elevated CRP levels are correlated with higher grading, thereby underscoring the potential utility of this biomarker in clinical prognostication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardiac angiosarcoma is the most common malignant tumor of the heart. The typical clinical profile is a young male with 30–50 years of age. Due to varied clinical presentation, it can disguise common cardiovascular disorders, such as pericarditis, congestive cardiac failure, and angina. This can delay the diagnosis, thus allowing the tumor to progress to the advanced stage by the time it is detected. Depending on tumor grade and size, a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation is advocated. Despite aggressive management, these tumors have a propensity to recur, advance, and metastasize, thereby underscoring the treatment resistance commonly encountered with these tumors. Resultantly, most of the patients are more prone to have shorter survival time, worse clinical outcomes, and grave prognosis. Research efforts should be directed toward decoding the inherent immune-genetic traits of these aggressive tumors so that their rapid progression can be extensively repressed. So, we propounded basic and clinical research studies to grasp the genetic makeup of these tumors so that crafting novel therapeutic modalities for improving prognosis and survival interval in these malignant tumors can materialize. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Soft tissue tumors are a diverse group of neoplasms that arise from the connective tissues, including muscles, fat, fibrous tissues, blood vessels, and peripheral nerves. These tumors can range from benign to malignant, and their accurate histopathological diagnosis is crucial for appropriate treatment planning and prognosis. The diversity in morphology and behavior of these tumors makes their histopathological evaluation both challenging and essential. Aim and Objectives The study aims to analyze the histopathological features of soft tissue tumors in order to classify them, determine their frequency, and correlate the findings with clinical parameters. Materials and Method This Observational study analyzed the histopathological records of patients diagnosed with soft tissue tumors over a period of one years at a tertiary care center. Specimens were obtained from surgical excisions and biopsies, followed by processing and staining using standard histological techniques. Tumors were classified according to the WHO classification of soft tissue tumors. Clinical data were reviewed, and correlations with histopathological findings were analyzed. Results A total of 60 cases of soft tissue tumors were reviewed, comprising 49 benign, 7 intermediate and 4 malignant tumors. The most common benign tumor was Adipocytic tumours, while the most frequent malignant tumor were undefferentiated. Histopathological analysis provided a definitive diagnosis in 95% of cases, with a significant correlation between histopathological findings and clinical presentation. Conclusion Histopathological analysis remains the gold standard for the diagnosis and classification of soft tissue tumors. Accurate histopathological evaluation is essential for effective clinical management and prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many human diseases, such as malignant tumors and neurological diseases, have a complex pathophysiological etiology, often accompanied by aberrant epigenetic changes including various histone modifications. Plant homologous domain finger protein 8 (PHF8), also known as lysine-specific demethylase 7B (KDM7B), is a critical histone lysine demethylase (KDM) playing an important role in epigenetic modification. Characterized by the zinc finger plant homology domain (PHD) and the Jumonji C (JmjC) domain, PHF8 preferentially binds to H3K4me3 and erases repressive methyl marks, including H3K9me1/2, H3K27me1, and H4K20me1. PHF8 is indispensable for developmental processes and the loss of PHF8 enzyme activity is linked to neurodevelopmental disorders. Moreover, increasing evidence shows that PHF8 is highly expressed in multiple tumors as an oncogenic factor. These findings indicate that studying the role of PHF8 will facilitate the development of novel therapeutic agents by the manipulation of PHF8 demethylation activity. Herein, we summarize the current knowledge of PHF8 about its structure and demethylation activity and its involvement in development and human diseases, with an emphasis on nervous system disorders and cancer. This review will update our understanding of PHF8 and promote the clinical transformation of its predictive and therapeutic value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim – assessment of the effectiveness of complex therapy to reduce the development of early cardiovascular complications. Materials and methods. Information from medical histories and outpatient follow-up cards of 139 patients with invasive breast cancer was analyzed: in the G.V. Bondar Republican Cancer Center 64 patients (main and control groups); as an additional comparison group, the study included 75 patients of the Samara Regional Clinical Oncology Dispensary. Patients in the control group (33 people) and the Samara Regional Clinical Oncology Dispensary group (75 people) received standard therapy (RUSSCO, recommendations, 2023): doxorubicin 60 mg/m2 IV on day 1 + cyclophosphamide 600 mg/m2 IV on day 1 Day 4 – 4 courses. In 31 patients of the main observation group, in addition to similar drug treatment, in order to prevent the development of early cardiovascular complications, the method was used, which included 7 courses before the start of 1 cycle of chemotherapy + 3 courses of interval normobaric hypoxic therapy (INHT) before the start of each subsequent cycle of chemotherapy. Results. When analyzing the total effectiveness of treatment between the groups of patients, statistically significant differences were obtained: the control and main groups were compared (χ2=5.4, p=0.03), the group of the Samara Regional Clinical Oncology Dispensary group and the main group (χ2=3.45, p=0.076). Conclusions. Hypoxic therapy significantly affects the quality of life of patients. For all indicators reflecting quality of life, traditional treatment was inferior to combination drug therapy with INHT.

Cardiac angiosarcoma is the most common malignant tumor of the heart. The typical clinical profile is a young male with 30–50 years of age. Due to varied clinical presentation, it can disguise common cardiovascular disorders, such as pericarditis, congestive cardiac failure, and angina. This can delay the diagnosis, thus allowing the tumor to progress to the advanced stage by the time it is detected. Depending on tumor grade and size, a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation is advocated. Despite aggressive management, these tumors have a propensity to recur, advance, and metastasize, thereby underscoring the treatment resistance commonly encountered with these tumors. Resultantly, most of the patients are more prone to have shorter survival time, worse clinical outcomes, and grave prognosis. Research efforts should be directed toward decoding the inherent immune-genetic traits of these aggressive tumors so that their rapid progression can be extensively repressed. So, we propounded basic and clinical research studies to grasp the genetic makeup of these tumors so that crafting novel therapeutic modalities for improving prognosis and survival interval in these malignant tumors can materialize.

Background: Uterine fibroids, the most frequent benign uterus tumors, often cannot be distinguished from malignant uterine tumors using clinical criteria. Due to their potential overlapping characteristics, imaging differentiation between both entities is commonly challenging. This study aims to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound (US) in the diagnosis of uterine fibroids and malignant uterine lesions among Saudi women. Methods and Results: Eighty Saudi women aged between 20 and 70 years were retrospectively collected from two different centers in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. All patients were subjected to a presurgical US scan, and the diagnosis was histopathologically proven. The US accurately detected uterine fibroids in 43(53.75%) of cases with different locations. Intramural fibroids [62.8% (27/43)] were the most common, followed by subserosal fibroids [25.6% (11/43)], submucosal fibroids [7.0% (3/43)], and pedunculated fibroids [4.6% (2/43)]. Signs of endometrial cancer were US found in 7(8.75%) cases that were histologically proven. Ultrasound features suspicious of uterine cancer were found in 30(37.5%) cases that were not confirmed by histopathological examination. The sensitivity and specificity of ultrasound for uterine cancer diagnosis were 100% (95% CI: 59.04% to 100.00%) and 58.9% (CI: 46.77% to 70.29%), respectively. Cancer incidence was more frequent among postmenopausal patients (n=5) compared to premenopausal patients (n=2). Conclusion: The US is a good and accurate diagnostic method in differentiating types of uterine fibroids in Saudi women. The sensitivity and specificity of ultrasound in diagnosing uterine cancer are 100% and 58.9%, respectively. The incidence of cancer is higher among postmenopausal patients compared to premenopausal patients.

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), although incapable of encoding proteins, play crucial roles in multiple layers of gene expression regulation, epigenetic modifications, and post-transcriptional regulation. Zinc finger antisense 1 (ZFAS1), a lncRNA located in the 20q13 region of the human genome, exhibits dual functions as an oncogene or tumor suppressor in various human malignancies. ZFAS1 plays a crucial role in cancer progression, metastasis, invasion, apoptosis, cell cycle regulation, and drug resistance through complex molecular mechanisms. Additionally, ZFAS1 has a long half-life of over 16 h, demonstrating exceptional stability, and making it a potential biomarker. This review integrates recent studies on the role and molecular mechanisms of ZFAS1 in malignancies and summarizes its clinical significance. By summarizing the role of ZFAS1 in cancer, we aim to highlight its potential as an anti-cancer biomarker and therapeutic target. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Biliary stricture caused by malignant tumors is known as Malignant Biliary Stricture (MBS). MBS is challenging to differentiate clinically, and accurate diagnosis is crucial for patient prognosis and treatment. This study aims to identify the risk factors for malignancy in all patients diagnosed with biliary stricture by Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), and to develop an effective clinical predictive model to enhance diagnostic outcomes. Methodology: Through a retrospective study, data from 398 patients diagnosed with biliary stricture using ERCP between January 2019 and January 2023 at two institutions: the First People's Hospital affiliated with Jiangsu University and the Second People's Hospital affiliated with Soochow University. The study began with a preliminary screening of risk factors using univariate regression. Lasso regression was then applied for feature selection. The dataset was divided into a training set and a validation set in an 8:2 ratio. We analyzed the selected features using seven machine learning algorithms. The best model was selected based on the Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Curve (AUROC) and other evaluation indicators. We further evaluated the model's accuracy using calibration curves and confusion matrices. Additionally, we used the SHAP method for interpretability and visualization of the model's predictions. Results: RF model is the best model, achieved an AUROC of 0.988. Shap result indicate that age, stricture location, stricture length, carbohydrate antigen 199 (CA199), total bilirubin (TBil), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), (Direct Bilirubin) DBil/TBil, and CA199/C-Reactive Protein (CRP) were risk factors for MBS, and the CRP is a protective factor. Conclusion: The model's effectiveness and stability were confirmed, accurately identifying high-risk patients to guide clinical decisions and improve patient prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate lacrimal gland malignancies' incidence and survival rates in the USA between 1995 and 2018. Incidence and survival data from the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries of lacrimal gland malignancies between 1996 and 2018 were extracted and analyzed. This study analyzed data pertaining to 3620 patients (females 56.7%, n = 2051). A sizable number of patients were 60–79 years of age (45.1%, n = 1633), with a substantial majority being of the non-Hispanic white ethnicity (82.9%, n = 3002). A little above half of patients (52.1%, n = 1886) had presented with a localized disease. Lymphomas represented 59.3% (n = 2146) of lacrimal gland malignancies, while 37% (n = 1339) were carcinomas. The cumulative age-adjusted incidence rate per million was 0.53 for all malignancies, 0.31 for lymphomas, and 0.2 for carcinomas. While the annual crude incidence rate showed a significant steady increase (average annual change of 1.24%; P <.05), age-adjusted rates did not show a similar trend. The five- and 10-year relative survival rates were 88.64 months (95% confidence interval (CI): 85.81–90.93) and 80.26 months (95%CI: 76.21–83.7), respectively. Older age, non-lymphoma tumors, and advanced stage at diagnosis were significantly associated with worse outcomes. Relative survival rates did not show significant changes from 1995 to 2018, irrespective of gender, race or treatment received. Early detection and localized tumor management can improve survival outcomes for patients with lacrimal gland malignancies. Further research is needed to understand these malignancies' risk profiles and develop more effective treatment strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The integration of quantitative imaging techniques such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with mixed reality (MR) technology holds promise for enhancing the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment monitoring of cancer. This study compares the characteristics and effects of MR and color Doppler ultrasound (CDU) in the localization of perforator blood vessels in the lower extremities. Methods: Two techniques were used to locate the perforator vessels in 40 cases of maxillofacial defect repair using perforator flaps from the lower extremities. The number of perforator vessels located in the flap area and the actual number of perforator vessels explored during the surgery were recorded. The recognition rate was calculated and the operation time and blood loss were recorded for each case. Results: The recognition rates of MR technology and CDU in perforating vessels of the lower limbs were 93.9% and 97.2%, respectively (p > 0.05). The operation time was 52-74 minutes, 65-88 minutes (p > 0.05). The average bleeding volumes were 24 and 56 ml (p < 0.05), respectively. All perforator flaps were alive. One flap had a crisis and recovered after emergency exploratory treatment. Thirty donor sites of the lower extremities were directly sutured, and wounds were closed by abdominal skin grafting in 10 cases. Conclusion: MR technology for successfully identifying perforator vessels can shorten the operation time, reduce the amount of bleeding in the donor site, and reduce trauma to the donor site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incidence of common gynecological malignancies remains high, with current treatments facing multiple limitations and adverse effects. Thus, continuing the search for safe and effective oncologic treatment strategies continues. Resveratrol (RES), a natural non-flavonoid polyphenolic compound, is widely found in various plants and fruits, such as grapes, Reynoutria japonica Houtt., peanuts, and berries. RES possesses diverse biological properties, including neuroprotective, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and osteoporosis inhibition effects. Notably, RES is broadly applicable in antitumor therapy, particularly for treating gynecological tumors (cervical, endometrial, and ovarian carcinomas). RES exerts antitumor effects by promoting tumor cell apoptosis, inhibiting cell proliferation, invasion, and metastasis, regulating tumor cell autophagy, and enhancing the efficacy of antitumor drugs while minimizing their toxic side effects. However, comprehensive reviews on the role of RES in combating gynecological tumors and its mechanisms of action are lacking. This review aims to fill this gap by examining the RES antitumor mechanisms of action in gynecological tumors, providing valuable insights for clinical treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Biliary tract cancer stands as a prevalent illness, posing significant risks to human health, where immune cells are pivotal in both its development and recovery processes. Due to the diverse functionalities exhibited by different immune cell phenotypes within the organism, and the relatively limited research on their relationship with biliary tract cancer, this study employed Mendelian randomization (MR) to explore their potential association, thereby aiding in a better understanding of the causal link between immune cell phenotypes and biliary tract cancer. Methods: In this study, the causative association of 731 immunophenotype with biliary tract cancer was established using publicly accessible genome-wide association study (GWAS) genetic data through two-sample MR analysis. Sensitivity analyses assess horizontal pleiotropy and heterogeneity of the study findings. Results: Among the 731 immunophenotypes examined, a total of 26 immune cell phenotypes were found to exhibit positive results, indicating a significant association with the risk of biliary tract cancer. We confirmed that among these 26 types of immune cells, there are primarily 13 types of B cells; three types of classical dendritic cells (CDCs), including CD80 on myeloid DC, HLA DR on myeloid DC, and Myeloid DC %DC; one type of mature stage T cell, CD4RA on TD CD4+; six types of regulatory T cells; and three types of myeloid cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: FAT10, a ubiquitin-like modifier protein, influences apoptosis, DNA damage response and tumor growth, with unclear effects on cancer prognosis. Methods: We reviewed FAT10 expression's impact on malignancy prognosis through a systematic review and meta-analysis, including studies up to September 2023 from PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science. Results: From 18 studies involving 2513 patients, FAT10 overexpression significantly reduced overall and disease-free survival across various tumors, indicating correlations with advanced disease stage, poor differentiation, lymph node metastasis and larger tumor size. Conclusion:FAT10's overexpression suggests a negative prognostic value in cancer, meriting further investigation. PROSPERO Registration Number: CRD42023431287 Plain Language Summary This study investigated a protein called FAT10, which is involved in how cells behave, including how cancer cells grow and survive. It analyzed previous research to see if high levels of FAT10 in patients with cancer can help predict how serious their cancer is and how it might progress. After reviewing 18 studies involving 2513 patients, we found that patients with more FAT10 in their cells often had a worse outlook, including a higher chance of the cancer returning and a shorter overall survival time. This pattern existed for different types of cancer. Our findings suggest that measuring FAT10 levels could be helpful for doctors to better understand a patient's cancer and choose the best treatment. However, more studies are needed to confirm our results. Article highlights FAT10, a ubiquitin-like modifier protein, is implicated in apoptosis, the DNA damage response and tumor development, with its overexpression found in various malignancies. This systematic review and meta-analysis aggregated data from published studies on the prognostic significance of FAT10 in malignant tumors, focusing on overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). This study included 18 studies with 2513 patients, showing FAT10 overexpression correlated with poor OS (HR: 1.85) and DFS (HR: 2.63). Subgroup analyses across tumor types confirmed the consistent negative effect of FAT10 overexpression on survival outcomes. FAT10 overexpression also correlated with advanced TNM stage, differentiation grade, lymph node metastasis and tumor size. The meta-analysis found that FAT10 could be a negative prognostic biomarker in malignant tumors and help predict patient outcomes and guide targeted therapy. This study had some limitations, including a focus on a limited number of cancer types and the inclusion of mostly retrospective studies from mainland China, which could affect the generalizability of its findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background The study aimed to study the relative and absolute indicators of liver cancer (C22) in Kazakhstan over 10 years in the prism of a trend indicator (moving average), coefficient of variation (Cv), accounting reliability index (Idi).In 2022, in Kazakhstan, the incidence of liver cancer (C22) was 5.1 per 100 thousand people, mortality was 2.9, respectively, the index of reliability of accounting was 0.2.The unified risk of morbidity of the population of Kazakhstan with liver cancer for the period 2013-2022 amounted to 28.6%, mortality - 33.5%, respectively. Result Over the period 2013-2022, newly diagnosed liver cancer in Kazakhstan increased by 31%, the rate of decrease in the number of newly diagnosed liver cancers varied unevenly over the years, which demonstrates a high rate and amplitude of change from 105 to -140, which significantly complicates the prediction of this pathology. Conclusion: For the period 2013-2022, posthumously registered liver cancer consistently occupied the first place in the structure of specific gravity among all malignant neoplasms in Kazakhstan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Brusatol (BT) is a quassinoid compound extracted from Brucea javanica that is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine. Brusatol possesses biological and medical activity, including antitumor, antileukemia, anti-inflammatory, antitrypanosomal, antimalarial, and antitobacco mosaic virus activity. To summarize and discuss the antitumor effects of BT and its mechanisms of actions, we compiled this review by combining the extensive relevant literature and our previous studies. Methods: We searched and retrieved the papers that reported the pharmacological effects of BT and the mechanism of BT antitumor activity from PubMed until July 2023. Key findings: Numerous studies have shown that BT is a unique nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) inhibitor that acts on various signaling pathways and has good antitumor properties. Brusatol shows great potential in cancer therapy by inhibiting cell proliferation, blocking the cell cycle, promoting tumor cell differentiation, accelerating tumor cell apoptosis, inducing autophagy, suppressing angiogenesis, inhibiting tumor invasion and metastasis, and reversing multidrug resistance. Conclusion: This review summarizes recent updates on the antitumor activity and molecular mechanisms of BT and provides references for future development and clinical translation of BT and its derivatives as antitumor drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3 (TIM-3) belongs to the group of inhibitory checkpoint receptors and has traditionally been of interest in terms of its expression on activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. The treatment with TIM-3 inhibitors is considered as a promising strategy in cancer immunotherapy. The review focuses on new data on the expression of TIM-3 on dendritic cells (DCs) that play a key role in initiating the antigen-specific immune response and inducing effector CD8+ T cells. The main hypothesis is that TIM-3 is suggested to act as a negative regulator of DCs. Further studies on TIM-3-mediated DC regulation will improve the effectiveness of current strategies in the treatment of cancer using DCs and checkpoint molecule inhibitors, where the main targets can be not only T cells, but also TIM-3-expressing DCs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malignant tumors are complex systemic chronic diseases and one of the major causes of human mortality. Targeted therapy, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, and radiotherapy are examples of mainstream allopathic medicine treatments that effective for intermediate and advanced malignant tumors. The ongoing use of conventional allopathic medicine has resulted in adverse responses and drug resistance, which have hampered its efficacy. As an important component of complementary and alternative medicine, Chinese medicine has been found to have antitumor effects and has played an important role in enhancing the therapeutic sensitivity of mainstream allopathic medicine, reducing the incidence of adverse events and improving immune-related functions. The combined application of adjuvant Chinese medicine and mainstream allopathic medicine has begun to gain acceptance and is gradually used in the field of antitumor therapy. Traditional natural medicines and their active ingredients, as well as Chinese patent medicines, have been proven to have excellent therapeutic efficacy and good safety in the treatment of variousmalignant tumors. This paper focuses on the mechanism of action and research progress of combining the above drugs with mainstream allopathic medicine to increase therapeutic sensitivity, alleviate drug resistance, reduce adverse reactions, and improve the body's immune function. To encourage the clinical development and use of Chinese herb adjuvant therapy as well as to provide ideas and information for creating safer and more effective anticancer medication combinations, the significant functions of Chinese herb therapies as adjuvant therapies for cancer treatment are described in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Surgery is currently the only effective treatment for retroperitoneal tumors that do not involve any specific organ. The use of robots for removing both benign and malignant retroperitoneal tumors is considered safe and feasible. However, there is insufficient evidence to determine whether robotic retroperitoneal tumor resection (RMBRs) is superior to open retroperitoneal malignant resection (OMBRs). This study compares the short-term outcomes of robotic excision of benign and malignant retroperitoneal tumors with open excision of the same-sized tumors. Methods: The study compared demographics and outcomes of patients who underwent robotic resection (n = 54) vs open resection (n = 54) of retroperitoneal tumors between March 2018 and December 2022. A 1:1 matching analysis was conducted to ensure a fair comparison. Results: The study found that RBMRs resulted in reduced operative time (OT), estimated blood loss (EBM), and postoperative hospital stay (PSH) when compared to OBMRs. Additionally, RBMRs reduced EBL, PHS, and OT for patients with malignant tumor involvement in major vessels. No significant differences were found in tumor size, blood transfusion rate, and morbidity rate between the RBMRs and OBMRs groups. Conclusion: When comparing RMBRs to OMBRs, it was observed that RMBR was associated with lower (EBL), shorter postoperative hospital stays (PHS), and reduced operative time (OT) in a specific group of patients with both benign and malignant tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anti-tumor photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a unique modality that employs a photosensitizer (PS), PS-exciting light, and O2 to generate cytotoxic oxidants. For various reasons, not all malignant cells in any given tumor will succumb to a PDT challenge. Previous studies by the authors revealed that nitric oxide (NO) from inducible NO synthase (iNOS/NOS2) plays a key role in tumor cell resistance and also stimulation of migratory/invasive aggressiveness of surviving cells. iNOS was the only NOS isoform implicated in these effects. Significantly, NO from stress-upregulated iNOS was much more important in this regard than NO from preexisting enzymes. Greater NO-dependent resistance, migration, and invasion was observed with at least three different cancer cell lines, and this was attenuated by iNOS activity inhibitors, NO scavengers, or an iNOS transcriptional inhibitor. NO diffusing from PDT-targeted cells also stimulated migration/invasion potency of non-targeted bystander cells. Unless counteracted by appropriate measures, all these effects could seriously compromise clinical PDT efficacy. Here, we will review specific examples of these negative side effects of PDT and how they might be suppressed by adjuvants such as NO scavengers or inhibitors of iNOS activity or expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent progress of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) in malignant tumors is reviewed. Firstly, the development status of SERS detection technology was briefly introduced, and the advantages of SERS detection technology were put forward. Secondly, the development status of SERS technology in multi-system malignant tumor species was reviewed. Finally, the application of SERS in the diagnosis of multi-system malignant tumors was summarized and analyzed, and the prospect was put forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Tumor dormancy is a stage in the growth and development of malignant cells and is one of the biological characteristics of malignant cells. Complex transitions involving dormant tumor cells between quiescent and proliferative states pose challenges for tumor eradication. This paper explores the biological features and molecular mechanisms of tumor dormancy and highlights emerging therapies. The strategies discussed promise innovative clinical potential against malignant tumors. Understanding the mechanisms of dormancy can help provide valuable insights into the diagnosis and treatment of malignant tumors to advance the fight against this world problem.

Background. Real-world data studies are an important source of knowledge on malignant tumors and their treatment. This knowledge is a tool for making decisions by health care professionals and patients. Regarding this, authors conducted literature search to identify real-world data studies published in the Russian scientific journals.Objective. The study aim was finding and analyzing publications on real-world evidence studies in oncology therapeutic area.Materials and methods. Full-text articles published in the Russian peer-reviewed medical scientific journals of 2022 and 2023 were systematically relieved and analyzed.Results. 119 publications were selected. The following types of study data were identified: 1) data on patients management practice; 2) survival and other oncology outcomes regardless of treatment approach; 3) survival and other oncology outcomes depending on treatment approach; 4) efficacy of a concrete therapy; 5) treatment safety (toxicity) data; 6) clinical and demographic prognostic factors; 7) tumor (morphological, molecular and genetic) prognostic factors; 8) tumor characteristics (morphological, molecular and genetic) regardless of their prognostic significance; 9) oncology disease characteristic (e. g., comorbidities) regardless of its prognostic significance. The most common types of study data were the following: clinical and demographic prognostic factors — 24 studies; tumor (morphological, molecular and genetic) prognostic factors — 36 studies; tumor characteristics (morphological, molecular and genetic) regardless of their prognostic significance — 38 studies.Conclusion. The modern real-world data studies in oncology therapeutic area are a very important source of knowledge on malignant tumors and their treatment.

Background: Malignant salivary gland tumors are rare. However, their morphological overlap and difficulty to differentiate benign from malignant makes diagnosing such diseases a challenging task. Geographical variation in distribution of these diseases is well documented in the literature. This study aims to review the histological and epidemiological variations of malignant salivary gland tumors in Sudanese patients considering the new WHO 2022 classification. Methodology: This retrospective study included malignant salivary gland tumours in our lab spanning from the period of 2014 to 2022. Information about clinical data, habits, geographical distribution, pathological diagnosis, duration and sites of tumors were retrieved from our archives. Equivocal cases were checked by a salivary gland expert. Data analysis was performed using IBM SPSS 29. Results: This study included 107 cases of malignant salivary gland tumours, representing 54 % of the total number of salivary gland tumours in the lab during that period. 47.7 % of the patients in this study were females and 52.3 % were males, the mean age of patients was 50 ± 15.7 years. (30 %) of the patients were from the central region of the country. The most common malignant salivary gland tumor was the Mucoepidermoid carcinoma accounting for 17 %. The palate was found to be the most common site as 38 % of malignant salivary gland tumors occurred in this site. Conclusion: The study found a high percentage of salivary gland tumours in the Sudan suggesting geographical differentiation.

This review discusses the uniqueness of mitochondria providing normal cellular functions and at the same time involved in many pathological conditions, and also analyzes the scientific literature to clarify the effectiveness of mitochondrial transplantation in cancer treatment. Being important and semi-autonomous organelles in cells, they are able to adapt their functions to the needs of the corresponding organ. The ability of mitochondria to reprogram is important for all cell types that can switch between resting and proliferation. At the same time, tumor mitochondria undergo adaptive changes to accelerate the reproduction of tumor cells in an acidic and hypoxic microenvironment. According to emerging data, mitochondria can go beyond the boundaries of cells and move between the cells of the body. Intercellular transfer of mitochondria occurs naturally in humans as a normal mechanism for repairing damaged cells. The revealed physiological mitochondrial transfer has become the basis for a modern form of mitochondrial transplantation, including autologous (isogenic), allogeneic, and even xenogenic transplantation. Currently, exogenous healthy mitochondria are used in treatment of several carcinomas, including breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, and glioma. Investigation of the functional activity of healthy mitochondria demonstrated and confirmed the fact that female mitochondria are more efficient in suppressing tumor cell proliferation than male mitochondria. However, tissue-specific sex differences in mitochondrial morphology and oxidative capacity were described, and few studies showed functional sex differences in mitochondria during therapy. The reviewed studies report that mitochondrial transplantation can be specifically targeted to a tumor, providing evidence for changes in tumor function after mitochondrial administration. Thus, the appearance of the most interesting data on the unique functions of mitochondria indicates the obvious need for mitochondrial transplantation.

Introduction. The discovery of two EBV types (EBV-1 and EBV-2) has stimulated the study of their prevalence in populations and association with malignancies. Objective. To study the prevalence of EBV-1 and EBV-2 types among ethnic groups in Russia, to analyze PCR products of the LMP1 gene in virus isolates, and to evaluate the contribution of EBV types to the incidence of malignant neoplasms. Materials and methods. EBV isolates from oral lavages of the Republics Adygea, Kalmykia, Tatarstan and the Moscow Region (MR) representatives were studied by nested PCR for the belonging to EBV-1 and EBV-2 types. LMP1 amplicons obtained by real-time PCR from viral isolates DNA were classified and sequenced on an automatic DNA sequencer ABI PRISM 3100-Avant (USA). The sequencing results were analyzed using Chromas 230 and Vector NT programs (Invitrogen, USA). The reliability of the obtained data was assessed using statistical packages Statistica for Windows, 10.0. Results. The prevalence rates of EBV-1 and EBV-2 in representatives of four ethnic groups were compared with the incidence rates of some tumors in the population of three Republics and MR. The dominant persistence of the transforming in vitro EBV-1 type in representatives of the Republic of Tatarstan and MR correlated with a high incidence of gastric cancer and lymphomas in the population of these territories. On the contrary, predominant infection of the non-transforming in vitro EBV-2 type and both types of the virus in approximately the same percentage of representatives of Adygea and Kalmykia, respectively, correlated with a lower level incidence of above tumors in populations of these Republics. The differences between the incidence rates of neoplasms in the compared ethnic populations were statistically insignificant (p 0.05). LMP1 variants of viral isolates did not reflect either the level of EBV persistence types or the incidence of tumors. Conclusion. Infection of ethnic groups with EBV-1 and EBV-2 may vary significantly under the influence of various factors. The predominance of the in vitro transforming EBV-1 type in the population did not increase the incidence of tumors due to cases associated with the dominant virus type.

Tumor dormancy is a stage in the growth and development of malignant cells and is one of the biological characteristics of malignant cells. Complex transitions involving dormant tumor cells between quiescent and proliferative states pose challenges for tumor eradication. This paper explores the biological features and molecular mechanisms of tumor dormancy and highlights emerging therapies. The strategies discussed promise innovative clinical potential against malignant tumors. Understanding the mechanisms of dormancy can help provide valuable insights into the diagnosis and treatment of malignant tumors to advance the fight against this world problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) are a complex group of malignant tumors originating from nerve cells or benign peripheral nerve sheath tumors and are commonly found in major plexus/nerve root sites such as the limbs, head, and neck. Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors originating in the ureter are extremely rare. Herein, we report the case of a 63-year-old patient with a malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor of the right ureter who underwent laparoscopic radical resection of the right kidney and ureter. The patient also had stage 5 chronic kidney disease (CKD). Therefore, chemotherapy and radiotherapy were not considered. No tumor recurrence was observed during the follow-up period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Immune checkpoint inhibitor-related pancreatic injury (ICI-PI) is a rare occurrence, which has not been reported in detail. We conducted a retrospective multicenter study to determine the clinical characteristics, risk factors, and treatment of ICI-PI. Methods: We reviewed the medical records of patients who received ICIs for malignant tumors between April 2014 and April 2019 at 16 participating hospitals. Patients with elevated pancreatic enzymes or pancreatitis were identified and classified using the Common terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) ver.5.0). The number of patients with pancreatic enzyme elevation was determined and those with pancreatic enzyme elevation of ≥ grade 3 according to CTCAE ver.5.0, or pancreatitis underwent detailed analysis for ICI-PI. Results: The study enrolled 1069 patients. Nineteen patients (1.8%) had ICI-PI, 5 (0.5%) of whom also had pancreatitis. Four patients had mild pancreatitis, whereas 1 patient had severe pancreatitis, culminating in death. Steroid therapy was administered to 7 of 19 patients, which led to ICI-PI improvement in 5 patients. On the other hand, ICI-PI improved in 9 of 12 patients who were not administered steroid therapy. Six of the 14 patients with ICI-PI improvement were rechallenged with ICI, and ICI-PI relapse occurred in only 1 patient (16.7%), which improved with ICI discontinuation and steroid therapy. Conclusions: ICI-PI is a rare occurrence, with a low incidence of pancreatitis, which followed a very serious course in one patient. Although the benefit of steroid therapy for ICI-PI is unclear, ICI rechallenge is acceptable after improvement of ICI-PI without pancreatitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the incidence of malignant tumors in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients and the effect of fasting blood glucose (FBG) on the incidence. Methods A record linkage was carried out between Cancer Registry System in Shanghai and the electronic health record (EHR) of residents in Minhang District during 2004-2020, then a retrospective cohort study was conducted for analysis. Fasting blood glucose classification was conducted with Q1 group (<7.0 mmol/L), Q2 group (7.0-7.9 mmol/L), Q3 group (8.0-9.7 mmol/L), and Q4 group (≥9.8 mmol/L). To quantify the hazard and effect on the risk of cancer incidence in diabetic patients, the Cox regression model and restricted cubic splines (RCS) were used. Results The study included 70 361 subjects in total, with a male to female ratio of 49.03% to 50.97%, an average age of (63.15±10.56) years, and an average follow-up time of (9.25±4.38) years. Malignant tumor incidence rate was 868.14/100 000 person years, while male 939.87/100 000 person years, female 801.85/100 000 person years, respectively. And the incidence of malignant tumor decreased with the duration of the disease (P<0.05). With an OR of 1.44 (95%CI: 1.33-1.56), Q3 group had the highest influence on the incidence of malignant tumors in multivariate analysis when compared to Q1 group. After adjusted the impact of age, the RCS graphs revealed a nonlinear trend in which the incidence of malignant tumors increased initially, then slowed down or decreased with an increase in mean glucose fasting, and the difference was statistically significant (Pnonlinear<0.05). Conclusion With high incidence of malignant tumors in T2DM patients, the impact of glucose fasting on the incidence of malignant tumors does not depend entirely on the concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To provide a more comprehensive understanding of the efficacy and safety profile of cabozantinib versus placebo in malignant tumors, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis. This involved analyzing a collection of published randomized controlled trials to assess the outcomes. We used RevMan5.3 software to evaluate the outcomes of the collected studies. The primary outcome we focused on was progression-free survival (PFS), and the secondary outcomes included overall survival (OS) and disease control rate (DCR). Our findings revealed that compared to placebo, cabozantinib significantly extended the PFS of patients [hazard ratios (HR) 0.37, 95% confidence intervals (CI): 0.32, 0.43, p < 0.00001]. Additionally, cabozantinib improved the OS of patients [HR 0.78, 95%CI: 0.68, 0.91, p = 0.002]. While it is important to note that cabozantinib was associated with a higher likelihood of causing digestive, cutaneous, and cardiovascular related adverse events [relative risk (RR) 4.40, 95% CI: 3.10, 6.25, p < 0.00001]. Based on our analysis, cabozantinib significantly prolonged the PFS and OS of patients with malignant tumors (p < 0.01). We recommend the use of cabozantinib in treating advanced malignant tumors. However, it is important to continuously monitor and manage the drug-related adverse events. PROSPERO (No. CRD42023449261). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The parotid gland is the most common site for salivary gland neoplasms. Cancers of the parotid gland occur rather often. Nearly eighty percent of parotid tumors are noncancerous neoplasms. Most benign parotid tumors (80%) are found in the superficial lobe. Cancer is more likely to develop in deep lobe neoplasms. This study has been done to study the various modes of presentation of parotid tumors and to compare the FNAC of parotid tumor with the biopsy post operations. Materials and methods: This is a prospective observational study conducted from 2021 January to 2023 January at Siddhartha Medical College, Vijayawada over 30 patients attending the surgical OPD. Patients who are immunocompromised, on chemotherapy, less than 15 years have been excluded from the study. Results: The age incidence of the patients in the study group ranged from 14-76 years. The malignant tumors occurred between the age group of 17-60 years. Most patients in this series were in the 4th decade of life (33.33%). The mean age was 37.6 years for benign tumors and 43 years for malignant tumors. Out of 30 patients, 5 patients presented with pain (16.67%) in swelling, out of which 4 were benign and 1 was malignant. Pain occurred in 20% of the patients with malignant tumors and 16% of the patients with benign tumors. Superficial parotidectomy was performed in 25 patients (83.33%), and conservative total parotidectomy in 5 patients (16.67%). Conclusion: Parotid tumors are mostly benign and they involve the superficial lobe whereas the malignant tumors arise from the deep lobe. Pain is the most common presenting symptom. Ultrasound can detect the tumors and FNAC aids in confirming the diagnosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Malignant salivary gland tumors are rare. However, their morphological overlap and difficulty to differentiate benign from malignant makes diagnosing such diseases a challenging task. Geographical variation in distribution of these diseases is well documented in the literature. This study aims to review the histological and epidemiological variations of malignant salivary gland tumors in Sudanese patients considering the new WHO 2022 classification. This retrospective study included malignant salivary gland tumours in our lab spanning from the period of 2014 to 2022. Information about clinical data, habits, geographical distribution, pathological diagnosis, duration and sites of tumors were retrieved from our archives. Equivocal cases were checked by a salivary gland expert. Data analysis was performed using IBM SPSS 29. This study included 107 cases of malignant salivary gland tumours, representing 54 % of the total number of salivary gland tumours in the lab during that period. 47.7 % of the patients in this study were females and 52.3 % were males, the mean age of patients was 50 ± 15.7 years. (30 %) of the patients were from the central region of the country. The most common malignant salivary gland tumor was the Mucoepidermoid carcinoma accounting for 17 %. The palate was found to be the most common site as 38 % of malignant salivary gland tumors occurred in this site. The study found a high percentage of salivary gland tumours in the Sudan suggesting geographical differentiation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are drugs that combine monoclonal antibody drugs targeting specific antigens and small molecule cytotoxic drugs through linker molecules. ADCs combine the advantages of high specificity targeting and potent killing effects, achieving precise and efficient targeting of cancer cells. Nowadays, ADCs are one of the hotspots in cancer drug development. Human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2) is a known oncogene that can drive the occurrence and development of various types of tumors. HER-2 is also an important tumor target for ADCs approved for solid tumors. Anti-HER-2 ADCs can not only be used to treat HER-2-positive tumors but also effectively target HER-2-low tumors. The emergence of ADCs has broken the traditional classification of HER-2 in tumors, bringing significant treatment breakthroughs for HER-2-low tumors. Anti-HER-2 ADCs are widely used in the treatment of solid tumors and have substantial evidence for HER-2-low tumors. This article presents the progress of various anti-HER-2 ADCs in HER-2-low tumors including breast cancer, gastrointestinal malignancies, urothelial carcinoma, lung cancer. And this article summarizes the current status of preclinical studies, clinical studies, and safety of anti-HER-2 ADCs in order to provide reference for the clinical use of HER-2-low tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tropomyosin (TPM) is an important regulatory protein that binds to actin in fine myofilaments, playing a crucial role in the regulation of muscle contraction. TPM3, as one of four tropomyosin genes, is notably prevalent in eukaryotic cells. Traditionally, abnormal gene expression of TPM3 has been exclusively associated with myopathy. However, recent years have witnessed a surge in studies highlighting the close correlation between abnormal expression of TPM3 and the onset, progression, metastasis, and prognosis of various malignant tumors. In light of this, investigating the mechanisms underlying the pathogenetic role of TPM3 holds significant promise for early diagnosis and more effective treatment strategies. This article aims to provide an insightful review of the structural characteristics of TPM3 and its intricate role in the occurrence and development of malignant tumors.

BackgroundCross-regional settlement management is a key indicator of national health insurance system maturity. Given the significant demand for cross-regional medical treatment among Chinese patients with malignant tumors and the territorially managed health insurance system, further research is necessary to explore the relationship between hospital settlement methods and treatment-seeking behaviors among these patients. This study introduces and validates an evolutionary game model that provides a theoretical foundation for direct settlement policies in cross-regional treatment.MethodsAn evolutionary game model was constructed with patients and hospitals serving as strategic players within a dynamic system. This model integrates the patients’ treatment utility, medical and nonmedical costs, and hospitals’ financial and technological advancement benefits.ResultsThe evolutionary stability analysis revealed seven-game outcomes between hospitals and patients with malignant tumors. The numerical simulations suggest an evolutionary convergence toward strategy (1, 0), indicating a trend where patients with malignant tumors opt for cross-regional treatment, yet hospitals choose not to implement a direct settlement policy. Parameter sensitivity analysis showed that the parameters set in this study affected player behavioral choices and game equilibria.ConclusionA strong demand for cross-regional medical treatment among Chinese patients with malignant tumors, and some hospitals require more incentives to implement cross-regional settlements. The key factors influencing the willingness of some patients with malignant tumors to resettle include the costs of in-area medical care, costs of cross-regional treatment without direct settlement, and the utility of cross-regional treatment. Technological advancement benefits and input costs influence some hospitals’ motivation to adopt cross-regional settlements. Policy adjustments that effectively implement direct settlement policies can facilitate equilibrium, enhance the initiatives of some local health insurance management departments, improve the accessibility and efficiency of medical services, and reduce nonmedical expenses for patients.

Patients with chest wall tumors present diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. The differential diagnosis of these tumors is broad because they can present a heterogeneous spectrum of diseases such as primary benign or malignant tumors, metastasis, local extension of adjacent tumors, and infectious or inflammatory conditions. Among that, primary chest wall tumors are rare.

Abstract Background The tumor-agnostic indication of immune checkpoint inhibitors to treat cancers with mismatch repair deficiency (dMMR)/microsatellite instability (MSI) increased the demand for such tests beyond Lynch syndrome. International guideline recommendations accept immunohistochemistry (IHC) for dMMR or molecular techniques (PCR or NGS) for MSI status determinations considering the two tests are equal, although there are scattered reports contradicting to this presumption. Materials and methods Here we have directly compared four protein MMR immunohistochemistry (IHC) to MSI Pentaplex PCR test in a large cancer patient cohort (n = 1306) of our diagnostic center where the two tests have been run parallel in 703 cases. Results In this study we have found a high discrepancy rate (19.3%) of the two tests which was independent of the tumor types. The MSI PCR sensitivity for MMR IHC status was found to be very low resulting in a relatively low positive and negative predicting values. As a consequence, the correlation of the two tests was low (kappa

Abstract Background An accurate and easily accessible method for diagnosing malignancies in local veterinary clinics has not yet been established. Objectives To investigate the usefulness of serum thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) protein and its autoantibody as tumor biomarkers in dogs. Animals Serum samples from 1702 dogs were collected from local animal hospitals and referral animal medical centers in South Korea. Methods TK1 protein OD value and TK1 autoantibody ratio (TK1 autoantibody OD/total IgG OD) in serum samples of dogs classified into healthy controls, group with nontumor disease, group with benign and group with malignant tumors were measured using lateral flow immunochromatographic assay methods. Results TK1 autoantibody levels were significantly higher in malignant tumor group (median 0.71) than in healthy controls (median 0.34), group with nontumor disease (median 0.34), and group with benign tumor (median 0.32, Welch t test, P

Rationale. The discovery of two Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) types, EBV-1 and EBV-2, which differ in their transforming abilities stimulated their study in various populations in order to elucidate the relationship with malignant neoplasms.Aim. To study EBV-1 and EBV-2 in representatives of four ethnic groups of Russia, sequence analysis of the LMP1 oncogene in virus isolates, and search for a correlation between the types of EBV and the incidence of certain types of malignant tumors in four ethnic groups.Materials and methods. From total DNA obtained from oral washings of Adygeans, Kalmyks, Tatars and Slavs, representatives of 3 Russian republics and the Moscow region, EBV DNA was amplified; its presence and concentration were analyzed by nested PCR, and each product was examined for the virus type and LMP1 variant. Types of EBV found in representatives of In four ethnic groups were compared with the incidence rates of malignant tumors, among which EBV-associated cases may occur, in population of three republics and the Moscow region.Results. It was observed that higher gastric cancer and lymphomas morbidity among Tatarstan and Moscow region populations (compared to populations of Adygea and Kalmykia) correlated with predominance in these ethnic groups – Tatars and Slavs – EBV-1 type having transforming potential in vitro. In Adygeis, non-transforming EBV-2 type was prevalent, and Kalmyks were infected with both types in approximately equal proportion. however, differences between tumor morbidities between the compared groups were statistically insignificant (p >0.05). The identified spectrum of LMP1 variants, as well as the results of their sequencing, show genetic relations between EBV strains circulating in the studied ethnic groups.Conclusion. Study of EBV isolates for the first time performed in 4 ethnic groups of this country showed differences in distribution of the types of this virus but there was no correlation with tumor morbidity.

Modern antitumor drugs have high antitumor activity. But only a number of them realize their antitumor effect in a targeted manner with minimal manifestations of concomitant toxicity. Damage to the skin and mucous membranes as part of the toxic effects of chemotherapy not only reduces the quality of life of patients, but can lead to disruption of the patient’s nutritional status, infection, and generalization of the infectious process with the development of sepsis. This review describes the major drugs that have dermatological toxicity, the main clinical variants of dermatological toxicity, methods for their prevention and treatment.

Background. Oral mucositis (OM) is one of the most frequent complications of systemic drug therapy of oncological diseases. Clinically, the disease manifests itself in the form of erythema and ulceration of the non-corneating mucous membrane. Although this condition is self-healing, it can affect the conduct of comprehensive antitumor treatment. Currently, the pathophysiological model of the development of OM is supplemented with new data obtained during studies of the oral microflora. Antitumor treatment can lead to changes in the composition of the resident oral microflora and it is quite possible that the changes that occur may affect the development of damage to the oral mucosa. The expansion of knowledge in this area allows researchers to look for new ways to include oral microbiota in OM management strategies. Aim. To summarize and update the accumulated data regarding the role of the oral microbiota in the pathogenesis of OM in patients with malignant neoplasms. Materials and methods. Literature search was performed in Medline, Cochrane Library, Elibrary and Pubmed, including publications demonstrating the current ability to assess the impact of the oral microbiome on OM, as well as developments in this area relating to OM management. Results. In the review the current views on the position of the oral microbiome in the pathogenesis of OM were highlighted and the promising directions for the use of agents influencing the state of the oral microbiota in various strategies to control this disease were emphasised. Conclusion. A better understanding of the pathogenesis of OM and the inclusion of new factors, such as the oral microbiome, into the picture of pathogenesis is likely to enable the formation of more effective management strategies for this disease in the future. This direction seems very promising, and developments in this area show promising results.

V-domain Ig suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA), encoded by the human VSIR gene, is a B7 family checkpoint homologous to the programmed death-Ligand 1 sequence. In gynecologic malignancies, VISTA is abnormally expressed and regulates the tumor immune microenvironment, causing a high upregulation of VISTA expression in T-cells and myeloid cells in the tumor microenvironment and promoting tumor proliferation, progression, and immune tolerance. Here, we review the research progress of VISTA in ovarian, cervical, and endometrial cancers through its structure and immunomodulatory mechanism. The comprehensive study of VISTA is expected to improve the current problem of poor immunotherapeutic effects and provide new ideas for immune therapy in patients with gynecologic tumors.

Background: Malignant tumors represent a significant pathology with a profound global impact on the medical system. The fight against cancer represents a significant challenge, with multidisciplinary teams identifying numerous areas requiring improvement to enhance the prognosis. Facilitating the patient’s journey from diagnosis to treatment represents one such area of concern. One area of research interest is the use of various biomarkers to accurately predict the outcome of these patients. A substantial body of research has been conducted over the years examining the relationship between C-reactive protein (CRP) and malignant tumors. The existing literature suggests that combining imaging diagnostic modalities with biomarkers, such as CRP, may enhance diagnostic accuracy. Methods: A systematic review was conducted on the PubMed and Web of Science platforms with the objective of documenting the interrelationship between CRP value and tumor grading for malignant tumors. After the application of the exclusion and inclusion criteria, 17 studies were identified, published between 2002 and 2024, comprising a total of 9727 patients. Results: These studies indicate this interrelationship for soft tissue sarcomas and for renal, colorectal, esophageal, pancreatic, brain, bronchopulmonary, ovarian, and mesenchymal tumors. Conclusions: Elevated CRP levels are correlated with higher grading, thereby underscoring the potential utility of this biomarker in clinical prognostication.

Many human diseases, such as malignant tumors and neurological diseases, have a complex pathophysiological etiology, often accompanied by aberrant epigenetic changes including various histone modifications. Plant homologous domain finger protein 8 (PHF8), also known as lysine-specific demethylase 7B (KDM7B), is a critical histone lysine demethylase (KDM) playing an important role in epigenetic modification. Characterized by the zinc finger plant homology domain (PHD) and the Jumonji C (JmjC) domain, PHF8 preferentially binds to H3K4me3 and erases repressive methyl marks, including H3K9me1/2, H3K27me1, and H4K20me1. PHF8 is indispensable for developmental processes and the loss of PHF8 enzyme activity is linked to neurodevelopmental disorders. Moreover, increasing evidence shows that PHF8 is highly expressed in multiple tumors as an oncogenic factor. These findings indicate that studying the role of PHF8 will facilitate the development of novel therapeutic agents by the manipulation of PHF8 demethylation activity. Herein, we summarize the current knowledge of PHF8 about its structure and demethylation activity and its involvement in development and human diseases, with an emphasis on nervous system disorders and cancer. This review will update our understanding of PHF8 and promote the clinical transformation of its predictive and therapeutic value.

Background: The tumor-agnostic indication of immune checkpoint inhibitors to treat cancers with mismatch repair deficiency (dMMR)/microsatellite instability (MSI) increased the demand for such tests beyond Lynch syndrome. International guideline recommendations accept immunohistochemistry (IHC) for dMMR or molecular techniques (PCR or NGS) for MSI status determinations considering the two tests are equal, although there are scattered reports contradicting to this presumption. Materials and methods: Here we have directly compared four protein MMR immunohistochemistry (IHC) to MSI Pentaplex PCR test in a large cancer patient cohort (n = 1306) of our diagnostic center where the two tests have been run parallel in 703 cases. Results: In this study we have found a high discrepancy rate (19.3%) of the two tests which was independent of the tumor types. The MSI PCR sensitivity for MMR IHC status was found to be very low resulting in a relatively low positive and negative predicting values. As a consequence, the correlation of the two tests was low (kappa < 0.7). During analysis of the possible contributing factors of this poor performance, we have excluded low tumor percentage of the samples, but identified dMMR phenotypes (classic versus non-classic or unusual) as possible contributors. Conclusion: Although our cohort did not include samples with identified technical errors, our data strongly support previous reports that unidentified preanalytical factors might have the major influence on the poor performance of the MSI PCR and MMR IHC. Furthermore, the case is open whether the two test types are equally powerful predictive markers of immunotherapies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: An accurate and easily accessible method for diagnosing malignancies in local veterinary clinics has not yet been established. Objectives: To investigate the usefulness of serum thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) protein and its autoantibody as tumor biomarkers in dogs. Animals: Serum samples from 1702 dogs were collected from local animal hospitals and referral animal medical centers in South Korea. Methods: TK1 protein OD value and TK1 autoantibody ratio (TK1 autoantibody OD/total IgG OD) in serum samples of dogs classified into healthy controls, group with nontumor disease, group with benign and group with malignant tumors were measured using lateral flow immunochromatographic assay methods. Results: TK1 autoantibody levels were significantly higher in malignant tumor group (median 0.71) than in healthy controls (median 0.34), group with nontumor disease (median 0.34), and group with benign tumor (median 0.32, Welch t test, P <.0001). They were also significantly different among dogs with carcinomas (median 0.77), hematopoietic tumors (median 0.71), and sarcomas (median 0.56) than in healthy controls (median 0.34, post hoc Games‐Howell test, P <.0001). In the receiver operating characteristic curve of TK1 protein, AUC was 0.633 (95% CI: 0.592‐0.675, P <.0001). The AUC of TK1 autoantibody ratio was 0.758 (95% CI: 0.723‐0.793, P <.0001). Conclusions and Clinical Importance: TK1 autoantibody is a potentially useful biomarker for differentiating between healthy and tumor‐bearing dogs, better than TK1 protein measurement. However, both were inadequate when used as single biomarkers for screening dogs to discover occult malignant tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lung cancer stands as the leading cause of death in the United States, attributed to factors such as the spontaneous growth of malignant tumors in the lungs that can metastasize to other parts of the body, posing severe threats. Notably, smoking emerges as a predominant external factor contributing to lung problems and ultimately leading to lung cancer. Nevertheless, early detection presents a pivotal strategy for preventing this lethal disease. Leveraging machine learning, we aspire to develop robust algorithms capable of predicting lung cancer at its nascent stage. Such a model could prove instrumental in aiding physicians in making informed decisions during the diagnostic process, determining whether a patient necessitates an intensive or standard level of diagnosis. This approach holds the potential to significantly reduce treatment costs, as physicians can tailor the treatment plan based on accurate predictions, thereby avoiding unnecessary and costly interventions. Our goal is to establish a sustainable model that accurately predicts the disease, and our findings reveal that XGBoost outperformed other models, achieving an impressive accuracy level of 96.92%. In comparison, LightGBM, AdaBoost, Logistic Regression, and Support Vector Machine achieved accuracies of 93.50%, 92.32%, 67.41%, and 88.02%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]